Wine, research and cardiovascular disease: Instructions for use

A Comprehensive Review on Polyphenols of White Wine: Impact on Wine Quality and Potential Health Benefits

Polyphenols are associated with various beneficial health effects. These compounds are present in edible plants such as fruits and vegetables, and the human body absorbs them through the consumption of foods and beverages. Wine is recognized as a rich source of these valuable compounds, and it has been well established that polyphenols present in red wine possess numerous biologically active functions related to health promotion. Therefore, most scientific research has been focused on red wine polyphenols, whereas white wine polyphenols have been neglected. This review presents the summarized information about the most abundant polyphenols in white wines, their concentration, their impact on wine quality and their potential health effects, such as neuroprotective and cardioprotective activities, antioxidant potential, antimicrobial activity and their positive effects on lipids. These findings are an effort to help compensate for the relative lack of relevant data in the scientific literature regarding white wine polyphenols.

Wine, Polyphenols, and the Matrix Effect: Is Alcohol Always the Same?

While the number of publications on wine and health is steadily increasing, ranging from a molecular level to epidemiological studies, often with contradictory results, little attention has been given to a holistic approach to research, starting from the molecular level to arrive at pharmacological and medical conclusions. In this review, some unusual concepts are considered, such as the phytocomplex, the vehicle, and the Matrix effect. The concept of the phytocomplex is discussed, specifically the biological activities of Tyrosol, Hydroxytyrosol, and Resveratrol; indeed, the interactions among different molecules in herbal matrices provide a specific response. This is often markedly different from the response evoked by single constituents in the modulation of microbial populations in the gut, in intestinal stability and bioaccessibility, and, obviously, in inducing biological responses. Among the many alcoholic beverages which contain these molecules, wine has the most peculiar Matrix effect, which can heavily influence the bioavailability of the phytocomplex obtained by the fermentation processes that produce this beverage. Wine's Matrix effect plays an instrumental role in improving the beneficial compounds' bioavailability and/or in inhibiting alcohol metabolites' carcinogenicity. Underestimation of the wine Matrix effect could lead to deceiving results, as in the case of dealcoholized wine or wine-compound-based nutritional supplements; alternatively, this can occur in the emphasis of a single component's toxic activity, in this case, alcohol, ignoring the specific molecular-level protective action of other compounds (polyphenols) that are present in the same matrix. The dark side of the Matrix effect is also discussed. This review confirms the research recommendations made by the WHO Scientific Group, which suggests it is important "to investigate the possible protective effects of ingredients other than alcohol in alcoholic beverages", considering that most recent studies seem not only relevant but also capable of directing future research towards innovative points of view that have so far been too neglected.

Alcohol Consumption and Cardiovascular Health

BACKGROUND

Studies evaluating alcohol consumption and cardiovascular diseases have shown inconsistent results.

METHODS

We performed a systematic review of peer-reviewed publications from an extensive query of Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, Ovid Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Scopus, and Web of Science from database inception to March 2022 for all studies that reported the association between alcohol consumption in terms of quantity (daily or weekly amounts) and type of beverage (wine, beer or spirit) and cardiovascular disease events.

RESULTS

The study population included a total of 1,579,435 individuals based on 56 cohorts from several countries. We found that moderate wine consumption defined as 1-4 drinks per week was associated with a reduction in risk for cardiovascular mortality when compared with beer or spirits. However, higher risk for cardiovascular disease mortality was typically seen with heavier daily or weekly alcohol consumption across all types of beverages.

CONCLUSIONS

It is possible that the observational studies may overestimate the benefits of alcohol for cardiovascular disease outcomes. Although moderate wine consumption is probably associated with low cardiovascular disease events, there are many confounding factors, in particular, lifestyle, genetic, and socioeconomic associations with wine drinking, which likely explain much of the association with wine and reduced cardiovascular disease events. Further prospective study of alcohol and all-cause mortality, including cancer, is needed.

Red wine but not alcohol consumption improves cardiovascular function and oxidative stress of the hypertensive-SHR and diabetic-STZ rats

AIMS

This raised the issue of whether in vivo long-term red wine treatment can act as a modulator of these targets.

MAIN METHODS

We monitored SBP, glucose tolerance, oxidative stress, and cardiovascular function. Aortic and atrial tissues from normotensive-WKY, hypertensive-SHR, and diabetic-STZ animals, chronically exposed to red wine (3.715 ml/kg/v.o/day) or alcohol (12%) for 21-days, were used to measure contractile/relaxation responses by force transducers. Key findings: red wine, but not alcohol, prevented the increase of SBP and hyperglycemic peak. Additionally, was observed prevention of oxidative stress metabolites formation and an improvement in ROS scavenging antioxidant capacity of SHR. We also revealed that red wine intake enhances the endothelium-dependent relaxation, decreases the hypercontractile mediated by angiotensin-II in the aorta, and via β₁-adrenoceptors in the atrium.

