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Critical Role of Cathepsin L/V in Regulating Endothelial Cell Senescence. BIOLOGY 2022; 12:biology12010042. [PMID: 36671735 PMCID: PMC9855167 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The senescence of vascular endothelial cells (ECs) is characterized as a hallmark of vascular aging, which leads to the initiation, progress, and advancement of cardiovascular diseases. However, the mechanism of the ECs senescence remains elusive. In this study, thoracic aortas were separated from young (8-week-old) and aged (18-month-old) mice. Decreased Ctsl expression and increased vascular remodeling were observed in senescent aorta. H2O2 was used to induce human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) senescence, as shown by increased SA-β-gal positive cells and upregulated p21 level. CTSV significantly decreased after H2O2 treatment, while over-expression of CTSV by adenovirus reduced cellular senescence. RNA sequencing analysis was conducted subsequently, and ALDH1A2 was observed to significantly increased in H2O2 group and decreased after over-expression of CTSV. This result was further confirmed by RT-PCR and WB. Moreover, over-expression of CTSV reduced the increase of ERK1/2 and AKT phosphorylation induced by H2O2. Additionally, retinoic acid (RA), the major production of ALDH1A2, was added to CTSV over-expressed senescent HUVECs. Administration of RA activated AKT and ERK1/2, induced the expression of p21, and enhanced SA-β-gal positive cells, while not affecting the expression of CTSV and ALDH1A2. These results were further confirmed in doxorubicin (DOX)-induced senescent ECs. In conclude, we have identified that Ctsl/CTSV plays a key role in ECs senescence by regulating ALDH1A2 to activate AKT/ ERK1/2-P21 pathway. Therefore, targeting Ctsl/CTSV may be a potential therapeutic strategy in EC senescence.
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Lecaille F, Chazeirat T, Saidi A, Lalmanach G. Cathepsin V: Molecular characteristics and significance in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101086. [PMID: 35305807 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human cysteine cathepsins form a family of eleven proteases (B, C, F, H, K, L, O, S, V, W, X/Z) that play important roles in a considerable number of biological and pathophysiological processes. Among them, cathepsin V, also known as cathepsin L2, is a lysosomal enzyme, which is mainly expressed in cornea, thymus, heart, brain, and skin. Cathepsin V is a multifunctional endopeptidase that is involved in both the release of antigenic peptides and the maturation of MHC class II molecules and participates in the turnover of elastin fibrils as well in the cleavage of intra- and extra-cellular substrates. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that cathepsin V may contribute to the progression of diverse diseases, due to the dysregulation of its expression and/or its activity. For instance, increased expression of cathepsin V is closely correlated with malignancies (breast cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, or colorectal cancer) as well vascular disorders (atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, hypertension) being the most prominent examples. This review aims to shed light on current knowledge on molecular aspects of cathepsin V (genomic organization, protein structure, substrate specificity), its regulation by protein and non-protein inhibitors as well to summarize its expression (tissue and cellular distribution). Then the core biological and pathophysiological roles of cathepsin V will be depicted, raising the question of its interest as a valuable target that can open up pioneering therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Lecaille
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team "Mécanismes protéolytiques dans l'inflammation", Tours, France.
| | - Thibault Chazeirat
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team "Mécanismes protéolytiques dans l'inflammation", Tours, France
| | - Ahlame Saidi
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team "Mécanismes protéolytiques dans l'inflammation", Tours, France
| | - Gilles Lalmanach
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team "Mécanismes protéolytiques dans l'inflammation", Tours, France.
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3
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Kessler V, Klopf J, Eilenberg W, Neumayer C, Brostjan C. AAA Revisited: A Comprehensive Review of Risk Factors, Management, and Hallmarks of Pathogenesis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:94. [PMID: 35052774 PMCID: PMC8773452 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite declining incidence and mortality rates in many countries, the abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) continues to represent a life-threatening cardiovascular condition with an overall prevalence of about 2-3% in the industrialized world. While the risk of AAA development is considerably higher for men of advanced age with a history of smoking, screening programs serve to detect the often asymptomatic condition and prevent aortic rupture with an associated death rate of up to 80%. This review summarizes the current knowledge on identified risk factors, the multifactorial process of pathogenesis, as well as the latest advances in medical treatment and surgical repair to provide a perspective for AAA management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Christine Brostjan
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.K.); (J.K.); (W.E.); (C.N.)
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Cathepsin L, a Target of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1-α, Is Involved in Melanosome Degradation in Melanocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168596. [PMID: 34445307 PMCID: PMC8395286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic conditions induce the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) to restore the supply of oxygen to tissues and cells. Activated HIF-1α translocates into the nucleus and binds to hypoxia response elements to promote the transcription of target genes. Cathepsin L (CTSL) is a lysosomal protease that degrades cellular proteins via the endolysosomal pathway. In this study, we attempted to determine if CTSL is a hypoxia responsive target gene of HIF-1α, and decipher its role in melanocytes in association with the autophagic pathway. The results of our luciferase reporter assay showed that the expression of CTSL is transcriptionally activated through the binding of HIF1-α at its promoter. Under autophagy-inducing starvation conditions, HIF-1α and CTSL expression is highly upregulated in melan-a cells. The mature form of CTSL is closely involved in melanosome degradation through lysosomal activity upon autophagosome–lysosome fusion. The inhibition of conversion of pro-CTSL to mature CTSL leads to the accumulation of gp100 and tyrosinase in addition to microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) II, due to decreased lysosomal activity in the autophagic pathway. In conclusion, we have identified that CTSL, a novel target of HIF-1α, participates in melanosome degradation in melanocytes through lysosomal activity during autophagosome–lysosome fusion.
