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Suda T, Yokoo T, Kanefuji T, Kamimura K, Zhang G, Liu D. Hydrodynamic Delivery: Characteristics, Applications, and Technological Advances. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041111. [PMID: 37111597 PMCID: PMC10141091 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The principle of hydrodynamic delivery was initially used to develop a method for the delivery of plasmids into mouse hepatocytes through tail vein injection and has been expanded for use in the delivery of various biologically active materials to cells in various organs in a variety of animal species through systemic or local injection, resulting in significant advances in new applications and technological development. The development of regional hydrodynamic delivery directly supports successful gene delivery in large animals, including humans. This review summarizes the fundamentals of hydrodynamic delivery and the progress that has been made in its application. Recent progress in this field offers tantalizing prospects for the development of a new generation of technologies for broader application of hydrodynamic delivery.
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Richter K, Grau V. Signaling of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in mononuclear phagocytes. Pharmacol Res 2023; 191:106727. [PMID: 36966897 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are not only expressed by the nervous system and at the neuro-muscular junction but also by mononuclear phagocytes, which belong to the innate immune system. Mononuclear phagocyte is an umbrella term for monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. These cells play pivotal roles in host defense against infection but also in numerous often debilitating diseases that are characterized by exuberant inflammation. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of the neuronal type dominate in these cells, and their stimulation is mainly associated with anti-inflammatory effects. Although the cholinergic modulation of mononuclear phagocytes is of eminent clinical relevance for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases and neuropathic pain, we are only beginning to understand the underlying mechanisms on the molecular level. The purpose of this review is to report and critically discuss the current knowledge on signal transduction mechanisms elicited by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in mononuclear phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Richter
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
| | - Veronika Grau
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany; German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany.
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3
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Vieira-Alves I, Coimbra-Campos LMC, Sancho M, da Silva RF, Cortes SF, Lemos VS. Role of the α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor in the Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:621769. [PMID: 33424644 PMCID: PMC7785985 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.621769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis constitutes a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This slowly progressing, chronic inflammatory disorder of large- and medium-sized arteries involves complex recruitment of immune cells, lipid accumulation, and vascular structural remodeling. The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) is expressed in several cell types involved in the genesis and progression of atherosclerosis, including macrophages, dendritic cells, T and B cells, vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Recently, the α7nAChR has been described as an essential regulator of inflammation as this receptor mediates the inhibition of cytokine synthesis through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, a mechanism involved in the attenuation of atherosclerotic disease. Aside from the neuronal cholinergic control of inflammation, the non-neuronal cholinergic system similarly regulates the immune function. Acetylcholine released from T cells acts in an autocrine/paracrine fashion at the α7nAChR of various immune cells to modulate immune function. This mechanism additionally has potential implications in reducing atherosclerotic plaque formation. In contrast, the activation of α7nAChR is linked to the induction of angiogenesis and VSMC proliferation, which may contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis. Therefore, both atheroprotective and pro-atherogenic roles are attributed to the stimulation of α7nAChRs, and their role in the genesis and progression of atheromatous plaque is still under debate. This minireview highlights the current knowledge on the involvement of the α7nAChR in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildernandes Vieira-Alves
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Leda M C Coimbra-Campos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria Sancho
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Rafaela Fernandes da Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Steyner F Cortes
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Virgínia Soares Lemos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Abstract
Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) inhibit patient-initiated active breath and the risk of high tidal volumes and consequent high transpulmonary pressure swings, and minimize patient/ ventilator asynchrony in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Minimization of volutrauma and ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) results in a lower incidence of barotrauma, improved oxygenation and a decrease in circulating proinflammatory markers. Recent randomized clinical trials did not reveal harmful muscular effects during a short course of NMBAs. The use of NMBAs should be considered during the early phase of severe ARDS for patients to facilitate lung protective ventilation or prone positioning only after optimising mechanical ventilation and sedation. The use of NMBAs should be integrated in a global strategy including the reduction of tidal volume, the rational use of PEEP, prone positioning and the use of a ventilatory mode allowing spontaneous ventilation as soon as possible. Partial neuromuscular blockade should be evaluated in future trials.
