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Ordóñez-Llanos J, Escolà-Gil JC. Apolipoproteins in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7048. [PMID: 39000153 PMCID: PMC11241831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Although apolipoproteins (apo) were initially acknowledged as major determinants in lipoprotein metabolism and cardiovascular disease, the findings of recent studies have revealed the significance of multiple apolipoprotein classes and subclasses in various biological processes and pathophysiological pathways [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Ordóñez-Llanos
- Foundation for Clinical Biochemistry & Molecular Pathology, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- Institut de Recerca Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Tate NM, Underwood M, Thomas-Hollands A, Minor KM, Cullen JN, Friedenberg SG, Mickelson JR, Xenoulis PG, Steiner JM, Furrow E. Sequence Analysis of Six Candidate Genes in Miniature Schnauzers with Primary Hypertriglyceridemia. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:193. [PMID: 38397183 PMCID: PMC10888295 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Miniature Schnauzers are predisposed to primary hypertriglyceridemia (HTG). In this study, we performed whole genome sequencing (WGS) of eight Miniature Schnauzers with primary HTG and screened for risk variants in six HTG candidate genes: LPL, APOC2, APOA5, GPIHBP1, LMF1, and APOE. Variants were filtered to identify those present in ≥2 Miniature Schnauzers with primary HTG and uncommon (<10% allele frequency) in a WGS variant database including 613 dogs from 61 other breeds. Three variants passed filtering: an APOE TATA box deletion, an LMF1 intronic SNP, and a GPIHBP1 missense variant. The APOE and GPIHBP1 variants were genotyped in a cohort of 108 Miniature Schnauzers, including 68 with primary HTG and 40 controls. A multivariable regression model, including age and sex, did not identify an effect of APOE (estimate = 0.18, std. error = 0.14; p = 0.20) or GPIHBP1 genotypes (estimate = -0.26, std. error = 0.42; p = 0.54) on triglyceride concentration. In conclusion, we did not identify a monogenic cause for primary HTG in Miniature Schnauzers in the six genes evaluated. However, if HTG in Miniature Schnauzers is a complex disease resulting from the cumulative effects of multiple variants and environment, the identified variants cannot be ruled out as contributing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Tate
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (K.M.M.); (S.G.F.); (E.F.)
| | - Michaela Underwood
- VCA Veterinary Specialty & Emergency Center of Kalamazoo, Kalamazoo, MI 49001, USA;
| | | | - Katie M. Minor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (K.M.M.); (S.G.F.); (E.F.)
| | - Jonah N. Cullen
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Steven G. Friedenberg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (K.M.M.); (S.G.F.); (E.F.)
| | - James R. Mickelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Panagiotis G. Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece;
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Joerg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Eva Furrow
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (K.M.M.); (S.G.F.); (E.F.)
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Ozen E, Lovegrove JA, Jackson KG. Association between body composition and cardiometabolic disease risk: role of dietary fat intake and APOLIPOPROTEIN E genotype on this relationship. Proc Nutr Soc 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38253522 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665124000053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Excess body weight is associated with increased mortality and risk of developing CVD. Body fat distribution is now considered a better indicator of disease risk than BMI, with central adiposity associated with dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance. Dietary modification is unquestionably important in the prevention of obesity and CVD, with the type but not the amount of dietary fat emerging as an important determinant of both diseases. Although reducing SFA intake via replacement with unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) is a key public health strategy for CVD prevention, variability in the lipid lowering response has been observed. This narrative review aims to investigate the link between adiposity and CVD risk, and the role of dietary fat composition and APOLIPOPROTEIN (APO)E genotype on this relationship. In the absence of weight loss, replacing dietary SFA with UFA reduces central adiposity and anthropometric measures, and is linked with lower total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations. However, differences in study populations and body composition techniques need to be taken into consideration. To date, only a limited number of studies have determined the role of APOE on body composition and CVD risk, but findings are inconsistent. Both APOE2 and APOE4 alleles have been correlated with adiposity related markers, and an APOE genotype-BMI interaction has been reported on fasting lipids. However, studies are often performed retrospectively leading to small sample sizes within the genotype groups. Further studies are needed to confirm the relationship between APOE genotype, adiposity and circulating CVD risk markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Ozen
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research and Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Whiteknights, ReadingRG6 6DZ, UK
| | - Julie A Lovegrove
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research and Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Whiteknights, ReadingRG6 6DZ, UK
| | - Kim G Jackson
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research and Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Whiteknights, ReadingRG6 6DZ, UK
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Potter TIT, Horgan GW, Wanders AJ, Zandstra EH, Zock PL, Fisk HL, Minihane AM, Calder PC, Mathers JC, de Roos B. Models predict change in plasma triglyceride concentrations and long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid proportions in healthy participants after fish oil intervention. Front Nutr 2022; 9:989716. [PMID: 36386924 PMCID: PMC9641003 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.989716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Substantial response heterogeneity is commonly seen in dietary intervention trials. In larger datasets, this variability can be exploited to identify predictors, for example genetic and/or phenotypic baseline characteristics, associated with response in an outcome of interest. Objective Using data from a placebo-controlled crossover study (the FINGEN study), supplementing with two doses of long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFAs), the primary goal of this analysis was to develop models to predict change in concentrations of plasma triglycerides (TG), and in the plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC) LC n-3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), after fish oil (FO) supplementation. A secondary goal was to establish if clustering of data prior to FO supplementation would lead to identification of groups of participants who responded differentially. Methods To generate models for the outcomes of interest, variable selection methods (forward and backward stepwise selection, LASSO and the Boruta algorithm) were applied to