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Douglas SA, Haase K, Kamm RD, Platt MO. Cysteine cathepsins are altered by flow within an engineered in vitro microvascular niche. APL Bioeng 2020; 4:046102. [PMID: 33195960 PMCID: PMC7644274 DOI: 10.1063/5.0023342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout the process of vascular growth and remodeling, the extracellular matrix (ECM) concurrently undergoes significant changes due to proteolytic activity—regulated by both endothelial and surrounding stromal cells. The role of matrix metalloproteinases has been well-studied in the context of vascular remodeling, but other proteases, such as cysteine cathepsins, could also facilitate ECM remodeling. To investigate cathepsin-mediated proteolysis in vascular ECM remodeling, and to understand the role of shear flow in this process, in vitro microvessels were cultured in previously designed microfluidic chips and assessed by immunostaining, zymography, and western blotting. Primary human vessels (HUVECs and fibroblasts) were conditioned by continuous fluid flow and/or small molecule inhibitors to probe cathepsin expression and activity. Luminal flow (in contrast to static culture) decreases the activity of cathepsins in microvessel systems, despite a total protein increase, due to a concurrent increase in the endogenous inhibitor cystatin C. Observations also demonstrate that cathepsins mostly co-localize with fibroblasts, and that fibrin (the hydrogel substrate) may stabilize cathepsin activity in the system. Inhibitor studies suggest that control over cathepsin-mediated ECM remodeling could contribute to improved maintenance of in vitro microvascular networks; however, further investigation is required. Understanding the role of cathepsin activity in in vitro microvessels and other engineered tissues will be important for future regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone A Douglas
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | | | - Roger D Kamm
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Manu O Platt
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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De Pasquale V, Moles A, Pavone LM. Cathepsins in the Pathophysiology of Mucopolysaccharidoses: New Perspectives for Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040979. [PMID: 32326609 PMCID: PMC7227001 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins (CTSs) are ubiquitously expressed proteases normally found in the endolysosomal compartment where they mediate protein degradation and turnover. However, CTSs are also found in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and extracellular matrix where they actively participate in cell signaling, protein processing, and trafficking through the plasma and nuclear membranes and between intracellular organelles. Dysregulation in CTS expression and/or activity disrupts cellular homeostasis, thus contributing to many human diseases, including inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, obesity, cancer, kidney dysfunction, and others. This review aimed to highlight the involvement of CTSs in inherited lysosomal storage disorders, with a primary focus to the emerging evidence on the role of CTSs in the pathophysiology of Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs). These latter diseases are characterized by severe neurological, skeletal and cardiovascular phenotypes, and no effective cure exists to date. The advance in the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying the activity of CTSs in MPSs may open a new challenge for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for the cure of such intractable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria De Pasquale
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Anna Moles
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish Research Council, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Luigi Michele Pavone
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-7463043
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Dana D, Pathak SK. A Review of Small Molecule Inhibitors and Functional Probes of Human Cathepsin L. Molecules 2020; 25:E698. [PMID: 32041276 PMCID: PMC7038230 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cathepsin L belongs to the cathepsin family of proteolytic enzymes with primarily an endopeptidase activity. Although its primary functions were originally thought to be only of a housekeeping enzyme that degraded intracellular and endocytosed proteins in lysosome, numerous recent studies suggest that it plays many critical and specific roles in diverse cellular settings. Not surprisingly, the dysregulated function of cathepsin L has manifested itself in several human diseases, making it an attractive target for drug development. Unfortunately, several redundant and isoform-specific functions have recently emerged, adding complexities to the drug discovery process. To address this, a series of chemical biology tools have been developed that helped define cathepsin L biology with exquisite precision in specific cellular contexts. This review elaborates on the recently developed small molecule inhibitors and probes of human cathepsin L, outlining their mechanisms of action, and describing their potential utilities in dissecting unknown function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Dana
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Queens College of The City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sanjai K. Pathak
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Queens College of The City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Zhang X, Luo S, Wang M, Shi GP. Cysteinyl cathepsins in cardiovascular diseases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140360. [PMID: 31926332 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cysteinyl cathepsins are lysosomal/endosomal proteases that mediate bulk protein degradation in these intracellular acidic compartments. Yet, studies indicate that these proteases also appear in the nucleus, nuclear membrane, cytosol, plasma membrane, and extracellular space. Patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) show increased levels of cathepsins in the heart, aorta, and plasma. Plasma cathepsins often serve as biomarkers or risk factors of CVD. In aortic diseases, such as atherosclerosis and abdominal aneurysms, cathepsins play pathogenic roles, but many of the same cathepsins are cardioprotective in hypertensive, hypertrophic, and infarcted hearts. During the development of CVD, cathepsins are regulated by inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, hypertensive stimuli, oxidative stress, and many others. Cathepsin activities in inflammatory molecule activation, immunity, cell migration, cholesterol metabolism, neovascularization, cell death, cell signaling, and tissue fibrosis all contribute to CVD and are reviewed in this article in memory of Dr. Nobuhiko Katunuma for his contribution to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Songyuan Luo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Minjie Wang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.
