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The cathepsin-S/protease-activated receptor-(PAR)-2 axis drives chronic allograft vasculopathy and is a molecular target for therapeutic intervention. Transpl Immunol 2023; 77:101782. [PMID: 36608832 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2022.101782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsin S (CatS) and proteinase-activated receptor (PAR)-2 are involved in the remodelling of vascular walls and neointima formation as well as in alloantigen presentation and T-cell priming. Therefore, we hypothesized that CatS/PAR-2 inhibition/deficiency would attenuate chronic allograft vasculopathy. METHODS Heterotopic aortic murine transplantation was performed from C57BL/6J donors to C57BL/6J recipients (syngeneic control group), Balb/c to C57BL/6J without treatment (allogenic control group), Balb/c to C57BL/6J with twice daily oral CatS inhibitor (allogenic treatment group) and Balb/c to Par2-/- C57BL/6J (allogenic knockout group). The recipients were sacrificed on day 28 and the grafts were harvested for histological analysis and RT-qPCR. RESULTS After 28 days, mice of the allogenic control group exhibited significant neointima formation and massive CD8 T-cell infiltration into the neointima while the syngeneic control group showed negligible allograft vasculopathy. The mRNA expression level of CatS in allografts was 5-fold of those in syngeneic grafts. Neointima formation and therefore intima/media-ratio were significantly decreased in the treatment and knockout group in comparison to the allogenic control group. Mice in treatment group also displayed significantly fewer CD8 T cells in the neointima compared with allogeneic controls. Additionally, treatment with the CatS inhibitor and PAR2-deficiency decreased mRNA-levels of interleukins and cytokines. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our data indicate that inhibiting CatS and PAR-2 deficiency led to a marked reduction of neointima formation and associated inflammation in a murine heterotopic model for allograft vasculopathy.
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Sun L, Gai J, Shi S, Zhao J, Bai X, Liu B, Li X. Protease-Activated Receptor 2 (PAR-2) Antagonist AZ3451 Mitigates Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein (Ox-LDL)-Induced Damage and Endothelial Inflammation. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:2202-2208. [PMID: 34590836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced endothelial dysfunction plays an important role in the initiation and development of cardiovascular diseases, especially atherosclerosis (AS). Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) is a receptor for inflammatory proteases. However, the biological function of PAR-2 in endothelial cells and the pathophysiological process of AS are still unknown. In the current study, we found that treatment with ox-LDL increased the gene and protein expressions of PAR-2 in EA.hy926 endothelial cells. Interestingly, we found that antagonism of PAR-2 with its specific antagonist AZ3451 could ameliorate ox-LDL-induced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Treatment with AZ3451 considerably improved the mitochondrial function by restoring the mitochondrial membrane potential and increasing the levels of intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Also, we found that AZ3451 attenuated ox-LDL-induced expression and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-8 (IL-8). Treatment with AZ3451 also mitigated the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Notably, our results demonstrated that the presence of AZ3451 alleviated ox-LDL-induced expression of the endothelial cell adhesion molecules vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Mechanistically, we found that AZ3451 attenuated ox-LDL-induced activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) by reducing the levels of intracellular NF-κB p65 and the luciferase activity of NF-κB promoter. Based on these findings, we conclude that PAR-2 might become a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiu Sun
- Department of Cardiology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Jiaxin Gai
- Department of Cardiology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Shuai Shi
- Department of Cardiology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Jia Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Xiaopeng Bai
- Department of Cardiology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Bingchen Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Xueqi Li
- Department of Cardiology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
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Song J, He Z, Yang M, Yu T, Wang X, Liu B, Li J. HepaticIschemia/Reperfusion Injuryinvolves functional tryptase/PAR-2 signaling in liver sinusoidal endothelial cell population. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 100:108052. [PMID: 34454294 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are tissue-resident effector cells that could be the earliest responder to release a unique, stimulus-specific set of mediators in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury However, how MCs function in the hepatic IR has remained a formidable challenge due to the substantial redundancy and functional diverse of these mediators. Tryptase is the main protease for degranulation of MCs and its receptor-protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) is widely expressed in endothelial cells. It is unclear whether and how tryptase/PAR-2 axis participates in hepatic IR. We employed an experimental warm 70% liver IR model in mice and found that tryptase was accumulated in the circulation during hepatic IR and positively correlated with liver injury. Tryptase inhibition by protamine can significantly down-regulate the expression of adhesion molecules and reduce neutrophil infiltration within the liver. The level of inflammatory factors and chemokines were also consistent with the pathological change of the liver. In addition, the treatment with exogeneous tryptase in MC-deficient mice can induce the damage observed in wild type mice in the context of liver IR. In vitro, neutrophil infiltration and inflammatory factor secretion were regulated by Tryptase/PAR-2, involving the adhesion molecule expression to regulate neutrophil adhesion dependent on NF-κB pathway. Conclusion: tryptase/PAR-2 participates in liver injury through the activation of LSECs in the early phase of liver IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Song
- Geriatric Cancer Center, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, West 221 Yan-an Road, Shanghai 200040, China; Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 68 Zhongshan Road, Wuxi 214002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhigang He
- Department of Plastic and Constructive Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Muqing Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital School of Medicine, Tongji University, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Tianyu Yu
- Geriatric Cancer Center, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, West 221 Yan-an Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Geriatric Cancer Center, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, West 221 Yan-an Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Geriatric Cancer Center, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, West 221 Yan-an Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jiyu Li
- Geriatric Cancer Center, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, West 221 Yan-an Road, Shanghai 200040, China.