SIGNIFICANCE

The long-term consumption of red wine can improve oxidative stress and the functionality of angiotensin-II and β₁-adrenoceptors, inspiring new pharmacologic and dietetic therapeutic approaches for the treatment of hypertension and diabetes.Abbreviation Acronyms and/or abbreviations: [Ca²⁺]_cyt = Cytosolic Ca²⁺ Concentration; ACh = Acetylcholine; ANG II = Angiotensin II; AT1 = ANG II type 1 receptor; AUC = Area Under the Curve; Ca²⁺ = Calcium; Endo + = Endothelium Intact; Fen = Phenylephrine (1 μM); GTT = Glucose Tolerance Test; ISO = Isoprenaline (isoproterenol); KHN = Krebs-Henseleit Nutrient; LA = Left Atria; LH = Lipid Hydroperoxide; NO = Nitric Oxide; RA = Right Atria; RAS = Renin-Angiotensin System; ROS = Reactive Oxygen Species; SBP = Systolic Blood Pressure; SHR = Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats; STZ = Streptozotocin; WKY = Normotensive Wistar Kyoto Rats.

Tyrosol May Prevent Obesity by Inhibiting Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes

Tyrosol (TR), a major polyphenol found in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), exerts several antioxidant effects. However, only scarce evidences are present regarding its activity on adipocytes and obesity. This study evaluated the role of TR in adipogenesis. Murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were incubated with TR (300 and 500 μM), and TR administration inhibited adipogenesis by downregulation of several adipogenic factors (leptin and aP2) and transcription factors (C/EBPα, PPARγ, SREBP1c, and Glut4) and by modulation of the histone deacetylase sirtuin 1. After complete differentiation, adipocytes treated with 300 and 500 μM TR showed a reduction of 20% and 30% in lipid droplets, respectively. Intracellular triglycerides were significantly reduced after TR treatment (p < 0.05). Mature adipocytes treated with TR at 300 and 500 μM showed a marked decrease in the inflammatory state and oxidative stress as shown by the modulation of specific biomarkers (TNF, IL6, ROS, and SOD2). TR treatment also acted on the early stage of differentiation by reducing cell proliferation (~40%) and inducing cell cycle arrest during Mitotic Expansion Clonal (first 48 h of differentiation), as shown by the increase in both S1 phase and p21 protein expression. We also showed that TR induced lipolysis by activating the AMPK-ATGL-HSL pathway. In conclusion, we provided evidence that TR reduces 3T3-L1 differentiation through downregulation of adipogenic proteins, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Moreover, TR may trigger adipose tissue browning throughout the induction of the AMPK-ATGL-UCP1 pathway and, subsequently, may have promise as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment and prevention of obesity.

Chronic resveratrol consumption prevents hypertension development altering electrophysiological currents and Ca2+ signaling in chromaffin cells from SHR rats

Resveratrol (RESV) is one of the most abundant polyphenol-stilbene compounds found in red wine with well-established cardioprotective and antihypertensive effects. Hyperactivity of the sympathoadrenal axis seems to be one of the major contributing factors in the pathogenesis of human essential hypertension. Alterations in outward voltage-dependent potassium currents (I_K) and inward voltage-dependent sodium (I_Na), calcium (I_Ca) and nicotinic (I_ACh) currents, CCs excitability, Ca²⁺ homeostasis, and catecholamine exocytosis were previously related to the hypertensive state. This raised the issue of whether in vivo long-term RESV treatment can directly act as a modulator of Ca²⁺ influx or a regulator of ion channel permeability in CCs. We monitored outward and inward currents, and cytosolic Ca²⁺ concentrations ([Ca²⁺]_c) using different pharmacological approaches in CCs from normotensive (WKY) and hypertensive (SHR) animals chronically exposed to trans-RESV (50 mg/L/v.o, 28 days). The long-term RESV treatment prevented the increase of the systolic blood pressure (SBP) in SHR, without reversion of cardiac hypertrophy. We also found an increase of the outward I_K, reduction in inward I_Na,I_Ca, and I_ACh, and the mitigation of [Ca²⁺]_c overload in CCs from SHR at the end of RESV treatment. Our data revealed that electrophysiological alterations of the CCs and in its Ca²⁺ homeostasis are potential new targets related to the antihypertensive effects of long-term RESV treatment.

