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Yokoyama S. HDL Receptor in Schistosoma japonicum Mediating Egg Embryonation: Potential Molecular Basis for High Prevalence of Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Deficiency in East Asia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:807289. [PMID: 35372338 PMCID: PMC8968628 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.807289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a life-threatening parasitic disease caused by blood flukes, Schistosomes. In its intestinal type, the parasites reside in visceral/portal veins of the human hosts and lay eggs to excrete in feces via intestinal tracts, and some of the aberrant eggs plug into the liver via the portal blood flow. Ectopic growth of these eggs causes fatal granulomatosis and cirrhosis of the liver. The parasites ingest nutrients from the host blood plasma by using nonspecific and specific transport via their body surface and alimentary tracts. It is especially important for the female adults to obtain lipid molecules because they synthesize neither fatty acids nor sterols and yet produce egg yolk. Low-density lipoprotein receptors have been identified in the body of the Schistosomes but their functions in the parasite life cycle have not clearly been characterized. On the other hand, CD36-related protein was identified in the body and the eggs of Asian blood fluke, Schistosoma japonicum, and characterized as a molecule that mediates selective uptake of cholesteryl ester from the host plasma high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). This reaction was shown crucial for their eggs to grow to miracidia. Interestingly, abnormal large HDL generated in lack of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is a poor substrate for this reaction, and, therefore, CETP deficiency resists pathogenic ectopic growth of the aberrant parasite eggs in the liver. This genetic mutation is exclusively found in East Asia, overlapping with the current and historic regions of Schistosoma japonicum epidemic, so that this infection could be related to high prevalence of CETP deficiency in East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Yokoyama
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
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Lin X, Ma P, Yang C, Wang J, He K, Chen G, Huang W, Fan J, Xian X, Wang Y, Liu G. Dietary-Induced Elevations of Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins Promote Atherosclerosis in the Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Knockout Syrian Golden Hamster. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:738060. [PMID: 34796210 PMCID: PMC8593475 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.738060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated triglycerides are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Therefore, it is very important to understand the metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) and their atherogenic role in animal models. Using low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR-/-) Syrian golden hamsters, this study showed that unlike LDLR-/- mice, when LDLR-/- hamsters were fed a high cholesterol high-fat diet (HFD), they had very high plasma levels of triglycerides and cholesterol. We found that LDLR-/- hamsters exhibited increased serum TRLs and the ApoB100 and 48 in these particles after being fed with HFD. Treatment with ezetimibe for 2 weeks decreased these large particles but not the LDL. In addition, ezetimibe simultaneously reduced ApoB48 and ApoE in plasma and TRLs. The expression of LRP1 did not change in the liver. These findings suggested that the significantly reduced large particles were mainly chylomicron remnants, and further, the remnants were mainly cleared by the LDL receptor in hamsters. After 40 days on an HFD, LDLR-/- hamsters had accelerated aortic atherosclerosis, accompanied by severe fatty liver, and ezetimibe treatment reduced the consequences of hyperlipidemia. Compared with the serum from LDLR-/- hamsters, that from ezetimibe-treated LDLR-/- hamsters decreased the expression of vascular adhesion factors in vascular endothelial cells and lipid uptake by macrophages. Our results suggested that in the LDLR-/- hamster model, intestinally-derived lipoprotein remnants are highly atherogenic and the inflammatory response of the endothelium and foam cells from macrophages triggered atherosclerosis. The LDL receptor might be very important for chylomicrons remnant clearance in the Syrian golden hamster, and this may not be compensated by another pathway. We suggest that the LDLR-/- hamster is a good model for the study of TRLs-related diseases as it mimics more complex hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kunxiang He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Gonglie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianglin Fan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Xunde Xian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - George Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Björnson E, Packard CJ, Adiels M, Andersson L, Matikainen N, Söderlund S, Kahri J, Hakkarainen A, Lundbom N, Lundbom J, Sihlbom C, Thorsell A, Zhou H, Taskinen MR, Borén J. Apolipoprotein B48 metabolism in chylomicrons and very low-density lipoproteins and its role in triglyceride transport in normo- and hypertriglyceridemic human subjects. J Intern Med 2020; 288:422-438. [PMID: 31846520 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renewed interest in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins as causative agents in cardiovascular disease mandates further exploration of the integrated metabolism of chylomicrons and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). METHODS Novel tracer techniques and an integrated multi-compartmental model were used to determine the kinetics of apoB48- and apoB100-containing particles in the chylomicron and VLDL density intervals in 15 subjects with a wide range of plasma triglyceride levels. RESULTS Following a fat-rich meal, apoB48 appeared in the chylomicron, VLDL1 and VLDL2 fractions in all subjects. Chylomicrons cleared rapidly from the circulation but apoB48-containing VLDL accumulated, and over the day were 3-fold higher in those with high versus low plasma triglyceride. ApoB48-containing particles were secreted directly into both the chylomicron and VLDL fractions at rates that were similar across the plasma triglyceride range studied. During fat absorption, whilst most triglyceride entered the circulation in chylomicrons, the majority of apoB48 particles were secreted into the VLDL density range. CONCLUSION The intestine secretes apoB48-containing particles not only as chylomicrons but also directly into the VLDL1 and VLDL2 density ranges both in the basal state and during dietary lipid absorption. Over the day, apoB48-containing particles appear to comprise about 20-25% of circulating VLDL and, especially in those with elevated triglycerides, form part of a slowly cleared 'remnant' particle population, thereby potentially increasing CHD risk. These findings provide a metabolic understanding of the potential consequences for increased CHD risk when slowed lipolysis leads to the accumulation of remnants, especially in individuals with hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Björnson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C J Packard
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - M Adiels
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - L Andersson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - N Matikainen
- Research Programs Unit, Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Söderlund
- Research Programs Unit, Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Kahri
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Hakkarainen
- Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - N Lundbom
- Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Lundbom
- Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - C Sihlbom
- Proteomics Facility, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A Thorsell
- Proteomics Facility, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - H Zhou
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - M-R Taskinen
- Research Programs Unit, Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Abstract
Purpose “Quantile-dependent expressivity” describes an effect of the genotype that depends upon the level of the phenotype (e.g., whether a subject’s triglycerides are high or low relative to its population distribution). Prior analyses suggest that the effect of a genetic risk score (GRS) on fasting plasma triglyceride levels increases with the percentile of the triglyceride distribution. Postprandial lipemia is well suited for testing quantile-dependent expressivity because it exposes each individual’s genotype to substantial increases in their plasma triglyceride concentrations. Ninety-seven published papers were identified that plotted mean triglyceride response vs. time and genotype, which were converted into quantitative data. Separately, for each published graph, standard least-squares regression analysis was used to compare the genotype differences at time t (dependent variable) to average triglyceride concentrations at time t (independent variable) to assess whether the genetic effect size increased in association with higher triglyceride concentrations and whether the phenomenon could explain purported genetic interactions with sex, diet, disease, BMI, and drugs. Results Consistent with the phenomenon, genetic effect sizes increased (P≤0.05) with increasing triglyceride concentrations for polymorphisms associated with ABCA1, ANGPTL4, APOA1, APOA2, APOA4, APOA5, APOB, APOC3, APOE, CETP, FABP2, FATP6, GALNT2, GCKR, HL, IL1b, LEPR, LOX-1, LPL, MC4R, MTTP, NPY, SORT1, SULF2, TNFA, TCF7L2, and TM6SF2. The effect size for these polymorphisms showed a progressively increasing dose-response, with intermediate effect sizes at intermediate triglyceride concentrations. Quantile-dependent expressivity provided an alternative interpretation to their interactions with sex, drugs, disease, diet, and age, which have been traditionally ascribed to gene-environment interactions and genetic predictors of drug efficacy (i.e., personalized medicine). Conclusion Quantile-dependent expressivity applies to the majority of genetic variants affecting postprandial triglycerides, which may arise because the impaired functionalities of these variants increase at higher triglyceride concentrations. Purported gene-drug interactions may be the manifestations of quantile-dependent expressivity, rather than genetic predictors of drug efficacy.