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Freitag H, Szklarski M, Lorenz S, Sotzny F, Bauer S, Philippe A, Kedor C, Grabowski P, Lange T, Riemekasten G, Heidecke H, Scheibenbogen C. Autoantibodies to Vasoregulative G-Protein-Coupled Receptors Correlate with Symptom Severity, Autonomic Dysfunction and Disability in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. J Clin Med 2021; 10:3675. [PMID: 34441971 PMCID: PMC8397061 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10163675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is an acquired complex disease with patients suffering from the cardinal symptoms of fatigue, post-exertional malaise (PEM), cognitive impairment, pain and autonomous dysfunction. ME/CFS is triggered by an infection in the majority of patients. Initial evidence for a potential role of natural regulatory autoantibodies (AAB) to beta-adrenergic (AdR) and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M-AChR) in ME/CFS patients comes from a few studies. METHODS Here, we analyzed the correlations of symptom severity with levels of AAB to vasoregulative AdR, AChR and Endothelin-1 type A and B (ETA/B) and Angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor in a Berlin cohort of ME/CFS patients (n = 116) by ELISA. The severity of disease, symptoms and autonomic dysfunction were assessed by questionnaires. RESULTS We found levels of most AABs significantly correlated with key symptoms of fatigue and muscle pain in patients with infection-triggered onset. The severity of cognitive impairment correlated with AT1-R- and ETA-R-AAB and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms with alpha1/2-AdR-AAB. In contrast, the patients with non-infection-triggered ME/CFS showed fewer and other correlations. CONCLUSION Correlations of specific AAB against G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) with symptoms provide evidence for a role of these AAB or respective receptor pathways in disease pathomechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helma Freitag
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.S.); (S.L.); (F.S.); (S.B.); (C.K.); (P.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Marvin Szklarski
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.S.); (S.L.); (F.S.); (S.B.); (C.K.); (P.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Sebastian Lorenz
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.S.); (S.L.); (F.S.); (S.B.); (C.K.); (P.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Franziska Sotzny
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.S.); (S.L.); (F.S.); (S.B.); (C.K.); (P.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Sandra Bauer
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.S.); (S.L.); (F.S.); (S.B.); (C.K.); (P.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Aurélie Philippe
- Department of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Claudia Kedor
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.S.); (S.L.); (F.S.); (S.B.); (C.K.); (P.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Patricia Grabowski
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.S.); (S.L.); (F.S.); (S.B.); (C.K.); (P.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Tanja Lange
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; (T.L.); (G.R.)
| | - Gabriela Riemekasten
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; (T.L.); (G.R.)
| | | | - Carmen Scheibenbogen
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.S.); (S.L.); (F.S.); (S.B.); (C.K.); (P.G.); (C.S.)
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Hara T, Phuong PT, Fukuda D, Yamaguchi K, Murata C, Nishimoto S, Yagi S, Kusunose K, Yamada H, Soeki T, Wakatsuki T, Imoto I, Shimabukuro M, Sata M. Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Plays a Critical Role in Vascular Inflammation and Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. Circulation 2019; 138:1706-1719. [PMID: 29700120 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.033544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coagulation system is closely linked with vascular inflammation, although the underlying mechanisms are still obscure. Recent studies show that protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2, a major receptor of activated factor X, is expressed in both vascular cells and leukocytes, suggesting that PAR-2 may contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. Here we investigated the role of PAR-2 in vascular inflammation and atherogenesis. METHODS We generated apolipoprotein E-deficient ( ApoE-/-) mice lacking systemic PAR-2 expression ( PAR-2-/- ApoE-/-). ApoE-/- mice, which lack or express PAR-2 only in bone marrow (BM) cells, were also generated by BM transplantation. Atherosclerotic lesions were investigated after 20 weeks on a Western-type diet by histological analyses, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting. In vitro experiments using BM-derived macrophages were performed to confirm the proinflammatory roles of PAR-2. The association between plasma activated factor X level and the severity of coronary atherosclerosis was also examined in humans who underwent coronary intervention. RESULTS PAR-2-/- ApoE-/- mice showed reduced atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic arch ( P<0.05) along with features of stabilized atherosclerotic plaques, such as less lipid deposition ( P<0.05), collagen loss ( P<0.01), macrophage accumulation ( P<0.05), and inflammatory molecule expression ( P<0.05) compared with ApoE-/- mice. Systemic PAR2 deletion in ApoE-/-mice significantly decreased the expression of inflammatory molecules in the aorta. The results of BM transplantation experiments demonstrated that PAR-2 in hematopoietic cells contributed to atherogenesis in ApoE-/- mice. PAR-2 deletion did not alter metabolic parameters. In vitro experiments demonstrated that activated factor X or a specific peptide agonist of PAR-2 significantly increased the expression of inflammatory molecules and lipid uptake in BM-derived macrophages from wild-type mice compared with those from PAR-2-deficient mice. Activation of nuclear factor-κB signaling was involved in PAR-2-associated vascular inflammation and macrophage activation. In humans who underwent coronary intervention, plasma activated factor X level independently correlated with the severity of coronary atherosclerosis as determined by Gensini score ( P<0.05) and plaque volume ( P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS PAR-2 signaling activates macrophages and promotes vascular inflammation, increasing atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. This signaling pathway may also participate in atherogenesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Hara
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (T.H., P.T.P., D.F., K.Y., S.N., S.Y., K.K., H.Y., T.S., T.W., M.Sata), Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Pham Tran Phuong
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (T.H., P.T.P., D.F., K.Y., S.N., S.Y., K.K., H.Y., T.S., T.W., M.Sata), Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Daiju Fukuda
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (T.H., P.T.P., D.F., K.Y., S.N., S.Y., K.K., H.Y., T.S., T.W., M.Sata), Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan.,Cardio-Diabetes Medicine (D.F., M.Shimabukuro), Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Koji Yamaguchi
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (T.H., P.T.P., D.F., K.Y., S.N., S.Y., K.K., H.Y., T.S., T.W., M.Sata), Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Chie Murata
- Human Genetics (C.M., I.I.), Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Sachiko Nishimoto
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (T.H., P.T.P., D.F., K.Y., S.N., S.Y., K.K., H.Y., T.S., T.W., M.Sata), Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | | | - Kenya Kusunose
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (T.H., P.T.P., D.F., K.Y., S.N., S.Y., K.K., H.Y., T.S., T.W., M.Sata), Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Yamada
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (T.H., P.T.P., D.F., K.Y., S.N., S.Y., K.K., H.Y., T.S., T.W., M.Sata), Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Takeshi Soeki
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (T.H., P.T.P., D.F., K.Y., S.N., S.Y., K.K., H.Y., T.S., T.W., M.Sata), Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Tetsuzo Wakatsuki
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (T.H., P.T.P., D.F., K.Y., S.N., S.Y., K.K., H.Y., T.S., T.W., M.Sata), Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Issei Imoto
- Human Genetics (C.M., I.I.), Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Michio Shimabukuro
- Cardio-Diabetes Medicine (D.F., M.Shimabukuro), Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Masataka Sata
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (T.H., P.T.P., D.F., K.Y., S.N., S.Y., K.K., H.Y., T.S., T.W., M.Sata), Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
