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Tan XD, Mao LG, Wu W, Nian SY, Wang GP. Synthesis and biological evaluation of substituted indazolyl amide derivatives as S -adenosyl- l -homocysteine hydrolase inhibitors. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Structural insights into the reaction mechanism of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16641. [PMID: 26573329 PMCID: PMC4647836 DOI: 10.1038/srep16641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (SAH hydrolase or SAHH) is a highly conserved enzyme that catalyses the reversible hydrolysis of SAH to L-homocysteine (HCY) and adenosine (ADO). High-resolution crystal structures have been reported for bacterial and plant SAHHs, but not mammalian SAHHs. Here, we report the first high-resolution crystal structure of mammalian SAHH (mouse SAHH) in complex with a reaction product (ADO) and with two reaction intermediate analogues—3’-keto-aristeromycin (3KA) and noraristeromycin (NRN)—at resolutions of 1.55, 1.55, and 1.65 Å. Each of the three structures constitutes a structural snapshot of one of the last three steps of the five-step process of SAH hydrolysis by SAHH. In the NRN complex, a water molecule, which is an essential substrate for ADO formation, is structurally identified for the first time as the candidate donor in a Michael addition by SAHH to the 3’-keto-4’,5’-didehydroadenosine reaction intermediate. The presence of the water molecule is consistent with the reaction mechanism proposed by Palmer & Abeles in 1979. These results provide insights into the reaction mechanism of the SAHH enzyme.
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Nakao A, Suzuki H, Ueno H, Iwasaki H, Setsuta T, Kashima A, Sunada S. Discovery and structural analyses of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase inhibitors based on non-adenosine analogs. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4952-4969. [PMID: 26037610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Optimization of a new series of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (AdoHcyase) inhibitors based on non-adenosine analogs led to very potent compounds 14n, 18a, and 18b with IC50 values of 13 ± 3, 5.0 ± 2.0, and 8.5 ± 3.1 nM, respectively. An X-ray crystal structure of AdoHcyase with NAD(+) and 18a showed a novel open form co-crystal structure. 18a in the co-crystals formed intramolecular eight membered ring hydrogen bond formations. A single crystal X-ray structure of 14n also showed an intramolecular eight-membered ring hydrogen bond interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nakao
- Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan.
| | - Hiroko Suzuki
- Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ueno
- Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iwasaki
- Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Setsuta
- Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Akiko Kashima
- Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
| | - Shinji Sunada
- Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
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Discovery of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase inhibitors based on non-adenosine analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4336-40. [PMID: 25022879 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
High throughput screening using Automated Ligand Identification System (ALIS) resulted in the discovery of a new series of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase inhibitors based on non-adenosine analogs. The optimization campaign led to very potent and competitive compound 39 with a Ki value of 1.5 nM. Compound 39 could be a promising lead compound for research to reduce elevated homocysteine levels.
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Tan X, Wang P, Nian S, Wang G. Design and Synthesis of Amide Derivatives as S-Adenosyl-L-Homocysteine Hydrolase Inhibitors. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2014; 62:112-7. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c13-00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangduan Tan
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry
| | | | - Siyun Nian
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry
| | - Guoping Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry
- Shanghai Shyndec Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
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Sedding DG, Tröbs M, Reich F, Walker G, Fink L, Haberbosch W, Rau W, Tillmanns H, Preissner KT, Bohle RM, Langheinrich AC. 3-Deazaadenosine prevents smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointima formation by interfering with Ras signaling. Circ Res 2009; 104:1192-200. [PMID: 19372464 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.194357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
3-Deazaadenosine (c3Ado) is a potent inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, which regulates cellular methyltransferase activity. In the present study, we sought to determine the effect of c3Ado on vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) function and neointima formation in vivo. c3Ado dose-dependently prevented the proliferation and migration of human coronary VSMCs in vitro. This was accompanied by an increased expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21(WAF1/Cip1), p27(Kip1), a decreased expression of G(1)/S phase cyclins, and a lack of retinoblastoma protein hyperphosphorylation. In accordance with these findings, fluorescence-activated cell-sorting analysis of propidium iodide-stained cells indicated a cell cycle arrest in the G(0)/G(1) phase. Importantly, c3Ado did not affect the number of viable (trypan blue exclusion) or apoptotic cells (TUNEL). Mechanistically, c3Ado prevented FCS-induced Ras carboxyl methylation and membrane translocation and activity by inhibiting isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase and reduced FCS-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and Akt phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner. Conversely, rescuing signal transduction by overexpression of a constitutive active Ras mutant abrogated c3Ado's effect on proliferation. For in vivo studies, the femoral artery of C57BL/6 mice was dilated and mice were fed a diet containing 150 microg of c3Ado per day. c3Ado prevented dilation-induced Ras activation, as well as ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation in vivo. At day 21, VSMC proliferation (proliferating-cell nuclear antigen [PCNA]-positive cells), as well as the neointima/media ratio (0.7+/-0.2 versus 1.6+/-0.4; P<0.05) were significantly reduced, without any changes in the number of apoptotic cells. Our data indicate that c3Ado interferes with Ras methylation and function and thereby with mitogenic activation of ERK1/2 and Akt, preventing VSMC cell cycle entry and proliferation and neointima formation in vivo. Thus, therapeutic inhibition of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase by c3Ado may represent a save and effective novel approach to prevent vascular proliferative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Sedding