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Kurihara O, Okajima F, Takano M, Kato K, Munakata R, Murakami D, Miyauchi Y, Emoto N, Sugihara H, Seino Y, Shimizu W. Postprandial Hyperchylomicronemia and Thin-Cap Fibroatheroma in Nonculprit Lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:1940-1947. [PMID: 29930008 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective- Although postprandial hypertriglyceridemia can be a risk factor for coronary artery disease, the extent of its significance remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the postprandial lipid profiles rigorously estimated with the meal tolerance test and the presence of lipid-rich plaque, such as thin-cap fibroatheroma (TCFA), in the nonculprit lesion. Approach and Results- A total of 30 patients with stable coronary artery disease who underwent a multivessel examination using optical coherence tomography during catheter intervention for the culprit lesion were enrolled. Patients were divided into 2 groups: patients with TCFA (fibrous cap thickness ≤65 µm) in the nonculprit lesion and those without TCFA. Serum remnant-like particle-cholesterol and ApoB-48 (apolipoprotein B-48) levels were measured during the meal tolerance test. The value of remnant-like particle-cholesterol was significantly greater in the TCFA group than in the non-TCFA group ( P=0.045). Although the baseline ApoB-48 level was similar, the increase in the ApoB-48 level was significantly higher in the TCFA group than in the non-TCFA group ( P=0.028). In addition, the baseline apolipoprotein C-III levels was significantly greater in the TCFA group ( P=0.003). These indexes were independent predictors of the presence of TCFA (ΔApoB-48: odds ratio, 1.608; 95% confidence interval, 1.040-2.486; P=0.032; apolipoprotein C-III: odds ratio, 2.581; 95% confidence interval, 1.177-5.661; P=0.018). Conclusions- Postprandial hyperchylomicronemia correlates with the presence of TCFA in the nonculprit lesion and may be a residual risk factor for coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Kurihara
- From the Cardiovascular Center (O.K., M.T., R.M., D.M., Y.M., Y.S.)
| | | | - Masamichi Takano
- From the Cardiovascular Center (O.K., M.T., R.M., D.M., Y.M., Y.S.)
| | - Katsuhito Kato
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine (K.K.)
| | - Ryo Munakata
- From the Cardiovascular Center (O.K., M.T., R.M., D.M., Y.M., Y.S.)
| | - Daisuke Murakami
- From the Cardiovascular Center (O.K., M.T., R.M., D.M., Y.M., Y.S.)
| | - Yasushi Miyauchi
- From the Cardiovascular Center (O.K., M.T., R.M., D.M., Y.M., Y.S.)
| | - Naoya Emoto
- Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Japan; and Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine (F.O., N.E., H.S.)
| | - Hitoshi Sugihara
- Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Japan; and Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine (F.O., N.E., H.S.)
| | - Yoshihiko Seino
- From the Cardiovascular Center (O.K., M.T., R.M., D.M., Y.M., Y.S.)
| | - Wataru Shimizu
- Division of Cardiology (W.S.), Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Nomura A, Tada H, Nohara A, Kawashiri MA, Yamagishi M. Oral Fat Tolerance Test for Sitosterolemia and Familial Hypercholesterolemia: A Study Protocol. J Atheroscler Thromb 2018; 25:741-746. [PMID: 29353827 PMCID: PMC6099073 DOI: 10.5551/jat.42960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Sitosterolemia is an extremely rare, autosomal recessive disease characterized by high plasma cholesterols and plant sterols because of increased absorption of dietary cholesterols and sterols from the intestine, and decreased excretion from biliary tract. Previous study indicated that sitosterolemic patients might be vulnerable to post-prandial hyperlipidemia, including high remnant-like lipoprotein particles (RLP) level. Here we evaluate whether a loading dietary fat increases a post-prandial RLP cholesterol level in sitosterolemic patients compared to heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemic patients (FH). METHODS We recruit total of 20 patients: 5 patients with homozygous sitosterolemia, 5 patients with heterozygous sitosterolemia, and 10 patients with heterozygous FH as controls from May 2015 to March 2018 at Kanazawa University Hospital, Japan. All patients receive Oral Fat Tolerance Test (OFTT) cream (50 g/body surface area square meter, orally only once, and the cream includes 34% of fat, 74 mg of cholesterol, and rich in palmitic and oleic acids. The primary endpoint is the change of a RLP cholesterol level after OFTT cream loading between sitosterolemia and FH. We measure them at baseline, and 2, 4, and 6 hours after the oral fat loading. RESULTS This is the first study to evaluate whether sitosterolemia patients have a higher post-prandial RLP cholesterol level compared to heterozygous FH patients. CONCLUSION The result may become an additional evidence to restrict dietary cholesterols for sitosterolemia. This study is registered at University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN) Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN ID: UMIN000020330).