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Kremers BMM, Ten Cate H, Spronk HMH. Pleiotropic effects of the hemostatic system. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:S1538-7836(22)02208-5. [PMID: 29851288 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Atherothrombosis is characterized by the inflammatory process of atherosclerosis combined with a hypercoagulable state leading to superimposed thrombus formation. In atherosclerotic plaques, cell signaling can occur via protease-activated receptors (PARs), four of which have been identified so far (PAR1-PAR4). Proteases that are able to activate PARs can be produced systemically, but also at the sites of lesions, and they include thrombin and activated factor X. After PAR activation, downstream signaling can lead to both proinflammatory effects and a hypercoagulable state. Which specific effect occurs depends on the type of protease and activated PAR, and the site of activation. Hypercoagulable effects are mainly exerted through PAR1 and PAR4, whereas proinflammatory responses are mostly seen after PAR1 and PAR2 activation. PAR signaling pathways contribute to atherothrombosis, suggesting that inhibition of these pathways possibly prevents cardiovascular events based on this pathophysiological mechanism. In this review, we highlight the pathways by which PAR activation leads to proinflammatory responses and a hypercoagulable state. Furthermore, we give an overview of potential pharmacological treatment targets that promote vascular protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M M Kremers
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - H Ten Cate
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - H M H Spronk
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Morishima Y, Honda Y. A direct oral factor Xa inhibitor edoxaban ameliorates neointimal hyperplasia following vascular injury and thrombosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2018; 46:95-101. [PMID: 29704172 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-018-1673-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Vascular injury activates the coagulation cascade. Some studies report that coagulation factor Xa and thrombin are implicated in proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and neointimal hyperplasia after vascular injury. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of an oral direct factor Xa inhibitor, edoxaban, on neointimal hyperplasia following the carotid artery injury in apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-deficient mice. Vascular injury was induced by the application of 10% ferric chloride to the carotid artery for 3 min in ApoE-deficient mice. After vascular injury, all animals were fed with high-cholesterol chow for 6 weeks. Edoxaban at 15 mg/kg was orally administered to the mice 1 h before (n = 10) or 1 h after (n = 9) ferric chloride injury, and thereafter 10 mg/kg edoxaban was orally administered b.i.d. for 6 weeks. Thrombus formation and neointimal hyperplasia were evaluated. Treatment with 15 mg/kg edoxaban before vascular injury almost completely inhibited thrombus formation, and following chronic administration of edoxaban significantly suppressed neointimal hyperplasia. In the mice treated with edoxaban after vascular injury, there was wide interindividual variability. In some mice (four out of nine) the neointimal hyperplasia was inhibited like in edoxaban-pretreated mice, but there was no statistical difference compared with control. This study demonstrated that inhibition of the coagulation and thrombosis by edoxaban ameliorated neointimal hyperplasia caused by vascular injury and high-cholesterol diets in ApoE-deficient mice. This suggests that factor Xa has a crucial role in the formation of neointima following vascular injury.The abstract should be followed by 3-4 bullet points that highlight major findings. The final bullet point should emphasize future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Morishima
- Medical Science Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 3-5-1 Nihonbashi Honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-8426, Japan.
| | - Yuko Honda
- Rare Disease and LCM Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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Almabrouk TAM, White AD, Ugusman AB, Skiba DS, Katwan OJ, Alganga H, Guzik TJ, Touyz RM, Salt IP, Kennedy S. High Fat Diet Attenuates the Anticontractile Activity of Aortic PVAT via a Mechanism Involving AMPK and Reduced Adiponectin Secretion. Front Physiol 2018; 9:51. [PMID: 29479319 PMCID: PMC5812172 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aim: Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) positively regulates vascular function through production of factors such as adiponectin but this effect is attenuated in obesity. The enzyme AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is present in PVAT and is implicated in mediating the vascular effects of adiponectin. In this study, we investigated the effect of an obesogenic high fat diet (HFD) on aortic PVAT and whether any changes involved AMPK. Methods: Wild type Sv129 (WT) and AMPKα1 knockout (KO) mice aged 8 weeks were fed normal diet (ND) or HFD (42% kcal fat) for 12 weeks. Adiponectin production by PVAT was assessed by ELISA and AMPK expression studied using immunoblotting. Macrophages in PVAT were identified using immunohistochemistry and markers of M1 and M2 macrophage subtypes evaluated using real time-qPCR. Vascular responses were measured in endothelium-denuded aortic rings with or without attached PVAT. Carotid wire injury was performed and PVAT inflammation studied 7 days later. Key results: Aortic PVAT from KO and WT mice was morphologically indistinct but KO PVAT had more infiltrating macrophages. HFD caused an increased infiltration of macrophages in WT mice with increased expression of the M1 macrophage markers Nos2 and Il1b and the M2 marker Chil3. In WT mice, HFD reduced the anticontractile effect of PVAT as well as reducing adiponectin secretion and AMPK phosphorylation. PVAT from KO mice on ND had significantly reduced adiponectin secretion and no anticontractile effect and feeding HFD did not alter this. Wire injury induced macrophage infiltration of PVAT but did not cause further infiltration in KO mice. Conclusions: High-fat diet causes an inflammatory infiltrate, reduced AMPK phosphorylation and attenuates the anticontractile effect of murine aortic PVAT. Mice lacking AMPKα1 phenocopy many of the changes in wild-type aortic PVAT after HFD, suggesting that AMPK may protect the vessel against deleterious changes in response to HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek A M Almabrouk
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Medical School, University of Zawia, Zawia, Libya
| | - Anna D White
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Azizah B Ugusman
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Department of Physiology, National University of Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Dominik S Skiba
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, Krakow, Poland
| | - Omar J Katwan
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Diyala, Baqubah, Iraq
| | - Husam Alganga
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Medical School, University of Zawia, Zawia, Libya
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, Krakow, Poland
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ian P Salt
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Kennedy
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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9
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Hara T, Fukuda D, Tanaka K, Higashikuni Y, Hirata Y, Yagi S, Soeki T, Shimabukuro M, Sata M. Inhibition of activated factor X by rivaroxaban attenuates neointima formation after wire-mediated vascular injury. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 820:222-228. [PMID: 29269019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that activated factor X (FXa), a key coagulation factor, plays an important role in the development of vascular inflammation through activation of many cell types. Here, we investigated whether pharmacological blockade of FXa attenuates neointima formation after wire-mediated vascular injury. Transluminal femoral artery injury was induced in C57BL/6 mice by inserting a straight wire. Rivaroxaban (5mg/kg/day), a direct FXa inhibitor, was administered from one week before surgery until killed. At four weeks after surgery, rivaroxaban significantly attenuated neointima formation in the injured arteries compared with control (P<0.01). Plasma lipid levels and blood pressure were similar between the rivaroxaban-treated group and non-treated group. Quantitative RT-PCR analyses demonstrated that rivaroxaban reduced the expression of inflammatory molecules (e.g., IL-1β and TNF-α) in injured arteries at seven days after surgery (P<0.05, respectively). In vitro experiments using mouse peritoneal macrophages demonstrated that FXa increased the expression of inflammatory molecules (e.g., IL-1β and TNF-α), which was blocked in the presence of rivaroxaban (P<0.05). Also, in vitro experiments using rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) demonstrated that FXa promoted both proliferation and migration of this cell type (P<0.05), which were blocked in the presence of rivaroxaban. Inhibition of FXa by rivaroxaban attenuates neointima formation after wire-mediated vascular injury through inhibition of inflammatory activation of macrophages and VSMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Hara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Daiju Fukuda
