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Chang SL, Tsai YJ, Shieh JM, Wu WB. The novel thromboxane prostanoid receptor mediates CTGF production to drive human nasal fibroblast self-migration through NF-κB and PKCδ-CREB signaling pathways. J Cell Physiol 2024:e31390. [PMID: 39104040 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyp (CRSsNP) is characterized by tissue repair/remodeling and the subepithelial stroma region in whose nasal mucosa has been reported by us to have thromboxane A2 (TXA2) prostanoid (TP) receptor and overexpress connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between TP receptor activation and CTGF production/function in human CRSsNP nasal mucosa stromal fibroblasts. We found that TP agonists including U46619 and IBOP ([1S-[1α,2α(Z),3β(1E,3 S*),4α]]-7-[3-[3-hydroxy-4-(4-iodophenoxy)-1-butenyl]-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-5-heptenoic acid) could promote CTGF protein/messenger RNA expression and secretion. The pharmacological intervention and TP activation assay with U46619 identified the possible participation of PKCμ, PKCδ, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation/activation in the CTGF induction. Moreover, a phorbol ester-phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) exhibited a similar cellular signaling and CTGF production profile to that elicited by TP activation. However, further small interfering RNA interference analysis revealed that only NF-κB and PKCδ-CREB pathways were necessarily required for TP-mediated CTGF production, which could not be completely supported by those findings from PMA. Finally, in a functional assay, although CTGF did not affect fibroblast proliferation, TP-mediated CTGF could drive novel self-migration in fibroblasts both in the scratch/wound healing and transwell apparatus assays. Meanwhile, the overall staining for stress fibers and formation of the lamellipodia and filopodia-like structures was concomitantly increased in the treated migrating cells. Collectively, we provided here that novel TP mediates CTGF production and self-migration in human nasal fibroblasts through NF-κB and PKCδ-CREB signaling pathways. More importantly, we also demonstrated that thromboxane, TP receptor, CTGF, and stromal fibroblasts may act in concert in the tissue remodeling/repair process during CRSsNP development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Lun Chang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Yongkang District, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Pet Care and Grooming, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Jeng Tsai
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Min Shieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Bin Wu
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Ricciotti E, Haines PG, Chai W, FitzGerald GA. Prostanoids in Cardiac and Vascular Remodeling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:558-583. [PMID: 38269585 PMCID: PMC10922399 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.320045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Prostanoids are biologically active lipids generated from arachidonic acid by the action of the COX (cyclooxygenase) isozymes. NSAIDs, which reduce the biosynthesis of prostanoids by inhibiting COX activity, are effective anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic drugs. However, their use is limited by cardiovascular adverse effects, including myocardial infarction, stroke, hypertension, and heart failure. While it is well established that NSAIDs increase the risk of atherothrombotic events and hypertension by suppressing vasoprotective prostanoids, less is known about the link between NSAIDs and heart failure risk. Current evidence indicates that NSAIDs may increase the risk for heart failure by promoting adverse myocardial and vascular remodeling. Indeed, prostanoids play an important role in modulating structural and functional changes occurring in the myocardium and in the vasculature in response to physiological and pathological stimuli. This review will summarize current knowledge of the role of the different prostanoids in myocardial and vascular remodeling and explore how maladaptive remodeling can be counteracted by targeting specific prostanoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Ricciotti
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics (E.R., G.A.F.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics (E.R., G.A.F.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Philip G Haines
- Rhode Island Hospital, Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence (P.G.H.)
| | - William Chai
- Health and Human Biology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI (W.C.)
| | - Garret A FitzGerald
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics (E.R., G.A.F.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics (E.R., G.A.F.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
- Department of Medicine (G.A.F.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
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3
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Schrör K, Verheugt FWA, Trenk D. Drug-Drug Interaction between Antiplatelet Therapy and Lipid-Lowering Agents (Statins and PCSK9 Inhibitors). Thromb Haemost 2023; 123:166-176. [PMID: 36522182 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1758654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-lowering agents and antiplatelet drugs are guideline-recommended standard treatment for secondary prevention of acute thrombotic events in patients with increased cardiovascular risk. Aspirin is the most frequently used antiplatelet drug, either alone or in combination with other antiplatelet agents (P2Y12 inhibitors), while statins are first-line treatment of hypercholesterolemia. The well-established mode of action of aspirin is inhibition of platelet-dependent thromboxane formation. In addition, aspirin also improves endothelial oxygen defense via enhanced NO formation and inhibits thrombin formation. Low-dose aspirin exerts in addition anti-inflammatory effects, mainly via inhibition of platelet-initiated activation of white cells.Statins inhibit platelet function via reduction of circulating low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and a more direct inhibition of platelet function. This comprises inhibition of thromboxane formation via inhibition of platelet phospholipase A2 and inhibition of (ox)LDL-C-mediated increases in platelet reactivity via the (ox)LDL-C receptor (CD36). Furthermore, statins upregulate endothelial NO-synthase and improve endothelial oxygen defense by inhibition of NADPH-oxidase. PCSK9 antibodies target a serine protease (PCSK9), which promotes the degradation of the LDL-C receptor impacting on LDL-C plasma levels and (ox)LDL-C-receptor-mediated signaling in platelets similar to but more potent than statins.These functionally synergistic actions are the basis for numerous interactions between antiplatelet and these lipid-lowering drugs, which may, in summary, reduce the incidence of atherothrombotic vascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Schrör
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Freek W A Verheugt
- Department of Cardiology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (OLVG), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dietmar Trenk
- Department Universitäts-Herzzentrum, Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie Bad Krozingen, Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Bad Krozingen, Germany
