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Porter RR, Sparks JR, Durstine JL, Custer SS, Thompson RW, Wang X. Effect of Exercise Training on Lipoprotein Subclass Particle Concentrations and Sizes in Older Women: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial. Geriatrics (Basel) 2023; 8:116. [PMID: 38132487 PMCID: PMC10742846 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics8060116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that lipoprotein subclass particles are critical markers of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Older women have increased CVD risk related to age. The purpose of this study was to determine whether low and moderate doses of exercise influence lipoprotein subclasses. METHODS Women (60-75 years) were randomized into groups for 16 weeks of moderate-intensity exercise training at a low or moderate dose (33.6 and 58.8 kJ/kg body weight weekly, respectively). Lipoprotein subclasses were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy before and after the training. RESULTS The average weekly exercise duration was 109 and 164 min, for low- and moderate-dose groups, respectively. In the low-dose group, high-density lipoprotein particle (HDL-P) concentration decreased (Δ = -1.9 ± 3.1 µmol/L, mean ± SD, p = 0.002) and mean HDL-P size increased (Δ = 0.1 ± 0.3 nm, p = 0.028). In the moderate-dose group, mean HDL-P size (Δ = 0.1 ± 0.2 nm; p = 0.024) and low-density lipoprotein particle size increased (Δ = 0.4 ± 3.9 nm; p = 0.007). Baseline body mass index, peak oxygen consumption and age were associated with changes in a few lipoprotein subclasses. CONCLUSIONS In this sample of inactive older women, moderate-intensity exercise training at a dose equivalent to or even lower than the minimally recommended level by public health agencies induced changes in lipoprotein subclasses in line with reduced CVD risk. However, higher doses are encouraged for greater health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R. Porter
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA;
| | - Joshua R. Sparks
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Women’s Health Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
| | - J. Larry Durstine
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (J.L.D.); (R.W.T.)
| | - Sabra S. Custer
- College of Nursing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
| | - Raymond W. Thompson
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (J.L.D.); (R.W.T.)
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; (J.L.D.); (R.W.T.)
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Sarzynski MA, Burton J, Rankinen T, Blair SN, Church TS, Després JP, Hagberg JM, Landers-Ramos R, Leon AS, Mikus CR, Rao DC, Seip RL, Skinner JS, Slentz CA, Thompson PD, Wilund KR, Kraus WE, Bouchard C. The effects of exercise on the lipoprotein subclass profile: A meta-analysis of 10 interventions. Atherosclerosis 2015; 243:364-72. [PMID: 26520888 PMCID: PMC4663138 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal was to examine lipoprotein subclass responses to regular exercise as measured in 10 exercise interventions derived from six cohorts. METHODS Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to quantify average particle size, total and subclass concentrations of very low-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein particles (VLDL-P, LDL-P, and HDL-P, respectively) before and after an exercise intervention in 1555 adults from six studies, encompassing 10 distinct exercise programs: APOE (N = 106), DREW (N = 385), GERS (N = 79), HERITAGE (N = 715), STRRIDE I (N = 168) and II (N = 102). Random-effects meta-analyses were performed to evaluate the overall estimate of mean change across the unadjusted and adjusted mean change values from each exercise group. RESULTS Meta-analysis of unadjusted data showed that regular exercise induced significant decreases in the concentration of large VLDL-P, small LDL-P, and medium HDL-P and mean VLDL-P size, with significant increases in the concentration of large LDL-P and large HDL-P and mean LDL-P size. These changes remained significant in meta-analysis with adjustment for age, sex, race, baseline body mass index, and baseline trait value. CONCLUSIONS Despite differences in exercise programs and study populations, regular exercise produced putatively beneficial changes in the lipoprotein subclass profile across 10 exercise interventions. Further research is needed to examine how exercise-induced changes in lipoprotein subclasses may be associated with (concomitant changes in) cardiovascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey Burton
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Tuomo Rankinen
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Steven N Blair
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Després
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - James M Hagberg
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Rian Landers-Ramos
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Arthur S Leon
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Catherine R Mikus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - D C Rao
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Richard L Seip
- Cardiology Division, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | | | - Cris A Slentz
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Kenneth R Wilund