- Department of Cardio-Diabetes Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Kimie Tanaka
- Division for Health Service Promotion, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasutomi Higashikuni
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Hirata
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shusuke Yagi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Takeshi Soeki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Michio Shimabukuro
- Department of Cardio-Diabetes Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Masataka Sata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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10
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Greig FH, Kennedy S, Gibson G, Ramos JW, Nixon GF. PEA-15 (Phosphoprotein Enriched in Astrocytes 15) Is a Protective Mediator in the Vasculature and Is Regulated During Neointimal Hyperplasia. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.117.006936. [PMID: 28893763 PMCID: PMC5634313 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.006936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neointimal hyperplasia following angioplasty occurs via vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. The mechanisms involved are not fully understood but include mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2). We recently identified the intracellular mediator PEA-15 (phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes 15) in vascular smooth muscle cells as a regulator of ERK1/2-dependent proliferation in vitro. PEA-15 acts as a cytoplasmic anchor for ERK1/2, preventing nuclear localization and thereby reducing ERK1/2-dependent gene expression. The aim of the current study was to examine the role of PEA-15 in neointimal hyperplasia in vivo. METHOD AND RESULTS Mice deficient in PEA-15 or wild-type mice were subjected to wire injury of the carotid artery. In uninjured arteries from PEA-15-deficient mice, ERK1/2 had increased nuclear translocation and increased basal ERK1/2-dependent transcription. Following wire injury, arteries from PEA-15-deficient mice developed neointimal hyperplasia at an increased rate compared with wild-type mice. This occurred in parallel with an increase in a proliferative marker and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. In wild-type mice, PEA-15 expression was decreased in vascular smooth muscle cells at an early stage before any increase in intima:media ratio. This regulation of PEA-15 expression following injury was also observed in an ex vivo human model of hyperplasia. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate, for the first time, a novel protective role for PEA-15 against inappropriate vascular proliferation. PEA-15 expression may also be repressed during vascular injury, suggesting that maintenance of PEA-15 expression is a novel therapeutic target in vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona H Greig
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Kennedy
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - George Gibson
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Aberdeen Royal Hospital, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Joe W Ramos
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Centre University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI
| | - Graeme F Nixon
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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11
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Characterization and Functions of Protease-Activated Receptor 2 in Obesity, Diabetes, and Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3130496. [PMID: 27006943 PMCID: PMC4781943 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3130496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a cell surface receptor activated by serine proteinases or specific synthetic compounds. Interest in PAR2 as a pharmaceutical target for various diseases is increasing. Here we asked two questions relevant to endothelial dysfunction and diabetes: How is PAR2 function affected in blood vessels? What role does PAR2 have in promoting obesity, diabetes, and/or metabolic syndrome, specifically via the endothelium and adipose tissues? We conducted a systematic review of the published literature in PubMed and Scopus (July 2015; search terms: par2, par-2, f2lr1, adipose, obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome). Seven studies focused on PAR2 and vascular function. The obesity, diabetes, or metabolic syndrome animal models differed amongst studies, but each reported that PAR2-mediated vasodilator actions were preserved in the face of endothelial dysfunction. The remaining studies focused on nonvascular functions and provided evidence supporting the concept that PAR2 activation promoted obesity. Key studies showed that PAR2 activation regulated cellular metabolism, and PAR2 antagonists inhibited adipose gain and metabolic dysfunction in rats. We conclude that PAR2 antagonists for treatment of obesity indeed show early promise as a therapeutic strategy; however, endothelial-specific PAR2 functions, which may offset mechanisms that produce vascular dysfunction in diabetes, warrant additional study.
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12
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Kritikou E, Kuiper J, Kovanen PT, Bot I. The impact of mast cells on cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 778:103-15. [PMID: 25959384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells comprise an innate immune cell population, which accumulates in tissues proximal to the outside environment and, upon activation, augments the progression of immunological reactions through the release and diffusion of either pre-formed or newly generated mediators. The released products of mast cells include histamine, proteases, as well as a variety of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, which act on the surrounding microenvironment thereby shaping the immune responses triggered in various diseased states. Mast cells have also been detected in the arterial wall and are implicated in the onset and progression of numerous cardiovascular diseases. Notably, modulation of distinct mast cell actions using genetic and pharmacological approaches highlights the crucial role of this cell type in cardiovascular syndromes. The acquired evidence renders mast cells and their mediators as potential prognostic markers and therapeutic targets in a broad spectrum of pathophysiological conditions related to cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kritikou
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ilze Bot
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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13
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Differential effects of chlorinated and oxidized phospholipids in vascular tissue: implications for neointima formation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 128:579-92. [PMID: 25524654 DOI: 10.1042/cs20140578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The presence of inflammatory cells and MPO (myeloperoxidase) in the arterial wall after vascular injury could increase neointima formation by modification of phospholipids. The present study investigates how these phospholipids, in particular oxidized and chlorinated species, are altered within injured vessels and how they affect VSMC (vascular smooth muscle cell) remodelling processes. Vascular injury was induced in C57BL/6 mice and high fat-fed ApoE-/- (apolipoprotein E) mice by wire denudation and ligation of the left carotid artery (LCA). Neointimal and medial composition was assessed using immunohistochemistry and ESI-MS. Primary rabbit aortic SMCs (smooth muscle cells) were utilized to examine the effects of modified lipids on VSMC proliferation, viability and migration at a cellular level. Neointimal area, measured as intima-to-media ratio, was significantly larger in wire-injured ApoE-/- mice (3.62±0.49 compared with 0.83±0.25 in C57BL/6 mice, n=3) and there was increased oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) infiltration and elevated plasma MPO levels. Relative increases in lysophosphatidylcholines and unsaturated phosphatidylcholines (PCs) were also observed in wire-injured ApoE-/- carotid arteries. Chlorinated lipids had no effect on VSMC proliferation, viability or migration whereas chronic incubation with oxidized phospholipids stimulated proliferation in the presence of fetal calf serum [154.8±14.2% of viable cells at 1 μM PGPC (1-palmitoyl-2-glutaroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) compared with control, n=6]. In conclusion, ApoE-/- mice with an inflammatory phenotype develop more neointima in wire-injured arteries and accumulation of oxidized lipids in the vessel wall may propagate this effect.