Adrenomedullin has a role in angiogenic effects of resveratrol in adipose tissues of obese female rats

Obesity is a complex, chronic disease that arises according to the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. The expansion and growth of white adipose tissue (WAT) could be related to angiogenesis. Resveratrol and adrenomedullin (AdM) were used for the inhibition of angiogenesis in metabolically passive WAT for inhibiting the expansion of this tissue, and the activation of angiogenesis in metabolically active brown adipose tissue (BAT) for increasing daily energy consumption as a way of reducing obesity. Rats were divided into eight groups. Four obese groups were fed with a high-fat diet containing 60% fat as energy for three months. After obtaining obesity, 2.5 nmol/kg AdM and 10 mg/kg resveratrol were treated to experiment groups intraperitoneally (i.p.) every other day for four weeks. AdM and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) mRNA levels were detected with semi-quantitative PCR; protein levels were detected with Western Blotting. AdM and resveratrol are multifactorial molecules, thus, this study has revealed a few novel evidence. The results were distinct in the group and treatment levels. The results showed that resveratrol has a role in angiogenesis in obesity and contributed to AdM production. It is observed that AdM has regulated its expression and increased the effect of resveratrol in WAT. AdM and VEGF-A gene expressions could not be detected in BAT; however, it is suggested that resveratrol may have a pro-angiogenic effect in BAT of obese rats according to the protein levels. AdM also has regulated VEGF-A level according to the metabolic situation of the organism.

Potere antiossidante di vini pugliesi

I composti polifenolici presenti nell'uva e nel vino sono stati ampiamente caratterizzati ed è noto che possiedono un alto potenziale antiossidante. Pochi studi sono stati, invece, eseguiti sul potere antiossidante dei vini pugliesi. In questo studio abbiamo esaminato il poter antiossidante di ventisette vini pugliesi, prodotti nel rispetto dei locali disciplinari per la denominazione di origine, DOP e IGP, rappresentativi di uno dei territori più importanti dell'enologia nazionale italiana. I vini ottenuti dalle uve del territorio pugliese, in particolare quelli rossi, sono ottime fonti di sostanze antiossidanti. La ricerca conferma l'elevata correlazione tra il contenuto in PFT e l'attività antiossidante misurata con il metodo ORAC (r = 0.963). Minore correlazione è stata evidenziata tra i PFT e il metodo DPPH (r = 0.538).

What's in wine? A clinician's perspective<sup/>

Alcoholic beverages, specifically wine, have been consumed for many years. Wine is postulated to play an important role in the improvement of cardiovascular risk factors. Most epidemiological studies have found sustained consumption at light-to-moderate amounts to increase HDL cholesterol, reduce platelet aggregation, and promote fibrinolysis. Wine consumption has been inversely associated with ischemic heart disease, and the alcohol-blood pressure association, in most studies, follows a J-shaped curve. These outcomes have been attributed to the molecular constituents of wine, namely ethanol and polyphenols. Due to the continued interest in wine as a biological beverage, we review the chemistry of wine as clinicians, including its chemical composition, viticulture and enological practices, and other chemical factors that influence the bioactive components of wine. We also outline the biological effects of wine components and directions for future research.

Wine and its metabolic effects. A comprehensive review of clinical trials

The introduction of the term "French Paradox" motivated an extensive and in-depth research into health benefits of moderate wine consumption. The superiority of wine is thought to be attributed to its micro-constituents and consequent effort was made to isolate and identify these bioactive compounds as well as to elucidate the mechanisms of their action. Controlled trials offer more concrete answers to several raised questions than observational studies. Under this perspective, clinical trials have been implemented, mainly in healthy volunteers and rarely in patients, in order to investigate the acute or chronic effect of wine consumption on metabolism and physio-pathological systems, which are mainly associated with cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this review is to update the knowledge about the acute and long term effect of wine consumption on lipid and glucose/insulin metabolism as well as on the inflammatory and haemostatic systems, based on the reported data of controlled clinical trials. In conclusion, the most repeated result of wine consumption is on lipid metabolism, attributed mainly to ethanol, while wine micro-constituents seem to have an important role mainly in haemostatic and inflammatory/endothelial systems.