identify suitable predictors. The final model was chosen based on the lowest validation set root mean squared error (RMSE) after applying each method across multiple imputed datasets. Unsupervised clustering of data prior to FO supplementation was implemented using k-medoids and hierarchical clustering, with cluster membership compared with changes in plasma TG and plasma PC EPA + DHA. Results Models for predicting response showed a greater TG-lowering after 1.8 g/day EPA + DHA with lower pre-intervention levels of plasma insulin, LDL cholesterol, C20:3n-6 and saturated fat consumption, but higher pre-intervention levels of plasma TG, and serum IL-10 and VCAM-1. Models also showed greater increases in plasma PC EPA + DHA with age and female sex. There were no statistically significant differences in PC EPA + DHA and TG responses between baseline clusters. Conclusion Our models established new predictors of response in TG (plasma insulin, LDL cholesterol, C20:3n-6, saturated fat consumption, TG, IL-10 and VCAM-1) and in PC EPA + DHA (age and sex) upon intervention with fish oil. We demonstrate how application of statistical methods can provide new insights for precision nutrition, by predicting participants who are most likely to respond beneficially to nutritional interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Graham W. Horgan
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | | | - Elizabeth H. Zandstra
- Unilever Foods Innovation Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Peter L. Zock
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Helena L. Fisk
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Anne M. Minihane
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Philip C. Calder
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - John C. Mathers
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Baukje de Roos
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Association between APOE Genotype with Body Composition and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Markers Is Modulated by BMI in Healthy Adults: Findings from the BODYCON Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179766. [PMID: 36077164 PMCID: PMC9456146 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Body mass index (BMI) has been suggested to play an important role in the relationship between the APOLIPOPROTEIN (APO)E genotype and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Using data from the BODYCON cross-sectional study (n = 360 adults) we assessed the association between body composition and CVD risk markers according to APOE genotype, with examination of the role of BMI. In this study cohort, the APOE2/E3 group had lower fasting blood lipids than APOE4 carriers and APOE3/E3 group (p ≤ 0.01). After stratifying the group according to BMI, APOE4 carriers in the normal BMI subgroup had a higher lean mass compared with the APOE3/E3 group (p = 0.02) whereas in the overweight/obese subgroup, the android to gynoid percentage fat ratio was lower in APOE4 carriers than APOE3/E3 group (p = 0.04). Fasting lipid concentrations were only different between the APOE2/E3 and other genotype groups within the normal weight BMI subgroup (p ≤ 0.04). This finding was associated with a lower dietary fibre and a higher trans-fat intake compared with APOE4 carriers, and a lower carbohydrate intake relative to the APOE3/E3 group. Our results confirm previous reports that BMI modulates the effect of APOE on CVD risk markers and suggest novel interactions on body composition, with diet a potential modulator of this relationship.
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Association between APOE genotype with body composition and cardiovascular disease risk markers is modulated By BMI in healthy adults: findings from the BODYCON study. Proc Nutr Soc 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665122000283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Saleh RNM, West AL, Ostermann AI, Schebb NH, Calder PC, Minihane AM. APOE Genotype Modifies the Plasma Oxylipin Response to Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation in Healthy Individuals. Front Nutr 2021; 8:723813. [PMID: 34604280 PMCID: PMC8484638 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.723813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), mediate inflammation in large part by affecting pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory/pro-resolving oxylipin concentrations. Common gene variants are thought to underlie the large inter-individual variation in oxylipin levels in response to n-3 PUFA supplementation, which in turn is likely to contribute to the overall heterogeneity in response to n-3 PUFA intervention. Given its known role in inflammation and as a modulator of the physiological response to EPA and DHA, here we explore, for the first time, the differential response of plasma hydroxy-, epoxy- and dihydroxy-arachidonic acid, EPA and DHA oxylipins according to apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype using samples from a dose-response parallel design RCT. Healthy participants were given doses of EPA+DHA equivalent to intakes of 1, 2, and 4 portions of oily fish per week for 12 months. There was no difference in the plasma levels of EPA, DHA or ARA between the wildtype APOE3/E3 and APOE4 carrier groups after 3 or 12 months of n-3 PUFA supplementation. At 12 months, hydroxy EPAs (HEPEs) and hydroxy-DHAs (HDHAs) were higher in APOE4 carriers, with the difference most evident at the highest EPA+DHA intake. A significant APOE*n-3 PUFA dose effect was observed for the CYP-ω hydroxylase products 19-HEPE (p = 0.027) and 20-HEPE (p = 0.011). 8-HEPE, which, along with several other plasma oxylipins, is an activator of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs), showed the highest fold change in APOE4 carriers (14-fold) compared to APOE3/E3 (4-fold) (p = 0.014). Low basal plasma EPA levels (EPA < 0.85% of total fatty acids) were associated with a greater change in 5-HEPE, 9-HEPE, 11-HEPE, and 20-HEPE compared to high basal EPA levels (EPA > 1.22% of total fatty acids). In conclusion, APOE genotype modulated the plasma oxylipin response to increased EPA+DHA intake, with APOE4 carriers presenting with the greatest increases following high dose n-3 PUFA supplementation for 12 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha N M Saleh
- Nutrition and Preventive Medicine Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Annette L West
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Annika I Ostermann
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Nils Helge Schebb
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Philip C Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Marie Minihane