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Nomura
- Department of Cardiovascular and Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
- Innovative Clinical Research Center, Kanazawa University (iCREK), Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hayato Tada
- Department of Cardiovascular and Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nohara
- Department of Cardiovascular and Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masa-aki Kawashiri
- Department of Cardiovascular and Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yamagishi
- Department of Cardiovascular and Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
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Tada H, Nomura A, Nohara A, Inazu A, Mabuchi H, Yamagishi M, Kawashiri MA. Post-prandial Remnant Lipoprotein Metabolism in Sitosterolemia. J Atheroscler Thromb 2018; 25:1188-1195. [PMID: 29998912 PMCID: PMC6249359 DOI: 10.5551/jat.44768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM We aimed to clarify post-prandial accumulation of remnant-like particles (RLP) in patients with sitosterolemia. METHODS Oral fat tolerance test cream (Jomo Shokuhin, Takasaki, Japan) 50 g was given per body surface area (m2); blood sampling was performed at 2 h intervals up to 6 h. Plasma lipoprotein fractions and RLP fractions were determined in four sitosterolemic subjects with double mutations in ATP-binding cassette (ABC) sub-family G member 5 or member 8 (ABCG5 or ABCG8) gene (mean age=18 yr, median low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C]=154 mg/dL), six heterozygous carriers (mean age=31 yr, median LDL-C=105 mg/dL), and five subjects with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH, mean age=32 yr, median LDL-C=221 mg/dL). The incremental area under curve (iAUC) of lipids, including LDL-C, apolipoprotein B-48 (apoB48), RLP cholesterol (RLP-C), and RLP triglyceride (RLP-TG) were evaluated. RESULTS After oral fat load, there was no significant difference of the iAUC of LDL-C between sitosterolemia and heterozygous FH, whereas the iAUC of apoB48 was significantly larger in the sitosterolemic subjects compared with that of heterozygous FH (2.9 µg/mL×h vs. 1.3 µg/mL×h, p<0.05). Under these conditions, the iAUCs of RLP-C and RLP-TG levels were significantly larger in the sitosterolemic subject compared with those of heterozygous FH (9.5 mg/dL×h vs. 5.7 mg/dL×h, p<0.05; 149 mg/dL×h vs. 40 mg/dL×h, p<0.05, respectively), whereas those of heterozygous carriers were comparable with those with heterozygous FH. CONCLUSIONS Post-prandial lipoprotein metabolism in sitosterolemia appeared to be impaired, leading to their elevation in serum sterol levels. (UMIN Clinical Trials Registry number, UMIN000020330).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Tada
- Department of Cardiovascular and Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Akihiro Nomura
- Department of Cardiovascular and Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Atsushi Nohara
- Department of Cardiovascular and Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Akihiro Inazu
- Department of Laboratory Science, Molecular Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University
| | - Hiroshi Mabuchi
- Department of Cardiovascular and Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Masakazu Yamagishi
- Department of Cardiovascular and Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Masa-Aki Kawashiri
- Department of Cardiovascular and Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine
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Nakajima K, Tokita Y, Tanaka A. Hypothesis: Postprandial remnant lipoproteins are the causal factors that induce the insulin resistance associated with obesity. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 485:126-132. [PMID: 29958888 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have long thought that remnant lipoproteins (RLP) in plasma are significantly increased as the result of disturbed lipoprotein metabolism followed by obesity and insulin resistance. Therefore, it was believed that insulin resistance causes and enhances RLP formation. In contrast, this hypothesis states that RLP induces insulin resistance as the result of obesity associated with the excessive fat intake. The majority of plasma TG increased after fat intake is TG in RLP (RLP-TG) and the majority of postprandial RLP is VLDL remnants, not CM remnants. RLP is newly formed lipoproteins primarily for energy supply against starvation, like blood sugar after carbohydrate intake. Since RLP bearing apoE, LPL and Lp(a) function as ligands for the VLDL receptor, RLP interacts with the VLDL receptor in visceral fat adipocytes and stored as TG similar to excessive blood sugar. However, the excessive VLDL remnants induces obesity and its associated insulin resistance, which plays a major role as the initiator of metabolic domino effects, similar to blood sugar primarily serving as an energy supply to protect against starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Nakajima
- Laboratory of Clinical Nutrition and Medicine, Kagawa Nutrition University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yoshiharu Tokita
- Laboratory of Clinical Nutrition and Medicine, Kagawa Nutrition University, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Akira Tanaka
- Laboratory of Clinical Nutrition and Medicine, Kagawa Nutrition University, Tokyo, Japan
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Nakajima K, Tanaka A. Postprandial remnant lipoproteins as targets for the prevention of atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2018; 25:108-117. [PMID: 29493553 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) and chylomicron remnants were previously proposed as the most atherogenic lipoproteins for the causal lipoproteins of atherosclerosis. However, there are still controversies on these hypothesizes. Therefore, we have proposed a new hypothesis based on our recent findings of remnant lipoproteins (RLPs) in postprandial plasma. RECENT FINDINGS Plasma RLP-C and RLP-TG increased significantly after fat load. More than 80% of the increased triglycerides after fat load consisted of the triglycerides in RLP, which contained greater amount of apoB100 than apoB48 particles as mostly very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) remnants. The majority of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in plasma was found in RLP as RLP-LPL complex, which is released into circulation after hydrolysis. LPL activity and concentration in plasma did not increase after food intake associated with the insufficient hydrolysis of chylomicrons and VLDL and resulted in the significant increase of RLP-TG. Plasma LPL was inversely correlated with RLP particle size and number. SUMMARY VLDL remnants have been shown as the major atherogenic lipoproteins in postprandial plasma associated with LPL activity as the targets for prevention of atherosclerosis. We also proposed a new definition of RLPs, 'LPL bound TG-rich lipoproteins' based on the findings of RLP-LPL complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Nakajima
- Laboratory of Clinical Nutrition and Medicine, Kagawa Nutrition University, Tokyo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Akira Tanaka
- Laboratory of Clinical Nutrition and Medicine, Kagawa Nutrition University, Tokyo
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10
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Nakajima K, Tanaka A. Atherogenic postprandial remnant lipoproteins; VLDL remnants as a causal factor in atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 478:200-215. [PMID: 29307667 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL) and chylomicron (CM) remnants have been suggested to be the most atherogenic lipoproteins that initiate and exacerbate coronary atherosclerosis. In this review, we propose a hypothesis of the causal lipoproteins in atherosclerosis based on our recent findings on postprandial remnant lipoproteins (RLP). Plasma RLP-C and RLP-TG increased significantly after food intake, especially a fat load. More than 80% of the TG increase after the fat load consisted of the TG in RLP, which contained significantly greater apoB100 than apoB48 particles as VLDL remnants. The majority of the LPL in non-heparin plasma was found in RLP as an RLP-LPL complex and released into the circulation after hydrolysis. Plasma LPL did not increase after food intake, which may have caused the partial hydrolysis of CM and VLDL as well as the significant increase of RLP-TG in the postprandial plasma. LPL was inversely correlated with the RLP particle size after food intake. We showed that VLDL remnants are the major atherogenic lipoproteins in the postprandial plasma associated with insufficient LPL activity and a causal factor in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. We also propose "LPL bound TG-rich lipoproteins" as a new definition of remnant lipoproteins based on the findings of the RLP-LPL complex in the non-heparin plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Nakajima
- Laboratory of Clinical Nutrition and Medicine, Kagawa Nutrition University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.