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9
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Ramella M, Bernardi P, Fusaro L, Manfredi M, Casella F, Porta CM, Nicolai L, Galeazzi E, Boldorini R, Settembrini AM, Settembrini P, Marengo E, Cannas M, Boccafoschi F. Relevance of inflammation and matrix remodeling in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and popliteal artery aneurysm (PAA) progression. Am J Transl Res 2018; 10:3265-3275. [PMID: 30416667 PMCID: PMC6220226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aneurysm is a multifactorial degenerative disease characterized by focal dilatation of blood vessels. Although abdominal aortic (AAA) and popliteal aneurysms (PAA) are the most common dilatative vascular diseases and share some features, a comparison between the different anatomical sites and the relative pathophysiological differences has not been established. In order to gain deeper insights to AAA and PAA, we have characterized the role of matrix remodelling, vascular cells phenotype depletion and the inflammatory process in both diseases. Results show a more extensive presence of T-cell, B-cell and monocyte-macrophage infiltration in AAA with respect to PAA. Concurring with this aspect, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 are 10-fold increased in AAA. Moreover, MMP-9, and metalloproteinase inhibitor 3 (TIMP3) resulted up-regulated in AAA tissues. Regarding the catalytic activity, which is tightly related to the oxidative stress, we found an up-regulation of superoxide dismutase [Mn] mitochondrial (SODM), glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3) and peroxiredoxin-1 (PRDX1). Histological analyses clearly showed a massive elastin fragmentation in AAA. This may enhance the inflammatory response, which has a prevalent role in AAA, while PAA is mainly guided by a loss of the contractile phenotype. These findings suggest insight in these potentially devastating diseases in term of their progression, aiming to identify potential specific markers respectively for AAA and PAA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Ramella
- Department of Health Science, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO)Novara, Italy
| | - Priscilla Bernardi
- Department of Health Science, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO)Novara, Italy
| | - Luca Fusaro
- Department of Health Science, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO)Novara, Italy
| | - Marcello Manfredi
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO)Alessandria, Italy
- ISALIT, Spin-Off of DISIT, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO)Alessandria, Italy
| | - Francesco Casella
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Ospedale Maggiore Della CaritàNovara, Italy
| | - Carla M Porta
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Ospedale Maggiore Della CaritàNovara, Italy
| | - Laura Nicolai
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Ospedale Ca’ FoncelloTreviso, Italy
| | - Edoardo Galeazzi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Ospedale Ca’ FoncelloTreviso, Italy
| | - Renzo Boldorini
- Department of Health Science, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO)Novara, Italy
| | | | | | - Emilio Marengo
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO)Alessandria, Italy
| | - Mario Cannas
- Department of Health Science, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO)Novara, Italy
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Wang Y, Liu CL, Lindholt JS, Shi GP, Zhang J. Plasma Cystatin B Association With Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms and Need for Later Surgical Repair: A Sub-study of the VIVA Trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2018; 56:826-832. [PMID: 30262158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2018.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND The development of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) involves extensive extracellular matrix remodelling, leading to aortic wall weakening. This process is mediated by proteases, including cysteinyl cathepsins. Cystatins are their endogenous inhibitors. This study tested whether plasma cystatin B levels in patients with AAA differed from those of healthy controls. METHODS Plasma samples from patients with AAA and age matched controls were selected from the Viborg Vascular (VIVA) screening trial for AAA. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay determined plasma cystatin B. T-test, logistic regression, Pearson's correlation and Cox regression tested whether plasma cystatin B correlates with AAA size and growth rate, or serves as a marker for AAA. RESULTS Plasma cystatin B levels were significantly higher in patients with AAA than in controls (p < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that cystatin B tertile at baseline was associated with the presence of AAA before (odds ratio [OR] 1.656; p < 0.001) and after adjustment for peripheral arterial disease (PAD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and previous ischaemic events (OR 1.526; p < 0.001). A t-test showed a significant association between cystatin B and PAD at screening, hospital diagnosis of COPD, previous atherosclerotic events, and use of low dose aspirin. Pearson's correlation test showed positive and significant associations between cystatin B and AAA size (r = 0.15; p < 0.001). Cox regression test showed that plasma cystatin B tertile at baseline was associated with later AAA surgical repair before (hazard ratio [HR] 1.387; p < 0.001) and after adjustment for PAD, COPD, previous ischaemic event, and maximum infrarenal aortic diameter (HR 1.523; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION In contrast to prior studies that showed that cystatin C is negatively associated with AAA development, this study demonstrated a positive association between cystatin B and AAA size and associations between cystatin B tertile at baseline and AAA presence and need for later surgical repair. It is possible that these two cystatins inhibit cathepsin activity and participate in AAA with different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhe Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cong-Lin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jes S Lindholt
- Elitary Research Centre of Individualized Medicine of Arterial Disease, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jinying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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11
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Carino D, Sarac TP, Ziganshin BA, Elefteriades JA. Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Evolving Controversies and Uncertainties. Int J Angiol 2018; 27:58-80. [PMID: 29896039 PMCID: PMC5995687 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1657771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is defined as a permanent dilatation of the abdominal aorta that exceeds 3 cm. Most AAAs arise in the portion of abdominal aorta distal to the renal arteries and are defined as infrarenal. Most AAAs are totally asymptomatic until catastrophic rupture. The strongest predictor of AAA rupture is the diameter. Surgery is indicated to prevent rupture when the risk of rupture exceeds the risk of surgery. In this review, we aim to analyze this disease comprehensively, starting from an epidemiological perspective, exploring etiology and pathophysiology, and concluding with surgical controversies. We will pursue these goals by addressing eight specific questions regarding AAA: (1) Is the incidence of AAA increasing? (2) Are ultrasound screening programs for AAA effective? (3) What causes AAA: Genes versus environment? (4) Animal models: Are they really relevant? (5) What pathophysiology leads to AAA? (6) Indications for AAA surgery: Are surgeons over-eager to operate? (7) Elective AAA repair: Open or endovascular? (8) Emergency AAA repair: Open or endovascular?
