1
|
Rallidis LS, Rizos CV, Papathanasiou KA, Liamis G, Skoumas I, Garoufi A, Kolovou G, Tziomalos K, Skalidis E, Kotsis V, Sfikas G, Doumas M, Anagnostis P, Lambadiari V, Giannakopoulou V, Kiouri E, Anastasiou G, Petkou E, Koutagiar I, Attilakos A, Kolovou V, Zacharis E, Antza C, Koumaras C, Boutari C, Liberopoulos E. Physical signs and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in familial hypercholesterolemia: the HELLAS-FH Registry. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2024; 25:370-378. [PMID: 38526957 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000001612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Three physical signs, namely tendon xanthomas, corneal arcus and xanthelasma, have been associated with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (heFH). The prevalence and clinical significance of these signs are not well established among contemporary heFH individuals. This study explored the frequency as well as the association of these physical signs with prevalent atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in heFH individuals. METHODS Data from the Hellenic Familial Hypercholesterolemia Registry were applied for this analysis. The diagnosis of heFH was based on the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network Score. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the association of heFH-related physical signs with prevalent ASCVD. RESULTS Adult patients ( n = 2156, mean age 50 ± 15 years, 47.7% women) were included in this analysis. Among them, 14.5% had at least one heFH-related physical sign present. The prevalence of corneal arcus before the age of 45 years was 6.6%, tendon xanthomas 5.3%, and xanthelasmas 5.8%. Among physical signs, only the presence of corneal arcus before the age of 45 years was independently associated with the presence of premature coronary artery disease (CAD). No association of any physical sign with total CAD, stroke or peripheral artery disease was found. Patients with physical signs were more likely to receive higher intensity statin therapy and dual lipid-lowering therapy, but only a minority reached optimal lipid targets. CONCLUSION The prevalence of physical signs is relatively low in contemporary heFH patients. The presence of corneal arcus before the age of 45 years is independently associated with premature CAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loukianos S Rallidis
- Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens
| | - Christos V Rizos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina
| | - Konstantinos A Papathanasiou
- Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens
| | - George Liamis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina
| | - Ioannis Skoumas
- 1 Cardiology Department of Athens Medical School, University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens
| | - Anastasia Garoufi
- Second Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, General Children's Hospital 'P. & A. Kyriakou', Athens
| | - Genovefa Kolovou
- Cardiometabolic Center, Lipid Clinic, LA apheresis Unit, Metropolitan Hospital, Athens
| | - Konstantinos Tziomalos
- 1 Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki
| | | | - Vasileios Kotsis
- 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki
| | - George Sfikas
- Department of Internal Medicine, 424 General Military Training Hospital, Thessaloniki
| | - Michalis Doumas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki
| | | | - Vaia Lambadiari
- 2 Propaedeutic Internal Medicine Department and Diabetes Research Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens
| | | | - Estela Kiouri
- Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens
| | - Georgia Anastasiou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina
| | - Ermioni Petkou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina
| | - Iosif Koutagiar
- 1 Cardiology Department of Athens Medical School, University of Athens, Hippokration Hospital, Athens
| | - Achilleas Attilakos
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, C' Pediatrics Clinic, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens
| | - Vana Kolovou
- Cardiometabolic Center, Lipid Clinic, LA apheresis Unit, Metropolitan Hospital, Athens
| | | | - Christina Antza
- 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki
| | - Charalambos Koumaras
- Department of Internal Medicine, 424 General Military Training Hospital, Thessaloniki
| | - Chrysoula Boutari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki
| | - Evangelos Liberopoulos
- 1 Propaedeutic Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko Hospital, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Paquette M, Baass A. Advances in familial hypercholesterolemia. Adv Clin Chem 2024; 119:167-201. [PMID: 38514210 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), a semi-dominant genetic disease affecting more than 25 million people worldwide, is associated with severe hypercholesterolemia and premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Over the last decade, advances in data analysis, screening, diagnosis and cardiovascular risk stratification has significantly improved our ability to deliver precision medicine for these patients. Furthermore, recent updates on guideline recommendations and new therapeutic approaches have also proven to be highly beneficial. It is anticipated that both ongoing and upcoming clinical trials will offer further insights for the care and treatment of FH patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martine Paquette
- Genetic Dyslipidemias Clinic of the Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexis Baass
- Genetic Dyslipidemias Clinic of the Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Divisions of Experimental Medicine and Medical Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Retraction: Molecular Mechanisms of Nanosized Titanium Dioxide-Induced Pulmonary Injury in Mice. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297254. [PMID: 38206910 PMCID: PMC10783709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
|
4
|