- Department of Internal Medicine I/Cardiology, Giessen University, Klinikstrasse 36, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Seeger FH, Hess W, Sedding D, Becker G, Kinscherf R, Braun-Dullaeus RC, Viedt C, Kreuzer J. The nucleotide analogue 3-deazaadenosine prevents neointima-formation after balloon injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 378:826-31. [PMID: 19070587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.11.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2008] [Accepted: 11/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown that 3-deazaadenosine (c3Ado) inhibits atherogenesis in mice. We studied whether its anti-inflammatory capacity would also affect neointima-formation after balloon injury. Sprague Dawley rats underwent balloon angioplasty. C3Ado was administered orally, starting 5 days prior to the balloon injury and continued for 2 weeks. Fourteen days after balloon injury the intima/media ratio in the c3Ado-treated group was reduced by 67% (p<0.001) and luminal stenosis by 50% (p<0.001). Neointimal cellular density was decreased by 25% (p<0.001) and the induction of c-Jun and ki67 was markedly lower. The reduction of the intima/media ratio was still observed 3 months after balloon injury. Furthermore, a c3Ado-dependent inhibition of PDGF-mediated ERK-activation and proliferation could be demonstrated. Short-term administration of C3Ado inhibits neointima-formation in rats for at least 3 months after injury. The present findings implicate that c3Ado may be useful as an inhibitor of restenosis-formation after balloon angioplasty in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian H Seeger
- Zentrum für Innere Medizin, Kardiologie, Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Langheinrich AC, Sedding DG, Kampschulte M, Moritz R, Wilhelm J, Haberbosch WG, Ritman EL, Bohle RM. 3-Deazaadenosine inhibits vasa vasorum neovascularization in aortas of ApoE−/−/LDL−/− double knockout mice. Atherosclerosis 2009; 202:103-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wnuk SF, Lalama J, Garmendia CA, Robert J, Zhu J, Pei D. S-Ribosylhomocysteine analogues with the carbon-5 and sulfur atoms replaced by a vinyl or (fluoro)vinyl unit. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:5090-102. [PMID: 18375129 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of the protected ribose or xylose 5-aldehyde with sulfonyl-stabilized fluorophosphonate gave (fluoro)vinyl sulfones. Stannyldesulfonylation followed by iododestannylation afforded 5,6-dideoxy-6-fluoro-6-iodo-d-ribo or xylo-hex-5-enofuranoses. Coupling of the hexenofuranoses with alkylzinc bromides gave 10-carbon ribosyl- and xylosylhomocysteine analogues incorporating a fluoroalkene. The fluoroalkenyl and alkenyl analogues were evaluated for inhibition of Bacillus subtilis S-ribosylhomocysteinase (LuxS). One of the compounds, 3,5,6-trideoxy-6-fluoro-d-erythro-hex-5-enofuranose, acted as a competitive inhibitor of moderate potency (K(I)=96microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislaw F Wnuk
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
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Sen U, Tyagi N, Kumar M, Moshal KS, Rodriguez WE, Tyagi SC. Cystathionine-β-synthase gene transfer and 3-deazaadenosine ameliorate inflammatory response in endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 293:C1779-87. [PMID: 17855772 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00207.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although elevated levels of homocysteine (Hcy) known as hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) are associated with increased inflammation and vascular remodeling, the mechanism of Hcy-mediated inflammation and vascular remodeling is unclear. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and adhesion molecules play an important role in vascular remodeling. We hypothesized that HHcy induces inflammation by increasing adhesion molecules and matrix protein expression. Endothelial cells were supplemented with high methionine, and Hcy accumulation was measured by HPLC. Nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability was detected by a NO probe. The protein expression was measured by Western blot analysis. MMP-9 activity was detected by gelatin-gel zymography. We demonstrated that methionine supplement promoted upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) through increased Hcy accumulation. In addition, increased synthesis of collagen type-1 was also observed. MMP-9 gene expression and protein activity were increased in methionine supplement groups. 3-Deazaadenosine (DZA), an adenosine analogue, prevented high methionine-induced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression and collagen type-1 synthesis. Transfection of endothelial cells with cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) gene construct, which converts Hcy to cystathionine, reduced Hcy accumulation in high methionine-fed cells. CBS gene transfection reduced the inflammatory response, as evident by attenuated ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression. Furthermore, collagen type-1 expression and MMP-9 activity were dramatically attenuated with CBS gene transfection. These results suggested that methionine supplement increased Hcy accumulation, which was associated with inflammatory response and matrix remodeling such as collagen type-1 synthesis and MMP-9 activity. However, in vitro DZA and CBS gene therapy successfully treated the HHcy-induced inflammatory reaction in the methionine metabolism pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utpal Sen