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Carino
- Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Timur P. Sarac
- Section of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Bulat A. Ziganshin
- Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Surgical Diseases # 2, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | - John A. Elefteriades
- Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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12
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Seto SW, Chang D, Kiat H, Wang N, Bensoussan A. Chinese Herbal Medicine as a Potential Treatment of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:33. [PMID: 29732374 PMCID: PMC5919947 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is an irreversible condition where the abdominal aorta is dilated leading to potentially fatal consequence of aortic rupture. Multiple mechanisms are involved in the development and progression of AAA, including chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, vascular smooth muscle (VSMC) apoptosis, immune cell infiltration and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. Currently surgical therapies, including minimally invasive endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR), are the only viable interventions for AAAs. However, these treatments are not appropriate for the majority of AAAs, which measure <50 mm. Substantial effort has been invested to identify and develop pharmaceutical treatments such as statins and doxycycline for this potentially lethal condition but these interventions failed to offer a cure or to retard the progression of AAA. Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) has been used for the management of cardiovascular diseases for thousands of years in China and other Asian countries. The unique multi-component and multi-target property of CHMs makes it a potentially ideal therapy for multifactorial diseases such as AAA. In this review, we review the current scientific evidence to support the use of CHMs for the treatment of AAA. Mechanisms of action underlying the effects of CHMs on AAA are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Wang Seto
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Dennis Chang
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Hosen Kiat
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ning Wang
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia.,Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute for Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Alan Bensoussan
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
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13
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Liu CL, Guo J, Zhang X, Sukhova GK, Libby P, Shi GP. Cysteine protease cathepsins in cardiovascular disease: from basic research to clinical trials. Nat Rev Cardiol 2018; 15:351-370. [DOI: 10.1038/s41569-018-0002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Giroud M, Dietzel U, Anselm L, Banner D, Kuglstatter A, Benz J, Blanc JB, Gaufreteau D, Liu H, Lin X, Stich A, Kuhn B, Schuler F, Kaiser M, Brun R, Schirmeister T, Kisker C, Diederich F, Haap W. Repurposing a Library of Human Cathepsin L Ligands: Identification of Macrocyclic Lactams as Potent Rhodesain and Trypanosoma brucei Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2018; 61:3350-3369. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maude Giroud
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Dietzel
- Rudolf-Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lilli Anselm
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Banner
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Kuglstatter
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Benz
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Baptiste Blanc
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Delphine Gaufreteau
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Haixia Liu
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, 720 Cailun Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xianfeng Lin
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, 720 Cailun Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - August Stich
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Mission Institute, Salvatorstrasse 7, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Kuhn
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Franz Schuler
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reto Brun
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institut für Pharmazie und Biochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Caroline Kisker
- Rudolf-Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - François Diederich
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Haap
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
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15
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Dencker M, Tanha T, Karlsson MK, Wollmer P, Andersen LB, Thorsson O. Cystatin B, cathepsin L and D related to surrogate markers for cardiovascular disease in children. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187494. [PMID: 29149174 PMCID: PMC5693439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated potential associations between novel biomarkers for cardiovascular disease and other surrogate markers for health. METHODS Community sample of 170 (92 boys and 78 girls) children aged 8-11 years. Total fat mass (TBF) and abdominal fat (AFM) were measured by Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Total body fat was also expressed as percentage of total body mass (BF%), and body fat distribution was calculated as AFM/TBF. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2PEAK), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) and pulse pressure (PP) were measured. Echocardiography was performed. Left atrial size (LA) and left ventricular mass (LVM) were measured. A follow-up DXA scan was available in 152 children (84 boys and 68 girls). Frozen serum samples were analyzed for cystatin B, cathepsin L and cathepsin D. RESULTS Partial correlations between cystatin B versus lnTBF, lnBF%, lnAFM, AFM/TBF, VO2PEAK and PP were; r = 0.38, 0.36, 0.38, 0.29, -0.25 and 0.25, P = 0.001 or less for all. Weaker predominantly non-significant correlations were found for cathepsin L, whereas cathepsin D was not related to any surrogate markers for health. No significant correlations were found between biomarkers and change in body fat over 2 years. CONCLUSION Findings from this community-based cohort of young children show that surrogate markers for cardiovascular disease such as total fat mass, percent body fat, abdominal fat, body fat distribution, maximal oxygen uptake and pulse pressure were all associated with cystatin B. This was not found for cathepsin L or cathepsin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Dencker
- Dept of Translational Medicine, Unit of Medical Imaging and Physiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Tina Tanha
- Dept of Translational Medicine, Unit of Medical Imaging and Physiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Magnus K. Karlsson
- Dept of Clinical Sciences, Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Per Wollmer
- Dept of Translational Medicine, Unit of Medical Imaging and Physiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lars B. Andersen
- Sogn and Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ola Thorsson
- Dept of Translational Medicine, Unit of Medical Imaging and Physiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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16