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Li XL, Wang Q, Jia GD, Yin HJ, Wang YH, Hu C, Wang XQ, Yang Y. Apolipoprotein E*Ɛ2 carriers exhibit high aspirin-treated platelet reactivity and low cardiovascular risk during long-term aspirin treatment. Age Ageing 2022; 51:6596556. [PMID: 35647761 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afac119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apolipoprotein E (APOE) loci, including rs429358 (Ɛ4) and rs7412 (Ɛ2), are involved in cardiovascular (CV) health. However, their effect on the CV-protective effect of aspirin remains unknown. METHODS A total of 515 aspirin-treated individuals with existing CV diseases were recruited, and their APOE genotypes, platelet functions and other routine laboratory parameters were assessed when they enrolled. The first major CV events (myocardial infarction, stroke, revascularisation and CV death) and all CV events (major CV events plus unstable angina and transient ischaemic attack) during a mean 5.2-year follow-up period were recorded. RESULTS After adjusting for age, gender, BMI, lifestyle, lipid profiles and other CV drugs and comorbidities, Ɛ2 carriers were found to exhibit ~80% lower risk of major CV and 60% lower risk of all CV (HR = 0.186, CI: 0.048-0.715, P = 0.014; HR = 0.435, CI: 0.234-0.812, P = 0.009, respectively) than Ɛ2 noncarriers. Furthermore, high incidence of high platelet reactivity assessed by arachidonic acid-induced light transmission aggregometry (23.4 vs. 13.7%, P = 0.038), triglyceride and haemoglobin and low low-density lipoprotein were observed. Ɛ4 carriers had slightly increased cholesterol and hypercholesterolemia incidence relative to Ɛ4 noncarriers. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that APOE*Ɛ2 carriers can derive additional CV benefit from long-term aspirin treatment. Moreover, it was observed that APOE2 interacts with cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and upregulates its activity. The CV-protective effect of aspirin in Ɛ2 carriers is likely attributed to APOE2 upregulating vascular COX-1-mediated CV protective pathway, together with aspirin partially inhibiting platelet COX-1-mediated platelet aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Li
- Department of the Eighth Healthcare , Second Medical Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, , Beijing 1000853, China
- Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital , Second Medical Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, , Beijing 1000853, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Urology, Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing 100044, China
| | - Guo-Dong Jia
- Department of the Eighth Healthcare , Second Medical Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, , Beijing 1000853, China
- Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital , Second Medical Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, , Beijing 1000853, China
| | - Hui-Jun Yin
- Department of the Eighth Healthcare , Second Medical Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, , Beijing 1000853, China
- Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital , Second Medical Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, , Beijing 1000853, China
| | - Yao-Hui Wang
- Department of the Eighth Healthcare , Second Medical Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, , Beijing 1000853, China
- Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital , Second Medical Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, , Beijing 1000853, China
| | - Chao Hu
- Department of the Eighth Healthcare , Second Medical Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, , Beijing 1000853, China
- Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital , Second Medical Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, , Beijing 1000853, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Wang
- Department of the Eighth Healthcare , Second Medical Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, , Beijing 1000853, China
- Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital , Second Medical Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, , Beijing 1000853, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of the Eighth Healthcare , Second Medical Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, , Beijing 1000853, China
- Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital , Second Medical Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, , Beijing 1000853, China
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Liu B, Zhou Y. Endothelium-dependent contraction: The non-classical action of endothelial prostacyclin, its underlying mechanisms, and implications. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21877. [PMID: 34449098 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101077r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although commonly thought to produce prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2 ; PGI2 ) that evokes vasodilatation and protects vessels from the development of diseases, the endothelial cyclooxygenase (COX)-mediated metabolism has also been found to release substance(s) called endothelium-derived contracting factor(s) (EDCF) that causes endothelium-dependent contraction and implicates in endothelial dysfunction of disease conditions. Various mechanisms have been proposed for the process; however, the major endothelial COX metabolite PGI2 , which has been classically considered to activate the I prostanoid receptor (IP) that mediates vasodilatation and opposes the effects of thromboxane (Tx) A2 produced by COX in platelets, emerges as a major EDCF in health and disease conditions. Our recent studies from genetically altered mice further suggest that vasomotor reactions to PGI2 are collectively modulated by IP, the vasoconstrictor Tx-prostanoid receptor (TP; the prototype receptor of TxA2 ) and E prostanoid receptor-3 (EP3; a vasoconstrictor receptor of PGE2 ) although with differences in potency and efficacy; a contraction to PGI2 reflects activities of TP and/or EP3 outweighing that of the concurrently activated IP. Here, we discuss the history of endothelium-dependent contraction, evidences that support the above hypothesis, proposed mechanisms for the varied reactions to endothelial PGI2 synthesis as well as the relation of its dilator activity to the effect of another NO-independent vasodilator mechanism, the endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor. Also, we address the possible pathological and therapeutic implications as well as questions remaining to be resolved or limitations of our above findings obtained from genetically altered mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yingbi Zhou
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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6
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Eicosanoid blood vessel regulation in physiological and pathological states. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 134:2707-2727. [PMID: 33095237 DOI: 10.1042/cs20191209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid can be metabolized in blood vessels by three primary enzymatic pathways; cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LO), and cytochrome P450 (CYP). These eicosanoid metabolites can influence endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell function. COX metabolites can cause endothelium-dependent dilation or constriction. Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) and thromboxane (TXA2) act on their respective receptors exerting opposing actions with regard to vascular tone and platelet aggregation. LO metabolites also influence vascular tone. The 12-LO metabolite 12S-hydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (12S-HETE) is a vasoconstrictor whereas the 15-LO metabolite 11,12,15-trihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (11,12,15-THETA) is an endothelial-dependent hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF). CYP enzymes produce two types of eicosanoid products: EDHF vasodilator epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and the vasoconstrictor 20-HETE. The less-studied cross-metabolites generated from arachidonic acid metabolism by multiple pathways can also impact vascular function. Likewise, COX, LO, and CYP vascular eicosanoids interact with paracrine and hormonal factors such as the renin-angiotensin system and endothelin-1 (ET-1) to maintain vascular homeostasis. Imbalances in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell COX, LO, and CYP metabolites in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases result in vascular dysfunction. Restoring the vascular balance of eicosanoids by genetic or pharmacological means can improve vascular function in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Nevertheless, future research is necessary to achieve a more complete understanding of how COX, LO, CYP, and cross-metabolites regulate vascular function in physiological and pathological states.