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Xu S, Ni H, Chen H, Dai Q. The interaction between STAT3 and nAChRα1 interferes with nicotine-induced atherosclerosis via Akt/mTOR signaling cascade. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:8120-8138. [PMID: 31612866 PMCID: PMC6814582 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
During atherosclerosis development, nicotine and its α1 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRα1) activate atherogenic inflammation. However, the effect of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)-related inflammatory pathways in nicotine-induced atherosclerosis has been poorly studied. This study investigated the transcriptional mechanism of STAT3 in nicotine/nAChRα1-induced atherosclerosis. In vivo, ApoE-/- mice were used to establish an atherosclerotic model. Plaque area and composition were assessed by oil red O staining and immunohistochemistry. In vitro, vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophages were used to investigate cell migration, proliferation, inflammation and related signaling pathways by Transwell migration assay, EdU assay, immunofluorescence, western blotting, coimmunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation. nAChRα1 knockdown significantly decreases the nicotine-induced upregulation of p-STAT3, p-Akt and p-mTOR in vitro, while nAChRα1 overexpression has the opposite effects. The inhibition of STAT3 attenuated nicotine-induced atherosclerosis, by reducing the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells and inflammation in macrophages. Moreover, there is a direct interaction between STAT3 and nAChRα1 that modulates STAT3 nuclear translocation and its binding to the Akt promoter region upon nicotine exposure. Taken together, STAT3 and nAChRα1 blockade attenuates nicotine-induced atherosclerosis by reducing the migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and inflammation in macrophages via the Akt/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Huaner Ni
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Hangwei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Qiuyan Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China
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6
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Kamio Y, Miyamoto T, Kimura T, Mitsui K, Furukawa H, Zhang D, Yokosuka K, Korai M, Kudo D, Lukas RJ, Lawton MT, Hashimoto T. Roles of Nicotine in the Development of Intracranial Aneurysm Rupture. Stroke 2019; 49:2445-2452. [PMID: 30355112 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.118.021706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose- Tobacco cigarette smoking is considered to be a strong risk factor for intracranial aneurysmal rupture. Nicotine is a major biologically active constituent of tobacco products. Nicotine's interactions with vascular cell nicotinic acetylcholine receptors containing α7 subunits (α7*-nAChR) are thought to promote local inflammation and sustained angiogenesis. In this study, using a mouse intracranial aneurysm model, we assessed potential contributions of nicotine exposure and activation of α7*-nAChR to the development of aneurysmal rupture. Methods- Intracranial aneurysms were induced by a combination of deoxycorticosterone-salt induced hypertension and a single-dose elastase injection into cerebrospinal fluid in mice. Results- Exposure to nicotine or an α7*-nAChR-selective agonist significantly increased aneurysm rupture rate. Coexposure to an α7*-nAChR antagonist abolished nicotine's deleterious effect. In addition, nicotine's promotion of aneurysm rupture was absent in smooth muscle cell-specific α7*-nAChR subunit knockout mice but not in mice lacking α7*-nAChR on endothelial cells or macrophages. Nicotine treatment increased the mRNA levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor-B, and inflammatory cytokines. α7*-nAChR antagonist reversed nicotine-induced upregulation of these growth factors and cytokines. Conclusions- Our findings indicate that nicotine exposure promotes aneurysmal rupture through actions on vascular smooth muscle cell α7*-nAChR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Kamio
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (Y.K., T.M., T.K., D.K., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ.,Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center (Y.K., T.M., T.K., D.K., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Takeshi Miyamoto
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (Y.K., T.M., T.K., D.K., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ.,Neurobiology (T.M., T.K., D.K., R.J.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ.,Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center (Y.K., T.M., T.K., D.K., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Tetsuro Kimura
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (Y.K., T.M., T.K., D.K., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ.,Neurobiology (T.M., T.K., D.K., R.J.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ.,Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center (Y.K., T.M., T.K., D.K., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Kazuha Mitsui
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco (K.M., H.F., D.Z., K.Y., M.K.)
| | - Hajime Furukawa
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco (K.M., H.F., D.Z., K.Y., M.K.)
| | - Dingding Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco (K.M., H.F., D.Z., K.Y., M.K.)
| | - Kimihiko Yokosuka
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco (K.M., H.F., D.Z., K.Y., M.K.)
| | - Masaaki Korai
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco (K.M., H.F., D.Z., K.Y., M.K.)