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14
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Chen H, Zheng D, Ambadapadi S, Davids J, Ryden S, Samy H, Bartee M, Sobel E, Dai E, Liu L, Macaulay C, Yachnis A, Weyand C, Thoburn R, Lucas A. Serpin treatment suppresses inflammatory vascular lesions in temporal artery implants (TAI) from patients with giant cell arteritis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115482. [PMID: 25658487 PMCID: PMC4319900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Giant cell arteritis (GCA) and Takayasu’s disease are inflammatory vasculitic syndromes (IVS) causing sudden blindness and widespread arterial obstruction and aneurysm formation. Glucocorticoids and aspirin are mainstays of treatment, predominantly targeting T cells. Serp-1, a Myxomavirus-derived serpin, blocks macrophage and T cells in a wide range of animal models. Serp-1 also reduced markers of myocardial injury in a Phase IIa clinical trial for unstable coronary disease. In recent work, we detected improved survival and decreased arterial inflammation in a mouse Herpesvirus model of IVS. Here we examine Serp-1 treatment of human temporal artery (TA) biopsies from patients with suspected TA GCA arteritis after implant (TAI) into the aorta of immunodeficient SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) mice. TAI positive for arteritis (GCApos) had significantly increased inflammation and plaque when compared to negative TAI (GCAneg). Serp-1 significantly reduced intimal inflammation and CD11b+ cell infiltrates in TAI, with reduced splenocyte Th1, Th17, and Treg. Splenocytes from mice with GCApos grafts had increased gene expression for interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), IL-17, and CD25 and decreased Factor II. Serp-1 decreased IL-1β expression. In conclusion, GCApos TAI xenografts in mice provide a viable disease model and have increased intimal inflammation as expected and Serp-1 significantly reduces vascular inflammatory lesions with reduced IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Donghang Zheng
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sriram Ambadapadi
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Davids
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sally Ryden
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Hazem Samy
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mee Bartee
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Eric Sobel
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Erbin Dai
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Liying Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Anthony Yachnis
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Cornelia Weyand
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Robert Thoburn
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Lucas
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Viron Therapeutics, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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15
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Wang Y, Lin M, Weng H, Wang X, Yang L, Liu F. ENMD-1068, a protease-activated receptor 2 antagonist, inhibits the development of endometriosis in a mouse model. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 210:531.e1-8. [PMID: 24495669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Protease-activated receptor 2 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. We studied the effect of ENMD-1068, a protease-activated receptor 2 antagonist, on the development of endometriosis in a noninvasive fluorescent mouse model. STUDY DESIGN A red fluorescent protein-expressing xenograft model of human endometriosis was created in nude mice. After endometriosis induction, the mice were injected intraperitoneally with either 25 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg ENMD-1068 or with 200 μL of the vehicle control daily for 5 days. The endometriotic lesions that developed in the mice were then counted, measured, and collected. The lesions were assessed for the production of interleukin 6 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and evaluated for the activation of nuclear factor-κB and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor by immunohistochemical analyses. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were assessed by immunohistochemistry for Ki-67 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling, respectively. RESULTS ENMD-1068 dose-dependently inhibited the development of endometriotic lesions (P < .05) without apparent toxicity to various organs of the treated mice. Consistently, ENMD-1068 dose-dependently inhibited the expression of interleukin 6 and nuclear factor-κB (P < .05) and cell proliferation (P < .05) in the lesions, as well as increased the percentage of apoptotic cells (P < .05). ENMD-1068 reduced the levels of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor in the lesions (P < .05), but not in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that ENMD-1068 is effective in suppressing the growth of endometriosis, which might be attributed to the drug's antiangiogenic and antiinflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huinan Weng
- Department of Reproductive Center, GuangDong Women And Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fenghua Liu
- Department of Reproductive Center, GuangDong Women And Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China.
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16
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Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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17
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Versteeg HH, Ruf W. New helpers in TF-dependent migration. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11:1877-9. [PMID: 23941045 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H H Versteeg
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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18
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Hughes KH, Wijekoon EP, Valcour JE, Chia EW, McGuire JJ. Effects of chronic in-vivo treatments with protease-activated receptor 2 agonist on endothelium function and blood pressures in mice. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 91:295-305. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2012-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Short-term treatments with protease-activated receptor 2-activating peptides (PAR2-AP) induce endothelium-dependent vasodilation and decrease blood pressure. In this study, we tested the effect of chronic in-vivo treatment with PAR2-AP on the blood pressure and endothelium function of mice. Male PAR2 wild-type (WT) and par2-deficient (KO) mice received subcutaneous infusions of either saline, low (PAR2-LD), or high (PAR2-HD) doses of 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-amide for 1 or 2 weeks. In each treatment group, endothelium function was assessed in isolated arteries. Blood pressure, heart rate, and locomotor activity were recorded by radiotelemetry, and levels of tumour nercrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interkeukin 1β (IL-1β) were measured in plasma samples by ELISA. The relaxation of WT aortas and mesenteric arteries induced by PAR2-AP was decreased by PAR2-LD and PAR2-HD. In mesenteric arteries, PAR2-LD and PAR2-HD decreased the relaxation induced by acetylcholine, but not by nitroprusside; in aortas, PAR2-LD and PAR2-HD caused differential decreases in the relaxations induced by acetylcholine and nitroprusside. Only PAR2-HD lowered systolic arterial pressures in WT, when compared with all of the other groups. TNF-α and IL-1β plasma concentrations were not different among the groups. We conclude that the systolic blood pressure of unrestrained mice can be lowered by chronic in-vivo activation of PAR2; however, this effect is countered by receptor desensitization and the concomitant development of endothelium and vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keon H. Hughes
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Enoka P. Wijekoon
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - James E. Valcour
- Division of Community Health and Humanities, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Elizabeth W. Chia
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - John J. McGuire
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
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19
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Rowlan JS, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Fang Y, Shi W. New quantitative trait loci for carotid atherosclerosis identified in an intercross derived from apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse strains. Physiol Genomics 2013; 45:332-42. [PMID: 23463770 PMCID: PMC3633429 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00099.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotid atherosclerosis is the primary cause of ischemic stroke. To identify genetic factors contributing to carotid atherosclerosis, we performed quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis using female mice derived from an intercross between C57BL/6J (B6) and BALB/cJ (BALB) apolipoprotein E (Apoe−/−) mice. We started 266 F2 mice on a Western diet at 6 wk of age and fed them the diet for 12 wk. Atherosclerotic lesions in the left carotid bifurcation and plasma lipid levels were measured. We genotyped 130 microsatellite markers across the entire genome. Three significant QTLs, Cath1 on chromosome (Chr) 12, Cath2 on Chr5, and Cath3 on Chr13, and four suggestive QTLs on Chr6, Chr9, Chr17, and Chr18 were identified for carotid lesions. The Chr6 locus replicated a suggestive QTL and was named Cath4. Six QTLs for HDL, three QTLs for non-HDL cholesterol, and three QTLs for triglyceride were found. Of these, a significant QTL for non-HDL on Chr1 at 60.3 cM, named Nhdl13, and a suggestive QTL for HDL on ChrX were new. A significant locus for HDL (Hdlq5) was overlapping with a suggestive locus for carotid lesions on Chr9. A significant correlation between carotid lesion sizes and HDL cholesterol levels was observed in the F2 population (R = −0.153, P = 0.0133). Thus, we have identified several new QTLs for carotid atherosclerosis and the locus on Chr9 may exert effect through interactions with HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Rowlan
- Departments of Radiology & Medical Imaging and Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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20
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Abstract
Mast cells are increasingly being recognized as effector cells in many cardiovascular conditions. Many mast-cell-derived products such as tryptase and chymase can, through their enzymic action, have detrimental effects on blood vessel structure while mast cell-derived mediators such as cytokines and chemokines can perpetuate vascular inflammation. Mice lacking mast cells have been developed and these are providing an insight into how mast cells are involved in cardiovascular diseases and, as knowledge increase, mast cells may become a viable therapeutic target to slow progression of cardiovascular disease.