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Wang C, Wang Y, Yu M, Chen C, Xu L, Cao Y, Qi R. Grape-seed Polyphenols Play a Protective Role in Elastase-induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in Mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9402. [PMID: 28839206 PMCID: PMC5570906 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09674-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a kind of disease characterized by aortic dilation, whose pathogenesis is linked to inflammation. This study aimed to determine whether grape-seed polyphenols (GSP) has anti-AAA effects and what mechanism is involved, thus to find a way to prevent occurrence and inhibit expansion of small AAA. In our study, AAA was induced by incubating the abdominal aorta of the mice with elastase, and GSP was administrated to the mice by gavage at different doses beginning on the day of the AAA inducement. In in vivo experiments, 800 mg/kg GSP could significantly reduce the incidence of AAA, the dilatation of aorta and elastin degradation in media, and dramatically decrease macrophage infiltration and activation and expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) -2 and MMP-9 in the aorta, compared to the AAA model group. Meanwhile, 400 mg/kg GSP could also but not completely inhibit the occurrence and development of AAA. In in vitro experiments, GSP dose-dependently inhibited mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and significantly inhibited expression and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9, thus prevented elastin from degradation. In conclusion, GSP showed great anti-AAA effects and its mechanisms were related to inhibition of inflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/drug therapy
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/etiology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/prevention & control
- Biomarkers
- Biopsy
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression
- Inflammation/pathology
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/metabolism
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Pancreatic Elastase/deficiency
- Plant Extracts/chemistry
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Polyphenols/chemistry
- Polyphenols/pharmacology
- Protective Agents/chemistry
- Protective Agents/pharmacology
- Seeds/chemistry
- Vitis/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Peking University Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
- Second School of Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yunxia Wang
- Peking University Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Maomao Yu
- Peking University Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Peking University Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Peking University Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yini Cao
- Peking University Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Rong Qi
- Peking University Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, Beijing, 100191, China.
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17
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Leng YP, Ma YS, Li XG, Chen RF, Zeng PY, Li XH, Qiu CF, Li YP, Zhang Z, Chen AF. l-Homocysteine-induced cathepsin V mediates the vascular endothelial inflammation in hyperhomocysteinaemia. Br J Pharmacol 2017. [PMID: 28631302 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Vascular inflammation, including the expression of inflammatory cytokines in endothelial cells, plays a critical role in hyperhomocysteinaemia-associated vascular diseases. Cathepsin V, specifically expressed in humans, is involved in vascular diseases through its elastolytic and collagenolytic activities. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of cathepsin V on l-homocysteine-induced vascular inflammation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A high methionine diet-induced hyperhomocysteinaemic mouse model was used to assess cathepsin V expression and vascular inflammation. Cultures of HUVECs were challenged with l-homocysteine and the cathepsin L/V inhibitor SID to assess the pro-inflammatory effects of cathepsin V. Transfection and antisense techniques were utilized to investigate the effects of cathepsin V on the dual-specificity protein phosphatases (DUSPs) and MAPK pathways. KEY RESULTS Cathepsin L (human cathepsin V homologous) was increased in the thoracic aorta endothelial cells of hyperhomocysteinaemic mice; l-homocysteine promoted cathepsin V expression in HUVECs. SID suppressed the activity of cathepsin V and reversed the up-regulation of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α), adhesion and chemotaxis of leukocytes and vascular inflammation induced by l-homocysteine in vivo and in vitro. Increased cathepsin V promoted the degradation of DUSP6 and DUSP7, phosphorylation and subsequent nuclear translocation of ERK1/2, phosphorylation of STAT1 and expression of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study has identified a novel mechanism, which shows that l-homocysteine-induced upregulation of cathepsin V mediates vascular endothelial inflammation under high homocysteine condition partly via ERK1/2 /STAT1 pathway. This mechanism could represent a potential therapeutic target in hyperaemia-associated vascular diseases. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Spotlight on Small Molecules in Cardiovascular Diseases. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.8/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Leng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Center for Vascular Disease and Translational Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ye-Shuo Ma
- Center for Vascular Disease and Translational Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Gang Li
- Center for Vascular Disease and Translational Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rui-Fang Chen
- Center for Vascular Disease and Translational Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Centre for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ping-Yu Zeng
- Center for Vascular Disease and Translational Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Centre for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Li
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Center for Vascular Disease and Translational Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Cheng-Feng Qiu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Center for Vascular Disease and Translational Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ya-Pei Li
- Center for Vascular Disease and Translational Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Center for Vascular Disease and Translational Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Centre for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Alex F Chen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Center for Vascular Disease and Translational Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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18
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Abdominal/metabolism
- Aorta, Abdominal/pathology
- Aorta, Abdominal/physiopathology
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aorta, Thoracic/pathology
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiopathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/epidemiology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/metabolism
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/physiopathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/epidemiology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Risk Factors
- Signal Transduction
- Vascular Remodeling
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lu
- From the Department of Physiology, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington.