| | - Daisuke Kudo
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (Y.K., T.M., T.K., D.K., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ.,Neurobiology (T.M., T.K., D.K., R.J.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ.,Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center (Y.K., T.M., T.K., D.K., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Ronald J Lukas
- Neurobiology (T.M., T.K., D.K., R.J.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Michael T Lawton
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (Y.K., T.M., T.K., D.K., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ.,Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center (Y.K., T.M., T.K., D.K., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Tomoki Hashimoto
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (Y.K., T.M., T.K., D.K., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ.,Neurobiology (T.M., T.K., D.K., R.J.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ.,Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center (Y.K., T.M., T.K., D.K., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
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Ren A, Wu H, Liu L, Guo Z, Cao Q, Dai Q. Nicotine promotes atherosclerosis development in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice through α1-nAChR. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:14507-14518. [PMID: 30585623 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
α1 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α1nAChR) is an important nicotine receptor that is widely distributed in vascular smooth muscle cells, macrophages, and endothelial cells. However, the role of α1nAChR in nicotine-mediated atherosclerosis remains unclear. The administration of nicotine for 12 weeks increased the area of the atherosclerotic lesion, the number of macrophages infiltrating the plaques, and the circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/- ) mice fed a high-fat diet. Nicotine also increased α1nAChR, calpain-1, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and MMP-9 expression in the aortic tissue. Silencing of α1nAChR with an adenoassociated virus decreased the atherosclerotic size, lesion macrophage content, and circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines and suppressed α1nAChR, calpain-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expression in the nicotine group. In vitro, nicotine-induced α1nAChR, calpain-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expression in mouse vascular smooth muscle cells (MOVAS) and macrophages (RAW264.7), and enhanced the migration and proliferation of these cells. The silencing of α1nAChR inhibited these effects of nicotine MOVAS and RAW264.7 cells. Thus, we concluded that nicotine promoted the development of atherosclerosis partially by inducing the migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophages and inducing an inflammatory reaction. The effect of nicotine on atherogenesis may be mediated by α1nAChR-induced activation of the calpain-1/MMP-2/MMP-9 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmin Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxian Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Yancheng First People's Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenzhen Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qunan Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuyan Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Passive exposure to pollutants from conventional cigarettes and new electronic smoking devices (IQOS, e-cigarette) in passenger cars. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222:486-493. [PMID: 30685192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Smoking in car interiors is of particular concern because concentrations of potentially harmful substances can be expected to be high in such small spaces. To assess the potential exposure for occupants, especially children, we performed a comprehensive evaluation of the pollution in 7 passenger cars while tobacco cigarettes and new electronic smoking products (IQOS, e-cigarette) were being smoked. We collected data on the indoor climate and indoor air pollution with fine and ultrafine particles and volatile organic compounds while the cars were being driven. Smoking of an IQOS had almost no effect on the mean number concentration (NC) of fine particles (>300 nm) or on the PM2.5 concentration in the interior. In contrast, the NC of particles with a diameter of 25-300 nm markedly increased in all vehicles (1.6-12.3 × 104/cm3). When an e-cigarette was vaped in the interior, 5 of the 7 tested cars showed a strong increase in the PM2.5 concentration to 75-490 μg/m3. The highest PM2.5 levels (64-1988 μg/m3) were measured while tobacco cigarettes were being smoked. With the e-cigarette, the concentration of propylene glycol increased in 5 car interiors to 50-762 μg/m3, whereby the German indoor health precaution guide value for propylene glycol was exceeded in 3 vehicles and the health hazard guide value in one. In 4 vehicles, the nicotine concentration also increased to 4-10 μg/m3 while the e-cigarette was being used. The nicotine concentrations associated with the IQOS and e-cigarette were comparable, whereas the highest nicotine levels (8-140 μg/m3) were reached with tobacco cigarettes. Cigarette use also led to pollution of the room air with formaldehyde (18.5-56.5 μg/m3), acetaldehyde (26.5-141.5 μg/m3), and acetone (27.8-75.8 μg/m3). Tobacco cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and the IQOS are all avoidable sources of indoor pollutants. To protect the health of other non-smoking passengers, especially that of sensitive individuals such as children and pregnant women, these products should not be used in cars.