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21
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Kwapiszewska G, Markart P, Dahal BK, Kojonazarov B, Marsh LM, Schermuly RT, Taube C, Meinhardt A, Ghofrani HA, Steinhoff M, Seeger W, Preissner KT, Olschewski A, Weissmann N, Wygrecka M. PAR-2 Inhibition Reverses Experimental Pulmonary Hypertension. Circ Res 2012; 110:1179-91. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.257568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rationale:
A hallmark of the vascular remodeling process underlying pulmonary hypertension (PH) is the aberrant proliferation and migration of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC). Accumulating evidence suggests that mast cell mediators play a role in the pathogenesis of PH.
Objective:
In the present study we investigated the importance of protease-activated receptor (PAR)–2 and its ligand mast cell tryptase in the development of PH.
Methods and Results:
Our results revealed strong increase in PAR-2 and tryptase expression in the lungs of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) patients, hypoxia-exposed mice, and monocrotaline (MCT)–treated rats. Elevated tryptase levels were also detected in plasma samples from IPAH patients. Hypoxia and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)–BB upregulated PAR-2 expression in PASMC. This effect was reversed by HIF (hypoxia inducible factor)–1α depletion, PDGF-BB neutralizing antibody, or the PDGF-BB receptor antagonist Imatinib. Attenuation of PAR-2 expression was also observed in smooth muscle cells of pulmonary vessels of mice exposed to hypoxia and rats challenged with MCT in response to Imatinib treatment. Tryptase induced PASMC proliferation and migration as well as enhanced synthesis of fibronectin and matrix metalloproteinase-2 in a PAR-2- and ERK1/2-dependent manner, suggesting that PAR-2-dependent signaling contributes to vascular remodeling by various mechanisms. Furthermore, PAR-2
−/−
mice were protected against hypoxia-induced PH, and PAR-2 antagonist application reversed established PH in the hypoxia mouse model.
Conclusions:
Our study identified a novel role of PAR-2 in vascular remodeling in the lung. Interference with this pathway may offer novel therapeutic options for the treatment of PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Kwapiszewska
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (G.K., P.M., B.K.D., B.K., R.T.S., H.A.G., W.S., N.W.), Anatomy (A.M.), and Biochemistry (K.T.P., M.W.), University of Giessen Lung Centre, Giessen, Germany; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria (G.K., L.M.M., A.O.); Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.T.); Department of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (M.S.)
| | - Philipp Markart
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (G.K., P.M., B.K.D., B.K., R.T.S., H.A.G., W.S., N.W.), Anatomy (A.M.), and Biochemistry (K.T.P., M.W.), University of Giessen Lung Centre, Giessen, Germany; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria (G.K., L.M.M., A.O.); Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.T.); Department of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (M.S.)
| | - Bhola Kumar Dahal
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (G.K., P.M., B.K.D., B.K., R.T.S., H.A.G., W.S., N.W.), Anatomy (A.M.), and Biochemistry (K.T.P., M.W.), University of Giessen Lung Centre, Giessen, Germany; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria (G.K., L.M.M., A.O.); Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.T.); Department of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (M.S.)
| | - Baktybek Kojonazarov
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (G.K., P.M., B.K.D., B.K., R.T.S., H.A.G., W.S., N.W.), Anatomy (A.M.), and Biochemistry (K.T.P., M.W.), University of Giessen Lung Centre, Giessen, Germany; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria (G.K., L.M.M., A.O.); Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.T.); Department of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (M.S.)
| | - Leigh Matthew Marsh
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (G.K., P.M., B.K.D., B.K., R.T.S., H.A.G., W.S., N.W.), Anatomy (A.M.), and Biochemistry (K.T.P., M.W.), University of Giessen Lung Centre, Giessen, Germany; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria (G.K., L.M.M., A.O.); Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.T.); Department of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (M.S.)
| | - Ralph Theo Schermuly
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (G.K., P.M., B.K.D., B.K., R.T.S., H.A.G., W.S., N.W.), Anatomy (A.M.), and Biochemistry (K.T.P., M.W.), University of Giessen Lung Centre, Giessen, Germany; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria (G.K., L.M.M., A.O.); Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.T.); Department of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (M.S.)
| | - Christian Taube
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (G.K., P.M., B.K.D., B.K., R.T.S., H.A.G., W.S., N.W.), Anatomy (A.M.), and Biochemistry (K.T.P., M.W.), University of Giessen Lung Centre, Giessen, Germany; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria (G.K., L.M.M., A.O.); Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.T.); Department of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (M.S.)
| | - Andreas Meinhardt
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (G.K., P.M., B.K.D., B.K., R.T.S., H.A.G., W.S., N.W.), Anatomy (A.M.), and Biochemistry (K.T.P., M.W.), University of Giessen Lung Centre, Giessen, Germany; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria (G.K., L.M.M., A.O.); Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.T.); Department of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (M.S.)
| | - Hossein Ardeschir Ghofrani
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (G.K., P.M., B.K.D., B.K., R.T.S., H.A.G., W.S., N.W.), Anatomy (A.M.), and Biochemistry (K.T.P., M.W.), University of Giessen Lung Centre, Giessen, Germany; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria (G.K., L.M.M., A.O.); Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.T.); Department of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (M.S.)