| | - Akira Tanaka
- Laboratory of Clinical Nutrition and Medicine, Kagawa Nutrition University, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Borén J, Watts GF, Adiels M, Söderlund S, Chan DC, Hakkarainen A, Lundbom N, Matikainen N, Kahri J, Vergès B, Barrett PHR, Taskinen MR. Kinetic and Related Determinants of Plasma Triglyceride Concentration in Abdominal Obesity: Multicenter Tracer Kinetic Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:2218-24. [PMID: 26315407 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Patients with obesity and diabetes mellitus have increased risk of cardiovascular disease. A major cause is an atherogenic dyslipidemia related primarily to elevated plasma concentrations of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. The aim of this study was to clarify determinants of plasma triglyceride concentration. We focused on factors that predict the kinetics of very-low density lipoprotein 1 (VLDL1) triglycerides. APPROACH AND RESULTS A multicenter study using dual stable isotopes (deuterated leucine and glycerol) and multicompartmental modeling was performed to elucidate the kinetics of triglycerides and apoB in VLDL1 in 46 subjects with abdominal obesity and additional cardiometabolic risk factors. Results showed that plasma triglyceride concentrations were dependent on both the secretion rate (r=0.44, P<0.01; r=0.45, P<0.01) and fractional catabolism (r=0.49, P<0.001; r=0.55, P<0.001) of VLDL1-triglycerides and VLDL1-apoB. Liver fat mass was independently and directly associated with secretion rates of VLDL1-triglycerides (r=0.56, P<0.001) and VLDL1-apoB (r=0.53, P<0.001). Plasma apoC-III concentration was independently and inversely associated with the fractional catabolisms of VLDL1-triglycerides (r=0.48, P<0.001) and VLDL1-apoB (r=0.51, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Plasma triglyceride concentrations in abdominal obesity are determined by the kinetics of VLDL1 subspecies, catabolism being mainly dependent on apoC-III concentration and secretion on liver fat content. Reduction in liver fat and targeting apoC-III may be an effective approach for correcting triglyceride metabolism atherogenic dyslipidemia in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Borén
- From the Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.B., M.A.); Lipid Disorders Clinic, Metabolic Research Centre, Cardiovascular Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine and Pharmacology (G.F.W., D.C.C., P.H.R.B.) and Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics (P.H.R.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Heart and Lung Centre, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Research Programs' Unit, Diabetes and Obesity (S.S., N.M., M.-R.T.) and Department of Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital (A.H., N.L.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (N.M., J.K.); and Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology, University Hospital and INSERM CRI 866, Dijon, France (B.V.).
| | - Gerald F Watts
- From the Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.B., M.A.); Lipid Disorders Clinic, Metabolic Research Centre, Cardiovascular Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine and Pharmacology (G.F.W., D.C.C., P.H.R.B.) and Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics (P.H.R.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Heart and Lung Centre, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Research Programs' Unit, Diabetes and Obesity (S.S., N.M., M.-R.T.) and Department of Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital (A.H., N.L.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (N.M., J.K.); and Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology, University Hospital and INSERM CRI 866, Dijon, France (B.V.)
| | - Martin Adiels
- From the Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.B., M.A.); Lipid Disorders Clinic, Metabolic Research Centre, Cardiovascular Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine and Pharmacology (G.F.W., D.C.C., P.H.R.B.) and Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics (P.H.R.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Heart and Lung Centre, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Research Programs' Unit, Diabetes and Obesity (S.S., N.M., M.-R.T.) and Department of Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital (A.H., N.L.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (N.M., J.K.); and Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology, University Hospital and INSERM CRI 866, Dijon, France (B.V.)
| | - Sanni Söderlund
- From the Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.B., M.A.); Lipid Disorders Clinic, Metabolic Research Centre, Cardiovascular Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine and Pharmacology (G.F.W., D.C.C., P.H.R.B.) and Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics (P.H.R.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Heart and Lung Centre, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Research Programs' Unit, Diabetes and Obesity (S.S., N.M., M.-R.T.) and Department of Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital (A.H., N.L.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (N.M., J.K.); and Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology, University Hospital and INSERM CRI 866, Dijon, France (B.V.)
| | - Dick C Chan
- From the Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.B., M.A.); Lipid Disorders Clinic, Metabolic Research Centre, Cardiovascular Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine and Pharmacology (G.F.W., D.C.C., P.H.R.B.) and Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics (P.H.R.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Heart and Lung Centre, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Research Programs' Unit, Diabetes and Obesity (S.S., N.M., M.-R.T.) and Department of Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital (A.H., N.L.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (N.M., J.K.); and Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology, University Hospital and INSERM CRI 866, Dijon, France (B.V.)
| | - Antti Hakkarainen
- From the Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.B., M.A.); Lipid Disorders Clinic, Metabolic Research Centre, Cardiovascular Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine and Pharmacology (G.F.W., D.C.C., P.H.R.B.) and Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics (P.H.R.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Heart and Lung Centre, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Research Programs' Unit, Diabetes and Obesity (S.S., N.M., M.-R.T.) and Department of Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital (A.H., N.L.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (N.M., J.K.); and Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology, University Hospital and INSERM CRI 866, Dijon, France (B.V.)