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7
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Mitchell JA, Shala F, Pires MEL, Loy RY, Ravendren A, Benson J, Urquhart P, Nicolaou A, Herschman HR, Kirkby NS. Endothelial cyclooxygenase-1 paradoxically drives local vasoconstriction and atherogenesis despite underpinning prostacyclin generation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/12/eabf6054. [PMID: 33741600 PMCID: PMC7978428 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf6054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cyclooxygenase-1-derived prostanoids, including prostacyclin, have clear cardioprotective roles associated with their anti-thrombotic potential but have also been suggested to have paradoxical pathological activities within arteries. To date it has not been possible to test the importance of this because no models have been available that separate vascular cyclooxygenase-1 products from those generated elsewhere. Here, we have used unique endothelial-specific cyclooxygenase-1 knockout mice to show that endothelial cyclooxygenase-1 produces both protective and pathological products. Functionally, however, the overall effect of these was to drive pathological responses in the context of both vasoconstriction in vitro and the development of atherosclerosis and vascular inflammation in vivo. These data provide the first demonstration of a pathological role for the vascular cyclooxygenase-1 pathway, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target. They also emphasize that, across biology, the role of prostanoids is not always predictable due to unique balances of context, products, and receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Mitchell
- Cardio-Respiratory Interface Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Fisnik Shala
- Cardio-Respiratory Interface Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Elisa Lopes Pires
- Cardio-Respiratory Interface Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rachel Y Loy
- Cardio-Respiratory Interface Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Ravendren
- Cardio-Respiratory Interface Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Joshua Benson
- Cardio-Respiratory Interface Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paula Urquhart
- Laboratory for Lipidomics and Lipid Biology, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Anna Nicolaou
- Laboratory for Lipidomics and Lipid Biology, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Harvey R Herschman
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas S Kirkby
- Cardio-Respiratory Interface Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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8
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Berenji Ardestani S, Eftedal I, Pedersen M, Jeppesen PB, Nørregaard R, Matchkov VV. Endothelial dysfunction in small arteries and early signs of atherosclerosis in ApoE knockout rats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15296. [PMID: 32943715 PMCID: PMC7499202 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72338-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is recognized as a major contributor to atherosclerosis and has been suggested to be evident far before plaque formation. Endothelial dysfunction in small resistance arteries has been suggested to initiate long before changes in conduit arteries. In this study, we address early changes in endothelial function of atherosclerosis prone rats. Male ApoE knockout (KO) rats (11- to 13-weeks-old) were subjected to either a Western or standard diet. The diet intervention continued for a period of 20–24 weeks. Endothelial function of pulmonary and mesenteric arteries was examined in vitro using an isometric myograph. We found that Western diet decreased the contribution of cyclooxygenase (COX) to control the vascular tone of both pulmonary and mesenteric arteries. These changes were associated with early stage atherosclerosis and elevated level of plasma total cholesterol, LDL and triglyceride in ApoE KO rats. Chondroid-transformed smooth muscle cells, calcifications, macrophages accumulation and foam cells were also observed in the aortic arch from ApoE KO rats fed Western diet. The ApoE KO rats are a new model to study endothelial dysfunction during the earlier stages of atherosclerosis and could help us improve preclinical drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Berenji Ardestani
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark. .,Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Ingrid Eftedal
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Michael Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Per Bendix Jeppesen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Rikke Nørregaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Vladimir V Matchkov
- Department of Biomedicine, MEMBRANES, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Lebas H, Yahiaoui K, Martos R, Boulaftali Y. Platelets Are at the Nexus of Vascular Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:132. [PMID: 31572732 PMCID: PMC6749018 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are important actors of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Current antiplatelet drugs that inhibit platelet aggregation have been shown to be effective in CVD treatment. However, the management of bleeding complications is still an issue in vascular diseases. While platelets can act individually, they interact with vascular cells and leukocytes at sites of vascular injury and inflammation. The main goal remains to better understand platelet mechanisms in thrombo-inflammatory diseases and provide new lines of safe treatments. Beyond their role in hemostasis and thrombosis, recent studies have reported the role of several aspects of platelet functions in CVD progression. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive overview of platelet mechanisms involved in several vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héloïse Lebas
- Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, U1148 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sorbonne Paris Cite, Univ Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Katia Yahiaoui
- Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, U1148 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sorbonne Paris Cite, Univ Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Martos
- Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, U1148 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sorbonne Paris Cite, Univ Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Yacine Boulaftali
- Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, U1148 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sorbonne Paris Cite, Univ Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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10
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Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most widely used therapeutic class in clinical medicine. These are sub-divided based on their selectivity for inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) isoforms (COX-1 and COX-2) into: (1) non-selective (ns-NSAIDs), and (2) selective NSAIDs (s-NSAIDs) with preferential inhibition of COX-2 isozyme. The safety and pathophysiology of NSAIDs on the renal and cardiovascular systems have continued to evolve over the years following short- and long-term treatment in both preclinical models and humans. This review summarizes major learnings on cardiac and renal complications associated with pharmaceutical inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 with focus on preclinical to clinical translatability of cardio-renal data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaher A Radi
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, USA
| | - K Nasir Khan
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, USA
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11
