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Ahmadi A, Panahi Y, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. Antidiabetic drugs and oxidized low-density lipoprotein: A review of anti-atherosclerotic mechanisms. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105819. [PMID: 34400317 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of mortality globally. Atherosclerosis is an important step towards different types of cardiovascular disease. The role of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis has been thoroughly investigated in recent years. Moreover, clinical trials have established that diabetic patients are at a greater risk of developing atherosclerotic plaques. Hence, we aimed to review the clinical and experimental impacts of various classes of antidiabetic drugs on the circulating levels of oxLDL. Metformin, pioglitazone, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors were clinically associated with a suppressive effect on oxLDL in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. However, there is an insufficient number of studies that have clinically evaluated the relationship between oxLDL and newer agents such as agonists of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor or inhibitors of sodium-glucose transport protein 2. Next, we attempted to explore the multitude of mechanisms that antidiabetic agents exert to counter the undesirable effects of oxLDL in macrophages, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. In general, antidiabetic drugs decrease the uptake of oxLDL by vascular cells and reduce subsequent inflammatory signaling, which prevents macrophage adhesion and infiltration. Moreover, these agents suppress the oxLDL-induced transformation of macrophages into foam cells by either inhibiting oxLDL entrance, or by facilitating its efflux. Thus, the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties of antidiabetic agents abrogate changes induced by oxLDL, which can be extremely beneficial in controlling atherosclerosis in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ahmadi
- Pharmacotherapy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yunes Panahi
- Pharmacotherapy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Thomas P Johnston
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Medicine, The University of Western Asutralia, Perth, Australia; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948567, Iran.
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2
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Zhang Y, Zheng L, Xu BM, Tang WH, Ye ZD, Huang C, Ma X, Zhao JJ, Guo FX, Kang CM, Lu JB, Xiu JC, Li P, Xu YJ, Xiao L, Wu Q, Hu YW, Wang Q. LncRNA-RP11-714G18.1 suppresses vascular cell migration via directly targeting LRP2BP. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 96:175-189. [PMID: 29363163 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Laboratory Medicine Center; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong 510515 China
- Clinical laboratory department; Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center; Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong 510623 China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Laboratory Medicine Center; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong 510515 China
| | - Bang-Ming Xu
- Laboratory Medicine Center; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong 510515 China
| | - Wai-Ho Tang
- Clinical laboratory department; Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center; Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong 510623 China
| | - Zhi-Dong Ye
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery; China- Japan Friendship Hospital; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Chuan Huang
- Laboratory Medicine Center; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong 510515 China
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong 510515 China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhao
- Laboratory Medicine Center; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong 510515 China
| | - Feng-Xia Guo
- Laboratory Medicine Center; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong 510515 China
| | - Chun-Min Kang
- Laboratory Medicine Center; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong 510515 China
| | - Jing-Bo Lu
- Department of Vascular Surgery; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong 510515 China
| | - Jian-Cheng Xiu
- Department of Cardiology; Nanfang Hospital; Southern medical University; Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Pan Li
- Laboratory Medicine Center; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong 510515 China
| | - Yuan-Jun Xu
- Laboratory Medicine Center; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong 510515 China
| | - Lei Xiao
- Laboratory Medicine Center; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong 510515 China
| | - Qian Wu
- Laboratory Medicine Center; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong 510515 China
| | - Yan-Wei Hu
- Laboratory Medicine Center; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong 510515 China
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Guangdong 510515 China
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3