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Translational Advances of Hydrofection by Hydrodynamic Injection. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9030136. [PMID: 29494564 PMCID: PMC5867857 DOI: 10.3390/genes9030136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrodynamic gene delivery has proven to be a safe and efficient procedure for gene transfer, able to mediate, in murine model, therapeutic levels of proteins encoded by the transfected gene. In different disease models and targeting distinct organs, it has been demonstrated to revert the pathologic symptoms and signs. The therapeutic potential of hydrofection led different groups to work on the clinical translation of the procedure. In order to prevent the hemodynamic side effects derived from the rapid injection of a large volume, the conditions had to be moderated to make them compatible with its use in mid-size animal models such as rat, hamster and rabbit and large animals as dog, pig and primates. Despite the different approaches performed to adapt the conditions of gene delivery, the results obtained in any of these mid-size and large animals have been poorer than those obtained in murine model. Among these different strategies to reduce the volume employed, the most effective one has been to exclude the vasculature of the target organ and inject the solution directly. This procedure has permitted, by catheterization and surgical procedures in large animals, achieving protein expression levels in tissue close to those achieved in gold standard models. These promising results and the possibility of employing these strategies to transfer gene constructs able to edit genes, such as CRISPR, have renewed the clinical interest of this procedure of gene transfer. In order to translate the hydrodynamic gene delivery to human use, it is demanding the standardization of the procedure conditions and the molecular parameters of evaluation in order to be able to compare the results and establish a homogeneous manner of expressing the data obtained, as ‘classic’ drugs.
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Yang C, Li Z, Yan S, He Y, Dai R, Leung GPH, Pan S, Yang J, Yan R, Du G. Role of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α3 subtype in vascular inflammation. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:3235-3247. [PMID: 27572927 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Vascular inflammation is a major factor contributing to the development of vascular diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α3 subtype (α3-nAChR) in vascular inflammation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Vascular inflammation was studied in apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/- ) mice fed a high-fat diet. Inflammatory markers were measured in mouse aortic endothelial cells (MAECs) and macrophages after α3-nAChRs were antagonized pharmacologically, or after the gene of α3-nAChRs was silenced. KEY RESULTS Treatment with α-conotoxin MII (MII; an α3-nAChR antagonist) increased the number of inflammatory cells infiltrating the aortic walls and further impaired the endothelium-dependent vasodilatations in the aorta of ApoE-/- mice. MII also increased the plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, the infiltration of classical activated macrophages into the arterial wall of ApoE-/- mice was markedly elevated by MII but that of alternative activated macrophages was reduced. In MAECs, the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated secretion of adhesion molecules and inflammatory cytokines was enhanced by MII, or by silencing the gene of α3-nAChRs. This effect was reversed by inhibitors of the PI3K-Akt-IκKα/β-IκBα-NFκB pathways. In macrophages, the classical activation was enhanced, but the alternative activation was reduced when the gene of α3-nACh receptors was silenced. These effects were prevented by inhibitors of the IκKα/β-IκBα-NFκB and JAK2-STAT6-PPARγ pathways respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS α3-nAChRs play a pivotal role in regulating the inflammatory responses in endothelial cells and macrophages. The mechanisms involve the modulations of multiple cell signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Yang
- Ethnic Drug Screening & Pharmacology Center, Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Zhengtao Li
- Ethnic Drug Screening & Pharmacology Center, Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Saimei Yan
- Ethnic Drug Screening & Pharmacology Center, Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yonghui He
- Ethnic Drug Screening & Pharmacology Center, Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Rong Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yunnan University of TCM, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - George Pek-Heng Leung
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shitian Pan
- Ethnic Drug Screening & Pharmacology Center, Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jinyan Yang
- Ethnic Drug Screening & Pharmacology Center, Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Rong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Guanhua Du