Evaluation of Oxidative Stress in Cardiomyocytes during the Aging Process in Rats Treated with Resveratrol

The substantial increase in the number of elderly people in our societies represents a challenge for biology and medicine. The societies of the industrialized countries are subject to a progressive aging process that translates into an increase in the cardiovascular risk of the population. In the present work, the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase was evaluated, as well as markers of oxidative stress (concentration of nitric oxide and total lipoperoxidation in its main components: malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxyalkene) in cardiomyocytes during the aging process in rats treated with resveratrol. Rats were divided into 4 groups according to the following categories: control (without treatment), negative control group (administered with physiological solution with 10% ethanol), positive control group (administered with vitamin E, 2 mg/kg/day), and group administered with resveratrol (10 mg/kg/day); these groups in turn were divided into 2, 4, 6, and 8 months of treatment. The analysis of nitric oxide showed a decreased level in the cardiac tissue in the groups treated with resveratrol; the same occurs when total lipoperoxidation is analyzed. The enzymatic activity studied (catalase and superoxide dismutase) did not present significant changes with respect to the controls. It is concluded that the cardioprotective effect of resveratrol is due to the antioxidant effect and other antiaging effects and not to the activation of the enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase.

Wine and Cardiovascular Health: A Comprehensive Review

Alcoholic beverages have been consumed for thousands of years, attracting great human interest for social, personal, and religious occasions. In addition, they have long been debated to confer cardioprotective benefits. The French Paradox is an observation of a low prevalence of ischemic heart disease, with high intakes of saturated fat, a phenomenon accredited to the consumption of red wine. Although many epidemiological investigations have supported this view, others have attributed it to beer or spirits, with many suggesting that the drink type is not important. Although excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages is commonly regarded to be detrimental to cardiovascular health, there is a debate as to whether light-to-moderate intake is cardioprotective. Although there is extensive epidemiological support for this drinking pattern, a consensus has not been reached. On the basis of published work, we describe the composition of wine and the effects of constituent polyphenols on chronic cardiovascular diseases.

Association between taste receptor (TAS) genes and the perception of wine characteristics

Several studies have suggested a possible relationship between polymorphic variants of the taste receptors genes and the acceptance, liking and intake of food and beverages. In the last decade investigators have attempted to link the individual ability to taste 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) and the sensations, such as astringency and bitterness, elicited by wine or its components, but with contradictory results. We have used the genotype instead of the phenotype (responsiveness to PROP or other tastants), to test the possible relation between genetic variability and the perception of wine characteristic in 528 subjects from Italy and the Czech Republic. We observed several interesting associations, among which the association between several TAS2R38 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (P = 0.002) and the TAS2R16-rs6466849 polymorphism with wine sourness P = 0.0003). These associations were consistent in both populations, even though the country of origin was an important factor in the two models, thus indicating therefore that genetics alongside cultural factors also play a significant role in the individual liking of wine.

Mediterranean diet and colorectal cancer: A systematic review

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide, especially in developed countries where an estimated 60% of all cases occur. There is evidence of a higher risk for CRC in Western society, where people tend to eat more red and processed meat than those living along the Mediterranean coast, who have a decreased overall cancer mortality, which is correlated to their eating habits, such as Mediterranean diet. The aim of this review was to evaluate the correlation between three components of the Mediterranean diet (olive oil, red wine, and tomatoes) and incidence and progression of colorectal cancer. As such, we conducted a literature search using keywords "colorectal cancer," "dietary pattern," "Mediterranean diet," "olive oil," "protective effects," "resveratrol," and "lycopene." Olive oil polyphenols, red wine resveratrol, and tomato lycopene showed several characteristics in vitro that interfere with molecular cancer pathways. At the same time, many clinical studies have reported an association of these components with a reduction in cancer initiation and progression. More clinical studies are needed to identify the precise dose and administration of single agents or their combination to produce a coadjutant treatment to those already applied in chemoprevention and oncologic treatment.

Polyphenolic profile in cider and antioxidant power

BACKGROUND

The aim of this work was to find the effect of polyphenolic compounds in Basque ciders on the following parameters: antioxidant activity, browning, protein-precipitating capacity, turbidity and reduction potential. These five parameters are highly important, as they affect the taste, the visual aspect and the preservation of cider, and are mainly related to polyphenolic compounds.

RESULTS

Procyanidin B1 and procyanidin B2 showed a significant positive effect on antioxidant activity. p-Coumaric acid, (-)-epicatechin and hyperin had a significant positive effect on protein-precipitating capacity. Tyrosol had a significant negative effect on reduction potential.

CONCLUSION

Procyanidin B1 and procyanidin B2 are the most powerful antioxidants in Basque cider, while p-coumaric acid, (-)-epicatechin and hyperin are those with greatest capacity to precipitate proteins. Ciders with higher tyrosol concentration will have less reduction potential and higher antioxidant reservoir.