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Osman I, Segar L. Pioglitazone, a PPARγ agonist, attenuates PDGF-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation through AMPK-dependent and AMPK-independent inhibition of mTOR/p70S6K and ERK signaling. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 101:54-70. [PMID: 26643070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pioglitazone (PIO), a PPARγ agonist that improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes through its insulin-sensitizing action, has been shown to exhibit beneficial effects in the vessel wall. For instance, it inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, a major event in atherosclerosis and restenosis after angioplasty. Although PPARγ-dependent and PPARγ-independent mechanisms have been attributed to its vasoprotective effects, the signaling events associated with PIO action in VSMCs are not fully understood. To date, the likely intermediary role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) toward PIO inhibition of VSMC proliferation has not been examined. Using human aortic VSMCs, the present study demonstrates that PIO activates AMPK in a sustained manner thereby contributing in part to inhibition of key proliferative signaling events. In particular, PIO at 30μM concentration activates AMPK to induce raptor phosphorylation, which diminishes PDGF-induced mTOR activity as evidenced by decreased phosphorylation of p70S6K, 4E-BP1, and S6 and increased accumulation of p27(kip1), a cell cycle inhibitor. In addition, PIO inhibits the basal phosphorylation of ERK in VSMCs. Downregulation of endogenous AMPK by target-specific siRNA reveals an AMPK-independent effect for PIO inhibition of ERK, which contributes in part to diminutions in cyclin D1 expression and Rb phosphorylation and the suppression of VSMC proliferation. Furthermore, AMPK-dependent inhibition of mTOR/p70S6K and AMPK-independent inhibition of ERK signaling occur regardless of PPARγ expression/activation in VSMCs as evidenced by gene silencing and pharmacological inhibition of PPARγ. Strategies that utilize nanoparticle-mediated PIO delivery at the lesion site may limit restenosis after angioplasty without inducing PPARγ-mediated systemic adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Osman
- Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA, USA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Lakshman Segar
- Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA, USA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA; Vascular Biology Center, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
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4
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Duelsner A, Gatzke N, Hillmeister P, Glaser J, Zietzer A, Nagorka S, Janke D, Pfitzner J, Stawowy P, Meyborg H, Urban D, Bondke Persson A, Buschmann IR. PPARγ activation inhibits cerebral arteriogenesis in the hypoperfused rat brain. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 210:354-68. [PMID: 24119262 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS PPARγ stimulation improves cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, but without improving overall clinical outcomes. PPARγ agonists interfere with endothelial cell (EC), monocyte and smooth muscle cell (SMC) activation, function and proliferation, physiological processes critical for arterial collateral growth (arteriogenesis). We therefore assessed the effect of PPARγ stimulation on cerebral adaptive and therapeutic collateral growth. METHODS In a rat model of adaptive cerebral arteriogenesis (3-VO), collateral growth and function were assessed (i) in controls, (ii) after PPARγ stimulation (pioglitazone 2.8 mg kg(-1); 10 mg kg(-1) compared with metformin 62.2 mg kg(-1) or sitagliptin 6.34 mg kg(-1)) for 21 days or (iii) after adding pioglitazone to G-CSF (40 μg kg(-1) every other day) to induce therapeutic arteriogenesis for 1 week. Pioglitazone effects on endothelial and SMC morphology and proliferation, monocyte activation and migration were studied. RESULTS PPARγ stimulation decreased cerebrovascular collateral growth and recovery of hemodynamic reserve capacity (CVRC controls: 12 ± 7%; pio low: -2 ± 9%; pio high: 1 ± 7%; metformin: 9 ± 13%; sitagliptin: 11 ± 12%), counteracted G-CSF-induced therapeutic arteriogenesis and interfered with EC activation, SMC proliferation, monocyte activation and migration. CONCLUSION Pharmacologic PPARγ stimulation inhibits pro-arteriogenic EC activation, monocyte function, SMC proliferation and thus adaptive as well as G-CSF-induced cerebral arteriogenesis. Further studies should evaluate whether this effect may underlie the CV risk associated with thiazolidinedione use in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Duelsner
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR); Richard-Thoma-Laboratories for Arteriogenesis; Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - N. Gatzke
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR); Richard-Thoma-Laboratories for Arteriogenesis; Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - P. Hillmeister
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR); Richard-Thoma-Laboratories for Arteriogenesis; Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - J. Glaser
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR); Richard-Thoma-Laboratories for Arteriogenesis; Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - A. Zietzer
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR); Richard-Thoma-Laboratories for Arteriogenesis; Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - S. Nagorka
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR); Richard-Thoma-Laboratories for Arteriogenesis; Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - D. Janke