- Nutrition and Preventive Medicine Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Shafagoj YA, Naffa RG, El-Khateeb MS, Abdulla YL, Al-Qaddoumi AA, Khatib FA, Al-Motassem YF, Al-Khateeb EM. APOE Gene polymorphism among Jordanian Alzheimer`s patients with relation to lipid profile. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 23:29-34. [PMID: 29455218 PMCID: PMC6751906 DOI: 10.17712/nsj.2018.1.20170169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate the frequencies of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) alleles and genotypes and study their relationship with the lipid profile in Jordanian patients with late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods: This case-control study was carried out on 71 Jordanian individuals: 38 patients with late-onset AD (age ≥65 years) and 33 age-matched healthy controls. All participants were recruited from senior homes and Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan between January 2010 and December 2013. Each sample was examined for APOE’s 3 major isoforms (e2, e3, e4) using the polymerase chain reaction technique (PCR) followed by the sequencing technique. In addition, samples were screened for lipid profiles (total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), lower-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglyceride (TG) levels. Results: The e3/e4 genotype and e4 allele prevalence were higher in AD patients compared to healthy controls (26.3% vs. 3.0%, p=0.03 and 15.8% vs. 4.5%, p=0.03; respectively). In the AD group, the e2 carriers showed the lowest levels of total and LDL cholesterol, and the e4 carriers showed the highest levels of total and LDL cholesterol, although the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: APOE-e4 frequency was almost 4 times higher in the AD group compared to the control group, and this difference was statistically significant. A trend that was observed in the AD group regarding the lipid profile and e2 and e4 carriers requires further investigation using a larger sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanal A Shafagoj
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan. E-mail:
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Dankner R, Ben Avraham S, Harats D, Chetrit A. ApoE Genotype, Lipid Profile, Exercise, and the Associations With Cardiovascular Morbidity and 18-Year Mortality. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2019; 75:1887-1893. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundStudies of longevity examined apolipoprotein E (ApoE), a gene involved in lipoprotein metabolism, which interacts with susceptibility to age-related diseases, and with mortality. We evaluated the association of ApoE isoforms with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality.MethodsA prospective cohort of 949 survivors of the Israel Study of Glucose Intolerance, Obesity, and Hypertension, examined during 1999–2004, mean age 72 years, was followed for mortality until 2017. Participants were interviewed for lifestyle habits and medical history. Anthropometrics and biochemical markers were taken. Logistic regression was used to assess CVD morbidity and Cox proportional hazard model for mortality.ResultsThe most common genotype in the cohort was ApoE E3 (76.3%), with the other two almost equally distributed (ApoE E2 11.2% and ApoE E4 12.5%). In men only, ApoE E4 associated with CVD (adjusted odds ratio = 1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.76, 2.80) and with 18-year mortality (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.47, 95% CI 0.95, 2.26), adjusting for age, ethnicity, physical activity, hypertension, diabetes, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, triglycerides and lipid-lowering medications. Low levels of HDL cholesterol, adjusted for ApoE and the above-mentioned variables, associated with higher prevalence of CVD (adjusted odds ratio = 1.35, 95% CI 1.00, 1.83) and all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.42, 95% CI 1.14, 1.78). ApoE E3 and E2 conferred a lower 18-year mortality risk in the physically active individuals, compared to the sedentary (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.57, 95% CI 0.44, 0.74, and adjusted hazard ratio = 0.53, 95% CI 0.78, 1.02, respectively).ConclusionsIn community-dwelling older adults, sociodemographic characteristics and physical activity, blood pressure and HDL-cholesterol levels, may outweigh the impact of ApoE polymorphisms on CVD morbidity and all-cause mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Dankner
- Unit for Cardiovascular Epidemiology, The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sivan Ben Avraham
- Unit for Cardiovascular Epidemiology, The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Dror Harats
- Bert Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Angela Chetrit
- Unit for Cardiovascular Epidemiology, The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
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The effect of APOE genotype on Alzheimer's disease risk is influenced by sex and docosahexaenoic acid status. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 69:209-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Holven KB, Narverud I, van Lennep JR, Versmissen J, Øyri LK, Galema-Boers A, Langslet G, Ulven SM, Veierød MB, Retterstøl K, Bogsrud MP. Sex differences in cholesterol levels from birth to 19 years of age may lead to increased cholesterol burden in females with FH. J Clin Lipidol 2018; 12:748-755.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Franco LP, Gonçalves Zardini Silveira A, Sobral de Assis Vasconcelos Lima R, Horst MA, Cominetti C. APOE genotype associates with food consumption and body composition to predict dyslipidaemia in Brazilian adults with normal-weight obesity syndrome. Clin Nutr 2017; 37:1722-1727. [PMID: 28720344 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM Normal-Weight Obesity Syndrome has been characterized by a normal body mass index and high percentage of body fat. It is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease development. This study aimed to evaluate whether apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes and food consumption are related to the lipid profiles of adults with Normal-Weight Obesity Syndrome. METHODS Analytical cross-sectional study, including adults with Normal-Weight Obesity Syndrome. Socioeconomic, health and lifestyle questionnaires were administered. Anthropometric variables, body composition and blood pressure were evaluated. Dietary intake, lipid profile and genotyping of polymorphisms rs7412 and rs429358 in the APOE gene were evaluated. RESULTS Only 6.0% of women and none of the men had increased waist circumference (≥80 cm for women and ≥94 cm for men). No women and 6.2% of men had altered blood pressure (systolic blood pressure ≥130 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥85 mmHg). When the traditional lipid profile was assessed, 52.5% of individuals presented dyslipidaemia. When the levels of apolipoproteins A1 and B were included, the prevalence was 73.0%. Regression analysis showed a positive relationship between the presence of allele ε2 and apolipoprotein A1 levels (95% CI = 4.2 to 38.3; p = 0.015) and between the ε4 allele and apolipoprotein B (ε4 versus ε2: 95% CI = 0.08 to 29.5; p = 0.049 and ε4 versus ε3: 95% CI = 0.6 to 17.6; p = 0.036). Carriers of the ε2 allele had a 75.0% lower probability of presenting dyslipidaemia compared with ε3ε3 individuals (95% CI = 0.04 to 0.8; p = 0.027). Relationships between body fat, food consumption and lipid profile were observed and differed among genotypes. CONCLUSIONS APOE genotype and food consumption were associated with lipid profile. This was the first study to evaluate the APOE genotype and to analyze relationships between genetic profile, food intake and lipid profile of subjects with Normal-Weight Obesity Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Pacheco Franco
- Nutritional Genomics Research Group, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goiás. Rua 227, quadra 68 s/nº - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74.605-080, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Gonçalves Zardini Silveira
- Nutritional Genomics Research Group, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goiás. Rua 227, quadra 68 s/nº - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74.605-080, Brazil.