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Hu C, Liu B, Xu Y, Wu X, Guo T, Zhang Y, Leng J, Ge J, Yu G, Guo J, Zhou Y. EP3 Blockade Adds to the Effect of TP Deficiency in Alleviating Endothelial Dysfunction in Atherosclerotic Mouse Aortas. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1247. [PMID: 31611817 PMCID: PMC6775864 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction, which leads to ischemic events under atherosclerotic conditions, can be attenuated by antagonizing the thromboxane-prostanoid receptor (TP) that mediates the vasoconstrictor effect of prostanoids including prostacyclin (PGI2). This study aimed to determine whether antagonizing the E prostanoid receptor-3 (EP3; which can also be activated by PGI2) adds to the above effect of TP deficiency (TP-/-) under atherosclerotic conditions and if so, the underlying mechanism(s). Atherosclerosis was induced in ApoE-/- mice and those with ApoE-/- and TP-/-. Here, we show that in phenylephrine pre-contracted abdominal aortic rings with atherosclerotic lesions of ApoE-/-/TP-/- mice, although an increase of force (which was larger than that of non-atherosclerotic controls) evoked by the endothelial muscarinic agonist acetylcholine to blunt the concurrently activated relaxation in ApoE-/- counterparts was largely removed, the relaxation evoked by the agonist was still smaller than that of non-atherosclerotic TP-/- mice. EP3 antagonism not only increased the above relaxation, but also reversed the contractile response evoked by acetylcholine in NO synthase-inhibited atherosclerotic ApoE-/-/TP-/- rings into a relaxation sensitive to I prostanoid receptor antagonism. In ApoE-/- atherosclerotic vessels the expression of endothelial NO synthase was decreased, yet the production of PGI2 (which evokes contraction via both TP and EP3) evoked by acetylcholine was unaltered compared to non-atherosclerotic conditions. These results demonstrate that EP3 blockade adds to the effect of TP-/- in uncovering the dilator action of natively produced PGI2 to alleviate endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuangjia Hu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Liu,
| | - Yineng Xu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xiangzhong Wu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yingzhan Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jing Leng
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jiahui Ge
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Gang Yu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jinwei Guo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yingbi Zhou
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Yingbi Zhou,
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12
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Araújo AC, Wheelock CE, Haeggström JZ. The Eicosanoids, Redox-Regulated Lipid Mediators in Immunometabolic Disorders. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:275-296. [PMID: 28978222 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The oxidation of arachidonic acid via cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) activity to produce eicosanoids during inflammation is a well-known biosynthetic pathway. These lipid mediators are involved in fever, pain, and thrombosis and are produced from multiple cells as well as cell/cell interactions, for example, immune cells and epithelial/endothelial cells. Metabolic disorders, including hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes, are linked with chronic low-grade inflammation, impacting the immune system and promoting a variety of chronic diseases. Recent Advances: Multiple studies have corroborated the important function of eicosanoids and their receptors in (non)-inflammatory cells in immunometabolic disorders (e.g., insulin resistance, obesity, and cardiovascular and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases). In this context, LOX and COX products are involved in both pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. In addition, recent work has elucidated the potent function of specialized proresolving mediators (i.e., lipoxins and resolvins) in resolving inflammation, protecting organs, and stimulating tissue repair and remodeling. CRITICAL ISSUES Inhibiting/stimulating selected eicosanoid pathways may result in anti-inflammatory and proresolution responses leading to multiple beneficial effects, including the abrogation of reactive oxygen species production, increased speed of resolution, and overall improvement of diseases related to immunometabolic perturbations. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Despite many achievements, it is crucial to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying immunological/metabolic cross talk to offer substantial therapeutic promise. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 275-296.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Araújo
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Z Haeggström
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
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Mollenhauer M, Mehrkens D, Rudolph V. Nitrated fatty acids in cardiovascular diseases. Nitric Oxide 2018; 78:S1089-8603(17)30292-6. [PMID: 29588164 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and accounts for one third of disease-related mortality worldwide. Dysregulated redox mechanisms, in particular the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a pivotal pathogenetic role in CVD. Nitro-fatty acids (NO2-FAs) are electrophilic molecules which have a NO2-group bound to one of their olefinic carbons. They are endogenously formed by the reaction of reactive nitrogen species with unsaturated fatty acids. Basal levels of NO2-FAs are in the low nanomolar range and higher concentrations can be encountered under acidic (stomach) and inflammatory (e.g. ischemia/reperfusion) conditions. Dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids in combination with nitrites raises circulating NO2-FAs to a clinically relevant level in mice. NO2-FAs undergo reversible covalent binding to cysteine residues and by virtue of these posttranslational protein modifications act as potent anti-inflammatory signaling mediators via modulation of various critical pathways like nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)- and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) activation, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) inhibition and hem oxygenase-1 (HO-1)- and heat shock protein (HSP) induction. In this review article, we summarize recent findings about the effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of NO2-FAs from a variety of pre-clinical cardiovascular disease models. The described findings suggest the potential of NO2-FAs to emerge as therapeutic agents with a broad range of potential clinical applications for CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mollenhauer
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dennis Mehrkens
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Volker Rudolph
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Förstermann U, Xia N, Li H. Roles of Vascular Oxidative Stress and Nitric Oxide in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2017; 120:713-735. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 692] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Major reactive oxygen species (ROS)–producing systems in vascular wall include NADPH (reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase, xanthine oxidase, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase. ROS at moderate concentrations have important signaling roles under physiological conditions. Excessive or sustained ROS production, however, when exceeding the available antioxidant defense systems, leads to oxidative stress. Animal studies have provided compelling evidence demonstrating the roles of vascular oxidative stress and NO in atherosclerosis. All established cardiovascular risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking enhance ROS generation and decrease endothelial NO production. Key molecular events in atherogenesis such as oxidative modification of lipoproteins and phospholipids, endothelial cell activation, and macrophage infiltration/activation are facilitated by vascular oxidative stress and inhibited by endothelial NO. Atherosclerosis develops preferentially in vascular regions with disturbed blood flow (arches, branches, and bifurcations). The fact that these sites are associated with enhanced oxidative stress and reduced endothelial NO production is a further indication for the roles of ROS and NO in atherosclerosis. Therefore, prevention of vascular oxidative stress and improvement of endothelial NO production represent reasonable therapeutic strategies in addition to the treatment of established risk factors (hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Förstermann
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (U.F., N.X., H.L.); Center for Translational Vascular Biology (CTVB), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (H.L.); and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany (H.L.)
| | - Ning Xia
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (U.F., N.X., H.L.); Center for Translational Vascular Biology (CTVB), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (H.L.); and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany (H.L.)
| | - Huige Li
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (U.F., N.X., H.L.); Center for Translational Vascular Biology (CTVB), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (H.L.); and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany (H.L.)