- Julius Wolff Institute and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (CVK); Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry; FU Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - J. Pfitzner
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR); Richard-Thoma-Laboratories for Arteriogenesis; Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - P. Stawowy
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology; German Heart Institute Berlin (DHZB); Berlin Germany
| | - H. Meyborg
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology; German Heart Institute Berlin (DHZB); Berlin Germany
| | - D. Urban
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology; German Heart Institute Berlin (DHZB); Berlin Germany
| | - A. Bondke Persson
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology; Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - I. R. Buschmann
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR); Richard-Thoma-Laboratories for Arteriogenesis; Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
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McEneny J, McPherson PA, McGinty A, Hull SS, McCance DR, Young IS. Pioglitazone protects HDL(2&3) against oxidation in overweight and obese men. Ann Clin Biochem 2012; 50:20-4. [PMID: 23148280 DOI: 10.1258/acb.2012.012019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The worldwide epidemic of obesity is a major public health concern and is persuasively linked to the rising prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Obesity is often associated with an abnormal lipoprotein profile, which may be partly negated by pioglitazone intervention, as this can influence the composition and oxidation characteristics of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). However, as pioglitazone's impact on these parameters within high-density lipoprotein (HDL), specifically HDL(2&3), is absent from the literature, this study was performed to address this shortcoming. METHODS Twenty men were randomized to placebo or pioglitazone (30 mg/day) for 12 weeks. HDL(2&3) were isolated by rapid-ultracentrifugation. HDL(2&3)-cholesterol and phospholipid content were assessed by enzymatic assays and apolipoprotein AI (apoAI) content by single-radial immunodiffusion. HDL(2&3) oxidation characteristics were assessed by monitoring conjugated diene production and paraoxonase-1 activity by spectrophotometric assays. RESULTS Compared with the placebo group, pioglitazone influenced the composition and oxidation potential of HDL(2&3). Specifically, total cholesterol (P < 0.05), phospholipid (P < 0.001) and apoAI (P < 0.001) were enriched within HDL(2). Furthermore, the resistance of HDL(2&3) to oxidation (P < 0.05) and the activity of paroxonase-1 were also increased (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Overall, these findings indicate that pioglitazone treatment induced antiatherogenic changes within HDL(2&3), which may help reduce the incidence of premature cardiovascular disease linked with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane McEneny
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Nutrition & Metabolism Group, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BJ, UK.
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Ta NN, Li Y, Schuyler CA, Lopes-Virella MF, Huang Y. DPP-4 (CD26) inhibitor alogliptin inhibits TLR4-mediated ERK activation and ERK-dependent MMP-1 expression by U937 histiocytes. Atherosclerosis 2010; 213:429-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Shi ZD, Ji XY, Berardi DE, Qazi H, Tarbell JM. Interstitial flow induces MMP-1 expression and vascular SMC migration in collagen I gels via an ERK1/2-dependent and c-Jun-mediated mechanism. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 298:H127-35. [PMID: 19880665 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00732.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and fibroblasts into the intima after vascular injury is a central process in vascular lesion formation. The elevation of transmural interstitial flow is also observed after damage to the vascular endothelium. We have previously shown that interstitial flow upregulates matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression, which in turn promotes SMC and fibroblast migration in collagen I gels. In this study, we investigated further the mechanism of flow-induced MMP-1 expression. An ERK1/2 inhibitor PD-98059 completely abolished interstitial flow-induced SMC migration and MMP-1 expression. Interstitial flow promoted ERK1/2 phosphorylation, whereas PD-98059 abolished flow-induced activation. Silencing ERK1/2 completely abolished MMP-1 expression and SMC migration. In addition, interstitial flow increased the expression of activator protein-1 transcription factors (c-Jun and c-Fos), whereas PD-98059 attenuated flow-induced expression. Knocking down c-jun completely abolished flow-induced MMP-1 expression, whereas silencing c-fos did not affect MMP-1 expression. Taken together, our data indicate that interstitial flow induces MMP-1 expression and SMC migration in collagen I gels via an ERK1/2-dependent and c-Jun-mediated mechanism and suggest that interstitial flow, ERK1/2 MAPK, c-Jun, and MMP-1 may play important roles in SMC migration and neointima formation after vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Dong Shi
- City College of New York, City University of New York, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York, NY 10031, USA.