| | - Rochelle Sobral de Assis Vasconcelos Lima
- Nutritional Genomics Research Group, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goiás. Rua 227, quadra 68 s/nº - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74.605-080, Brazil.
| | - Maria Aderuza Horst
- Nutritional Genomics Research Group, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goiás. Rua 227, quadra 68 s/nº - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74.605-080, Brazil.
| | - Cristiane Cominetti
- Nutritional Genomics Research Group, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goiás. Rua 227, quadra 68 s/nº - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás, CEP: 74.605-080, Brazil.
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Slim KE, Vauzour D, Tejera N, Voshol PJ, Cassidy A, Minihane AM. The effect of dietary fish oil on weight gain and insulin sensitivity is dependent on APOE genotype in humanized targeted replacement mice. FASEB J 2017; 31:989-997. [PMID: 27895108 PMCID: PMC5295733 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600921rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the independent and interactive impact of the common APOE genotype and marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on the development of obesity and associated cardiometabolic dysfunction in a murine model. Human APOE3 and APOE4 targeted replacement mice were fed either a control high-fat diet (HFD) or an HFD supplemented with 3% n-3 PUFAs from fish oil (HFD + FO) for 8 wk. We established the impact of intervention on food intake, body weight, and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass; plasma, lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides), liver enzymes, and adipokines; glucose and insulin during an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test; and Glut4 and ApoE expression in VAT. HFD feeding induced more weight gain and higher plasma lipids in APOE3 compared to APOE4 mice (P < 0.05), along with a 2-fold higher insulin and impaired glucose tolerance. Supplementing APOE3, but not APOE4, animals with dietary n-3 PUFAs decreased body-weight gain, plasma lipids, and insulin (P < 0.05) and improved glucose tolerance, which was associated with increased VAT Glut4 mRNA levels (P < 0.05). Our findings demonstrate that an APOE3 genotype predisposes mice to develop obesity and its metabolic complications, which was attenuated by n-3 PUFA supplementation.-Slim, K. E., Vauzour, D., Tejera, N., Voshol, P. J., Cassidy, A., Minihane, A. M. The effect of dietary fish oil on weight gain and insulin sensitivity is dependent on APOE genotype in humanized targeted replacement mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenna E Slim
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - David Vauzour
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Noemi Tejera
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Voshol
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Louis Bolk Institute, Driebergen, The Netherlands; and
- Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aedin Cassidy
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Marie Minihane
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom;
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, de la Monte SM. Apolipoprotein E4, Gender, Body Mass Index, Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, and Air Pollution Interactions: Recipe for Alzheimer's Disease Development in Mexico City Young Females. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 58:613-630. [PMID: 28527212 PMCID: PMC9996388 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Given the epidemiological trends of increasing Alzheimer's disease (AD) and growing evidence that exposure and lifestyle factors contribute to AD risk and pathogenesis, attention should be paid to variables such as air pollution, in order to reduce rates of cognitive decline and dementia. Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) above the US EPA standards is associated with AD risk. Mexico City children experienced pre- and postnatal high exposures to PM2.5, O3, combustion-derived iron-rich nanoparticles, metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and endotoxins. Exposures are associated with early brain gene imbalance in oxidative stress, inflammation, innate and adaptive immune responses, along with epigenetic changes, accumulation of misfolded proteins, cognitive deficits, and brain structural and metabolic changes. The Apolipoprotein E (APOE) 4 allele, the most prevalent genetic risk for AD, plays a key role in the response to air pollution in young girls. APOE 4 heterozygous females with >75% to <94% BMI percentiles are at the highest risk of severe cognitive deficits (1.5-2 SD from average IQ). This review focused on the relationships between gender, BMI, systemic and neural inflammation, insulin resistance, hyperleptinemia, dyslipidemia, vascular risk factors, and central nervous system involvement in APOE4 urbanites exposed to PM2.5 and magnetite combustion-derived iron-rich nanoparticles that can reach the brain. APOE4 young female heterozygous carriers constitute a high-risk group for a fatal disease: AD. Multidisciplinary intervention strategies could be critical for prevention or amelioration of cognitive deficits and long-term AD progression in young individuals at high risk.