IN-VITRO evidence for the protective properties of the main components of the Mediterranean diet against colorectal cancer: A systematic review

AIM

Epidemiological studies have shown that the incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer (CRC) vary over 10-fold worldwide where within Westernized societies lower rates are observed amongst populations living within the Mediterranean basin, suggesting a significant influence of environment and dietary style in CRC carcinogenesis. Interpretation of the data concerning the benefits of mediterranean (MD) diet is difficult in vivo because of the variability of alimentary regimens used, the differing compliance with dietary supplementation and because of the non-uniform duration of patient cohort observation. Therefore, the aim of this review is to evaluate the in-vitro effects on colorectal cancer cell lines.

METHODS

the literature concerning the in-vitro effects of 4 of the principal components symbolizing the MD such as olive oil (polyphenol), red chili (capsaicin), tomato (lycopene) and red grapes (resveratrol) have been systematically reviewed.

RESULTS

Several studies have demonstrated that polyphenols form olive oil, lycopene, resveratrol and capsaicin have multiple anticancer properties affecting several metabolic pathways involved in cancerogenesis, apoptosis, and metastasis in CRC cell lines.

CONCLUSION

This review summarizes some of the most recent data potentially supportive of the use of MD in CRC chemoprevention, analyzing the in vitro effects of individual components of the MD on CRC cell development, progression, metastasis and apoptosis.

Caffeic acid, a phenol found in white wine, modulates endothelial nitric oxide production and protects from oxidative stress-associated endothelial cell injury

Introduction

Several studies demonstrated that endothelium dependent vasodilatation is impaired in cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases because of oxidant stress-induced nitric oxide availability reduction. The Mediterranean diet, which is characterized by food containing phenols, was correlated with a reduced incidence of cardiovascular diseases and delayed progression toward end stage chronic renal failure. Previous studies demonstrated that both red and white wine exert cardioprotective effects. In particular, wine contains Caffeic acid (CAF), an active component with known antioxidant activities.

Aim of the study

The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of low doses of CAF on oxidative stress-induced endothelial injury.

Results

CAF increased basal as well as acetylcholine—induced NO release by a mechanism independent from eNOS expression and phosphorylation. In addition, low doses of CAF (100 nM and 1 μM) increased proliferation and angiogenesis and inhibited leukocyte adhesion and endothelial cell apoptosis induced by hypoxia or by the uremic toxins ADMA, p-cresyl sulfate and indoxyl sulfate. The biological effects exerted by CAF on endothelial cells may be at least in part ascribed to modulation of NO release and by decreased ROS production. In an experimental model of kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice, CAF significantly decreased tubular cell apoptosis, intraluminal cast deposition and leukocyte infiltration.

Conclusion

The results of the present study suggest that CAF, at very low dosages similar to those observed after moderate white wine consumption, may exert a protective effect on endothelial cell function by modulating NO release independently from eNOS expression and phosphorylation. CAF-induced NO modulation may limit cardiovascular and kidney disease progression associated with oxidative stress-mediated endothelial injury.

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of White Wine in CKD Patients and Healthy Volunteers

Background: Mediterranean-style diet has been considered for its important beneficial effects on the progression of CV disease. Wine is an important component of the Mediterranean diet, and moderate wine drinkers have lower mortality rates than nondrinkers and heavy drinkers in epidemiologic studies. The beneficial effects of red wine are thought to be dependent on the polyphenol compounds such as resveratrol that exhibit potent antioxidant activity. However, white wine, although lacking polyphenols, contains simple phenols, such as tyrosol (Tyr) and hydroxytyrosol (OH-Tyr), characteristic also of extra-virgin olive oil, which may share similar antioxidant and inflammatory properties. Patients and Methods: The effect of white wine and extra-virgin olive oil on inflammatory markers was evaluated in 10 healthy volunteers and in 10 patients with CKD (chronic kidney disease) K-DOQI stage III-IV in a prospective, single blind, randomized, cross-over trial. After two weeks of wash-out from alcoholic beverages, subjects were randomized to a cross-over design A-B or B-A of a 2-week treatment with white wine (4 ml/kg body weight, 0.48 g/kg of alcohol 12%, corresponding to 2-3 glasses/daily) and extra-virgin olive oil (treatment A) or extra-virgin olive oil alone (treatment B). The two study periods were separated by a two-week wash-out period. At baseline and at the end of each treatment, plasma levels of inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) concentration were determined. Urinary levels of Tyr, OH-Tyr, and their metabolites were measured at the same time. Results: During combined consumption of white wine and extra-virgin olive oil (treatment A), plasma levels of CRP and IL-6 decreased from 4.1 ± 1.8 to 2.4 ± 1.9 mg/l (p < 0.05) and from 5.3 ± 3.2 to 3.4 ± 2.3 mg/l (p < 0.05) in CKD patients. CRP decreased from 2.6 ± 1.2 to 1.9 ± 0.9 mg/l (p < 0.05), and IL-6 decreased from 2.2 ± 1.8 to 1.7 ± 1.3 mg/l (p = ns) in healthy volunteers. No significant variation versus baseline was observed during treatment B. A significant increase in urinary Tyr and OH-Tyr was observed during treatment A (white wine and extra-virgin olive oil). Conclusions: Plasma markers of chronic inflammation were significantly reduced in CKD patients during the combined consumption of white wine and olive oil, suggesting a possible anti-inflammatory effect of this nutritional intervention.