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Luo W, Liu B, Zhou Y. The endothelial cyclooxygenase pathway: Insights from mouse arteries. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 780:148-58. [PMID: 27020548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To date, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is commonly believed to be the major mediator of endothelial prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2; PGI2) synthesis that balances the effect of thromboxane (Tx) A2 synthesis mediated by the other COX isoform, COX-1 in platelets. Accordingly, selective inhibition of COX-2 is considered to cause vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, and hence increase the incidence of cardiovascular events. This idea has been claimed to be substantiated by experiments on mouse models, some of which are deficient in one of the two COX isoforms. However, results from our studies and those of others using similar mouse models suggest that COX-1 is the major functional isoform in vascular endothelium. Also, although PGI2 is recognized as a potent vasodilator, in some arteries endothelial COX activation causes vasoconstrictor response. This has again been recognized by studies, especially those performed on mouse arteries, to result largely from endothelial PGI2 synthesis. Therefore, evidence that supports a role for COX-1 as the major mediator of PGI2 synthesis in mouse vascular endothelium, reasons for the inconsistency, and results that elucidate underlying mechanisms for divergent vasomotor reactions to endothelial COX activation will be discussed in this review. In addition, we address the possible pathological implications and limitations of findings obtained from studies performed on mouse arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhong Luo
- Central Lab, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yingbi Zhou
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
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Li S, Liu B, Luo W, Zhang Y, Li H, Huang D, Zhou Y. Role of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in endothelium-dependent contraction of atherosclerotic mouse abdominal aortas. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 43:67-74. [PMID: 26444418 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the role of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 or -2 in endothelium-dependent contraction under atherosclerotic conditions. Atherosclerosis was induced in apoE knockout (apoE(-/-)) mice and those with COX-1(-/-) (apoE(-/-)-COX-1(-/-)) by feeding with high fat and cholesterol food. Aortas (abdominal or the whole section) were isolated for functional and/or biochemical analyses. As in non-atherosclerotic conditions, the muscarinic receptor agonist acetylcholine (ACh) evoked an endothelium-dependent, COX-mediated contraction following NO synthase (NOS) inhibition in abdominal aortic rings from atherosclerotic apoE(-/-) mice. Interestingly, COX-1 inhibition not only abolished such a contraction in rings showing normal appearance, but also diminished that in rings with plaques. Accordingly, only a minor contraction (<30% that of apoE(-/-) counterparts) was evoked by ACh (following NOS inhibition) in abdominal aortic rings of atherosclerotic apoE(-/-)-COX-1(-/-) mice with plaques, and none was evoked in those showing normal appearance. Also, the contraction evoked by ACh in apoE(-/-)-COX-1(-/-) abdominal aortic rings with plaques was abolished by non-selective COX inhibition, thromboxane-prostanoid (TP) receptor antagonism, or endothelial denudation. Moreover, it was noted that ACh evoked a predominant production of the prostacyclin (PGI2, which mediates abdominal aortic contraction via TP receptors in mice) metabolite 6-keto-PGF1α, which was again sensitive to COX-1 inhibition or COX-1(-/-). Therefore, in atherosclerotic mouse abdominal aortas, COX-1 can still be the major isoform mediating endothelium-dependent contraction, which probably results largely from PGI2 synthesis as in non-atherosclerotic conditions. In contrast, COX-2 may have only a minor role in such response limited to areas of plaques under the same pathological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Li
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Wenhong Luo
- The Central Lab, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yingzhan Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Hui Li
- The Central Lab, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Dongyang Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yingbi Zhou
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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Balaji B, Hariharan S, Shah DB, Ramanathan M. Discovery of potential and selective COX-1 inhibitory leads using pharmacophore modelling, in silico screening and in vitro evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 86:469-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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18
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Tang SY, Monslow J, Todd L, Lawson J, Puré E, FitzGerald GA. Cyclooxygenase-2 in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells restrains atherogenesis in hyperlipidemic mice. Circulation 2014; 129:1761-9. [PMID: 24519928 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.007913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Placebo-controlled trials of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs selective for inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) reveal an emergent cardiovascular hazard in patients selected for low risk of heart disease. Postnatal global deletion of COX-2 accelerates atherogenesis in hyperlipidemic mice, a process delayed by selective enzyme deletion in macrophages. METHODS AND RESULTS In the present study, selective depletion of COX-2 in vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells depressed biosynthesis of prostaglandin I2 and prostaglandin E2, elevated blood pressure, and accelerated atherogenesis in Ldlr knockout mice. Deletion of COX-2 in vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells coincided with an increase in COX-2 expression in lesional macrophages and increased biosynthesis of thromboxane. Increased accumulation of less organized intimal collagen, laminin, α-smooth muscle actin, and matrix-rich fibrosis was also apparent in lesions of the mutants. CONCLUSIONS Although atherogenesis is accelerated in global COX-2 knockouts, consistent with evidence of risk transformation during chronic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug administration, this masks the contrasting effects of enzyme depletion in macrophages versus vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. Targeting delivery of COX-2 inhibitors to macrophages may conserve their efficacy while limiting cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Yew Tang
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics (S.Y.T., J.M., J.L., G.A.F.) and Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine (L.T., E.P.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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19
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Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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20
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Vitale P, Tacconelli S, Perrone MG, Malerba P, Simone L, Scilimati A, Lavecchia A, Dovizio M, Marcantoni E, Bruno A, Patrignani P. Synthesis, Pharmacological Characterization, and Docking Analysis of a Novel Family of Diarylisoxazoles as Highly Selective Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2013; 56:4277-99. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301905a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Vitale
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze
del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Maria Grazia Perrone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze
del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Malerba
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze
del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Laura Simone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze
del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Scilimati
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze
del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavecchia
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, “Drug
Discovery” Laboratory, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131
Napoli, Italy
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Hardwick JP, Eckman K, Lee YK, Abdelmegeed MA, Esterle A, Chilian WM, Chiang JY, Song BJ. Eicosanoids in metabolic syndrome. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2013; 66:157-266. [PMID: 23433458 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-404717-4.00005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic persistent inflammation plays a significant role in disease pathology of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS is a constellation of diseases that include obesity, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypercholesterolemia. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with many of the MetS diseases. These metabolic derangements trigger a persistent inflammatory cascade, which includes production of lipid autacoids (eicosanoids) that recruit immune cells to the site of injury and subsequent expression of cytokines and chemokines that amplify the inflammatory response. In acute inflammation, the transcellular synthesis of antiinflammatory eicosanoids resolve inflammation, while persistent activation of the autacoid-cytokine-chemokine cascade in metabolic disease leads to chronic inflammation and accompanying tissue pathology. Many drugs targeting the eicosanoid pathways have been shown to be effective in the treatment of MetS, suggesting a common linkage between inflammation, MetS and drug metabolism. The cross-talk between inflammation and MetS seems apparent because of the growing evidence linking immune cell activation and metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. Thus modulation of lipid metabolism through either dietary adjustment or selective drugs may become a new paradigm in the treatment of metabolic disorders. This review focuses on the mechanisms linking eicosanoid metabolism to persistent inflammation and altered lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Hardwick
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pathology, Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA.