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Vekic J, Joppa P, Habalova V, Tisko R, Zeljkovic A, Pobeha P, Gojkovic T, Spasojevic-Kalimanovska V, Strbova Z, Kuklisova Z, Slaba E, Rizzo M, Tkacova R. Relationship Between the Apolipoprotein E Genotype and LDL Particle Size in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Angiology 2016; 67:937-944. [DOI: 10.1177/0003319716636512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with dyslipidemia and increased cardiovascular risk. We assessed the effects of apolipoprotein E ( APOE) genotype on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particle size and lipid subclasses (separated by gradient gel electrophoresis) in patients with OSA. Stable patients (n = 181) prospectively recruited underwent full polysomnography. Both LDL particle size and LDL I proportion were reduced from ∊3∊3 homozygotes to ∊2 carriers and to ∊4 carriers (analysis of variance: P = .024; P = .040, respectively); carriers of the ∊4 allele of the APOE genotype had significantly lower LDL particle size and LDL I proportion compared to ∊3∊3 homozygotes ( P < .05 for both comparisons). Insulin resistance increased from patients with no OSA to those with mild–moderate and to those with severe OSA ( P < .001). In multivariate analysis, LDL size was independently predicted by APOE genotype, male gender, and the presence of metabolic syndrome (MetS; P = .001, P = .020, P = .027, respectively). The HDL particle size was not affected by APOE genotype. Our data demonstrate that both the ∊4 APOE genotype and MetS are independently related to smaller LDL size in patients with OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Vekic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Pavol Joppa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Tuberculosis, L. Pasteur University Hospital, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Viera Habalova
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Radovan Tisko
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Tuberculosis, L. Pasteur University Hospital, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Aleksandra Zeljkovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Pavol Pobeha
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Tuberculosis, L. Pasteur University Hospital, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Tamara Gojkovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Zuzana Strbova
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Tuberculosis, L. Pasteur University Hospital, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Kuklisova
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Eva Slaba
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- DIBIMIS, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ruzena Tkacova
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Tuberculosis, L. Pasteur University Hospital, Kosice, Slovakia
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Su L, Gao S, Unverzagt FW, Cheng Y, Hake AM, Xin P, Chen C, Liu J, Ma F, Bian J, Li P, Jin Y. Selenium Level and Dyslipidemia in Rural Elderly Chinese. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136706. [PMID: 26380972 PMCID: PMC4575098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Higher selenium level has been hypothesized to have the potential to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases including dyslipidemia. However, results from previous studies are inconsistent. This study aims to determine the association between selenium level and dyslipidemia in elderly Chinese with relatively low selenium status. METHODS A cross-sectional study of 1859 participants aged 65 or older from four rural counties in China was conducted. Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDLC) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDLC), nail selenium concentration and APOE genotype were measured in all subjects. The four types of dyslipidemia were defined as >5.17 mmol/L for High-TC, >1.69 mmol/L for High-TG, >3.36 mmol/L for High-LDLC, and <1.04 mmol/L for Low-HDLC according to Chinese Guidelines on Prevention and Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Adults. Logistic models adjusting for age, gender, APOE genotype, body mass index, alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity, medication use for cardiovascular diseases were used to examine the relationship between selenium levels and the risk of dyslipidemia. RESULTS Mean nail selenium concentration was 0.465 μg/gin this sample. Rates for High-TC, High-LDLC, High-TG, Low-HDLC were 18.13%, 13.23%, 12.21% and 32.76% respectively. Results from logistic models indicated that higher selenium levels were significantly associated with higher risk of High-TC, High-LDLC and lower risk of Low-HDLC adjusting for covariates (p < 0.0001). Compared with the lowest selenium quartile group, participants in selenium quartile groups 2, 3 and 4 had significantly higher rates of High-TC, High-LDLC, High-TG, and lower rate of Low-HDLC adjusting for covariates. No significant association was observed between selenium level and the risk of High-TG. APOEε4 carriers had higher rates of High-TC and High-LDLC. There was no interaction between selenium level and APOE with the rates of dyslipidemia. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest long-term selenium exposure level may be associated with the risk of dyslipidemia in elderly population. Future studies are needed to examine the underlying mechanism of the association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Su
- Department of Environmental Impact Assessment, Institute for Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Sujuan Gao
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Frederick W. Unverzagt
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Yibin Cheng
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ann M. Hake
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Pengju Xin
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Liu
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Ma
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jianchao Bian
- Shandong Institute for Prevention and Treatment of Endemic Disease in China, Jinan, China
| | - Ping Li
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention in China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yinlong Jin
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Kotze MJ, Lückhoff HK, Brand T, Pretorius J, van Rensburg SJ. Apolipoprotein E ε-4 as a genetic determinant of Alzheimer's disease heterogeneity. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2015; 5:9-18. [PMID: 32669910 PMCID: PMC7337157 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s41721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) displays a high degree of heterogeneity in terms of its etiology, presentation, prognosis, and treatment response. This can partly be explained by high-penetrance mutations in the amyloid precursor protein, presenilin 1 and presenilin 2 genes causing amyloid beta aggregation, which is a major pathogenic mechanism in the development of early-onset AD in a small subgroup of patients. Late-onset AD is considered a polygenic disorder in which cumulative risk resulting from interaction with modifiable environmental risk factors may be responsible for the majority of cases. The ε-4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene has emerged as the most significant genetic risk factor for late-onset AD, influencing nearly every pathogenic domain affected in AD. It is a major risk factor for cerebral amyloid angiopathy, recognized as a common pathological finding in an AD subtype associated with white matter dysfunction. The APOE ε-4 allele is also a known risk factor for ischemic stroke, which can result in vascular dementia or contribute to subcortical vascular dysfunction. In this review, we evaluate the clinical relevance of APOE genotyping in relation to cholesterol metabolism and available evidence on risk reduction strategies applicable to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- MJ Kotze
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - HK Lückhoff
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - T Brand
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - J Pretorius
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - SJ van Rensburg