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Inkeles MS, Teles RM, Pouldar D, Andrade PR, Madigan CA, Lopez D, Ambrose M, Noursadeghi M, Sarno EN, Rea TH, Ochoa MT, Iruela-Arispe ML, Swindell WR, Ottenhoff TH, Geluk A, Bloom BR, Pellegrini M, Modlin RL. Cell-type deconvolution with immune pathways identifies gene networks of host defense and immunopathology in leprosy. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e88843. [PMID: 27699251 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.88843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome profiles derived from the site of human disease have led to the identification of genes that contribute to pathogenesis, yet the complex mixture of cell types in these lesions has been an obstacle for defining specific mechanisms. Leprosy provides an outstanding model to study host defense and pathogenesis in a human infectious disease, given its clinical spectrum, which interrelates with the host immunologic and pathologic responses. Here, we investigated gene expression profiles derived from skin lesions for each clinical subtype of leprosy, analyzing gene coexpression modules by cell-type deconvolution. In lesions from tuberculoid leprosy patients, those with the self-limited form of the disease, dendritic cells were linked with MMP12 as part of a tissue remodeling network that contributes to granuloma formation. In lesions from lepromatous leprosy patients, those with disseminated disease, macrophages were linked with a gene network that programs phagocytosis. In erythema nodosum leprosum, neutrophil and endothelial cell gene networks were identified as part of the vasculitis that results in tissue injury. The present integrated computational approach provides a systems approach toward identifying cell-defined functional networks that contribute to host defense and immunopathology at the site of human infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Inkeles
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology and
| | - Rosane Mb Teles
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, California, USA
| | - Delila Pouldar
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, California, USA
| | - Priscila R Andrade
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, California, USA
| | - Cressida A Madigan
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, California, USA
| | - David Lopez
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology and
| | - Mike Ambrose
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology and
| | - Mahdad Noursadeghi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Euzenir N Sarno
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thomas H Rea
- Department of Dermatology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Maria T Ochoa
- Department of Dermatology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - William R Swindell
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tom Hm Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Geluk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Barry R Bloom
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Robert L Modlin
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, California, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Neuromuscular Blocking Agent Cisatracurium Attenuates Lung Injury by Inhibition of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor-α1. Anesthesiology 2016; 124:132-40. [DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) bind the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α1 (nAChRα1) that also contributes to inflammatory signaling. Thus, the author hypothesized that the use of NMBA mitigates lung injury by improving ventilator synchrony and decreasing inflammatory responses.
Methods
Lung injury was induced by intratracheal instillation of hydrogen chloride in rats that were randomized to receive no NMBA with evidence of asynchronous ventilation (noNMBA/aSYNC, n = 10); no NMBA with synchronous ventilation (noNMBA/SYNC, n = 10); cisatracurium (CIS, n = 10); or pancuronium (PAN, n = 10). Mechanical ventilation was set at a tidal volume of 6 ml/kg and positive end-expiratory pressure 8 cm H2O for 3 h. Human lung epithelial, endothelial, and CD14+ cells were challenged with mechanical stretch, lipopolysaccharide, lung lavage fluids (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid), or plasma obtained from patients (n = 5) with acute respiratory distress syndrome, in the presence or absence of CIS or small-interfering RNA and small hairpin RNA to attenuate the cell expression of nAChRα1.
Results
The use of CIS and PAN improved respiratory compliance (7.2 ± 0.7 in noNMBA/aSYNC, 6.6 ± 0.5 in noNMBA/SYNC, 5.9 ± 0.3 in CIS, and 5.8 ± 0.4 cm H2O/l in PAN; P < 0.05), increased Pao2 (140 ± 54, 209 ± 46, 269 ± 31, and 269 ± 54 mmHg, respectively, P < 0.05), and decreased the plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (509 ± 252 in noNMBA, 200 ± 74 in CIS, and 175 ± 84 pg/ml in PAN; P < 0.05) and interleukin-6 (5789 ± 79, 1608 ± 534, and 2290 ± 315 pg/ml, respectively; P < 0.05). The use of CIS and PAN or silencing the receptor nAChRα1 resulted in decreased cytokine release in the human cells in response to a variety of stimuli mentioned earlier.
Conclusions
The use of NMBA is lung protective through its antiinflammatory properties by blocking the nAChRα1.