Du Z, Li F, Jiang L, Li L, Du Y, Yu H, Luo Y, Wang Y, Sun H, Hu C, Li J, Yang Y, Jiao X, Wang L, Qin Y. Metabolic systems approaches update molecular insights of clinical phenotypes and cardiovascular risk in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. BMC Med 2023; 21:275. [PMID: 37501168 PMCID: PMC10375787 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02967-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) is an orphan metabolic disease characterized by extremely elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), xanthomas, aortic stenosis, and premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). In addition to LDL-C, studies in experimental models and small clinical populations have suggested that other types of metabolic molecules might also be risk factors responsible for cardiovascular complications in HoFH, but definitive evidence from large-scale human studies is still lacking. Herein, we aimed to comprehensively characterize the metabolic features and risk factors of human HoFH by using metabolic systems strategies. METHODS Two independent multi-center cohorts with a total of 868 individuals were included in the cross-sectional study. First, comprehensive serum metabolome/lipidome-wide analyses were employed to identify the metabolomic patterns for differentiating HoFH patients (n = 184) from heterozygous FH (HeFH, n = 376) and non-FH (n = 100) subjects in the discovery cohort. Then, the metabolomic patterns were verified in the validation cohort with 48 HoFH patients, 110 HeFH patients, and 50 non-FH individuals. Subsequently, correlation/regression analyses were performed to investigate the associations of clinical/metabolic alterations with typical phenotypes of HoFH. In the prospective study, a total of 84 HoFH patients with available follow-up were enrolled from the discovery cohort. Targeted metabolomics, deep proteomics, and random forest approaches were performed to investigate the ASCVD-associated biomarkers in HoFH patients. RESULTS Beyond LDL-C, various bioactive metabolites in multiple pathways were discovered and validated for differentiating HoFH from HoFH and non-FH. Our results demonstrated that the inflammation and oxidative stress-related metabolites in the pathways of arachidonic acid and lipoprotein(a) metabolism were independently associated with the prevalence of corneal arcus, xanthomas, and supravalvular/valvular aortic stenosis in HoFH patients. Our results also identified a small marker panel consisting of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lipoprotein(a), apolipoprotein A1, and eight proinflammatory and proatherogenic metabolites in the pathways of arachidonic acid, phospholipid, carnitine, and sphingolipid metabolism that exhibited significant performances on predicting first ASCVD events in HoFH patients. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that human HoFH is associated with a variety of metabolic abnormalities and is more complex than previously known. Furthermore, this study provides additional metabolic alterations that hold promise as residual risk factors in HoFH population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Du
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fan Li
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Long Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Linyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yunhui Du
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Huahui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Haili Sun
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chaowei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jianping Li
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Ya Yang
- Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, 215002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaolu Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, College of Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310020, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Luya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China.
- Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Yanwen Qin
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China.
- Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, 100029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zha S, Yu X, Wang X, Gu Y, Tan Y, Lu Y, Yao Z. Topical Simvastatin Improves Lesions of Diffuse Normolipemic Plane Xanthoma by Inhibiting Foam Cell Pyroptosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:865704. [PMID: 35619689 PMCID: PMC9128406 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.865704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthoma pathogenesis is speculated to be associated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) deposition, although this remains unclear. Most patients with diffuse plane xanthomas present elevated blood lipid levels, and they benefit from treatment with oral lipid-lowering agents. However, there is no available treatment for diffuse normolipemic plane xanthoma (DNPX). In this study, for the first time, we used a topical simvastatin ointment to treat DNPX in three pediatric patients and observed favorable results. Immunofluorescence staining showed that the pyroptotic pathway was significantly attenuated after topical simvastatin application on the skin lesions of the patients. As ox-LDL deposition was observed in the lesions, we used ox-LDL to build a foam cell model in vitro. In the ox-LDL-induced foam cell formation, simvastatin consistently inhibited pyroptotic activation and inflammation in the macrophages. Additionally, the overexpression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) or 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase (HMGCR), the known target of statins, reversed the effects of simvastatin. Moreover, gasdermin D (GSDMD) or HMGCR knockdown inhibited ox-LDL-induced pyroptosis. Furthermore, the immunoprecipitation results confirmed the interaction between NLRP3 and HMGCR, and this interaction was inhibited by simvastatin. In conclusion, we demonstrated that topical application of simvastatin ointment might be a promising treatment for DNPX skin lesions and that this therapeutic effect may be related to pyroptosis inhibition via HMGCR inhibition in foam cells. Moreover, xanthoma pathogenesis might be associated with ox-LDL deposition and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Zha
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Gu
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yidong Tan
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhirong Yao