| | - Nina Lundbom
- From the Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.B., M.A.); Lipid Disorders Clinic, Metabolic Research Centre, Cardiovascular Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine and Pharmacology (G.F.W., D.C.C., P.H.R.B.) and Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics (P.H.R.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Heart and Lung Centre, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Research Programs' Unit, Diabetes and Obesity (S.S., N.M., M.-R.T.) and Department of Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital (A.H., N.L.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (N.M., J.K.); and Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology, University Hospital and INSERM CRI 866, Dijon, France (B.V.)
| | - Niina Matikainen
- From the Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.B., M.A.); Lipid Disorders Clinic, Metabolic Research Centre, Cardiovascular Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine and Pharmacology (G.F.W., D.C.C., P.H.R.B.) and Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics (P.H.R.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Heart and Lung Centre, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Research Programs' Unit, Diabetes and Obesity (S.S., N.M., M.-R.T.) and Department of Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital (A.H., N.L.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (N.M., J.K.); and Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology, University Hospital and INSERM CRI 866, Dijon, France (B.V.)
| | - Juhani Kahri
- From the Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.B., M.A.); Lipid Disorders Clinic, Metabolic Research Centre, Cardiovascular Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine and Pharmacology (G.F.W., D.C.C., P.H.R.B.) and Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics (P.H.R.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Heart and Lung Centre, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Research Programs' Unit, Diabetes and Obesity (S.S., N.M., M.-R.T.) and Department of Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital (A.H., N.L.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (N.M., J.K.); and Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology, University Hospital and INSERM CRI 866, Dijon, France (B.V.)
| | - Bruno Vergès
- From the Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.B., M.A.); Lipid Disorders Clinic, Metabolic Research Centre, Cardiovascular Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine and Pharmacology (G.F.W., D.C.C., P.H.R.B.) and Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics (P.H.R.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Heart and Lung Centre, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Research Programs' Unit, Diabetes and Obesity (S.S., N.M., M.-R.T.) and Department of Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital (A.H., N.L.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (N.M., J.K.); and Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology, University Hospital and INSERM CRI 866, Dijon, France (B.V.)
| | - P Hugh R Barrett
- From the Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.B., M.A.); Lipid Disorders Clinic, Metabolic Research Centre, Cardiovascular Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine and Pharmacology (G.F.W., D.C.C., P.H.R.B.) and Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics (P.H.R.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Heart and Lung Centre, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Research Programs' Unit, Diabetes and Obesity (S.S., N.M., M.-R.T.) and Department of Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital (A.H., N.L.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (N.M., J.K.); and Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology, University Hospital and INSERM CRI 866, Dijon, France (B.V.)
| | - Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- From the Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.B., M.A.); Lipid Disorders Clinic, Metabolic Research Centre, Cardiovascular Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine and Pharmacology (G.F.W., D.C.C., P.H.R.B.) and Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics (P.H.R.B.), University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Heart and Lung Centre, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Research Programs' Unit, Diabetes and Obesity (S.S., N.M., M.-R.T.) and Department of Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital (A.H., N.L.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (N.M., J.K.); and Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology, University Hospital and INSERM CRI 866, Dijon, France (B.V.)
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12
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Kawashiri MA, Tada H, Hashimoto M, Taniyama M, Nakano T, Nakajima K, Inoue T, Mori M, Nakanishi C, Konno T, Hayashi K, Nohara A, Inazu A, Koizumi J, Ishihara H, Kobayashi J, Hirano T, Mabuchi H, Yamagishi M. Extreme Contrast of Postprandial Remnant-Like Particles Formed in Abetalipoproteinemia and Homozygous Familial Hypobetalipoproteinemia. JIMD Rep 2015; 22:85-94. [PMID: 25763510 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2015_415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia (FHBL) and abetalipoproteinemia (ABL) are rare inherited forms of hypolipidemia. Their differential diagnosis is important for predicting of the prognosis and selecting appropriate therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Genetic analysis was performed in two patients with primary hypocholesterolemia born from consanguineous parents. The oral fat tolerance test (OFTT) was performed in one patient with FHBL (apoB-87.77) and one with ABL as well as in four normal control subjects. After overnight fasting, blood samples were drawn. Serum lipoprotein and remnant-like particle (RLP) fractions were determined by HPLC analysis. RESULTS Both patients with homozygous FHBL were asymptomatic probably because of preserved levels of fat-soluble vitamins, especially vitamin E. The patients with FHBL were homozygous because of novel apoB-83.52 and apoB-87.77 mutations, and although one of them (apoB-87.77) had fatty liver disease, microscopic findings suggesting nonalcoholic steatohepatitis were absent. Fasting apoB-48 and RLP-triglyceride levels in the patient with homozygous FHBL, which were similar to those in normal control subjects, increased after OFTT both in normal control subjects and the patient with FHBL but not in the patient with ABL, suggesting that the fat load administered was absorbed only in the patient with FHBL. CONCLUSION Although lipid levels in the patients with homozygous FHBL and ABL were comparable, fasting, postoral fat loading of apoB-48, as well as RLP-triglyceride levels, may help in the differential diagnosis of FHBL and ABL and provide a prompt diagnosis using genetic analysis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masa-Aki Kawashiri
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan,
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13
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Abstract
High levels of fasting circulating triglycerides (TG) represent an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In western countries, however, people spend most time in postprandial conditions, with continuous fluctuation of lipemia due to increased levels of TG-rich lipoproteins (TRLs), including chylomicrons (CM), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), and their remnants. Several factors contribute to postprandial lipid metabolism, including dietary, physiological, pathological and genetic factors. The presence of coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance and obesity is associated with higher postprandial TG levels compared with healthy conditions; this association is present also in subjects with normal fasting TG levels. Increasing evidence indicates that impaired metabolism of postprandial lipoproteins contributes to the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease, suggesting that lifestyle modifications as well as pharmacological approaches aimed at reducing postprandial TG levels might help to decrease the cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Pirillo
- Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis , Ospedale Bassini, Cinisello Balsamo , Italy
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14
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15
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Current perspectives in genetic cardiovascular disorders: from basic to clinical aspects. Heart Vessels 2013; 29:129-41. [PMID: 23907713 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-013-0391-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We summarize recent advances in the clinical genetics of hypercholesterolemia, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and lethal arrhythmia, all of which are monogenic cardiovascular diseases being essential to understanding the heart and circulatory pathophysiology. Among the issues of hypercholesterolemia which play a pivotal role in development of vascular damages, familial hypercholesterolemia is the common genetic cardiovascular disease; in addition to identifying the gene mutation coding low-density lipoprotein receptor, lipid kinetics in autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia as well as in proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 gene mutation were recently demonstrated. As for HCM, some gene mutations were identified to correlate with clinical manifestations. Additionally, a gene polymorphism of the renin-angiotensin system in development of heart failure was identified as a modifier gene. The lethal arrhythmias such as sudden death syndromes, QT prolongation, and Brugada syndrome were found to exhibit gene mutation coding potassium and/or sodium ion channels. Interestingly, functional analysis of these gene mutations helped to identify the role of each gene mutation in developing these cardiovascular disorders. We suggest considering the genetic mechanisms of cardiovascular diseases associated with hyperlipidemia, myocardial hypertrophy, or lethal arrhythmia in terms of not only clinical diagnosis but also understanding pathophysiology of each disease with therapeutic aspects.