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13
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Cooke JP. New Insights Into Tobacco-Induced Vascular Disease: Clinical Ramifications. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2015; 11:156-9. [PMID: 26634022 DOI: 10.14797/mdcj-11-3-156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoke contains more than 4,000 compounds. These include phenols, carbonyls, and nitrosamines that may be irritants and carcinogens; particulate matter such as tars; volatiles and gases such as carbon monoxide; and nicotine. Many of these compounds may contribute to the adverse health effects of tobacco. For example, recent findings have shown that the angiogenic and proliferative effects of nicotine are mediated by activation of nicotinic receptors on the vascular cells. Nicotine-induced activation of vascular cells may contribute to pathological neovascularization in cancer, age-related macular degeneration, and atherosclerosis. This review focuses on how nicotine adversely affects cardiovascular health and highlights intriguing new data about nicotine's potent angiogenic and proliferative properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Cooke
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
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14
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Kamimura K, Yokoo T, Abe H, Kobayashi Y, Ogawa K, Shinagawa Y, Inoue R, Terai S. Image-Guided Hydrodynamic Gene Delivery: Current Status and Future Directions. Pharmaceutics 2015; 7:213-23. [PMID: 26308044 PMCID: PMC4588196 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics7030213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrodynamics-based delivery has been used as an experimental tool to express transgene in small animals. This in vivo gene transfer method is useful for functional analysis of genetic elements, therapeutic effect of oligonucleotides, and cancer cells to establish the metastatic cancer animal model for experimental research. Recent progress in the development of image-guided procedure for hydrodynamics-based gene delivery in large animals directly supports the clinical applicability of this technique. This review summarizes the current status and recent progress in the development of hydrodynamics-based gene delivery and discusses the future directions for its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Kamimura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Yokoo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Abe
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Yuji Kobayashi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Kohei Ogawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Yoko Shinagawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Ryosuke Inoue
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Shuji Terai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
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Abstract
Hydrodynamic delivery (HD) is a broadly used procedure for DNA and RNA delivery in rodents, serving as a powerful tool for gene/protein drug discovery, gene function analysis, target validation, and identification of elements in regulating gene expression in vivo. HD involves a pressurized injection of a large volume of solution into a vasculature. New procedures are being developed to satisfy the need for a safe and efficient gene delivery in clinic. Here, we summarize the fundamentals of HD, its applications, and future perspectives for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Suda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Dexi Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, School of Pharmacy, Athens, GA, USA
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16
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Ivanov SM, Lagunin AA, Pogodin PV, Filimonov DA, Poroikov VV. Identification of Drug-Induced Myocardial Infarction-Related Protein Targets through the Prediction of Drug–Target Interactions and Analysis of Biological Processes. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1263-81. [DOI: 10.1021/tx500147d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey M. Ivanov
- Orekhovich Institute
of Biomedical Chemistry of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 10, Pogodinskaya str., 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Lagunin
- Orekhovich Institute
of Biomedical Chemistry of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 10, Pogodinskaya str., 119121 Moscow, Russia
- Medico-biological
Faculty, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1,
Ostrovitianova str., 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel V. Pogodin
- Orekhovich Institute
of Biomedical Chemistry of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 10, Pogodinskaya str., 119121 Moscow, Russia
- Medico-biological
Faculty, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1,
Ostrovitianova str., 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Filimonov
- Orekhovich Institute
of Biomedical Chemistry of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 10, Pogodinskaya str., 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir V. Poroikov
- Orekhovich Institute
of Biomedical Chemistry of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 10, Pogodinskaya str., 119121 Moscow, Russia
- Medico-biological
Faculty, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1,
Ostrovitianova str., 117997 Moscow, Russia
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17
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Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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18
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Walsh KM, Amos CI, Wenzlaff AS, Gorlov IP, Sison JD, Wu X, Spitz MR, Hansen HM, Lu EY, Wei C, Zhang H, Chen W, Lloyd SM, Frazier ML, Bracci PM, Seldin MF, Wrensch MR, Schwartz AG, Wiencke JK. Association study of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes identifies a novel lung cancer susceptibility locus near CHRNA1 in African-Americans. Oncotarget 2013; 3:1428-38. [PMID: 23232035 PMCID: PMC3717803 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in European and East Asian populations have identified lung cancer susceptibility loci in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) genes on chromosome 15q25.1 which also appear to influence smoking behaviors. We sought to determine if genetic variation in nAChR genes influences lung cancer susceptibly in African-Americans, and evaluated the association of these cancer susceptibility loci with smoking behavior. A total of 1308 African-Americans with lung cancer and 1241 African-American controls from three centers were genotyped for 378 