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - William E Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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Jago R, Drews KL, Otvos JD, Foster GD, Marcus MD, Buse JB, Mietus-Snyder M, Willi SM. Effect of relative weight group change on nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy derived lipoprotein particle size and concentrations among adolescents. J Pediatr 2014; 164:1091-1098.e3. [PMID: 24508445 PMCID: PMC3992168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether longitudinal changes in relative weight category (as indicated by change in body mass index [BMI] classification group) were associated with changes in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-derived lipoprotein particles among US youth. STUDY DESIGN Secondary analysis of data from a clustered randomized controlled trial. BMI and fasting blood samples were obtained from 2069 participants at the start of the 6th grade and end of the 8th grade. BMI was categorized as normal weight, overweight, or obese at both time points. Lipoprotein particle profiles were measured with NMR spectroscopy at both time points. Regression models were used to examine changes in relative weight group and change in lipoprotein variables. RESULTS A total of 38% of participants changed relative weight category (BMI group) during the 2.5-year study period. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol decreased almost universally, but more with improved BMI category. There were adverse effects on LDL size and total LDL particles, HDL size, and cholesterol for participants who remained obese or whose relative weight group worsened. Changes in relative category had no impact on HDL particles. CONCLUSION Improvement in relative weight group from 6th to 8th grade was associated with favorable changes in non-HDL cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein size, LDL size, HDL size, and LDL particles but had no effect on HDL particles. Findings indicate that an improvement in relative weight group between 6th and 8th grade had an effect on NMR-derived particles sizes and concentrations among a large group of adolescents, which overrepresented low-income minorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Jago
- Center for Exercise, Nutrition & Health, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | - Gary D. Foster
- Center for Obesity Research and Education, Temple University
| | | | | | - Michele Mietus-Snyder
- George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences & Children’s National Medical Center
| | - Steven M. Willi
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia & Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania
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4
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Rosenson RS, Underberg JA. Systematic review: Evaluating the effect of lipid-lowering therapy on lipoprotein and lipid values. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2014; 27:465-79. [PMID: 23893306 PMCID: PMC3777154 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-013-6477-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This systematic review was performed to summarize published experience using low density lipoprotein particle number (LDL-P) to monitor the efficacy of lipid-lowering pharmacotherapies. Methods Studies were identified from a literature search of MEDLINE (January 1, 2000 – June 30, 2012); and abstract searches of select conferences. All accepted studies reported mean (or median) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based LDL-P values for at least 10 subjects receiving lipid lowering pharmacotherapy. Results Searches revealed 36 studies (with 61 treatment arms) in which LDL-P measurements were reported pre- and post-treatment. Most studies also reported changes in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), but fewer studies reported changes in apolipoprotein B (apoB)(n = 20) and non-HDL-C (n = 28). Treatments included statins (22 arms/15 studies), fibrates (7 arms/7studies), niacin (7 arms/6 studies), bile acid sequestrants (5 arms/2 studies), an anti-apoB oligonucleotide (2 arms/2 studies), combination therapies (8 arms/6 studies), anti-diabetics (5 arms/4 studies), and, other treatments (5 arms/2 studies). Lipid-lowering pharmacotherapy resulted in reductions in mean LDL-P in all but two studies. In several statin studies, the percent reductions in LDL-P were smaller than reductions in LDL-C, comparable changes were reported when LDL-P and apoB, were reported. Conclusions Study-level data from this systemic review establish that different lipid lowering agents can lead to discordance between LDL-P and LDL-C, therefore, basing LDL-lowering therapy only on the achievement of cholesterol goals may result in a treatment gap. Therefore, the use of LDL-P for monitoring lipid-lowering therapy, particularly for statins, can provide a more accurate assessment of residual cardiovascular risk.
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Aronis KN, Mantzoros CS. Novel concepts in lipoprotein particle metabolism and regulation. Metabolism 2014; 63:1-4. [PMID: 24054823 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos N Aronis
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, Boston, MA 02130, USA; Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02217, USA.