Preharvest methyl jasmonate and postharvest UVC treatments: increasing stilbenes in wine

Stilbene-enriched wine is considered to be an interesting new food product with added value due to its potential health-promoting properties. Stilbene concentration in grape is highly variable and rather scarce. However, it can be increased by stress treatments. For this reason, numerous pre- and postharvest grape treatments, and some combinations of them, have been tested to maximize stilbene content in grapes. In the present manuscript, Syrah grapes were treated with (i) methyl jasmonate (MEJA), (ii) ultraviolet light (UVC), and (iii) methyl jasmonate and ultraviolet light (MEJA-UVC) and compared with untreated grapes. Afterward, winemaking was developed. Wine achieved by combination of both treatments (MEJA-UVC) contained significantly higher stilbene concentration (trans-resveratrol and piceatannol) than its respective control (2.5-fold). Wine quality was improved in color-related parameters (color intensity, L*, a*, b*, ΔE*, anthocyanins, and tannin). Moreover, MEJA-UVC wines obtained the highest score in sensorial analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that pre- and postharvest treatments are combined to increase stilbenes in wine.

PRACTICAL APPLICATION

The effect of treatment combination (methyl jasmonate and UVC light) on grape and wine was evaluated. Our results highlight the positive effect of the treatments in stilbene content, color parameters, and sensorial analysis. Moreover, added-value by-products were achieved.

Wine, Food and Health

Wine has historically been associated with religious rights, used as a salubrious beverage, employed as a medication as well as a medicinal solvent, and consumed as a food accompaniment. It is the latter that is most intimately associated in the minds of most modern consumers. Despite this, there is little flavor commonality on which pairing could be based. The first section of the chapter examines this feature, and wine’s primary role as a palate cleanser and food condiment. The synergistic role of food and wine in suppressing each other’s least pleasant attributes is also explained. The final section deals with the latest evidence relating to the many beneficial health effects of moderate wine consumption, shortfalls in the data, headache induction, dental erosion, and conditions under which wine intake is contraindicated.

Wine, beer, alcohol and polyphenols on cardiovascular disease and cancer

Since ancient times, people have attributed a variety of health benefits to moderate consumption of fermented beverages such as wine and beer, often without any scientific basis. There is evidence that excessive or binge alcohol consumption is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, as well as with work related and traffic accidents. On the contrary, at the moment, several epidemiological studies have suggested that moderate consumption of alcohol reduces overall mortality, mainly from coronary diseases. However, there are discrepancies regarding the specific effects of different types of beverages (wine, beer and spirits) on the cardiovascular system and cancer, and also whether the possible protective effects of alcoholic beverages are due to their alcoholic content (ethanol) or to their non-alcoholic components (mainly polyphenols). Epidemiological and clinical studies have pointed out that regular and moderate wine consumption (one to two glasses a day) is associated with decreased incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension, diabetes, and certain types of cancer, including colon, basal cell, ovarian, and prostate carcinoma. Moderate beer consumption has also been associated with these effects, but to a lesser degree, probably because of beer's lower phenolic content. These health benefits have mainly been attributed to an increase in antioxidant capacity, changes in lipid profiles, and the anti-inflammatory effects produced by these alcoholic beverages. This review summarizes the main protective effects on the cardiovascular system and cancer resulting from moderate wine and beer intake due mainly to their common components, alcohol and polyphenols.