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16
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Tada H, Kawashiri MA, Tanaka A, Nakano T, Nakajima K, Inoue T, Noguchi T, Nakanishi C, Konno T, Hayashi K, Nohara A, Inazu A, Kobayashi J, Mabuchi H, Yamagishi M. Post-prandial remnant lipoprotein metabolism in autosomal recessive hypercholesterolaemia. Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42:1094-9. [PMID: 22725843 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2012.02700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenotype of autosomal recessive hypercholesterolaemia (ARH), a rare lipid disorder, is known to be milder than that of homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) with LDL receptor gene mutation. However, few data exist regarding the functional differences in ARH and FH particularly in terms of remnant-like particles' (RLP) metabolism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood sampling was performed up to 6h after OFTT cream loading (50 g/body surface area) with 2-h intervals in a single ARH proband, four heterozygous FH patients with LDL receptor gene mutation and four normal controls. Plasma lipoprotein and RLP fraction were determined by HPLC system. The area under curve (AUC) of each lipoprotein including RLP fractions was evaluated. RESULTS The AUC of TG, RLP cholesterol (RLP-C) and RLP triglyceride (RLP-TG) levels of heterozygous FH subjects was significantly higher than those of controls (466±71 mg/dL×h vs. 303±111 mg/dL×h, P<0·05; 35±7 mg/dL×h vs. 21±8 mg/dL×h, P<0·05; 124±57 mg/dL×h vs. 51±13 mg/dL×h, P<0·05, respectively). Under these conditions, those values of ARH were close to those of controls (310 mg/dL×h, 22 mg/dL×h, 23 mg/dL×h, respectively). CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that unlike in FH, RLP clearance is preserved in ARH. The preservation of post-prandial RLP clearance may contribute to the mild phenotype of ARH compared with FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Tada
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan.
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17
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Nakajima K, Nakano T, Tokita Y, Nagamine T, Yatsuzuka SI, Shimomura Y, Tanaka A, Sumino H, Nara M, Machida T, Murakami M. The characteristics of remnant lipoproteins in the fasting and postprandial plasma. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 413:1077-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Yamazaki T, Kishimoto K, Ezaki O. The ddY mouse: a model of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia in response to dietary fat. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2024-2037. [PMID: 22735545 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m023713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Postprandial hyperlipidemia (lipemia) is a risk factor for atherosclerosis. However, mouse models of postprandial hyperlipidemia have not been reported. Here, we report that ddY mice display marked postprandial hypertriglyceridemia in response to dietary fat. In ddY mice, the fasting serum total triacylglyceride (TG) concentration was 134 mg/dl, which increased to 571 mg/dl after an intragastric safflower oil load (0.4 ml/mouse). In C57BL/6J mice, these concentrations were 57 and 106 mg/dl, respectively. By lipoprotein analysis, ddY mice showed increases in chylomicron- and VLDL-sized TG fractions (remnants and VLDL) after fat load. In C57BL/6J mice, post-heparin plasma LPL activity after fat load was increased 4.8-fold relative to fasting. However, in ddY mice, the increase of LPL activity after fat load was very small (1.2-fold) and not significant. High fat feeding for 10 weeks led to obesity in ddY mice. A difference in LPL amino acid composition between C57BL/6J and ddY mice was detected but was deemed unlikely to cause hypertriglyceridemia because hypertriglyceridemia was not evident in other strains harboring the ddY-type LPL sequence. These findings indicate that postprandial hypertriglyceridemia in ddY mice is induced by decreased LPL activity after fat load and is associated with obesity induced by a high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Yamazaki
- Department of Nutritional Science, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Kishimoto
- Department of Nutritional Science, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Ezaki
- Department of Nutritional Science, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan.