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Søndergaard E, Poulsen MK, Jensen MD, Nielsen S. Acute changes in lipoprotein subclasses during exercise. Metabolism 2014; 63:61-8. [PMID: 24075739 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lipids are important substrates for oxidation in the basal fasting state and during exercise. Studies have demonstrated beneficial changes in lipoprotein subclass composition the day after an exercise bout. However, the acute effect of exercise on TG concentration and lipoprotein subclass composition remains unclear. MATERIALS/METHODS Sixteen lean, healthy individuals (8 men and 8 women) were recruited (age 20-30 years, BMI<25 kg/m(2)). The subjects were studied during basal fasting conditions as well as during and after 90 min of cycling at 50% of VO2peak. Lipoprotein subclass composition was measured with (1)H NMR spectroscopy. RESULTS During exercise, LDL and HDL particle concentration increased significantly (p<0.05) despite lower total TG concentration. In addition, exercise resulted in a shift towards smaller VLDL particles in men (p<0.05), but VLDL-TG concentration was unaltered. CONCLUSIONS Acute exercise induces beneficial changes in lipoprotein subclass composition. These changes are similar to the effects of exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esben Søndergaard
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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7
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Pace WD, Lanigan AM, Staton EW, Graham DG, Manning BK, Dickinson LM, Emsermann CB, Stewart EE. Effectiveness of 2 methods of promoting physical activity, healthy eating, and emotional well-being with the americans in motion--healthy interventions approach. Ann Fam Med 2013; 11:371-80. [PMID: 23835824 PMCID: PMC3704498 DOI: 10.1370/afm.1516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE An increasing number of Americans are putting their health at risk from being overweight. We undertook a study to compare patient-level outcomes of 2 methods of implementing the Americans In Motion-Healthy Interventions (AIM-HI) approach to promoting physical activity, healthy eating, and emotional well-being. METHODS We conducted a randomized trial in which 24 family medicine practices were randomized to (1) an enhanced practice approach in which clinicians and office staff used AIM-HI tools to make personal changes and created a healthy environment, or (2) a traditional practice approach in which physicians and staff were trained and asked to use the tools with patients. Of the 610 patients enrolled, 331 were in healthy practices, and 279 were in traditional practices. At 0, 4, and 10 months we assessed blood pressure, body mass index, fasting blood glucose and insulin levels, nuclear magnetic resonance lipoprotein profiles, fitness, dietary intake, physical activity, and emotional well-being. Outcome data were analyzed using linear, mixed-effects multivariate models, adjusting for practices as a random effect. RESULTS Regardless of patient group, 16.2% of patients who completed a 10-month visit (n = 378 patients, 62% of enrollees) and 10% of all patients enrolled lost 5% or more of their body weight; 16.7% of patients who completed a 10-month visit (10.3% of all enrollees) had a 2-point or greater increase in their fitness level; and 29.2% of 10-month completers (18.0% of all enrollees) lost 5% or more of their body weight and/or increased their fitness level by 2 or more points. There were no significant differences in these outcomes between groups. CONCLUSIONS There was no difference between the 2 groups in the primary and most secondary outcomes. Both patient groups were able to show significant before-after improvements in selected patient-level outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson D Pace
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado, Mail Stop F496, 12631 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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8
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Nikolic D, Katsiki N, Montalto G, Isenovic ER, Mikhailidis DP, Rizzo M. Lipoprotein subfractions in metabolic syndrome and obesity: clinical significance and therapeutic approaches. Nutrients 2013; 5:928-48. [PMID: 23507795 PMCID: PMC3705327 DOI: 10.3390/nu5030928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Small, dense low density lipoprotein (sdLDL) represents an emerging cardiovascular risk factor, since these particles can be associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) independently of established risk factors, including plasma lipids. Obese subjects frequently have atherogenic dyslipidaemia, including elevated sdLDL levels, in addition to elevated triglycerides (TG), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and apolipoprotein-B, as well as decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Obesity-related co-morbidities, such as metabolic syndrome (MetS) are also characterized by dyslipidaemia. Therefore, agents that favourably modulate LDL subclasses may be of clinical value in these subjects. Statins are the lipid-lowering drug of choice. Also, anti-obesity and lipid lowering drugs other than statins could be useful in these patients. However, the effects of anti-obesity drugs on CVD risk factors remain unclear. We review the clinical significance of sdLDL in being overweight and obesity, as well as the efficacy of anti-obesity drugs on LDL subfractions in these individuals; a short comment on HDL subclasses is also included. Our literature search was based on PubMed and Scopus listings. Further research is required to fully explore both the significance of sdLDL and the efficacy of anti-obesity drugs on LDL subfractions in being overweight, obesity and MetS. Improving the lipoprotein profile in these patients may represent an efficient approach for reducing cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Nikolic
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, 90127, Italy; E-Mails: (D.N.); (G.M.)