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen HW, Lin JC, Wu YH, Chiu YL. Risk of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Xanthelasma Palpebrarum. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:1891-1899. [PMID: 34012287 PMCID: PMC8126968 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s305694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Xanthelasma palpebrarum (XP) is a sign of hyperlipidemia and is closely linked to atherosclerosis. Since fatty liver shares similar risk factors with atherosclerosis, we hypothesized that patients with XP are also at risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods In this retrospective cohort study, 37 patients with XP were compared with sex- and age-matched controls undergoing general health examination. Moreover, demographic information and lipid profiles were compared. The risk of NAFLD was evaluated using the hepatic steatosis and ZJU indices. In addition, we analyzed publicly available RNA sequencing data from the GSE48452 and GSE61260 datasets in the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Findings Patients with XP had higher scores of hepatic steatosis index (37 ± 1.13 vs 32 ± 0.82, p=0.0006) and ZJU index (38.77 ± 1.0 vs 33.88 ± 0.74, p=0.0002). In addition, they had higher levels of lipid parameters, including total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and fasting glucose. Among patients with fatty liver, individuals presenting with XP showed higher serum levels of total cholesterol (216 ± 10.4 vs 188.9 ± 7.6, p=0.04), fasting glucose (117.1 ± 6.4 vs 98.3 ± 2.4, p=0.002), and low-density lipoprotein (145.1 ± 8.7 vs 115.6 ± 6.4, p=0.009) than those without XP. In gene expression analysis, individuals presenting with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis showed higher Z scores of xanthelasma than those without non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Conclusion Our results suggest that individuals with XP have a higher risk of progression to NAFLD and develop a more severe dyslipidemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Wei Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Chun Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsuen Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lin Chiu
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang Y, Lu H, Qu J. Tendon pathology in hypercholesterolaemia patients: Epidemiology, pathogenesis and management. J Orthop Translat 2018; 16:14-22. [PMID: 30723677 PMCID: PMC6350019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendon pathology is a general term used to describe a group of musculoskeletal conditions related to tendons and surrounding structures. There is only limited evidence available regarding the exact aetiology and natural history of tendon pathology. In hypercholesterolaemia environments, lipids could accumulate within the extracellular matrix of the tendon and thus affect the mechanical properties of the tendon. Current evidence suggested that hypercholesterolaemia was an important risk factor in the development and progression of tendon pathology. The severity of hypercholesterolaemia was correlated with the severity of tendon pathology. The translational potential of this article: Hypercholesterolaemia lead to the structural, inflammatory and mechanical changes in tendons, which predispose hypercholesterolaemia patients to a greater risk of tendon pathology. Measurements of serum cholesterol are suggested to be performed in patients presenting with tendon pathology. The strict control of hypercholesterolaemia would mitigate the development and progression of tendon pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Hongbin Lu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China
| | - Jin Qu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China
- Corresponding author. Department of Sports Medicine, Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of flavocoxid in high-cholesterol-fed rabbits. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2015; 388:1333-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-015-1168-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
9
|
Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia in Hong Kong Chinese. Study of 252 cases. Int J Cardiol 2013; 167:762-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
10
|
Oosterveer DM, Versmissen J, Yazdanpanah M, Defesche JC, Kastelein JJP, Sijbrands EJG. The risk of tendon xanthomas in familial hypercholesterolaemia is influenced by variation in genes of the reverse cholesterol transport pathway and the low-density lipoprotein oxidation pathway. Eur Heart J 2009; 31:1007-12. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
|
11
|
Leopold JA, Loscalzo J. Oxidative risk for atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:1673-706. [PMID: 19751821 PMCID: PMC2797369 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the vasculature, reactive oxidant species, including reactive oxygen, nitrogen, or halogenating species, and thiyl, tyrosyl, or protein radicals may oxidatively modify lipids and proteins with deleterious consequences for vascular function. These biologically active free radical and nonradical species may be produced by increased activation of oxidant-generating sources and/or decreased cellular antioxidant capacity. Once formed, these species may engage in reactions to yield more potent oxidants that promote transition of the homeostatic vascular phenotype to a pathobiological state that is permissive for atherothrombogenesis. This dysfunctional vasculature is characterized by lipid peroxidation and aberrant lipid deposition, inflammation, immune cell activation, platelet activation, thrombus formation, and disturbed hemodynamic flow. Each of these pathobiological states is associated with an increase in the vascular burden of free radical species-derived oxidation products and, thereby, implicates increased oxidant stress in the pathogenesis of atherothrombotic vascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Leopold
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Differences in characteristics and risk of cardiovascular disease in familial hypercholesterolemia patients with and without tendon xanthomas: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis 2009; 207:311-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|