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Nakajima K, Nakano T, Tokita Y, Nagamine T, Inazu A, Kobayashi J, Mabuchi H, Stanhope KL, Havel PJ, Okazaki M, Ai M, Tanaka A. Postprandial lipoprotein metabolism: VLDL vs chylomicrons. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:1306-18. [PMID: 21531214 PMCID: PMC3265327 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since Zilversmit first proposed postprandial lipemia as the most common risk of cardiovascular disease, chylomicrons (CM) and CM remnants have been thought to be the major lipoproteins which are increased in the postprandial hyperlipidemia. However, it has been shown over the last two decades that the major increase in the postprandial lipoproteins after food intake occurs in the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) remnants (apoB-100 particles), not CM or CM remnants (apoB-48 particles). This finding was obtained using the following three analytical methods; isolation of remnant-like lipoprotein particles (RLP) with specific antibodies, separation and detection of lipoprotein subclasses by gel permeation HPLC and determination of apoB-48 in fractionated lipoproteins by a specific ELISA. The amount of the apoB-48 particles in the postprandial RLP is significantly less than the apoB-100 particles, and the particle sizes of apoB-48 and apoB-100 in RLP are very similar when analyzed by HPLC. Moreover, CM or CM remnants having a large amount of TG were not found in the postprandial RLP. Therefore, the major portion of the TG which is increased in the postprandial state is composed of VLDL remnants, which have been recognized as a significant risk for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Nakajima
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
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Parra ES, Urban A, Panzoldo NB, Nakamura RT, Oliveira R, de Faria EC. A reduction of CETP activity, not an increase, is associated with modestly impaired postprandial lipemia and increased HDL-cholesterol in adult asymptomatic women. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:87. [PMID: 21609439 PMCID: PMC3125351 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between CETP and postprandial hyperlipemia is still unclear. We verified the effects of varying activities of plasma CETP on postprandial lipemia and precocious atherosclerosis in asymptomatic adult women. Methods Twenty-eight women, selected from a healthy population sample (n = 148) were classified according to three CETP levels, all statistically different: CETP deficiency (CETPd ≤ 4.5%, n = 8), high activity (CETPi ≥ 23.8, n = 6) and controls (CTL, CETP ≥ 4.6% and ≤ 23.7%, n = 14). After a 12 h fast they underwent an oral fat tolerance test (40 g of fat/m2 of body surface area) for 8 hours. TG, TG-rich-lipoproteins (TRL), cholesterol and TRL-TG measurements (AUC, AUIC, AR, RR and late peaks) and comparisons were performed on all time points. Lipases and phospholipids transfer protein (PLTP) were determined. Correlation between carotid atherosclerosis (c-IMT) and postprandial parameters was determined. CETP TaqIB and I405V and ApoE-ε3/ε2/ε4 polymorphisms were examined. To elucidate the regulation of increased lipemia in CETPd a multiple linear regression analysis was performed. Results In the CETPi and CTL groups, CETP activity was respectively 9 and 5.3 higher compared to the CETPd group. Concentrations of all HDL fractions and ApoA-I were higher in the CETPd group and clearance was delayed, as demonstrated by modified lipemia parameters (AUC, AUIC, RR, AR and late peaks and meal response patterns). LPL or HL deficiencies were not observed. No genetic determinants of CETP deficiency or of postprandial lipemia were found. Correlations with c-IMT in the CETPd group indicated postprandial pro-atherogenic associations. In CETPd the regression multivariate analysis (model A) showed that CETP was largely and negatively predicted by VLDL-C lipemia (R2 = 92%) and much less by TG, LDL-C, ApoAI, phospholipids and non-HDL-C. CETP (model B) influenced mainly the increment in ApoB-100 containing lipoproteins (R2 = 85% negatively) and phospholipids (R2 = 13%), at the 6thh point. Conclusion The moderate CETP deficiency phenotype included a paradoxically high HDL-C and its sub fractions (as earlier described), positive associations with c-IMT, a postprandial VLDL-C increment predicting negatively CETP activity and CETP activity regulating inversely the increment in ApoB100-containing lipoproteins. We hypothesize that the enrichment of TG content in triglyceride-rich ApoB-containing lipoproteins and in TG rich remnants increases lipoproteins' competition to active lipolysis sites,reducing their catabolism and resulting on postprandial lipemia with atherogenic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane S Parra
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Lipid Laboratory and Center for Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, Campinas 13084-971, Brazil
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Panzoldo NB, Urban A, Parra ES, Oliveira R, Zago VS, da Silva LR, de Faria EC. Differences and similarities of postprandial lipemia in rodents and humans. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:86. [PMID: 21605416 PMCID: PMC3125350 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The rat has been a mainstay of physiological and metabolic research, and more recently mice. This study aimed at characterizing the postprandial triglyceride profile of two members of the Muridae family: the Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus) and C57BL/6 mice (Mus musculus) plus comparing them to the profile obtained in humans. Methods Thirty-one male and twelve female Wistar rats, ten C57BL/6 male and nine female mice received a liquid meal containing fat (17%), protein (4%) and carbohydrates (4%), providing 2 g fat/Kg. Thirty-one men and twenty-nine women received a standardized liquid meal containing fat (25%), dextromaltose (55%), protein (14%), and vitamins and minerals (6%), and providing 40 g of fat per square meter of body surface. Serial blood samples were collected at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 h after the ingestion in rats, at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h in mice and in humans at 2, 4, 6 and 8 h. Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests were used. Results/Discussion The triglyceride responses were evaluated after the oral fat loads. Fasting and postprandial triglyceridemia were determined sequentially in blood sample. AUC, AUIC, AR, RR and late peaks were determined. Conclusions Rats are prone to respond in a pro-atherogenic manner. The responses in mice were closer to the ones in healthy men. This study presents striking differences in postprandial triglycerides patterns between rats and mice not correlated to baseline triglycerides, the animal baseline body weight or fat load in all animal groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia B Panzoldo
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Lipid Laboratory and Center for Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, University of Campinas, Campinas 13084-971, Brazil
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Nakano T, Tokita Y, Nagamine T, Tanaka A, Okazaki M, Yatsuzuka S, Tamei N, Shimomura Y, Ando Y, Akamatsu S, Fujita MQ, Nakajima K. Measurement of serum remnant-like lipoprotein particle-triglyceride (RLP-TG) and RLP-TG/total TG ratio using highly sensitive triglyceride assay reagent. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:71-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Trevaskis NL, Shanker RM, Charman WN, Porter CJH. The Mechanism of Lymphatic Access of Two Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Inhibitors (CP524,515 and CP532,623) and Evaluation of Their Impact on Lymph Lipoprotein Profiles. Pharm Res 2010; 27:1949-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0199-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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24
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Trevaskis NL, McEvoy CL, McIntosh MP, Edwards GA, Shanker RM, Charman WN, Porter CJH. The Role of the Intestinal Lymphatics in the Absorption of Two Highly Lipophilic Cholesterol Ester Transfer Protein Inhibitors (CP524,515 and CP532,623). Pharm Res 2010; 27:878-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0083-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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25
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Oka R, Kobayashi J, Miura K, Nagasawa S, Moriuchi T, Hifumi S, Miyamoto S, Kawashiri MA, Nohara A, Inazu A, Takeda Y, Mabuchi H, Yagi K, Yamagishi M. Difference between fasting and nonfasting triglyceridemia; the influence of waist circumference. J Atheroscler Thromb 2009; 16:633-40. [PMID: 19729868 DOI: 10.5551/jat.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Postprandial hypertriglyceridemia is recognized as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to identify differences between fasting and postprandial TG levels, focusing on the influence of waist circumference. METHODS Subjects included 1,505 men and 798 women aged 3865 years who were not taking medications for diabetes or dyslipidemia. Fasting TG levels were measured after an overnight fast, and postprandial TG levels were measured 2 hours after a standardized rice-based lunch (total 740 kcal, 20 g fat, 30 g protein, and 110 g carbohydrates) in the afternoon on the same day. RESULTS Fasting and postprandial TG levels were highly correlated in both men (r=0.86, p<0.001) and women (r=0.84, p<0.001). Waist circumference was positively correlated with fasting TG (r=0.38 in men and r=0.36 in women) and postprandial TG (r=0.42 in men and r=0.45 in women), respectively. On multiple regression analyses, the association of waist circumference with postprandial TG was still significant (standardized beta=0.10 in men and standardized beta=0.15 in women, p<0.001) after the inclusion of HbA1c, age, high-density-lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, alcohol consumption, and fasting TG in the regression model. CONCLUSION Postprandial TG has a better relation with waist circumference than fasting TG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Oka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hokuriku Central Hospital, Japan.