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and the National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg Hospital, Tygerberg, South Africa
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18
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Dang TM, Conway V, Plourde M. Disrupted fatty acid distribution in HDL and LDL according to apolipoprotein E allele. Nutrition 2014; 31:807-12. [PMID: 25933487 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 PUFA) metabolism seems to be disrupted in carriers of the epsilon 4 allele of apolipoprotein E (E4+). The objective of this study was to investigate whether the ω-3 PUFA distribution in the high and low density lipoproteins is APOE-genotype dependant before and after supplementation with ω-3 PUFAs. METHODS Eighty participants, aged between 20 and 35 y old were recruited and supplemented with 900 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid plus 680 mg of docosahexaenoic acid for 4 wk. Over the 4-wk intervention, blood samples were collected and HDL and LDL particles were obtained using sucrose gradient ultracentifugation. Fatty acid profiles of the HDL and LDL fractions were performed by gas chromatography. RESULTS Baseline anthropometric characteristics of participants were not significantly different between the two APOE-groups (E4+, N = 10; E4-, N = 70). At baseline, in the LDL of E4+ subjects, the ω-6/ω-3 PUFA ratio was 17% higher than E4- subjects. At week 4, the ω-6/ω-3 PUFA ratio was significantly higher in the LDL of E4+ than E4- subjects. There was a significant genotype × time interaction for 16:0 in HDL and LDL and for 18:2 ω-6 in HDL. DHA in the HDL was positively correlated to HDL-C levels pre- and postsupplementation in E4- only. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to what we anticipated, ω-3 PUFAs content? in HDL and LDL were not APOE isoform-dependant in young participants. However, young E4+ participants already had a tendency toward lower baseline-DHA levels in LDL particles as well as a more atherogenic ω-6/ω-3 PUFA ratio in LDL pre- and post-supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Mai Dang
- Department of Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada; Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Sciences Center, University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Valérie Conway
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Sciences Center, University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Mélanie Plourde
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Sciences Center, University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada.
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19
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Li YH, Liu L. Apolipoprotein E synthesized by adipocyte and apolipoprotein E carried on lipoproteins modulate adipocyte triglyceride content. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:136. [PMID: 25148848 PMCID: PMC4156606 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive energy storage of adipose tissue makes contribution to the occurrence and progression of obesity, which accompanies with multiple adverse complications, such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases. It is well known that apolipoprotein E, as a component of lipoproteins, performs a key role in maintaining plasma lipoproteins homeostasis. Interestingly, apolipoprotein E is highly expressed in adipocyte and has positive relation with body fat mass. Apolipoprotein E knock-out mice show small fat mass compared to wild type mice. Moreover, adipocyte deficiency in apolipoprotein E shows impaired lipoproeteins internalization and triglyceride accumulation. Apolipopreotein E-deficient lipoproteins can not induce preadipocyte to form round full-lipid adipocyte, whereas apolipoprotein E-containing lipoproteins can. This article mainly reviews the modulation of apolipoprotein E synthesized by adipocyte and apolipoprotein E carried on lipoproteins in adipocyte triglyceride content.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, #139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China.
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20
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Langley-Evans SC. Nutrition in early life and the programming of adult disease: a review. J Hum Nutr Diet 2014; 28 Suppl 1:1-14. [PMID: 24479490 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Foetal development and infancy are life stages that are characterised by rapid growth, development and maturation of organs and systems. Variation in the quality or quantity of nutrients consumed by mothers during pregnancy, or infants during the first year of life, can exert permanent and powerful effects upon developing tissues. These effects are termed 'programming' and represent an important risk factor for noncommunicable diseases of adulthood, including the metabolic syndrome and coronary heart disease. This narrative review provides an overview of the evidence-base showing that indicators of nutritional deficit in pregnancy are associated with a greater risk of type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular mortality. There is also a limited evidence-base that suggests some relationship between breastfeeding and the timing and type of foods used in weaning, and disease in later life. Many of the associations reported between indicators of early growth and adult disease appear to interact with specific genotypes. This supports the idea that programming is one of several cumulative influences upon health and disease acting across the lifespan. Experimental studies have provided important clues to the mechanisms that link nutritional challenges in early life to disease in adulthood. It is suggested that nutritional programming is a product of the altered expression of genes that regulate the cell cycle, resulting in effective remodelling of tissue structure and functionality. The observation that traits programmed by nutritional exposures in foetal life can be transmitted to further generations adds weight the argument that heritable epigenetic modifications play a critical role in nutritional programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Langley-Evans
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, UK
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21
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Boulenouar H, Mediene Benchekor S, Meroufel DN, Lardjam Hetraf SA, Ouhaibi Djellouli H, Hermant X, Grenier-Boley B, Hamani Medjaoui I, Saidi Mehtar N, Amouyel P, Houti L, Meirhaeghe A, Goumidi L. Impact of APOE gene polymorphisms on the lipid profile in an Algerian population. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:155. [PMID: 24160669 PMCID: PMC4231468 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The importance of apolipoprotein E (APOE) in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism is well established. However, the impact of APOE polymorphisms has never been investigated in an Algerian population. This study assessed, for the fist time, the relationships between three APOE polymorphisms (epsilon, rs439401, rs4420638) and plasma lipid concentrations in a general population sample from Algeria. Methods The association analysis was performed in the ISOR study, a representative sample of the population living in Oran (787 subjects aged between 30 and 64). Polymorphisms were considered both individually and as haplotypes. Results In the ISOR sample, APOE ϵ4 allele carriers had higher plasma triglyceride (p=0.0002), total cholesterol (p=0.009) and LDL-cholesterol (p=0.003) levels than ϵ3 allele carriers. No significant associations were detected for the rs4420638 and rs439401 SNPs. Linkage disequilibrium and haplotype analyses confirmed the respectively deleterious and protective impacts of the ϵ4 and ϵ2 alleles on LDL-cholesterol levels and showed that the G allele of the rs4420638 polymorphism may exert a protective effect on LDL-cholesterol levels in subjects bearing the APOE epsilon 4 allele. Conclusion Our results showed that (i) the APOE epsilon polymorphism has the expected impact on the plasma lipid profile and (ii) the rs4420638 G allele may counterbalance the deleterious effect of the ϵ4 allele on LDL-cholesterol levels in an Algerian population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Louisa Goumidi
- INSERM, U744; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France.