| | - Martin Steinhoff
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (G.K., P.M., B.K.D., B.K., R.T.S., H.A.G., W.S., N.W.), Anatomy (A.M.), and Biochemistry (K.T.P., M.W.), University of Giessen Lung Centre, Giessen, Germany; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria (G.K., L.M.M., A.O.); Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.T.); Department of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (M.S.)
| | - Werner Seeger
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (G.K., P.M., B.K.D., B.K., R.T.S., H.A.G., W.S., N.W.), Anatomy (A.M.), and Biochemistry (K.T.P., M.W.), University of Giessen Lung Centre, Giessen, Germany; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria (G.K., L.M.M., A.O.); Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.T.); Department of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (M.S.)
| | - Klaus Theo Preissner
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (G.K., P.M., B.K.D., B.K., R.T.S., H.A.G., W.S., N.W.), Anatomy (A.M.), and Biochemistry (K.T.P., M.W.), University of Giessen Lung Centre, Giessen, Germany; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria (G.K., L.M.M., A.O.); Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.T.); Department of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (M.S.)
| | - Andrea Olschewski
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (G.K., P.M., B.K.D., B.K., R.T.S., H.A.G., W.S., N.W.), Anatomy (A.M.), and Biochemistry (K.T.P., M.W.), University of Giessen Lung Centre, Giessen, Germany; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria (G.K., L.M.M., A.O.); Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.T.); Department of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (M.S.)
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (G.K., P.M., B.K.D., B.K., R.T.S., H.A.G., W.S., N.W.), Anatomy (A.M.), and Biochemistry (K.T.P., M.W.), University of Giessen Lung Centre, Giessen, Germany; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria (G.K., L.M.M., A.O.); Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.T.); Department of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (M.S.)
| | - Malgorzata Wygrecka
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (G.K., P.M., B.K.D., B.K., R.T.S., H.A.G., W.S., N.W.), Anatomy (A.M.), and Biochemistry (K.T.P., M.W.), University of Giessen Lung Centre, Giessen, Germany; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria (G.K., L.M.M., A.O.); Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (C.T.); Department of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (M.S.)
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Jobi K, Rauch BH, Dangwal S, Freidel K, Doller A, Eberhardt W, Fischer JW, Schrör K, Rosenkranz AC. Redox regulation of human protease-activated receptor-2 by activated factor X. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1758-64. [PMID: 21871560 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Activated factor X (FXa) exerts coagulation-independent actions such as proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) through the protease-activated receptors PAR-1 and PAR-2. Both receptors are upregulated upon vascular injury but the underlying mechanisms have not been defined. We examined if FXa regulates PAR-1 and PAR-2 in human vascular SMCs. FXa increased PAR-2 mRNA, protein, and cell-surface expression and augmented PAR-2-mediated mitogenesis. PAR-1 was not influenced. The regulatory action of FXa on PAR-2 was concentration-dependent and mimicked by a PAR-2-selective activating peptide. PAR-2 regulation was not influenced by the thrombin inhibitor argatroban or PAR-1 siRNA. FXa increased dichlorofluorescein diacetate fluorescence and 8-isoprostane formation and induced expression of the NADPH oxidase subunit NOX-1. NOX-1 siRNA prevented FXa-stimulated PAR-2 regulation, as did ebselen and cell-permeative and impermeative forms of catalase. Exogenous H(2)O(2) increased PAR-2 expression and mitogenic activity. FXa promoted nuclear translocation and PAR-2/DNA binding of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB); NF-κB inhibition prevented PAR-2 regulation by FXa. FXa also promoted PAR-2 mRNA stabilization through increased human antigen R (HuR)/PAR-2 mRNA binding and cytoplasmic shuttling. HuR siRNA abolished FXa-stimulated PAR-2 expression. Thus FXa induces functional expression of PAR-2 but not of PAR-1 in human SMCs, independent of thrombin formation, via a mechanism involving NOX-1-containing NADPH oxidase, H(2)O(2), NF-κB, and HuR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Jobi
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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23
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Sevigny LM, Austin KM, Zhang P, Kasuda S, Koukos G, Sharifi S, Covic L, Kuliopulos A. Protease-activated receptor-2 modulates protease-activated receptor-1-driven neointimal hyperplasia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:e100-6. [PMID: 21940952 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.238261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emerging evidence suggests that protease-activated receptors-1 and -2 (PAR1 and PAR2) can signal together in response to proteases found in the rapidly changing microenvironment of damaged blood vessels. However, it is unknown whether PAR1 and PAR2 promote or mitigate the hyperplastic response to arterial injury. Using cell-penetrating PAR1 pepducins and mice deficient in PAR1 or PAR2, we set out to determine the respective contributions of the receptors to hyperplasia and phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in response to arterial injury. METHODS AND RESULTS SMCs were strongly activated by PAR1 stimulation, as evidenced by increased mitogenesis, mitochondrial activity, and calcium mobilization. The effects of chronic PAR1 stimulation following vascular injury were studied by performing carotid artery ligations in mice treated with the PAR1 agonist pepducin, P1pal-13. Histological analysis revealed that PAR1 stimulation caused striking hyperplasia, which was ablated in PAR1(-/-) and, surprisingly, PAR2(-/-) mice. P1pal-13 treatment yielded an expression pattern consistent with a dedifferentiated phenotype in carotid artery SMCs. Detection of PAR1-PAR2 complexes provided an explanation for the hyperplastic effects of the PAR1 agonist requiring the presence of both receptors. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that PAR2 regulates the PAR1 hyperplastic response to arterial injury leading to stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila M Sevigny
- Hemostasis and Thrombosis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, 75 Kneeland St, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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24
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Sandberg WJ, Halvorsen B, Yndestad A, Smith C, Otterdal K, Brosstad FR, Frøland SS, Olofsson PS, Damås JK, Gullestad L, Hansson GK, Øie E, Aukrust P. Inflammatory Interaction Between LIGHT and Proteinase-Activated Receptor-2 in Endothelial Cells. Circ Res 2009; 104:60-8. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.108.188078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between inflammatory cytokines and endothelial cells is a critical step in atherogenesis leading to endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. We have previously reported that the tumor necrosis factor superfamily member LIGHT could be involved in atherogenesis through its ability to promote vascular inflammation. In the present study we identified proteinase-activated receptor (PAR)-2 as an inflammatory mediator that was markedly enhanced by LIGHT in endothelial cells. We also found that LIGHT acted synergistically with PAR-2 activation to promote enhanced release of the proatherogenic chemokines interleukin-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, underscoring that the interaction between LIGHT and PAR-2 is biologically active, promoting potent inflammatory effects. We showed that the LIGHT-mediated upregulation of PAR-2 in endothelial cells is mediated through the HVEM receptor, involving Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathways. A LIGHT-mediated upregulation of PAR-2 mRNA levels was also found in human monocytes when these cells were preactivated by tumor necrosis factor α. We have previously demonstrated increased plasma levels of LIGHT in unstable angina patients, and here we show a similar pattern for PAR-2 expression in peripheral blood monocytes. We also found that LIGHT, LIGHT receptors, and PAR-2 showed enhanced expression, and, to some degree, colocalization in endothelial cells and macrophages, in the atherosclerotic plaques of ApoE
−/−