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Bai N, Tranfield EM, Kavanagh TJ, Kaufman JD, Rosenfeld ME, van Eeden SF. Exposure to diesel exhaust upregulates COX-2 expression in ApoE knockout mice. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 24:518-27. [PMID: 22746401 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.696221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We have shown that diesel exhaust (DE) inhalation caused progression of atherosclerosis; however, the mechanisms are not fully understood. We hypothesize that exposure to DE upregulates cyclooxygenase (COX) expression and activity, which could play a role in DE-induced atherosclerosis. METHODS ApoE knockout mice (30-week old) fed with regular chow were exposed to DE (at 200 µg/m(3) of particulate matter) or filtered air (control) for 7 weeks (6 h/day, 5 days/week). The protein and mRNA expression of COX-1 and COX-2 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry analysis and quantitative real-time PCR, respectively. To examine COX activity, thoracic aortae were mounted in a wire myograph, and phenylephrine (PE)-stimulated vasoconstriction was measured with and without the presence of COX antagonists (indomethacin). COX-2 activity was further assessed by urine 2,3-dinor-6-keto PGF(1α) level, a major metabolite of prostacyclin I(2) (PGI(2)). RESULTS Immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrates that DE exposure enhanced COX-2 expression in both thoracic aorta (p < 0.01) and aortic root (p < 0.03), with no modification of COX-1 expression. The increased COX-2 expression was positively correlated with smooth muscle cell content in aortic lesions (R(2) = 0.4081, p < 0.008). The fractional changes of maximal vasoconstriction in the presence of indomethacin was attenuated by 3-fold after DE exposure (p < 0.02). Urine 2,3-dinor-6-keto PGF(1α) level was 15-fold higher in DE group than the control (p < 0.007). The mRNA expression of COX-2 (p < 0.006) and PGI synthase (p < 0.02), but not COX-1, was significantly augmented after DE exposure. CONCLUSION We show that DE inhalation enhanced COX-2 expression, which is also associated with phenotypic changes of aortic lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Bruno A, Dovizio M, Tacconelli S, Patrignani P. Mechanisms of the antitumoural effects of aspirin in the gastrointestinal tract. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2012. [PMID: 23199511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A recent clinical study showed that after five years of taking aspirin, at doses of at least 75 mg once daily, death rates were 54% less for gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. The finding of aspirin benefit at low-doses used for cardioprevention, locates the antiplatelet effect of aspirin at the centre of its antitumour efficacy. At low-doses, aspirin acts mainly by an irreversible inactivation of platelet cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 activity. We propose that platelet activation is involved in the early stages of colorectal carcinogenesis in man through the induction of a COX-2-mediated paracrine signalling between stromal cells and epithelial cells within adenomas. In this scenario, aspirin causes a chemopreventive effect by countering platelet activation which seems to play a role in early event in GI tumourigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Bruno
- Department of Medicine and Aging, G. d'Annunzio University, School of Medicine, Italy
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Liu X, Zhao G, Yan Y, Bao L, Chen B, Qi R. Ginkgolide B reduces atherogenesis and vascular inflammation in ApoE(-/-) mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36237. [PMID: 22662117 PMCID: PMC3359353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims To investigate whether ginkgolide B (a platelet-activating factor inhibitor) affects vascular inflammation in atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE−/−) mice. Methods and Results Human platelets were used to evaluate the effects of ginkgolide B on platelet aggregation and signal transduction. Ginkgolide B attenuated platelet aggregation and inhibited phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) activation and Akt phosphorylation in thrombin- and collagen-activated platelets. ApoE−/− mice were administered a high-cholesterol diet for 8 weeks. Plasma platelet factor 4 (PF4) and RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed, and secreted protein) were then measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Scanning electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry were used to determine atherosclerotic lesions. Ginkgolide B decreased plasma PF4 and RANTES levels in ApoE−/− mice. Scanning electron microscopic examination showed that ginkgolide B reduced aortic plaque in ApoE−/− mice. Immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrated that ginkgolide B diminished P-selectin, PF4, RANTES, and CD40L expression in aortic plaque in ApoE−/− mice. Moreover, ginkgolide B suppressed macrophage and vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1) expression in aorta lesions in ApoE−/− mice. Similar effects were observed in aspirin-treated ApoE−/− mice. Conclusion Ginkgolide B significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesions and P-selectin, PF4, RANTES, and CD40L expression in aortic plaque in ApoE−/− mice. The efficacy of ginkgolide B was similar to aspirin. These results provide direct evidence that ginkgolide B inhibits atherosclerosis, which may be associated with inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway in activated platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyun Liu
- Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital and Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Gexin Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital and Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital and Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Li Bao
- Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital and Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Beidong Chen
- Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital and Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Ruomei Qi
- Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital and Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Zhao YR, Dong JB, Li Y, Wu MP. Sphingomyelin synthase 2 over-expression induces expression of aortic inflammatory biomarkers and decreases circulating EPCs in ApoE KO mice. Life Sci 2012; 90:867-73. [PMID: 22538014 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study sought to assess the effect of sphingomyelin synthase 2 (SMS2) over-expression on plaque component and endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. MAIN METHODS We generated recombinant adenovirus vectors containing human SMS2 cDNA (AdV-SMS2) or control gene GFP cDNA (AdV-GFP). Both AdVs were injected (i.v.) into ApoE KO mice to establish SMS2 over-expressing and control mice models, respectively. The mice were fed a high fat diet for 30 days. We then examined their plasma lipid levels, expression levels of aortic inflammatory biomarkers critical for the plaque's stability, and numbers of peripheral endothelial progenitor cells (EPC). KEY FINDINGS Compared with the control mice, SMS2 over-expression had significantly (1) increased aortic matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tissue factor (TF) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA levels (1.9-fold, 2.2-fold, 2.6-fold and 3.2-fold, respectively, P<0.01) and protein levels (2.2-fold, 1.9-fold, 1.9-fold and 2.1-fold, respectively, P<0.01); (2) increased MMP-2, COX-2 in situ expression in aortic root (2.6-fold and 2.3-fold, respectively, P<0.01); (3) decreased aortic COX-1 mRNA levels (65%, P<0.01) and protein levels (64%, P<0.01); and (4) decreased CD34/KDR-positive cells (33%, P<0.01), circulating angiogenic cells (CACs) (50%, P<0.05), and colony forming units (CFUs) (40%, P<0.05) in circulation. SIGNIFICANCE SMS2 over-expression was probably associated with increased expression of aortic inflammatory biomarkers, as well as decreased numbers of CD34/KDR-positive cells, CACs and CFUs in circulation. Therefore, SMS2 over-expression might correlate with endothelial dysfunction and aggravate atherosclerotic plaque instability in ApoE KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Rui Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Félétou M, Huang Y, Vanhoutte PM. Endothelium-mediated control of vascular tone: COX-1 and COX-2 products. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:894-912. [PMID: 21323907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelium-dependent contractions contribute to endothelial dysfunction in various animal models of aging, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. In the spontaneously hypertensive rat, the archetypal model for endothelium-dependent contractions, the production of the endothelium-derived contractile factors (EDCF) involves an increase in endothelial intracellular calcium concentration, the production of reactive oxygen species, the predominant activation of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and to a lesser extent that of COX-2, the diffusion of EDCF towards the smooth muscle cells and the subsequent stimulation of their thromboxane A2-endoperoxide TP receptors. Endothelium-dependent contractions are also observed in various models of hypertension, aging and diabetes. They generally also involve the generation of COX-1- and/or COX-2-derived products and the activation of smooth muscle TP receptors. Depending on the model, thromboxane A(2), PGH(2), PGF(2α), PGE(2) and paradoxically PGI(2) can all act as EDCFs. In human, the production of COX-derived EDCF is a characteristic of the aging and diseased blood vessels, with essential hypertension causing an earlier onset and an acceleration of this endothelial dysfunction. As it has been observed in animal models, COX-1, COX-2 or both isoforms can contribute to these endothelial dysfunctions. Since in most cases, the activation of TP receptors is the common downstream effector, selective antagonists of this receptor should curtail endothelial dysfunction and be of therapeutic interest in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders.
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Félétou M. The Endothelium, Part I: Multiple Functions of the Endothelial Cells -- Focus on Endothelium-Derived Vasoactive Mediators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4199/c00031ed1v01y201105isp019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
Prostaglandins are lipid autacoids derived from arachidonic acid. They both sustain homeostatic functions and mediate pathogenic mechanisms, including the inflammatory response. They are generated from arachidonate by the action of cyclooxygenase isoenzymes, and their biosynthesis is blocked by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, including those selective for inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2. Despite the clinical efficacy of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, prostaglandins may function in both the promotion and resolution of inflammation. This review summarizes insights into the mechanisms of prostaglandin generation and the roles of individual mediators and their receptors in modulating the inflammatory response. Prostaglandin biology has potential clinical relevance for atherosclerosis, the response to vascular injury and aortic aneurysm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Ricciotti
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, 153 Johnson Pavilion, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Zagorchev L, Mulligan-Kehoe MJ. Advances in imaging angiogenesis and inflammation in atherosclerosis. Thromb Haemost 2011; 105:820-7. [PMID: 21331441 DOI: 10.1160/th10-08-0562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Advances in imaging technology have provided powerful tools for dissecting the angiogenic and inflammatory aspects of atherosclerosis. Improved technology along with multi-modal approaches has expanded the utilisation of imaging. Recent advances provide the ability to better define structure and development of angiogenic vessels, identify relationships between inflammatory mediators and the vessel wall, validate biological effects of anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic drugs, delivery and/or targeting specific molecules to inflammatory regions of atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zagorchev
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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Alexandru N, Popov D, Dragan E, Andrei E, Georgescu A. Platelet activation in hypertension associated with hypercholesterolemia: effects of irbesartan. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9:173-84. [PMID: 20961397 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.04122.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to determine the effect of simultaneous hypertension and hypercholesterolemia on platelet activation, nitric oxide (NO) production and oxidative stress, and to evaluate the role of irbesartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. METHODS Golden Syrian hamsters were divided into three groups: controls, C (fed a standard diet); hypertensive-hypercholesterolemic, HH (fed a diet enriched in 3% cholesterol, 15% butter and 8% NaCl, for 4 months); and hypertensive-hypercholesterolemic treated with irbesartan, HHI (fed as HH group, plus irbesartan 10 mg kg(-1) per day, for 4 months). RESULTS Compared with the C group, platelets isolated from the HH group showed: morphological modifications; increased integrin β3 exposure and protein expression of P-selectin, FAK, PI3K, Akt and Src; reduced eNOS protein expression and NO production; higher generation of ROS, mostly produced by NADPH-oxidase, cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and 12-lipoxygenase; and enhanced NAD(P)H oxidase activity and protein expression of gp91phox and p22phox subunits, 12-lipoxygenase, COX-1, cPLA(2) and PKC. Compared with the HH group, the treatment with irbesartan (HHI group) significantly attenuates the changes in all the molecules tested, reduces platelet aggregation, and improves intraplatelet redox balance. CONCLUSIONS Experimental hypertension associated with hypercholesterolemia produces major changes in morphology, signaling mechanisms and oxidative stress in blood platelets. These changes were significantly diminished by irbesartan administration, which functions as an antioxidant on platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Alexandru
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology- Nicolae Simionescu, Bucharest, Romania.
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Abstract
The stimulation of thromboxane/endoperoxide receptors (TP) elicits diverse physiological/pathophysiological reactions, including platelet aggregation and contraction of vascular smooth muscle. Furthermore, the activation of endothelial TP promotes the expression of adhesion molecules and favors adhesion and infiltration of monocytes/macrophages. In various cardiovascular diseases, endothelial dysfunction is predominantly the result of the release of endothelium-derived contracting factors that counteract the vasodilator effect of nitric oxide produced by the endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Endothelium-dependent contractions involve the activation of cyclooxygenases, the production of reactive oxygen species along with that of endothelium-derived contracting factors, which diffuse toward the vascular smooth muscle cells and activate their TP. TP antagonists curtail the endothelial dysfunction in diseases such as hypertension and diabetes, are potent antithrombotic agents, and reduce vascular inflammation. Therefore, TP antagonists, because of this triple activity, may have a unique potential for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders.