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Smalinskiene A, Petkeviciene J, Luksiene D, Jureniene K, Klumbiene J, Lesauskaite V. Association between APOE, SCARB1, PPARα polymorphisms and serum lipids in a population of Lithuanian adults. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:120. [PMID: 23919842 PMCID: PMC3751123 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dyslipidemia is one of several known risk factors for coronary heart disease, a leading cause of death in Lithuania. Blood lipid levels are influenced by multiple genetic and environmental factors. Epidemiological studies demonstrated the impact of nutrition on lipid levels within the Lithuanian population although the role of genetic factors for dyslipidemias has not yet been studied. The objective of this study was to assess the distribution of the APOE, SCARB1, PPARα genotypes in the Lithuanian adult population and to determine the relationship of these genotypes with dyslipidemia. Methods A cross-sectional health survey was carried out in a representative random sample of the Lithuanian population aged 25–64 (n=1030). A variety of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the APOE (rs429358 and rs7412), SCARB1 (rs5888) and PPARα (rs1800206) genes were assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Serum lipids were determined using enzymatic methods. Results/Principal findings Men and women with the APOE2 genotype had the lowest level of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Men with the APOE2 genotype had significantly higher levels of triglycerides (TG) than those with the APOE3 genotype. In men, the carriers of the APOE4 genotype had higher odds ratios (OR) of reduced (<1.0 mmol/L) high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels versus APOE3 carriers (OR=1.98; 95% CI=1.05-3.74). The odds of having elevated (>1.7 mmol/L) TG levels was significantly lower in SCARB1 genotype CT carriers compared to men with the SCARB1 genotype CC (OR=0.50; 95% CI=0.31-0.79). In men, carriers of the PPARα genotype CG had higher OR of elevated TG levels versus carriers of PPARα genotype CC (OR=2.67; 95% CI=1.15-6.16). The odds of having high LDL-C levels were lower in women with the APOE2 genotype as compared to APOE3 genotype carriers (OR=0.35; 95% CI=0.22-0.57). Conclusions/Significance Our data suggest a gender difference in the associations between APOE, SCARB1, PPARα genotypes and lipid levels. In men, the APOE4 genotype and PPARα genotype CG were correlated with an atherogenic lipid profile while the SCARB1 genotype CT had an atheroprotective effect. In women, APOE2 carriers had the lowest odds of high LDL-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Smalinskiene
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Cardiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Dowling NM, Gleason CE, Manson JE, Hodis HN, Miller VM, Brinton EA, Neal-Perry G, Santoro MN, Cedars M, Lobo R, Merriam GR, Wharton W, Naftolin F, Taylor H, Harman SM, Asthana S. Characterization of vascular disease risk in postmenopausal women and its association with cognitive performance. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68741. [PMID: 23874743 PMCID: PMC3714288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES While global measures of cardiovascular (CV) risk are used to guide prevention and treatment decisions, these estimates fail to account for the considerable interindividual variability in pre-clinical risk status. This study investigated heterogeneity in CV risk factor profiles and its association with demographic, genetic, and cognitive variables. METHODS A latent profile analysis was applied to data from 727 recently postmenopausal women enrolled in the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS). Women were cognitively healthy, within three years of their last menstrual period, and free of current or past CV disease. Education level, apolipoprotein E ε4 allele (APOE4), ethnicity, and age were modeled as predictors of latent class membership. The association between class membership, characterizing CV risk profiles, and performance on five cognitive factors was examined. A supervised random forest algorithm with a 10-fold cross-validation estimator was used to test accuracy of CV risk classification. RESULTS The best-fitting model generated two distinct phenotypic classes of CV risk 62% of women were "low-risk" and 38% "high-risk". Women classified as low-risk outperformed high-risk women on language and mental flexibility tasks (p = 0.008) and a global measure of cognition (p = 0.029). Women with a college degree or above were more likely to be in the low-risk class (OR = 1.595, p = 0.044). Older age and a Hispanic ethnicity increased the probability of being at high-risk (OR = 1.140, p = 0.002; OR = 2.622, p = 0.012; respectively). The prevalence rate of APOE-ε4 was higher in the high-risk class compared with rates in the low-risk class. CONCLUSION Among recently menopausal women, significant heterogeneity in CV risk is associated with education level, age, ethnicity, and genetic indicators. The model-based latent classes were also associated with cognitive function. These differences may point to phenotypes for CV disease risk. Evaluating the evolution of phenotypes could in turn clarify preclinical disease, and screening and preventive strategies. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00154180.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Maritza Dowling
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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Borel P, Lietz G, Goncalves A, Szabo de Edelenyi F, Lecompte S, Curtis P, Goumidi L, Caslake MJ, Miles EA, Packard C, Calder PC, Mathers JC, Minihane AM, Tourniaire F, Kesse-Guyot E, Galan P, Hercberg S, Breidenassel C, González Gross M, Moussa M, Meirhaeghe A, Reboul E. CD36 and SR-BI are involved in cellular uptake of provitamin A carotenoids by Caco-2 and HEK cells, and some of their genetic variants are associated with plasma concentrations of these micronutrients in humans. J Nutr 2013; 143:448-56. [PMID: 23427331 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.172734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) and cluster determinant 36 (CD36) have been involved in cellular uptake of some provitamin A carotenoids. However, data are incomplete (e.g., there are no data on α-carotene), and it is not known whether genetic variants in their encoding genes can affect provitamin A carotenoid status. The objectives were 1) to assess the involvement of these scavenger receptors in cellular uptake of the main provitamin A carotenoids (i.e., β-carotene, α-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin) as well as that of preformed vitamin A (i.e., retinol) and 2) to investigate the contribution of genetic variations in genes encoding these proteins to interindividual variations in plasma concentrations of provitamin A carotenoids. The involvement of SR-BI and CD36 in carotenoids and retinol cellular uptake was investigated in Caco-2 and human embryonic kidney (HEK) cell lines. The involvement of scavenger receptor class B type I (SCARB1) and CD36 genetic variants on plasma concentrations of provitamin A carotenoids was assessed by association studies in 3 independent populations. Cell experiments suggested the involvement of both proteins in cellular uptake of provitamin A carotenoids but not in that of retinol. Association studies showed that several plasma provitamin A carotenoid concentrations were significantly different (P < 0.0083) between participants who bore different genotypes at single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes in CD36 and SCARB1. In conclusion, SR-BI and CD36 are involved in cellular uptake of provitamin A carotenoids, and genetic variations in their encoding genes may modulate plasma concentrations of provitamin A carotenoids at a population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Borel
- INRA, UMR1260 Nutrition, Obesity and Risk of Thrombosis, Marseille, France.