At the crossroads of longevity and metabolism: the metabolic syndrome and lifespan determinant pathways

The metabolic syndrome is becoming increasingly prevalent in the general population and carries significant incremental morbidity and mortality. It is associated with multi-organ involvement and increased all-cause mortality, resembling a precocious aging process. The mechanisms that account for this phenomenon are incompletely known, but it is becoming clear that longevity genes might be involved. Experiments with overactivation or disruption of key lifespan determinant pathways, such as silent information regulator (SIR)T1, p66Shc, and mammalian target of rapamycin (TOR), lead to development of features of the metabolic syndrome in mice. These genes integrate longevity pathways and metabolic signals in a complex interplay in which lifespan appears to be strictly dependent on substrate and energy bioavailability. Herein, we describe the roles and possible interconnections of selected lifespan determinant molecular networks in the development of the metabolic syndrome and its complications, describing initial available data in humans. Additional pathways are involved in linking nutrient availability and longevity, certainly including insulin and Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling, as well as FOXO transcription factors. The model described in this viewpoint article is therefore likely to be an oversimplification. Nevertheless, it represents one starting platform for understanding cell biology of lifespan in relation to the metabolic syndrome.

Melatonin is synthesised by yeast during alcoholic fermentation in wines

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a neurohormone produced in the pineal gland. Its biological properties are related to the circadian rhythm. Recently, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) accepted the health claim related to melatonin and the alleviation of subjective feelings of jet lag. This molecule has been detected in some foods. In this work, 13 grape varieties were studied; 7 monovarietal wines were produced in an experimental winery under strictly controlled conditions and were sampled in different steps. The grape varieties used to make the wines were: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah, Tempranillo, Tintilla de Rota, Palomino Fino and Alpha red. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) unequivocally confirmed the presence of melatonin in wines. The main contribution of this paper is the results that clearly show that melatonin is synthesised during the winemaking process, specifically after the alcoholic fermentation. Indeed, melatonin is absent in grapes and musts and is formed during alcoholic fermentation.

Blockade by nanomolar resveratrol of quantal catecholamine release in chromaffin cells

The cardiovascular protecting effects of resveratrol, an antioxidant polyphenol present in grapes and wine, have been attributed to its vasorelaxing effects and to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiplatelet actions. Inhibition of adrenal catecholamine release has also been recently implicated in its cardioprotecting effects. Here, we have studied the effects of nanomolar concentrations of resveratrol on quantal single-vesicle catecholamine release in isolated bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. We have found that 30 to 300 nM concentrations of resveratrol blocked the acetylcholine (ACh) and high K(+)-evoked quantal catecholamine release, amperometrically measured with a carbon fiber microelectrode. At these concentrations, resveratrol did not affect the whole-cell inward currents through nicotinic receptors or voltage-dependent sodium and calcium channels, neither the ACh- or K(+)-elicited transients of cytosolic Ca(2+). Blockade by nanomolar resveratrol of secretion in ionomycin- or digitonin-treated cells suggests an intracellular site of action beyond Ca(2+)-dependent exocytotic steps. The fact that nanomolar resveratrol augmented cGMP is consistent with the view that resveratrol could be blocking the quantal secretion of catecholamine through a nitric oxide-linked mechanism. Because this effect occurs at nanomolar concentrations, our data are relevant in the context of the low circulating levels of resveratrol found in moderate consumers of red wines, which could afford cardioprotection by mitigating the catecholamine surge occurring during stress.

Grapes, wines, resveratrol, and heart health

Epidemiological and experimental studies have revealed that a mild to moderate drinking of wine, particularly red wine, attenuates the cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular risk. However, the experimental basis for such health benefits is not fully understood. The cardioprotective effect of wine has been attributed to both components of wine: the alcoholic portion and, more importantly, the alcohol-free portion containing antioxidants. Wines are manufactured from grapes, which also contain a large variety of antioxidants, including resveratrol, catechin, epicatechin, and proanthocyanidins. Resveratrol is mainly found in the grape skin, whereas proanthocyanidins are found only in the seeds. Recent studies have demonstrated that resveratrol and proanthocyanidin are the major compounds present in grapes and wines responsible for cardioprotection. The purpose of this review is to provide evidence that grapes, wines, and resveratrol are equally important in reducing the risk of morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular complications. Both wines and grapes can attenuate cardiac diseases such as atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease. Recently, wine was also found to increase life span by inducing longevity genes. It appears that resveratrol and proanthocyanidins, especially resveratrol, present in grapes and wines play a crucial role in cardioprotective abilities of grapes and wines.

