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Hassan MA, Mehmood T, Lodhi E, Bilal M, Dar AA, Liu J. Lockdown Amid COVID-19 Ascendancy over Ambient Particulate Matter Pollution Anomaly. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13540. [PMID: 36294120 PMCID: PMC9603700 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Air is a diverse mixture of gaseous and suspended solid particles. Several new substances are being added to the air daily, polluting it and causing human health effects. Particulate matter (PM) is the primary health concern among these air toxins. The World Health Organization (WHO) addressed the fact that particulate pollution affects human health more severely than other air pollutants. The spread of air pollution and viruses, two of our millennium's most serious concerns, have been linked closely. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can spread through the air, and PM could act as a host to spread the virus beyond those in close contact. Studies on COVID-19 cover diverse environmental segments and become complicated with time. As PM pollution is related to everyday life, an essential awareness regarding PM-impacted COVID-19 among the masses is required, which can help researchers understand the various features of ambient particulate pollution, particularly in the era of COVID-19. Given this, the present work provides an overview of the recent developments in COVID-19 research linked to ambient particulate studies. This review summarizes the effect of the lockdown on the characteristics of ambient particulate matter pollution, the transmission mechanism of COVID-19, and the combined health repercussions of PM pollution. In addition to a comprehensive evaluation of the implementation of the lockdown, its rationales-based on topographic and socioeconomic dynamics-are also discussed in detail. The current review is expected to encourage and motivate academics to concentrate on improving air quality management and COVID-19 control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Azher Hassan
- Tianjin Key Lab of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tariq Mehmood
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ehtisham Lodhi
- The SKL for Management and Control of Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
| | - Afzal Ahmed Dar
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710000, China
| | - Junjie Liu
- Tianjin Key Lab of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Patel K, Singh AK. Consequences of pre and post confinement on the atmospheric air pollutants during spread of COVID-19 in India. INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE CULTIVATION OF SCIENCE (2004) 2022; 97:319-336. [PMID: 35669679 PMCID: PMC9160865 DOI: 10.1007/s12648-022-02380-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19, a severe respiratory syndrome, was diagnosed in Wuhan, China, and in the last week of January 2020, it was reported in India. The drastic speed of spreading of COVID-19 imposed a total lockdown in India for the first time in four stages. This leads to restrictions on transport, industries, coal-based power plants, etc. During these stages of lockdown, a detailed analysis was done to study the effect of confinement on various air pollutants, PM10, PM2.5, SO2, CO, NH3, and NOx (NO, NO2) over the thirteen different stations situated at different states in India. The data were compared with pre-confinement duration at different locations in India. During confinement, the air pollutants showed less value when compared with the pre-confinement stage alarming everyone and also the Indian government to bring up rules and regulations for better air quality index so that such pandemics should be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Patel
- Department of Physics, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Delhi-NCR Campus, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201204 India
| | - Abhay Kumar Singh
- Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005 India
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Prabhu V, Singh P, Kulkarni P, Sreekanth V. Characteristics and health risk assessment of fine particulate matter and surface ozone: results from Bengaluru, India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:211. [PMID: 35195799 PMCID: PMC8863905 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-09852-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Urban air pollution is a complex problem, which requires a multi-pronged approach to understand its dynamics. In the current study, various aspects of air pollution over Bengaluru city were studied utilizing simultaneous reference-grade measurements (during the period July 2019 to June 2020) of fine particulate matter mass concentration (PM2.5), aerosol black carbon mass concentrations (BC), and surface ozone (O3) concentrations. The study period mean PM2.5, BC, and O3 were observed to be 26.8 ± 11.5 µg m-3, 5.6 ± 2.8 µg m-3, and 25.5 ± 12.4 ppb, respectively. Statistical methods such as principal component analysis, moving average subtraction method, conditional bivariate probability function, and concentration weighted trajectory analysis were performed to understand the dynamics of air pollution over Bengaluru and its long-range transportation pathways. Some of the major findings from the statistical analyses include (i) contrasting association in BC versus O3 and PM2.5 versus O3; (ii) around one-fourth of the observed receptor site BC was contributed by local sources/emissions; and (iii) the source locations potentially contributing to BC and PM2.5 were spatially different. In Bengaluru, long-term exposure to PM2.5 resulted in around 3413, 3393, 1016, and 147 attributable deaths for the health endpoints chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, ischemic heart disease, stroke, and lung cancer, respectively. Long-term exposure to O3 resulted in around 155 attributable deaths for respiratory diseases, as estimated by the AirQ + model. Finally, the limitations of the study in terms of data availability and analysis have been detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Prabhu