mice, suggesting that the inflammatory interaction between LIGHT and PAR-2 also may be operating in vivo within an atherosclerotic lesion. Our findings suggest that LIGHT/PAR-2–driven inflammation could be a pathogenic loop in atherogenesis potentially representing a target for therapy in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiggo J. Sandberg
- From the Research Institute for Internal Medicine (W.J.S., B.H., A.Y., C.S., K.O., F.R.B., S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), and Department of Cardiology (L.G., E.O.), Rikshosptalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway; and Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (P.S.O., G.K.H.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bente Halvorsen
- From the Research Institute for Internal Medicine (W.J.S., B.H., A.Y., C.S., K.O., F.R.B., S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), and Department of Cardiology (L.G., E.O.), Rikshosptalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway; and Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (P.S.O., G.K.H.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arne Yndestad
- From the Research Institute for Internal Medicine (W.J.S., B.H., A.Y., C.S., K.O., F.R.B., S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), and Department of Cardiology (L.G., E.O.), Rikshosptalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway; and Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (P.S.O., G.K.H.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Camilla Smith
- From the Research Institute for Internal Medicine (W.J.S., B.H., A.Y., C.S., K.O., F.R.B., S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), and Department of Cardiology (L.G., E.O.), Rikshosptalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway; and Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (P.S.O., G.K.H.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kari Otterdal
- From the Research Institute for Internal Medicine (W.J.S., B.H., A.Y., C.S., K.O., F.R.B., S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), and Department of Cardiology (L.G., E.O.), Rikshosptalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway; and Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (P.S.O., G.K.H.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frank R. Brosstad
- From the Research Institute for Internal Medicine (W.J.S., B.H., A.Y., C.S., K.O., F.R.B., S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), and Department of Cardiology (L.G., E.O.), Rikshosptalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway; and Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (P.S.O., G.K.H.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stig S. Frøland
- From the Research Institute for Internal Medicine (W.J.S., B.H., A.Y., C.S., K.O., F.R.B., S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), and Department of Cardiology (L.G., E.O.), Rikshosptalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway; and Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (P.S.O., G.K.H.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peder S. Olofsson
- From the Research Institute for Internal Medicine (W.J.S., B.H., A.Y., C.S., K.O., F.R.B., S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), and Department of Cardiology (L.G., E.O.), Rikshosptalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway; and Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (P.S.O., G.K.H.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan K. Damås
- From the Research Institute for Internal Medicine (W.J.S., B.H., A.Y., C.S., K.O., F.R.B., S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), and Department of Cardiology (L.G., E.O.), Rikshosptalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway; and Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (P.S.O., G.K.H.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Gullestad
- From the Research Institute for Internal Medicine (W.J.S., B.H., A.Y., C.S., K.O., F.R.B., S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), and Department of Cardiology (L.G., E.O.), Rikshosptalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway; and Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (P.S.O., G.K.H.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran K. Hansson
- From the Research Institute for Internal Medicine (W.J.S., B.H., A.Y., C.S., K.O., F.R.B., S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), and Department of Cardiology (L.G., E.O.), Rikshosptalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway; and Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (P.S.O., G.K.H.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Øie
- From the Research Institute for Internal Medicine (W.J.S., B.H., A.Y., C.S., K.O., F.R.B., S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), and Department of Cardiology (L.G., E.O.), Rikshosptalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway; and Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (P.S.O., G.K.H.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pål Aukrust
- From the Research Institute for Internal Medicine (W.J.S., B.H., A.Y., C.S., K.O., F.R.B., S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), and Department of Cardiology (L.G., E.O.), Rikshosptalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway; and Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (P.S.O., G.K.H.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Coagulation factor Xa signaling: the link between coagulation and inflammatory bowel disease? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2009; 30:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2008.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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McGuire JJ, Van Vliet BN, Halfyard SJ. Blood pressures, heart rate and locomotor activity during salt loading and angiotensin II infusion in protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) knockout mice. BMC PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 8:20. [PMID: 18939990 PMCID: PMC2573878 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6793-8-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background In this study we used radiotelemetry to measure hemodynamic variables and locomotor activity in conscious unrestrained male Protease-Activated Receptor 2 (PAR-2) knockout mice in order to provide a detailed assessment of their blood pressure phenotype. In addition we tested for an influence of PAR-2 on salt-sensitivity (8% versus 0.5% NaCl diet, 2.5 weeks) and angiotensin II-induced hypertension (1 μg Ile5-angiotensin II/kg/min versus 0.25 μl/h saline, 2 weeks). Results Systolic arterial pressures of PAR-2 -/- (129 ± 1 mmHg, n = 21, P < 0.05) were statistically higher than those of C57BL/6J (124 ± 1 mmHg, n = 33) throughout the 24 h period under baseline conditions. Pulse pressures in PAR-2 -/- were also significantly elevated (33 ± 1 mmHg versus 30 ± 1 mmHg, P < 0.05), whereas diastolic arterial pressures were not. Heart rates in PAR-2 -/- were not significantly different than controls, with the exception that heart rate of PAR-2 -/- was 23 beats per min higher than controls (P < 0.001) during periods of nocturnal activity. The diurnal pattern and intensity of locomotor activity were not found to differ between strains. A high salt diet led to increased blood pressures, decreased heart rates, increased time spent active and decreased intensity levels of locomotor activity. Salt-induced changes in systolic and pulse pressures in PAR-2 -/- were less than in C57B/6J. Angiotensin II treatment increased pressures, decreased heart rates, decreased time spent active and decreased intensity levels of activity of PAR-2 -/-, all to the same extent as C57BL/6J. A trend of lower blood pressures during the middle period of angiotensin II treatment period was observed in individual PAR-2 -/-. Conclusion The data indicated gene knockout of PAR-2 was associated with a modest change in blood pressure phenotype. PAR-2 -/- mice exhibited moderate elevation of systolic arterial and pulse pressures, yet no increased diastolic arterial pressure, no increased blood pressure responses to high salt diet and a subtle difference in the time course of the blood pressure responses to angiotensin II infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J McGuire
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.
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27
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Borensztajn K, Peppelenbosch MP, Spek CA. Factor Xa: at the crossroads between coagulation and signaling in physiology and disease. Trends Mol Med 2008; 14:429-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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