Hydroxytyrosol protects against oxidative damage by simultaneous activation of mitochondrial biogenesis and phase II detoxifying enzyme systems in retinal pigment epithelial cells

Studies in this laboratory have previously shown that hydroxytyrosol, the major antioxidant polyphenol in olives, protects ARPE-19 human retinal pigment epithelial cells from oxidative damage induced by acrolein, an environmental toxin and endogenous end product of lipid oxidation, that occurs at increased levels in age-related macular degeneration lesions. A proposed mechanism for this is that protection by hydroxytyrosol against oxidative stress is conferred by the simultaneous activation of two critically important pathways, viz., induction of phase II detoxifying enzymes and stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis. Cultured ARPE-19 cells were pretreated with hydroxytyrosol and challenged with acrolein. The protective effects of hydroxytyrosol on key factors of mitochondrial biogenesis and phase II detoxifying enzyme systems were examined. Hydroxytyrosol treatment simultaneously protected against acrolein-induced inhibition of nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator 1 alpha (PPARGC1α) in ARPE-19 cells. The activation of Nrf2 led to activation of phase II detoxifying enzymes, including γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-ligase, NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)-quinone-oxidoreductase 1, heme-oxygenase-1, superoxide dismutase, peroxiredoxin and thioredoxin as well as other antioxidant enzymes, while the activation of PPARGC1α led to increased protein expression of mitochondrial transcription factor A, uncoupling protein 2 and mitochondrial complexes. These results suggest that hydroxytyrosol is a potent inducer of phase II detoxifying enzymes and an enhancer of mitochondrial biogenesis. Dietary supplementation of hydroxytyrosol may contribute to eye health by preventing the degeneration of retinal pigment epithelial cells induced by oxidative stress.

Resveratrol: its biologic targets and functional activity

The polyphenolic phytoalexin resveratrol (RSV) and its analogues have received tremendous attention over the past couple of decades because of a number of reports highlighting their benefits in vitro and in vivo in a variety of human disease models, including cardio- and neuroprotection, immune regulation, and cancer chemoprevention. These studies have underscored the high degree of diversity in terms of the signaling networks and cellular effector mechanisms that are affected by RSV. The activity of RSV has been linked to cell-surface receptors, membrane signaling pathways, intracellular signal-transduction machinery, nuclear receptors, gene transcription, and metabolic pathways. The promise shown by RSV has prompted heightened interest in studies aimed at translating these observations to clinical settings. In this review, we present a comprehensive account of the basic chemistry of RSV, its bioavailability, and its multiple intracellular target proteins and signaling pathways.

Wine and oxidative stress: up-to-date evidence of the effects of moderate wine consumption on oxidative damage in humans

Wine and alcohol consumption has been considered to be protective against coronary heart disease development, an oxidative stress associated disease. Wine contains polyphenols displaying antioxidant properties tested in in vitro and in vivo studies. Due to this, a general consensus exists, both among the general public and the scientific community, that wine, particularly red wine, is an antioxidant beverage. Alcohol consumption, however, is associated with oxidative damage. Several studies have been carried out on the antioxidant health benefits of wine and wine polyphenols. However, adequate scientific evidence (Level I or II) is required to be provided before recommendations or statements which can reach the general public can be formulated. Here, we summarize the state of the art of the up-to-date body of knowledge, and the extent to which there exists evidence of the benefits of moderate wine consumption on oxidative damage in humans. From the available data, there is no evidence, at present, that sustained wine consumption provides antioxidant benefits in healthy volunteers other than to counteract a possible pro-oxidative effect of the alcohol. On the contrary, data on the antioxidant protective effect of red wine in oxidative stress situations are promising. In this way, the postprandial oxidative stress after a meal, despite the diversity of biomarkers used for its evaluation, is counteracted by the ingestion of wine. Further studies are warranted.

Wine, Resveratrol and Health: A Review

Several studies have cited the Mediterranean diet as an example of healthy eating. In fact, the Mediterranean diet has become the reference diet for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Red wine seems to be an essential component of the diet, since moderate consumption of wine is associated with lower risk and mortality from cardiovascular disease. Evidence is also accumulating that wine helps prevent the development of certain cancers. Of all the many components of wine, resveratrol, which is a natural component specifically present in wine, has been identified as being mainly responsible for these health-promoting properties. Many valuable properties such as cardioprotective and anticarcinogenic activity have been attributed to resveratrol; however, its bioavailability is quite low. The bioactivity of metabolites derived from resveratrol, and the accumulation of resveratrol in vital organs are still under study, but there are high expectations of positive results. Other stilbene compounds are also considered in this review, despite being present in undetectable or very small quantities in wine. The present paper reviews all aspects of the health properties of wine, bioactive compounds found in wine, and their concentrations, bioavailability and possible synergistic effects.