| | - Alan Daugherty
- From the Department of Physiology, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington
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19
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Cao Y, Liu X, Li Y, Lu Y, Zhong H, Jiang W, Chen AF, Billiar TR, Yuan H, Cai J. Cathepsin L activity correlates with proteinuria in chronic kidney disease in humans. Int Urol Nephrol 2017; 49:1409-1417. [PMID: 28534128 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-017-1626-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence and severity of proteinuria is considered an important prognostic marker in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is associated with mortality and morbidity. Cathepsin L is highly expressed in the foot processes of podocytes in the kidney, which serves as an ultrafiltration barrier. Cathepsin L is also up-regulated in the setting of inflammation as a feature of CKD. Therefore, we postulated that proteinuria severity in CKD patients might correlate with increased serum levels of cathepsin L. METHODS AND RESULTS In this retrospective observational study, a total of 135 patients diagnosed with CKD, 31 renal transplant patients and 48 healthy controls were included. The demographic characteristics and clinical indicators were analyzed. Serum cathepsin L activity was significantly higher in patients with CKD than in renal transplant recipients and healthy controls (P < 0.01). Patients with severe proteinuria had a higher cathepsin L activity compared to those with moderate or mild proteinuria (P < 0.01). Serum cathepsin L activity positively associated with age, body mass index, nitrite level, neutrophil count, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, high-mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) and 24-h proteinuria. In the ROC analysis, the sensitivity of cathepsin L activity in diagnosis of moderate and heavy is 0.86 and the specificity is 0.73. Moreover, CKD patients with higher cathepsin L activity had a significantly higher hospital admission rate. The data also showed patients with statin administration present significantly lower cathepsin L activity (P < 0.01), hs-CRP (P < 0.01), HMGB1 (P < 0.01) and proteinuria (P < 0.01) compared to non-statin treatment group. CONCLUSION This study revealed that serum cathepsin L activity is significantly elevated in CKD patients and its level correlates with the severity of proteinuria as well as prognosis, suggesting that serum cathepsin L may serve as a potential biomarker for CKD. Further prospective study is needed to explore its clinical implications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cao
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Xing Liu
- The Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Li
- The Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yao Lu
- The Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hua Zhong
- The Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weihong Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Alex F Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.,The Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- The Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hong Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.,The Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China. .,The Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China. .,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a pathological condition of permanent dilation that portends the potentially fatal consequence of aortic rupture. This review emphasizes recent advances in mechanistic insight into aneurysm pathogenesis and potential pharmacologic therapies that are on the horizon for AAAs. RECENT FINDINGS An increasing body of evidence demonstrates that genetic factors, including 3p12.3, DAB2IP, LDLr, LRP1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, TGFBR2, and SORT1 loci, are associated with AAA development. Current human studies and animal models have shown that many leukocytes and inflammatory mediators, such as IL-1, IL-17, TGF-β, and angiotensin II, are involved in the pathogenesis of AAAs. Leukocytic infiltration into aortic media leads to smooth muscle cell depletion, generation of reactive oxygen species, and extracellular matrix fragmentation. Preclinical investigations into pharmacological therapies for AAAs have provided intriguing insight into the roles of microRNAs in regulating many pathological pathways in AAA development. Several large clinical trials are ongoing, seeking to translate preclinical findings into therapeutic options. SUMMARY Recent studies have identified many potential mechanisms involved in AAA pathogenesis that provide insight into the development of a medical treatment for this disease.
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21
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Ren W, Liu Y, Wang X, Jia L, Piao C, Lan F, Du J. β-Aminopropionitrile monofumarate induces thoracic aortic dissection in C57BL/6 mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28149. [PMID: 27329825 PMCID: PMC4916438 DOI: 10.1038/srep28149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Thoracic aortic dissection (TAD) is a catastrophic disease with high mortality and morbidity, characterized by fragmentation of elastin and loss of smooth muscle cells. However, the underlying pathological mechanisms of this disease remain elusive because there are no appropriate animal models, limiting discovery of effective therapeutic strategies. We treated mice on C57BL/6 and FVB genetic backgrounds with β-aminopropionitrile monofumarate (BAPN), an irreversible inhibitor of lysyl oxidase, for 4 wk, followed by angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion for 24 h. We found that the BAPN plus Ang II treatment induced formation of aortic dissections in 100% of mice on both genetic backgrounds. BAPN without Ang II caused dissections in few FVB mice, but caused 87% of C57BL/6 mice to develop TAD, with 37% dying from rupture of the aortic dissection. Moreover, a lower dose of BAPN induced TAD formation and rupture earlier with fewer effects on body weight. Therefore, we have generated a reliable and convenient TAD model in C57BL/6 mice for studying the pathological process and exploring therapeutic targets of TAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Ren
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Affiliated to Capital Medical University; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders; The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education; Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Affiliated to Capital Medical University; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders; The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education; Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xuerui Wang
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Affiliated to Capital Medical University; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders; The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education; Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lixin Jia
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Affiliated to Capital Medical University; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders; The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education; Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chunmei Piao
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Affiliated to Capital Medical University; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders; The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education; Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Feng Lan
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Affiliated to Capital Medical University; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders; The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education; Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jie Du
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Affiliated to Capital Medical University; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders; The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education; Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
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22
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Cystatin E/M Suppresses Tumor Cell Growth through Cytoplasmic Retention of NF-κB. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:1776-92. [PMID: 27090639 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00878-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We and others have shown that the cystatin E/M gene is inactivated in primary human tumors, pointing to its role as a tumor suppressor gene. However, the molecular mechanism of tumor suppression is not yet understood. Using plasmid-directed cystatin E/M gene overexpression, a lentivirus-mediated tetracycline-inducible vector system, and human papillomavirus 16 (HPV 16) E6 and E7 gene-immortalized normal human epidermal keratinocytes, we demonstrated intracellular and non-cell-autonomous apoptotic growth inhibition of tumor cell lines and that growth inhibition is associated with cytoplasmic retention of NF-κB. We further demonstrated decreased phosphorylation of IκB kinase (IKKβ) and IκBα in the presence of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), confirming the role of cystatin E/M in the regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Growth suppression of nude mouse xenograft tumors carrying a tetracycline-inducible vector system was observed with the addition of doxycycline in drinking water, confirming that the cystatin E/M gene is a tumor suppressor gene. Finally, immunohistochemical analyses of cervical carcinoma in situ and primary tumors have shown a statistically significant inverse relationship between the expression of cystatin E/M and cathepsin L and a direct relationship between the loss of cystatin E/M expression and nuclear expression of NF-κB. We therefore propose that the cystatin E/M suppressor gene plays an important role in the regulation of NF-κB.