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning the sixteen human nAChR genes. Associations between SNPs and the risk of lung cancer were estimated using logistic regression, adjusted for relevant covariates. Seven SNPs in three nAChR genes were significantly associated with lung cancer at a strict Bonferroni-corrected level, including a novel association on chromosome 2 near the promoter of CHRNA1 (rs3755486: OR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.18-1.67, P = 1.0 x 10-4). Association analysis of an additional 305 imputed SNPs on 2q31.1 supported this association. Publicly available expression data demonstrated that the rs3755486 risk allele correlates with increased CHRNA1 gene expression. Additional SNP associations were observed on 15q25.1 in genes previously associated with lung cancer, including a missense variant in CHRNA5 (rs16969968: OR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.27-2.01, P = 5.9 x 10-5). Risk alleles on 15q25.1 also correlated with an increased number of cigarettes smoked per day among the controls. These findings identify a novel lung cancer risk locus on 2q31.1 which correlates with CHRNA1 expression and replicate previous associations on 15q25.1 in African-Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Walsh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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19
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Santanam N, Thornhill BA, Lau JK, Crabtree CM, Cook CR, Brown KC, Dasgupta P. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signaling in atherogenesis. Atherosclerosis 2012; 225:264-73. [PMID: 22929083 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is a major risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis, stroke and myocardial infarction. Cigarette smoke consists of a complex mixture of about 4000 compounds. Out of these, polycyclic hydrocarbons, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, oxidizing agents and carbon monoxide have been implicated in the development of atherosclerosis. Recent studies have shown that nicotine (the addictive component of cigarettes) binds to high affinity cell-surface receptors and accelerates the atherogenic process. These receptors are called nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and are expressed ubiquitously in almost all cells existing in the blood vessels. The present review summarizes the pro-atherogenic effects of nAChR ligands such as nicotine and tobacco nitrosamines. The contribution of different nAChR subunits in plaque growth, progression and neovascularization are discussed in detail. The signaling pathways underlying the actions of the nAChRs ligands in blood vessels are also described. Finally, the feasibility of nAChR ligands as therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis is summarized. We believe that the information presented in this review is relevant for atherosclerosis patients who are active smokers, exposed to environmental tobacco smoke or use nicotine patches or gums for smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalini Santanam
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
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20
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Cooke JP. Imaging Vascular Nicotine Receptors. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2012; 5:537-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysms: role of nicotine and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:103120. [PMID: 22529515 PMCID: PMC3317239 DOI: 10.1155/2012/103120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, proteolysis, smooth muscle cell apoptosis, and angiogenesis have been implicated in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), although the well-defined initiating mechanism is not fully understood. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) such as MMP-2 and -9 and other proteinases degrading elastin and extracellular matrix are the critical pathogenesis of AAAs. Among the risk factors of AAAs, cigarette smoking is an irrefutable one. Cigarette smoke is practically involved in various aspects of the AAA pathogenesis. Nicotine, a major alkaloid in tobacco leaves and a primary component in cigarette smoke, can stimulate the MMPs expression by vascular SMCs, endothelial cells, and inflammatory cells in vascular wall and induce angiogenesis in the aneurysmal tissues. However, for the inflammatory and apoptotic processes in the pathogenesis of AAAs, nicotine seems to be moving in just the opposite direction. Additionally, the effects of nicotine are probably dose dependent or associated with the exposure duration and may be partly exerted by its receptors—nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). In this paper, we will mainly discuss the pathogenesis of AAAs involving inflammation, proteolysis, smooth muscle cell apoptosis and angiogenesis, and the roles of nicotine and nAChRs.
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22
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Smedlund K, Tano JY, Margiotta J, Vazquez G. Evidence for operation of nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-dependent survival pathways in human coronary artery endothelial cells. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:1978-84. [PMID: 21541985 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have recently emerged as critical players in modulation of endothelial function. In particular, studies on endothelial cells from different vascular beds have shown anti-apoptotic actions of nicotinic stimulation, but whether there is actually activation of survival signaling downstream nAChR function has not been explored. In the present work we used human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) and a pharmacological approach to examine the impact of cholinergic stimulation on survival signaling pathways. Our findings show that cholinergic receptors promote activation of three typical survival routes: the phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT axis, activated downstream muscarinic and nAChRs; the JAK2/STAT3 axis, activated downstream nAChR; and ERK1/2 MAP kinases, activated by both muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) and nAChR. Based on their sensitivity to α-bungarotoxin, nicotinic regulation of JAK2/STAT3 and ERK1/2 occurs downstream α7-nAChRs. The present findings suggest that in HCAECs the two cholinergic receptors may act concertedly to induce an efficient survival response of coronary cells when exposed to pro-apoptotic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Smedlund
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Av, Toledo, Ohio 43614, USA
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