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8
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Meredith D, Panchatcharam M, Miriyala S, Tsai YS, Morris AJ, Maeda N, Stouffer GA, Smyth SS. Dominant-negative loss of PPARgamma function enhances smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration, and vascular remodeling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:465-71. [PMID: 19179641 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.184234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) protein is a nuclear transcriptional activator with importance in diabetes management as the molecular target for the thiazolidinedione (TZD) family of drugs. Substantial evidence indicates that the TZD family of PPARgamma agonists may retard the development of atherosclerosis. However, recent clinical data have suggested that at least one TZD may increase the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular disease. In this study, we used a genetic approach to disrupt PPARgamma signaling to probe the protein's role in smooth muscle cell (SMC) responses that are important for atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS SMC isolated from transgenic mice harboring the dominate-negative P465L mutation in PPARgamma (PPARgamma(L/+)) exhibited greater proliferation and migration then did wild-type cells. Upregulation of ETS-1, but not ERK activation, correlated with enhanced proliferative and migratory responses PPARgamma(L/+) SMCs. After arterial injury, PPARgamma(L/+) mice had a approximately 4.3-fold increase in the development of intimal hyperplasia. CONCLUSIONS These findings are consistent with a normal role for PPARgamma in inhibiting SMC migration and proliferation in the context of restenosis or atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane Meredith
- Carolina Cardiovascular Biology Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Barth JL, Yu Y, Song W, Lu K, Dashti A, Huang Y, Argraves WS, Lyons TJ. Oxidised, glycated LDL selectively influences tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 gene expression and protein production in human retinal capillary pericytes. Diabetologia 2007; 50:2200-8. [PMID: 17676308 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-007-0768-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their natural inhibitors, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), regulate important biological processes including the homeostasis of the extracellular matrix, proteolysis of cell surface proteins, proteinase zymogen activation, angiogenesis and inflammation. Studies have shown that their balance is altered in retinal microvascular tissues in diabetes. Since LDLs modified by oxidation/glycation are implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications, we examined the effects of modified LDL on the gene expression and protein production of MMPs and TIMPs in retinal pericytes. METHODS Quiescent human retinal pericytes were exposed to native LDL (N-LDL), glycated LDL (G-LDL) and heavily oxidised and glycated LDL (HOG-LDL) for 24 h. We studied the expression of the genes encoding MMPs and TIMPs mRNAs by analysis of microarray data and quantitative PCR, and protein levels by immunoblotting and ELISA. RESULTS Microarray analysis showed that MMP1, MMP2, MMP11, MMP14 and MMP25 and TIMP1, TIMP2, TIMP3 and TIMP4 were expressed in pericytes. Of these, only TIMP3 mRNA showed altered regulation, being expressed at significantly lower levels in response to HOG- vs N-LDL. Quantitative PCR and immunoblotting of cell/matrix proteins confirmed the reduction in TIMP3 mRNA and protein in response to HOG-LDL. In contrast to cellular TIMP3 protein, analysis of secreted TIMP1, TIMP2, MMP1 and collagenase activity indicated no changes in their production in response to modified LDL. Combined treatment with N- and HOG-LDL restored TIMP3 mRNA expression to a level comparable with that after N-LDL alone. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Among the genes encoding for MMPs and TIMPs expressed in retinal pericytes, TIMP3 is uniquely regulated by HOG-LDL. Reduced TIMP3 expression might contribute to microvascular abnormalities in diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Barth
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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10