| | - Niki Katsiki
- Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece; E-Mail:
| | - Giuseppe Montalto
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, 90127, Italy; E-Mails: (D.N.); (G.M.)
| | - Esma R. Isenovic
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute Vinca, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia; E-Mail:
| | - Dimitri P. Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry (Vascular Disease Prevention Clinics), Royal Free Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), Pond Street, London, NW3 2QG, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, 90127, Italy; E-Mails: (D.N.); (G.M.)
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo, 90139, Italy
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel./Fax: +39-091-655-2945
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9
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Lipoprotein subfractions in metabolic syndrome and obesity: clinical significance and therapeutic approaches. Nutrients 2013. [PMID: 23507795 DOI: 10.3390/nu5030928.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Small, dense low density lipoprotein (sdLDL) represents an emerging cardiovascular risk factor, since these particles can be associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) independently of established risk factors, including plasma lipids. Obese subjects frequently have atherogenic dyslipidaemia, including elevated sdLDL levels, in addition to elevated triglycerides (TG), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and apolipoprotein-B, as well as decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Obesity-related co-morbidities, such as metabolic syndrome (MetS) are also characterized by dyslipidaemia. Therefore, agents that favourably modulate LDL subclasses may be of clinical value in these subjects. Statins are the lipid-lowering drug of choice. Also, anti-obesity and lipid lowering drugs other than statins could be useful in these patients. However, the effects of anti-obesity drugs on CVD risk factors remain unclear. We review the clinical significance of sdLDL in being overweight and obesity, as well as the efficacy of anti-obesity drugs on LDL subfractions in these individuals; a short comment on HDL subclasses is also included. Our literature search was based on PubMed and Scopus listings. Further research is required to fully explore both the significance of sdLDL and the efficacy of anti-obesity drugs on LDL subfractions in being overweight, obesity and MetS. Improving the lipoprotein profile in these patients may represent an efficient approach for reducing cardiovascular risk.
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10
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Karmi A, Iozzo P, Viljanen A, Hirvonen J, Fielding BA, Virtanen K, Oikonen V, Kemppainen J, Viljanen T, Guiducci L, Haaparanta-Solin M, Någren K, Solin O, Nuutila P. Increased brain fatty acid uptake in metabolic syndrome. Diabetes 2010; 59:2171-7. [PMID: 20566663 PMCID: PMC2927939 DOI: 10.2337/db09-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test whether brain fatty acid uptake is enhanced in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome (MS) and whether weight reduction modifies it. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We measured brain fatty acid uptake in a group of 23 patients with MS and 7 age-matched healthy control subjects during fasting conditions using positron emission tomography (PET) with [(11)C]-palmitate and [(18)F]fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid ([(18)F]-FTHA). Sixteen MS subjects were restudied after 6 weeks of very low calorie diet intervention. RESULTS At baseline, brain global fatty acid uptake derived from [(18)F]-FTHA was 50% higher in patients with MS compared with control subjects. The mean percentage increment was 130% in the white matter, 47% in the gray matter, and uniform across brain regions. In the MS group, the nonoxidized fraction measured using [(11)C]-palmitate was 86% higher. Brain fatty acid uptake measured with [(18)F]-FTHA-PET was associated with age, fasting serum insulin, and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index. Both total and nonoxidized fractions of fatty acid uptake were associated with BMI. Rapid weight reduction decreased brain fatty acid uptake by 17%. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study on humans to observe enhanced brain fatty acid uptake in patients with MS. Both fatty acid uptake and accumulation appear to be increased in MS patients and reversed by weight reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Karmi
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Patricia Iozzo
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- PET Centre, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antti Viljanen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi Hirvonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Barbara A. Fielding
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, U.K
| | - Kirsi Virtanen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Vesa Oikonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jukka Kemppainen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tapio Viljanen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Letizia Guiducci