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Beydoun MA, Beydoun HA, Kaufman JS, An Y, Resnick SM, O'Brien R, Ferrucci L, Zonderman AB. Apolipoprotein E ε4 allele interacts with sex and cognitive status to influence all-cause and cause-specific mortality in U.S. older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2013; 61:525-34. [PMID: 23581910 PMCID: PMC3628727 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To confirm associations of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) ε4 carrier status, sex, and time-dependent cognitive status with mortality risk and to investigate these joint effects of these associations in a cohort of community-dwelling U.S. adults. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA). PARTICIPANTS Of 3,047 BLSA participants aged 17 to 98 at first visit (60.1% male), 1,704 with complete ApoE genotype data were included, of whom 1,461 aged 50 and older with one or more visits were eligible. MEASUREMENTS Time to death from all, cardiovascular, and noncardiovascular causes. RESULTS Probability of survival was lower for ApoE ε4 carriers, particularly those who were older. A Cox proportional hazards model for all-cause mortality yielded a hazard ratio (HR) for ApoE ε4 carrier versus noncarriers of 1.31 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02-1.68). This association was also found for cardiovascular mortality. Time-dependent all-cause dementia (HR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.33-2.26) and mild cognitive impairment (HR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.42-2.67) increased all-cause mortality risk, associations that were also detected for noncardiovascular mortality. When individuals were free of cognitive impairment, a dose-response relationship with ε4 alleles was found for all-cause mortality (HR = 1.40, 95% CI = 0.94-2.07 for 1 ε4; HR = 2.61, 95% CI = 1.12-6.07 for 2 ε4). After onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD), carrying only one ε4 allele resulted in an approximately 77% greater all-cause mortality risk than in noncarriers. ApoE ε4 carrier status increased all-cause mortality risk in men and interacted with time-dependent AD to increase the risk of this outcome (relative excess risk due to interaction = 2.15, 95% CI = 1.22-3.07). CONCLUSION ApoE ε4 carrier status was found to increase all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risks and interacted with sex and time-dependent AD status to affect all-cause mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- May A Beydoun
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Petkeviciene J, Smalinskiene A, Luksiene DI, Jureniene K, Ramazauskiene V, Klumbiene J, Lesauskaite V. Associations between apolipoprotein E genotype, diet, body mass index, and serum lipids in Lithuanian adult population. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41525. [PMID: 22844488 PMCID: PMC3402524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphism is associated with lipid levels. Some studies have reported that blood lipid response to diet or obesity varies depending on APOE genotypes. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of APOE genotypes, the intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA), and obesity on serum lipid levels in Lithuanian adult population. Methodology/Principal Findings A cross-sectional health survey was carried out in five municipalities of Lithuania. The random sample was obtained from lists of 25–64 year-old inhabitants registered at primary health care centres. The data from 996 subjects (416 men and 580 women) were analysed in this study. Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs429358 and rs7412) were assessed using a real-time polymerase chain reaction. 24-hour recall and food frequency questionnaire were used for evaluation of dietary habits. Serum lipids were determined using enzymatic methods. Men and women with the APOE2 genotype had the lowest level of total cholesterol (TC) (p = 0.002 for men, and p = 0.02 for women) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (p<0.001). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that age, genotype APOE2, SFA intake, and body mass index (BMI) were significant determinants of TC and LDL-C level (with p values ranging from 0.043 to 0.001). Our data did not reveal any statistically significant interactions between APOE genotype and SFA intake or between APOE genotype and BMI regarding TC and LDL-C level (all p>0.05). However, the predictive power of the regression model for LDL-C improved when gene-BMI interaction and gene-BMI interaction plus gene-nutrient interaction were added (p = 0.04 and p = 0.032 for R2 change, respectively). Conclusions/Significance APOE genotypes, SFA intake, and obesity were found to be associated with blood lipid levels in Lithuanian adult population. Analysis of gene-diet and gene-obesity interactions did not confirm that the effects of diet and obesity on TC and LDL-C level significantly depended on APOE genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Petkeviciene
- Faculty of Public Health, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
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