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Marx N, Walcher D. Vascular effects of PPARgamma activators - from bench to bedside. Prog Lipid Res 2007; 46:283-96. [PMID: 17637478 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2007.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the nuclear transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) plays an important role in adipogenesis, insulin resistance, and glucose homeostasis. Activators of PPARgamma include the anti-diabetic thiazolidinediones (TZDs), drugs that are in clinical use to treat patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Experimental as well as clinical data gathered over the last decade suggest that PPARgamma activators may exert direct modulatory function in the vasculature in addition to their metabolic effects. PPARgamma is expressed in all vascular cells, where its activators exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic properties, suggesting that PPARgamma ligands could influence important processes in all phases of atherogenesis. Results from clinical trials demonstrated that TZDs reduce blood levels of inflammatory biomarkers of arteriosclerosis, improve endothelial function, and directly influence lesion morphology and plaque stability, underscoring that PPAR activators may have direct effects in the vasculature in humans. This review will focus on the vascular effects of PPARgamma activators and summarize the current knowledge of their modulatory function on atherogenesis and vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Marx
- Department of Internal Medicine II - Cardiology, University of Ulm, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Xiong N, Sun F, Zhao H, Xiang J. Effect of Rosiglitazone Maleate on inflammation following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 27:295-8. [PMID: 17641846 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-007-0320-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of Rosiglitazone Maleate (RSG) against brain ischemic injury, the effects of Rosiglitazone Maleate on the inflammation following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion were investigated. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by the intraluminal thread for cerebral middle artery (MCA) occlusion. Rosiglitazone Maleate at concentrations of 0.5, 2 and 5 mg/kg was infused by intragastric gavage twice immediately and 2 h after MCA occlusion, respectively. The effects of Rosiglitazone Maleate on brain swelling, myeloperoxidase and interleukin-6 mRNA level in brain tissue after MCA occlusion and reperfusion were evaluated. The results showed that as compared with the model control group, RSG (0.5 mg/kg) had no significant influence on brain swelling (P>0.05), but 2 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg RSG could significantly alleviate brain swelling (P<0.05). All different doses of RSG could obviously reduce MPO activity in brain tissue after MCA occlusion and reperfusion in a dose-dependent manner. RSG (0.5 and 2 mg/kg) could decrease the expression levels of IL-6 mRNA in brain tissue after MCA occlusion and reperfusion to varying degrees (P<0.05) with the difference being significant between them. It was concluded that RSG could effectively ameliorate brain ischemic injury after 24 h MCA occlusion and inhibit the inflammatory response after ischemia-reperfusion in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanxiang Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Katayama T, Ueba H, Tsuboi K, Kubo N, Yasu T, Kuroki M, Saito M, Momomura SI, Kawakami M. Reduction of neointimal hyperplasia after coronary stenting by pioglitazone in nondiabetic patients with metabolic syndrome. Am Heart J 2007; 153:762.e1-7. [PMID: 17452150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2007.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 02/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigates whether pioglitazone reduces neointimal hyperplasia after coronary stenting in nondiabetic patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) using intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). Pioglitazone, a novel insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinedione, has been shown to reduce neointimal hyperplasia after coronary stenting in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, the effect of pioglitazone on in-stent restenosis in nondiabetic patients with MS remains unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-eight nondiabetic patients with MS after bare-metal stent implantation were randomized to 6-month treatment with or without 30 mg/d of pioglitazone (pioglitazone group [PIO] of 14 patients with 16 lesions and control group [CONT] of 14 patients with 16 lesions). At baseline and at 6-month follow-up, assessment of insulin resistance and visceral fat accumulation, quantitative coronary angiographic analysis, and IVUS measurements were performed. Pioglitazone treatment improved insulin resistance and decreased visceral fat accumulation without significant changes in plasma glucose levels, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c levels, and lipid profiles. Intimal index (intimal area/stent area) and intimal area were reduced in PIO compared with CONT (13% +/- 7% vs 21% +/- 13%, P = .033; 1.28 +/- 0.76 mm2 vs 1.90 +/- 1.16 mm2, P = .084; respectively). Binary restenosis rate was 0% in PIO versus 31% in CONT (P = .043). CONCLUSIONS This is the first randomized, prospective IVUS study demonstrating that pioglitazone reduces neointimal hyperplasia after coronary stenting in nondiabetic patients with MS. Our data suggest that pioglitazone treatment may represent a novel therapeutic tool to target in-stent restenosis in nondiabetic patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Katayama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Omiya Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama City, Japan