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- PET Centre, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Kjell Någren
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, PET and Cyclotron Unit, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Olof Solin
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Corresponding author: Pirjo Nuutila,
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11
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Naganuma R, Sakurai M, Miura K, Yoshita K, Morikawa Y, Kido T, Ueshima H, Nakagawa H, Stamler J. Relation of long-term body weight change to change in lipoprotein particle size in Japanese men and women: The INTERMAP Toyama Study. Atherosclerosis 2009; 206:282-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Decewicz DJ, Neatrour DM, Burke A, Haberkorn MJ, Patney HL, Vernalis MN, Ellsworth DL. Effects of cardiovascular lifestyle change on lipoprotein subclass profiles defined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Lipids Health Dis 2009; 8:26. [PMID: 19563671 PMCID: PMC2713234 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-8-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol lowering is a primary goal in clinical management of patients with cardiovascular disease, but traditional cholesterol levels may not accurately reflect the true atherogenicity of plasma lipid profiles. The size and concentration of lipoprotein particles, which transport cholesterol and triglycerides, may provide additional information for accurately assessing cardiovascular risk. This study evaluated changes in plasma lipoprotein profiles determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in patients participating in a prospective, nonrandomized lifestyle modification program designed to reverse or stabilize progression of coronary artery disease (CAD) to improve our understanding of lipoprotein management in cardiac patients. Results The lifestyle intervention was effective in producing significant changes in lipoprotein subclasses that contribute to CAD risk. There was a clear beneficial effect on the total number of LDL particles (-8.3%, p < 0.05 compared to matched controls), small dense LDL particles (-9.5%, p < 0.05), and LDL particle size (+0.8%; p < 0.05). Likewise, participants showed significant improvement in traditional CAD risk factors such as body mass index (-9.9%, p < 0.01 compared to controls), total cholesterol (-5.5%, p < 0.05), physical fitness (+37.2%, p < 0.01), and future risk for CAD (-7.9%, p < 0.01). Men and women responded differently to the program for all clinically-relevant variables, with men deriving greater benefit in terms of lipoprotein atherogenicity. Plasma lipid and lipoprotein responses to the lifestyle change program were not confounded by lipid-lowering medications. Conclusion In at risk patients motivated to participate, an intensive lifestyle change program can effectively alter traditional CAD risk factors and plasma lipoprotein subclasses and may reduce risk for cardiovascular events. Improvements in lipoprotein subclasses are more evident in men compared to women.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Decewicz
- Integrative Cardiac and Metabolic Health Program, Windber Research Institute, Windber, Pennsylvania, USA.
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13
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Hamada T, Kotani K, Tsuzaki K, Sano Y, Murata T, Tabata M, Sato S, Sakane N. Association of Pro12Ala polymorphism in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 gene with small dense low-density lipoprotein in the general population. Metabolism 2007; 56:1345-9. [PMID: 17884443 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2007.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Pro12Ala polymorphism of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 (PPARgamma2) gene has been reported to predict a lower risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, its effect on the lipid profile has been disputable. Among low-density lipoproteins, small dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL) particles have been linked to a greater risk for coronary artery disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic effect of the Pro12Ala polymorphism in the PPARgamma2 gene on the presence of sdLDL in the general Japanese population. In 379 subjects (aged 54 +/- 13 years), body mass index, percentage of body fat, blood pressure, and biochemical profiles were measured. Pro12Ala polymorphism was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The area of sdLDL subfractions (sdLDL4-7) was analyzed by high-resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The frequency of the Ala12 allele in PPARgamma2 was 0.04. There was no difference in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels between genotypes. However, subjects with the X/Ala genotype (Pro/Ala + Ala/Ala) had significantly higher serum triglyceride levels (P = .001) and a larger area of sdLDL4-7 (P = .002) than those with the Pro/Pro genotype. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the Ala12 allele was a significant variable contributing to the variance in the increased area of sdLDL4-7 (P = .040). In conclusion, the Pro12Ala polymorphism in the PPARgamma2 gene was positively associated with an enlarged area of sdLDL4-7. This polymorphism may play a role in the genetic predisposition to increases in sdLDL4-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Hamada