- Center for Study of Science, Technology and Policy, Bengaluru, 560094 India
| | - Pratima Singh
- Center for Study of Science, Technology and Policy, Bengaluru, 560094 India
| | - Padmavati Kulkarni
- Center for Study of Science, Technology and Policy, Bengaluru, 560094 India
| | - V. Sreekanth
- Center for Study of Science, Technology and Policy, Bengaluru, 560094 India
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Hu J, Chen J, Zhu P, Hao S, Wang M, Li H, Liu N. Difference and Cluster Analysis on the Carbon Dioxide Emissions in China During COVID-19 Lockdown via a Complex Network Model. Front Psychol 2022; 12:795142. [PMID: 35095680 PMCID: PMC8790068 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.795142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous increase of carbon emissions is a serious challenge all over the world, and many countries are striving to solve this problem. Since 2020, a widespread lockdown in the country to prevent the spread of COVID-19 escalated, severely restricting the movement of people and unnecessary economic activities, which unexpectedly reduced carbon emissions. This paper aims to analyze the carbon emissions data of 30 provinces in the 2020 and provide references for reducing emissions with epidemic lockdown measures. Based on the method of time series visualization, we transform the time series data into complex networks to find out the hidden information in these data. We found that the lockdown would bring about a short-term decrease in carbon emissions, and most provinces have a short time point of impact, which is closely related to the level of economic development and industrial structure. The current results provide some insights into the evolution of carbon emissions under COVID-19 blockade measures and valuable insights into energy conservation and response to the energy crisis in the post-epidemic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hu
- School of Economics and Management, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Junhua Chen
- School of Management Science and Engineering, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China
| | - Peican Zhu
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Optics and Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuya Hao
- School of Management Science and Engineering, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China
| | - Maoze Wang
- School of Management Science and Engineering, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China
| | - Huijia Li
- School of Science, Beijing Post and Telecommunications University, Beijing, China
| | - Na Liu
- School of Management Science and Engineering, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China
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Ravina M, Esfandabadi ZS, Panepinto D, Zanetti M. Traffic-induced atmospheric pollution during the COVID-19 lockdown: Dispersion modeling based on traffic flow monitoring in Turin, Italy. JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 2021; 317:128425. [PMID: 34316101 PMCID: PMC8297952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, as a worldwide threat to public health, has led many governments to impose mobility restrictions and adopt partial or full lockdown strategies in many regions to control the disease outbreak. Although these lockdowns are imposed to save public health by reducing the transmission of the virus, rather significant improvements of the air quality in this period have been reported in different areas, mainly as a result of the reduction in vehicular trips. In this research, the city of Turin in the northern part of Italy has been considered as the study area, because of its special meteorology and geographic location in one of the most polluted regions in Europe, and also its high density of vehicular emissions. A Lagrangian approach is applied to illustrate and analyze the effect of imposing full lockdown restrictions on the reduction of traffic-induced air pollution in the city. To do this, the real-time traffic flow during the lockdown period is recorded, and by utilizing CALPUFF version 7, the dispersion of PM2.5, Total Suspended Particulate (TSP), Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), NOx, and Black Carbon (BC) emitted from all circulating vehicles during and before the lockdown period are compared. Results indicate that the concentration of pollutants generated by road traffic sources (including passenger cars, busses, heavy-duty vehicles, light-duty vehicles, mopeds, and motorcycles) reduced at least 70% (for PM2.5) up to 88.1% (for BaP) during the studied period. Concentration maps show that the concentration reduction varied in different areas of the town, mainly due to the characteristics and strength of the emission sources and the geophysical features of the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ravina
- Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
| | - Zahra Shams Esfandabadi
- Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
- Energy Center Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Via Paolo Borsellino 38/16, 10138, Torino, Italy
| | - Deborah Panepinto
- Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Zanetti
- Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
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