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23
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Gilbert A, Wyczalkowska-Tomasik A, Zendzian-Piotrowska M, Czarkowska-Paczek B. Training differentially regulates elastin level and proteolysis in skeletal and heart muscles and aorta in healthy rats. Biol Open 2016; 5:556-62. [PMID: 27069251 PMCID: PMC4874357 DOI: 10.1242/bio.017459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise induces changes in muscle fibers and the extracellular matrix that may depend on elastin content and the activity of proteolytic enzymes. We investigated the influence of endurance training on the gene expression and protein content and/or activity of elastin, elastase, cathepsin K, and plasmin in skeletal and heart muscles and in the aorta. Healthy rats were randomly divided into untrained (n=10) and trained (n=10; 6 weeks of endurance training with increasing load) groups. Gene expression was evaluated via qRT-PCR. Elastin content was measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and enzyme activity was measured fluorometrically. Elastin content was significantly higher in skeletal (P=0.0014) and heart muscle (P=0.000022) from trained rats versus untrained rats, but not in the aorta. Although mRNA levels in skeletal muscle did not differ between groups, the activities of elastase (P=0.0434), cathepsin K (P=0.0343) and plasmin (P=0.000046) were higher in trained rats. The levels of cathepsin K (P=0.0288) and plasminogen (P=0.0005) mRNA were higher in heart muscle from trained rats, but enzyme activity was not. Enzyme activity in the aorta did not differ between groups. Increased elastin content in muscles may result in better adaption to exercise, as may remodeling of the extracellular matrix in skeletal muscle. Summary: Endurance training increases elastin content in muscles but not in the aorta. The activities of enzymes responsible for ECM remodeling increase only in skeletal muscle. These changes seem to be adaptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gilbert
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Medical University of Warsaw, E. Ciolka Street 27, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wyczalkowska-Tomasik
- Department of Immunology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka Street 59, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Bozena Czarkowska-Paczek
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Medical University of Warsaw, E. Ciolka Street 27, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland
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24
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Giroud M, Harder M, Kuhn B, Haap W, Trapp N, Schweizer WB, Schirmeister T, Diederich F. Fluorine Scan of Inhibitors of the Cysteine Protease Human Cathepsin L: Dipolar and Quadrupolar Effects in the π-Stacking of Fluorinated Phenyl Rings on Peptide Amide Bonds. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:1042-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maude Giroud
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zürich; Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, HCI 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Michael Harder
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zürich; Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, HCI 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Bernd Kuhn
- Small Molecule Research; Roche Innovation Center Basel; F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG; Grenzacherstrasse 124, Building 92 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Haap
- Small Molecule Research; Roche Innovation Center Basel; F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG; Grenzacherstrasse 124, Building 92 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Nils Trapp
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zürich; Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, HCI 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - W. Bernd Schweizer
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zürich; Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, HCI 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institut für Pharmazie und Biochemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Staudinger Weg 5 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - François Diederich
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zürich; Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, HCI 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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Gonçalves I, Hultman K, Dunér P, Edsfeldt A, Hedblad B, Fredrikson GN, Björkbacka H, Nilsson J, Bengtsson E. High levels of cathepsin D and cystatin B are associated with increased risk of coronary events. Open Heart 2016; 3:e000353. [PMID: 26848396 PMCID: PMC4731836 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2015-000353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The majority of acute coronary syndromes are caused by plaque ruptures. Proteases secreted by macrophages play an important role in plaque ruptures by degrading extracellular matrix proteins in the fibrous cap. Matrix metalloproteinases have been shown to be markers for cardiovascular disease whereas the members of the cathepsin protease family are less studied. Methods Cathepsin D, cathepsin L and cystatin B were measured in plasma at baseline from 384 individuals who developed coronary events (CEs), and from 409 age-matched and sex-matched controls from the Malmö Diet and Cancer cardiovascular cohort. Results Cathepsin D (180 (142–238) vs 163 (128–210), p<0.001), cathepsin L (55 (44–73) vs 52 (43–67), p<0.05) and cystatin B levels (45 (36–57) vs 42 (33–52), p<0.001) were significantly increased in CE cases compared to controls. In addition, increased cathepsin D (220 (165–313) vs 167 (133–211), p<0.001), cathepsin L (61 (46–80) vs 53 (43–68), p<0.05) and cystatin B (46 (38–58) vs 43 (34–54), p<0.05) were associated with prevalent diabetes. Furthermore, cathepsin D and cystatin B were increased in smokers. The HRs for incident CE comparing the highest to the lowest tertile(s) of cathepsin D and cystatin B were 1.34 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.75) and 1.26 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.57), respectively, after adjusting for age, sex, low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein ratio, triglycerides, body mass index, hypertension and glucose, but these associations did not remain significant after further addition of smoking to the model. In addition, cathepsin D was increased in incident CE cases among smokers after adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors. Conclusions The associations of cathepsin D and cystatin B with future CE provide clinical support for a role of these factors in cardiovascular disease, which for cathepsin D may be of particular importance for smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Gonçalves
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Karin Hultman
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences , Lund University , Malmö , Sweden
| | - Pontus Dunér
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences , Lund University , Malmö , Sweden
| | - Andreas Edsfeldt
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Bo Hedblad
- Department of Clinical Sciences , Lund University , Malmö , Sweden