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Diabetes Education, Clinical Research Institute for Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan
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Haltia LT, Viljanen A, Parkkola R, Kemppainen N, Rinne JO, Nuutila P, Kaasinen V. Brain white matter expansion in human obesity and the recovering effect of dieting. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:3278-84. [PMID: 17536002 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2006-2495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Obesity is associated with several metabolic abnormalities. Recent studies suggest that obesity also affects brain function and is a risk factor for some degenerative brain diseases. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of weight gain and weight loss on brain gray and white matter structure. We hypothesized that possible differences seen in the brains of obese subjects would disappear or diminish after an intensive dieting period. METHODS In part I of the study, we scanned with magnetic resonance imaging 16 lean (mean body mass index, 22 kg/m(2)) and 30 obese (mean body mass index, 33 kg/m(2)) healthy subjects. In part II, 16 obese subjects continued with a very low-calorie diet for 6 wk, after which they were scanned again. Regional brain white and gray matter volumes were calculated using voxel-based morphometry. RESULTS White matter volumes were greater in obese subjects, compared with lean subjects in several basal brain regions, and obese individuals showed a positive correlation between white matter volume in basal brain structures and waist to hip ratio. The detected white matter expansion was partially reversed by dieting. Regional gray matter volumes did not differ significantly in obese and lean subjects, and dieting did not affect gray matter. CONCLUSIONS The precise mechanism for the discovered white matter changes remains unclear, but the present study demonstrates that obesity and dieting are associated with opposite changes in brain structure. It is not excluded that white matter expansion in obesity has a role in the neuropathogenesis of degenerative brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri T Haltia
- Department of Neurology, University of Turku, P.O. Box 52, FIN-20521 Turku, Finland.
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Halverstadt A, Phares DA, Wilund KR, Goldberg AP, Hagberg JM. Endurance exercise training raises high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lowers small low-density lipoprotein and very low-density lipoprotein independent of body fat phenotypes in older men and women. Metabolism 2007; 56:444-50. [PMID: 17378998 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2006.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Endurance exercise training improves plasma lipoprotein and lipid profiles and reduces cardiovascular disease risk. However, the effect of endurance exercise training, independent of diet and body fat phenotypes, on plasma lipoprotein subfraction particle concentration, size, and composition as measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is not known. We hypothesized that 24 weeks of endurance exercise training would independently improve plasma lipoprotein and lipid profiles as assessed by both conventional and novel NMR measurement techniques. One hundred sedentary, healthy 50- to 75-year-olds following a standardized diet were studied before and after 24 weeks of aerobic exercise training. Lipoprotein and lipid analyses, using both conventional and NMR measures, were performed at baseline and after 24 weeks of exercise training. Relative and absolute maximum oxygen consumption increased 15% with exercise training. Most lipoprotein and lipid measures improved with 24 weeks of endurance exercise training, and these changes were consistently independent of baseline body fat and body fat changes with training. For example, with exercise training, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) decreased significantly (2.1+/-1.8 mg/dL, P=.001; -17+/-3.5 mg/dL, P<.0001; and -0.7+/-1.7 mg/dL, P<.0001, respectively), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol subfractions (HDL3-C and HDL2-C) increased significantly (1.9+/-0.5 mg/dL, P=.01, and 1.2+/-0.3 mg/dL, P=.02, respectively). Particle concentrations decreased significantly for large and small very low-density lipoprotein particles (-0.7+/-0.4 nmol/L, P<.0001, and -1.1+/-1.7 nmol/L, P<.0001, respectively), total, medium, and very small LDL particles (-100+/-26 nmol/L, P=.01; -26+/-7.0 nmol/L, P=.004; and -103+/-27 nmol/L, P=.02, respectively), and small HDL particles (-0.03+/-0.4 micromol/L, P=.007). Mean very low-density lipoprotein particle size also decreased significantly (-1.7+/-0.9 nm, P<.0001) and mean HDL particle size increased significantly with exercise training (0.1+/-0.0 nm, P=.04). These results show that 24 weeks of endurance exercise training induced favorable changes in plasma lipoprotein and lipid profiles independent of diet and baseline or change in body fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Halverstadt
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-2611, USA.
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