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13
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Game BA, He L, Jarido V, Nareika A, Jaffa AA, Lopes-Virella MF, Huang Y. Pioglitazone inhibits connective tissue growth factor expression in advanced atherosclerotic plaques in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 2007; 192:85-91. [PMID: 16901490 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2005] [Revised: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 06/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is expressed in atherosclerotic plaques. It is generally recognized that CTGF contributes to atherosclerosis by stimulating vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and extracellular matrix production during the development of atherosclerosis. Recent studies indicate that CTGF may also contribute to plaque destabilization as it induces apoptosis and stimulates MMP-2 expression in VSMCs. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), a new class of insulin sensitizing drugs for type 2 diabetes, inhibit atherosclerosis. However, their effect on CTGF expression in atherosclerotic plaques remains unknown. In this study, male LDL receptor-deficient mice were fed high-fat diet for 4 months to induce the formation of atherosclerotic plaques and then given the high-fat diet with or without pioglitazone for the next 3 months. At the end of the 7-month study, CTGF expression in aortic atherosclerotic lesions was examined. Results showed that CTGF expression was increased in mice fed the high-fat diet by seven-fold as compared to that in mice fed normal chow, but the treatment with pioglitazone significantly inhibited the high-fat diet-induced CTGF expression. To verify these in vivo observations, in vitro studies using human aortic SMC were conducted. Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot showed that pioglitazone inhibited TGF-beta-stimulated CTGF expression. In conclusion, the present study has demonstrated that pioglitazone inhibits CTGF expression in mouse advanced atherosclerotic plaques and in cultured human SMCs, and hence unveiled a possible mechanism potentially involved in the inhibition of atherosclerosis by TZD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Game
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403, United States
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Akiba S, Kumazawa S, Yamaguchi H, Hontani N, Matsumoto T, Ikeda T, Oka M, Sato T. Acceleration of matrix metalloproteinase-1 production and activation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor β in human coronary smooth muscle cells by oxidized LDL and 4-hydroxynonenal. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1763:797-804. [PMID: 16876267 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2005] [Revised: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Increases in matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) at atherosclerotic lesions are involved in the migration of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) into the intima and to the rupture of plaques, being implicated in the progression of atherosclerosis. The present study examined the mechanisms underlying the production of MMP-1, interstitial collagenase-1, induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), factors proposed to play a pivotal role in atherogenesis, in human coronary SMCs. oxLDL promoted the production of MMP-1 with the preceding phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2. Immunoprecipitation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFR-beta) revealed that oxLDL induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the receptor. Inhibition of the activation of PDGFR-beta and ERK1/2 resulted in a suppression of the production of MMP-1. Consistently, 4-HNE also elicited the production of MMP-1 with the preceding phosphorylation of PDGFR-beta and ERK1/2. The 4-HNE-induced production of MMP-1 was prevented when the activation of PDGFR-beta and ERK1/2 was inhibited. The present results suggest that the activation of PDGFR-beta and ERK1/2 is involved in the production of MMP-1 in oxLDL- and 4-HNE-stimulated human coronary SMCs.
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MESH Headings
- Aldehydes/metabolism
- Aldehydes/pharmacology
- Base Sequence
- Cells, Cultured
- Coronary Vessels/drug effects
- Coronary Vessels/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism
- Lipoproteins, LDL/pharmacology
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 1/biosynthesis
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 1/genetics
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Akiba
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
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