| | - Gunilla Nordin Fredrikson
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences , Lund University , Malmö , Sweden
| | - Harry Björkbacka
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences , Lund University , Malmö , Sweden
| | - Jan Nilsson
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences , Lund University , Malmö , Sweden
| | - Eva Bengtsson
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences , Lund University , Malmö , Sweden
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Parvizi M, Harmsen MC. Therapeutic Prospect of Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells for the Treatment of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1493-505. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Parvizi
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martin C. Harmsen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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DeBruin EJ, Gold M, Lo BC, Snyder K, Cait A, Lasic N, Lopez M, McNagny KM, Hughes MR. Mast cells in human health and disease. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1220:93-119. [PMID: 25388247 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1568-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells are primarily known for their role in defense against pathogens, particularly bacteria; neutralization of venom toxins; and for triggering allergic responses and anaphylaxis. In addition to these direct effector functions, activated mast cells rapidly recruit other innate and adaptive immune cells and can participate in "tuning" the immune response. In this review we touch briefly on these important functions and then focus on some of the less-appreciated roles of mast cells in human disease including cancer, autoimmune inflammation, organ transplant, and fibrosis. Although it is difficult to formally assign causal roles to mast cells in human disease, we offer a general review of data that correlate the presence and activation of mast cells with exacerbated inflammation and disease progression. Conversely, in some restricted contexts, mast cells may offer protective roles. For example, the presence of mast cells in some malignant or cardiovascular diseases is associated with favorable prognosis. In these cases, specific localization of mast cells within the tissue and whether they express chymase or tryptase (or both) are diagnostically important considerations. Finally, we review experimental animal models that imply a causal role for mast cells in disease and discuss important caveats and controversies of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin J DeBruin
- Department of Experimental Medicine, The Biomedical Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Stather PW, Sidloff DA, Dattani N, Gokani VJ, Choke E, Sayers RD, Bown MJ. Meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis of biomarkers for abdominal aortic aneurysm. Br J Surg 2014; 101:1358-72. [DOI: 10.1002/bjs.9593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Many studies have investigated the systemic and local expression of biomarkers in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). The natural history of AAA varies between patients, and predictors of the presence and diameter of AAA have not been determined consistently. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of studies comparing biomarkers in patients with and without AAA, with the aim of summarizing the association of identified markers with both AAA presence and size.
Methods and results
Literature review identified 106 studies suitable for inclusion. Meta-analysis demonstrated a significant difference between matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1, interleukin (IL) 6, C-reactive protein (CRP), α1-antitrypsin, triglycerides, lipoprotein(a), apolipoprotein A and high-density lipoprotein in patients with and without AAA. Although meta-analysis was not possible for MMP-2 in aortic tissue, tumour necrosis factor α, osteoprotegerin, osteopontin, interferon γ, intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, systematic review suggested an increase in these biomarkers in patients with AAA. Meta-regression analysis identified a significant positive linear correlation between aortic diameter and CRP level.
Conclusion
A wide variety of biomarkers are dysregulated in patients with AAA, but their clinical value is yet to be established. Future research should focus on the most relevant biomarkers of AAA, and how they could be used clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Stather
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - D A Sidloff
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - N Dattani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - V J Gokani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - E Choke
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - R D Sayers
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - M J Bown
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Fonović M, Turk B. Cysteine cathepsins and extracellular matrix degradation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2560-70. [PMID: 24680817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cysteine cathepsins are normally found in the lysosomes where they are involved in intracellular protein turnover. Their ability to degrade the components of the extracellular matrix in vitro was first reported more than 25years ago. However, cathepsins were for a long time not considered to be among the major players in ECM degradation in vivo. During the last decade it has, however, become evident that abundant secretion of cysteine cathepsins into extracellular milieu is accompanying numerous physiological and disease conditions, enabling the cathepsins to degrade extracellular proteins. SCOPE OF VIEW In this review we will focus on cysteine cathepsins and their extracellular functions linked with ECM degradation, including regulation of their activity, which is often enhanced by acidification of the extracellular microenvironment, such as found in the bone resorption lacunae or tumor microenvironment. We will further discuss the ECM substrates of cathepsins with a focus on collagen and elastin, including the importance of that for pathologies. Finally, we will overview the current status of cathepsin inhibitors in clinical development for treatment of ECM-linked diseases, in particular osteoporosis. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Cysteine cathepsins are among the major proteases involved in ECM remodeling, and their role is not limited to degradation only. Deregulation of their activity is linked with numerous ECM-linked diseases and they are now validated targets in a number of them. Cathepsins S and K are the most attractive targets, especially cathepsin K as a major therapeutic target for osteoporosis with drugs targeting it in advanced clinical trials. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Due to their major role in ECM remodeling cysteine cathepsins have emerged as an important group of therapeutic targets for a number of ECM-related diseases, including, osteoporosis, cancer and cardiovascular diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Matrix-mediated cell behaviour and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Fonović
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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