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McClelland S, Cox C, O’Connor R, de Gaetano M, McCarthy C, Cryan L, Fitzgerald D, Belton O. Conjugated linoleic acid suppresses the migratory and inflammatory phenotype of the monocyte/macrophage cell. Atherosclerosis 2010; 211:96-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Lamon BD, Upmacis RK, Deeb RS, Koyuncu H, Hajjar DP. Inducible nitric oxide synthase gene deletion exaggerates MAPK-mediated cyclooxygenase-2 induction by inflammatory stimuli. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 299:H613-23. [PMID: 20543082 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00144.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) are responsive to a wide array of inflammatory stimuli, have been localized to vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and are intimately linked to the progression of vascular disease, including atherosclerotic lesion formation. We and others have shown that the production and subsequent impact of COX products appear to be correlative with the status of NO synthesis. This study examined the impact of inflammation-driven NO production on COX-2 expression in SMCs. Concurrent stimulation of quiescent rat aortic SMCs with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon (IFN)-gamma increased COX-2, iNOS, and nitrite production. Pharmacological inhibition of NO synthase (N(G)-monomethyl-l-arginine) concentration- and time-dependently magnified LPS + IFN-gamma-mediated COX-2 mRNA and protein induction in a cGMP-independent manner. COX-2 induction was associated with activation of the ERK, p38, and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Interestingly, NO synthase inhibition enhanced ERK, p38, and to a lesser extent JNK phosphorylation but suppressed MAPK phosphatase (MKP)-1 induction in response to LPS + IFN-gamma. Similarly, the exposure of SMCs from iNOS(-/-) mice to LPS + IFN-gamma produced an enhancement of COX-2 induction, p38, and JNK phosphorylation and an attenuated upregulation of MKP-1 versus their wild-type counterparts. Taken together, our data indicate that NO, in part derived from iNOS, negatively regulates the immediate early induction of COX-2 in response to inflammatory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Lamon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center of Vascular Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College of CornellUniversity, New York, New York 10065, USA.
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Sellers RS, Radi ZA, Khan NK. Pathophysiology of cyclooxygenases in cardiovascular homeostasis. Vet Pathol 2010; 47:601-13. [PMID: 20418470 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810364389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H(2) (PGH(2)), which is subsequently converted to the prostanoids PGE(2), PGI(2), PGF(2alpha), and thromboxane A(2). COX has 2 distinct membrane-anchored isoenzymes: COX-1 and COX-2. COX-1 is constitutively expressed in most normal tissues; COX-2 is highly induced by proinflammatory mediators in the setting of inflammation, injury, and pain. Inhibitors of COX activity include conventional nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as COX-2 inhibitors. The adverse effects of COX inhibitors on the cardiovascular system have been addressed in the last few years. In general, COX inhibitors have many effects, but those most important to the cardiovascular system can be direct (through the effects of prostanoids) and indirect (through alterations in fluid dynamics). Despite reports of detrimental human cardiovascular events associated with COX inhibitors, short, long, and lifetime preclinical toxicology studies in rodents and nonrodents have failed to identify these risks. This article focuses on the expression and function of COX enzymes in normal and pathologic conditions of the cardiovascular system and discusses the cardiovascular pathophysiologic complications associated with COX inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Sellers
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine Cancer Center, Histology and Comparative Pathology Facility, 158 Price Center, 1301 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Cyrus T, Ding T, Praticò D. Expression of thromboxane synthase, prostacyclin synthase and thromboxane receptor in atherosclerotic lesions: Correlation with plaque composition. Atherosclerosis 2010; 208:376-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Duchene J, Cayla C, Vessillier S, Scotland R, Yamashiro K, Lecomte F, Syed I, Vo P, Marrelli A, Pitzalis C, Cipollone F, Schanstra J, Bascands JL, Hobbs AJ, Perretti M, Ahluwalia A. Laminar shear stress regulates endothelial kinin B1 receptor expression and function: potential implication in atherogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:1757-63. [PMID: 19661485 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.191775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The proinflammatory phenotype induced by low laminar shear stress (LSS) is implicated in atherogenesis. The kinin B1 receptor (B1R), known to be induced by inflammatory stimuli, exerts many proinflammatory effects including vasodilatation and leukocyte recruitment. We investigated whether low LSS is a stimulus for endothelial B1R expression and function. METHODS AND RESULTS Human and mouse atherosclerotic plaques expressed high level of B1R mRNA and protein. In addition, B1R expression was upregulated in the aortic arch (low LSS region) of ApoE(-/-) mice fed a high-fat diet compared to vascular regions of high LSS and animals fed normal chow. Of interest, a greater expression of B1R was noticed in endothelial cells from regions of low LSS in aortic arch of ApoE(-/-) mice. B1R was also upregulated in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exposed to low LSS (0 to 2 dyn/cm(2)) compared to physiological LSS (6 to 10 dyn/cm(2)): an effect similarly evident in murine vascular tissue perfused ex vivo. Functionally, B1R activation increased prostaglandin and CXCL5 expression in cells exposed to low, but not physiological, LSS. IL-1beta and ox-LDL induced B1R expression and function in HUVECs, a response substantially enhanced under low LSS conditions and inhibited by blockade of NFkappaB activation. CONCLUSIONS Herein, we show that LSS is a major determinant of functional B1R expression in endothelium. Furthermore, whereas physiological high LSS is a powerful repressor of this inflammatory receptor, low LSS occurring [corrected] at sites of atheroma is associated with substantial upregulation, identifying this receptor as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Duchene
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, London, UK
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Gleim S, Kasza Z, Martin K, Hwa J. Prostacyclin receptor/thromboxane receptor interactions and cellular responses in human atherothrombotic disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2009; 11:227-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s11883-009-0035-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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