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Ai M, Tanaka A, Shimokado K, Ohtani R, Inazu A, Kobayashi J, Mabuchi H, Nakano T, Nakajima K. A deficiency of cholesteryl ester transfer protein whose serum remnant-like particle-triglyceride significantly increased, but serum remnant-like particle-cholesterol did not after an oral fat load. Ann Clin Biochem 2009; 46:457-63. [DOI: 10.1258/acb.2009.008249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background We found a unique cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) deficient case with markedly elevated serum triglyceride (TG) as well as high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Most of the CETP deficiency cases were reported to have normal or reduced serum TG with elevated HDL-C. Methods The case subject was a 40-year-old male with a compound heterozygous CETP deficiency. Two heterozygous CETP deficient cases and 10 normal volunteers were also recruited as controls. They underwent an oral fat tolerance test (OFTT) and their blood was taken at fasting and during the OFTT to be used for laboratory tests. Results The case subject had apolipoprotein E (apo-E) phenotype 4/2 with fatty liver but without any cardiovascular disease. His serum TG, HDL-C, apo-AI and apo-B48 levels were significantly higher, but the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was lower than controls. Although post-heparin plasma lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase (both mass and activity) were nearly normal, the serum level of angiopoietin-like-protein-3 was extremely elevated. While his serum remnant-like particles-TG (RLP-TG) and total TG levels significantly increased after a fat load, the RLP-cholesterol (RLP-C) level did not increase during OFTT. Conclusions The case subject was different from the common CETP deficient cases reported previously. Also, the results indicated that the metabolic pathways of RLP-C and RLP-TG formation in the postprandial state are controlled independently in CETP deficient cases. CETP deficiency itself may not be atherogenic, while one with elevated RLPs may be atherogenic. These cases may have raised the controversy of whether CETP deficiency is atherogenic or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Ai
- Life Science and Bioethics Research Center
- Department of Vascular Medicine and Geriatrics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Akira Tanaka
- Department of Vascular Medicine and Geriatrics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
- Nutrition Clinic, Kagawa Nutrition University, Tokyo
| | - Kentaro Shimokado
- Department of Vascular Medicine and Geriatrics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Rumiko Ohtani
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Sciences
| | - Akihiro Inazu
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Sciences
| | - Junji Kobayashi
- Department of Lipidology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa
| | - Hiroshi Mabuchi
- Department of Lipidology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa
| | - Takamitsu Nakano
- Diagnostic Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
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Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and safety profile of a new cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor in healthy human subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2009; 86:430-7. [PMID: 19587642 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2009.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new cholesteryl ester (CE) transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor (CP-800,569) was evaluated. Doses of 30-1,800 mg were administered once daily to healthy subjects for 14 days. Serum CP-800,569 levels increased, and CETP activity decreased, in a dose-related manner. Serum levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) increased (by a maximum of 156%), and those of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) decreased (by a maximum of 47%). CP-800,569 also had the effect of lowering postprandial triglyceride levels. Trough concentrations of apolipoprotein E (apoE) increased: the maximum increases were 89% for total plasma apoE and 280% for HDL apoE. By contrast, the postprandial increases in total plasma levels of apoE and non HDL apoE were either diminished by CP-800,569 or reversed to decreases. CP-800,569 was very well tolerated, with some nonserious gastrointestinal adverse events seen only with the 1,800-mg dose. No changes in blood pressure (BP) were observed. The possible effects of higher CP-800,569 doses on aldosterone and cortisol levels could not be excluded. The results of this study may be useful in CP-800,569 dose selection.
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Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Mikhailidis DP. The link between human and transgenic animal studies involving postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and CETP gene polymorphisms. Open Cardiovasc Med J 2009; 3:48-50. [PMID: 19557147 PMCID: PMC2701274 DOI: 10.2174/1874192400903010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) increases postprandial triglyceridaemia and delays triacylglycerol plasma clearance in transgenic mice. Biochem J 2009; 419:629-34. [PMID: 19191759 DOI: 10.1042/bj20081299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein) is a plasma protein synthesized in several tissues, mainly in the liver; CETP reduces plasma HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol and increases the risk of atherosclerosis. The effect of CETP levels on postprandial intravascular metabolism of TAGs (triacylglycerols) is an often-overlooked aspect of the relationship between CETP and lipoprotein metabolism. Here, we tested the hypothesis that CETP delays the plasma clearance of TAG-rich lipoprotein by comparing human CETP expressing Tg (transgenic) and non-Tg mice. After an oral fat load, the postprandial triglyceridaemia curve was markedly increased in CETP-Tg compared with non-Tg mice (280+/-30 versus 190+/-20 mg/dl per 6 h respectively, P<0.02). No differences in intestinal fat absorption and VLDL (very-low-density lipoprotein) secretion rates were observed. Kinetic studies of double-labelled chylomicron-like EMs (emulsions) showed that both [(3)H]triolein and [(14)C]cholesteryl oleate FCRs (fractional clearance rates) were significantly reduced ( approximately 20%) in CETP-Tg mice. Furthermore, TAG from lipid EM pre-incubated with CETP-Tg plasma had plasma clearance and liver uptake significantly lower than the non-Tg plasma-treated lipid EM. In addition, reductions in post-heparin plasma LPL (lipoprotein lipase) activity (50%) and adipose tissue mRNA abundance (39%) were verified in CETP-Tg mice. Therefore we conclude that CETP expression in Tg mice delays plasma clearance and liver uptake of TAG-rich lipoproteins by two mechanisms: (i) transferring TAG to HDLs and increasing CE content of the remnant particles and (ii) by diminishing LPL expression. These findings show that the level of CETP expression can influence the responsiveness to dietary fat and may lead to fat intolerance.
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Okazaki M, Usui S, Nakamura M, Yamashita S. Evaluation of an HPLC method for LDL-cholesterol determination in patients with various lipoprotein abnormalities in comparison with beta-quantification. Clin Chim Acta 2008; 395:62-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Revised: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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