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Preusch MR, Bea F, Yang SH, Kreuzer J, Isermann B, Pedal I, Rosenfeld ME, Katus HA, Blessing E. Long-term Administration of 3-deazaadenosine Does Not Alter Progression of Advanced Atherosclerotic Lesions in Apolipoprotein E-deficient Mice. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2007; 50:206-12. [PMID: 17703138 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e318070c66a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory mechanisms are involved in initiation and progression of atherosclerotic lesions. Previous studies demonstrated antiinflammatory and consecutive antiatherosclerotic effects of the adenosine analogue 3-Deazaadenosine (c(3) Ado) on early lesion development. The present study evaluated the effect of long-term administration of c(3) Ado in a mouse model of advanced atherosclerosis. Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (age, 35 weeks; n = 31) with already established advanced atherosclerotic lesions were fed either a diet supplemented with c Ado or a regular chow diet for 21 weeks. Treatment resulted in a significant reduction of serum homocysteine levels. Lesion size and lesion morphology, such as frequency of intraplaque hemorrhage, size of necrotic cores, thickness of fibrous caps, and macrophage content within the plaque, were not different between the groups. Lesion calcification, expression of alpha-actin, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1, but not vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, were inhibited by treatment with c(3) Ado. We could not detect any effect on serum concentrations of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) or on soluble adhesion molecules intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Electromobility shift assays of protein extracts isolated from aortas did not demonstrate different binding activities of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) after treatment with c Ado. Long-term treatment with the adenosine analogue 3-Deazaadenosine did not show significant effects on progression and stability of advanced atherosclerotic lesions in older apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. A potential antiatherosclerotic effect of c(3)Ado (eg, mediated through inhibition of adhesion molecules) might therefore be limited to prevention of early lesion formation and does not seem to play a relevant role in modifying advanced atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Preusch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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da Cunha V, Martin-McNulty B, Vincelette J, Choy DF, Li WW, Schroeder M, Mahmoudi M, Halks-Miller M, Wilson DW, Vergona R, Sullivan ME, Wang YXJ. Angiotensin II induces histomorphologic features of unstable plaque in a murine model of accelerated atherosclerosis. J Vasc Surg 2006; 44:364-71. [PMID: 16890870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2006.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Accepted: 04/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We explored the role of angiotensin II in determining the histomorphometric features of plaque stability in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice submitted to ligation of the carotid artery. METHODS Six-month-old apolipoprotein E-deficient mice underwent ligation of the common left carotid artery and were immediately assigned to receive either angiotensin II (1.4 mg . kg(-1) . d(-1) subcutaneously) or vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline; control) via a subcutaneous osmotic minipump for 4 weeks. RESULTS Ligated arteries from control animals developed intimal lesions composed of macrophage foam cell plaques, which accumulated adjacent to the internal elastic lamina and were surrounded by a fibromuscular layer. Angiotensin II-treated mice had a greater intimal area (threefold), which was accompanied by a fivefold increase in the foam cell area. Lesions from angiotensin II-treated mice also displayed complex morphology characterized by intralesional neovasculature and hemorrhage. The content of active matrix metalloproteinase 2, mainly colocalized with macrophage foam cells, and the production of the inflammatory mediators monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 were also increased by angiotensin II treatment. Although angiotensin II induced vessel expansion and lumen loss to a similar extent, only vessel enlargement correlated with intimal area. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, this study's results support a role of angiotensin II in plaque vulnerability by promoting intraplaque neovascularization/hemorrhage, inflammation, and expansive remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdeci da Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Berlex Biosciences, Richmond, CA, USA.
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Wang M, Zhang J, Andrei D, Kuczera K, Borchardt RT, Wnuk SF. Are l-Adenosine and Its Derivatives Substrates for S-Adenosyl-l-homocysteine Hydrolase? J Med Chem 2005; 48:3649-53. [PMID: 15887973 DOI: 10.1021/jm0490484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Moffatt oxidation of 2',3'-O-isopropylidene-L-adenosine and treatment of the resulting crude 5'-aldehyde with hydroxylamine followed by deprotection gave L-adenosine 5'-carboxaldehyde oximes, whose enantiomers are known to be potent inhibitors of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (AdoHcy) hydrolase. The L-adenosine and its 5'-aldehyde oxime derivatives were found to be inactive as inhibitors of AdoHcy hydrolase. Docking calculations showed that binding of L-adenosine to AdoHcy hydrolase is weaker (higher energy) and less specific (larger number of clusters) compared to D-Ado.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
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Langheinrich AC, Bohle RM. Atherosclerosis: humoral and cellular factors of inflammation. Virchows Arch 2005; 446:101-11. [PMID: 15688168 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-004-1180-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2004] [Accepted: 11/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, atherosclerosis has come to be recognized as active and inflammatory rather than simply a passive process of lipid infiltration or a reparative process after endothelial injury. In general, atherosclerosis can be considered as an intramural chronic inflammation resulting from interactions between modified lipoproteins, monocyte-derived macrophages, lymphocytes, and the normal cellular elements of the arterial wall. The process of inflammation occurs in response to functional and structural injury through a variety of known and unknown stimuli and is active over years and decades. Here, we review recent experimental and human studies of inflammatory mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Langheinrich
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Universitätsklinikum, Klinikstr. 36, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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