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Natarajan N, Florentin J, Johny E, Xiao H, O'Neil SP, Lei L, Shen J, Ohayon L, Johnson AR, Rao K, Li X, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Tavakoli S, Shiva S, Das J, Dutta P. Aberrant mitochondrial DNA synthesis in macrophages exacerbates inflammation and atherosclerosis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7337. [PMID: 39187565 PMCID: PMC11347661 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51780-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a large body of evidence that cellular metabolism governs inflammation, and that inflammation contributes to the progression of atherosclerosis. However, whether mitochondrial DNA synthesis affects macrophage function and atherosclerosis pathology is not fully understood. Here we show, by transcriptomic analyzes of plaque macrophages, spatial single cell transcriptomics of atherosclerotic plaques, and functional experiments, that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) synthesis in atherosclerotic plaque macrophages are triggered by vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) under inflammatory conditions in both humans and mice. Mechanistically, VCAM-1 activates C/EBPα, which binds to the promoters of key mitochondrial biogenesis genes - Cmpk2 and Pgc1a. Increased CMPK2 and PGC-1α expression triggers mtDNA synthesis, which activates STING-mediated inflammation. Consistently, atherosclerosis and inflammation are less severe in Apoe-/- mice lacking Vcam1 in macrophages. Downregulation of macrophage-specific VCAM-1 in vivo leads to decreased expression of LYZ1 and FCOR, involved in STING signalling. Finally, VCAM-1 expression in human carotid plaque macrophages correlates with necrotic core area, mitochondrial volume, and oxidative damage to DNA. Collectively, our study highlights the importance of macrophage VCAM-1 in inflammation and atherogenesis pathology and proposes a self-acerbating pathway involving increased mtDNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjana Natarajan
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jonathan Florentin
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Ebin Johny
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Hanxi Xiao
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Systems Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Joint CMU-Pitt PhD program in Computational Biology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Scott Patrick O'Neil
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Liqun Lei
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jixing Shen
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Lee Ohayon
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Aaron R Johnson
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Krithika Rao
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Yanwu Zhao
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Yingze Zhang
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Sina Tavakoli
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Sruti Shiva
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jishnu Das
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Systems Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Partha Dutta
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Jamil MA, Singh S, El-Maarri O, Oldenburg J, Biswas A. Exploring Diverse Coagulation Factor XIII Subunit Expression Datasets: A Bioinformatic Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094725. [PMID: 35563115 PMCID: PMC9099568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulation factor XIII (FXIII) circulates in plasma as a pro-transglutaminase heterotetrameric complex (FXIIIA2B2), which upon activation by thrombin and calcium covalently crosslinks preformed fibrin polymers. The heterotetrameric complex is composed of a catalytic FXIIIA2 subunit and a protective/regulatory FXIII-B2 subunit coded by F13A1 and F13B genes, respectively. The catalytic FXIIIA2 subunit is encoded by the F13A1 gene, expressed primarily in cells of mesenchymal origin, whereas the FXIIIB subunit encoded by the F13B gene is expressed and secreted from hepatocytes. The plasma FXIIIA2 subunit, which earlier was believed to be secreted from cells of megakaryocytic lineage, is now understood to result primarily from resident macrophages. The regulation of the FXIII subunits at the genetic level is still poorly understood. The current study adopts a purely bioinformatic approach to analyze the temporal, time-specific expression array-data corresponding to both the subunits in specific cell lineages, with respect to the gene promoters. We analyze the differentially expressed genes correlated with F13A1 and F13B expression levels in an array of cell types, utilizing publicly available microarray data. We attempt to understand the regulatory mechanism underlying the variable expression of FXIIIA2 subunit in macrophages (M0, M1, M2 and aortic resident macrophages). Similarly, the FXIIIB2 subunit expression data from adult, fetal hepatocytes and embryonic stem cells derived hepatoblasts (hESC-hepatoblast) was analyzed. The results suggest regulatory dependence between the two FXIII subunits at the transcript level. Our analysis also predicts the involvement of the FXIIIA2 subunit in macrophage polarization, plaque stability, and inflammation.
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3
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Sasaki S, Nishihira K, Yamashita A, Fujii T, Onoue K, Saito Y, Hatakeyama K, Shibata Y, Asada Y, Ohbayashi C. Involvement of enhanced expression of classical complement C1q in atherosclerosis progression and plaque instability: C1q as an indicator of clinical outcome. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262413. [PMID: 35085285 PMCID: PMC8794146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the classical complement pathway plays a major role in regulating atherosclerosis progression, and it is believed to have both proatherogenic and atheroprotective effects. This study focused on C1q, the first protein in the classical pathway, and examined its potentialities of plaque progression and instability and its relationship with clinical outcomes. To assess the localization and quantity of C1q expression in various stages of atherosclerosis, immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed using abdominal aortas from eight autopsy cases. C1q immunoreactivity in relation to plaque instability and clinical outcomes was also examined using directional coronary atherectomy (DCA) samples from 19 patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and 18 patients with stable angina pectoris (SAP) and coronary aspirated specimens from 38 patients with acute myocardial infarction. C1q immunoreactivity was localized in the extracellular matrix, necrotic cores, macrophages and smooth muscle cells in atherosclerotic lesions. Western blotting and real-time PCR illustrated that C1q protein and mRNA expression was significantly higher in advanced lesions than in early lesions. Immunohistochemical analysis using DCA specimens revealed that C1q expression was significantly higher in ACS plaques than in SAP plaques. Finally, immunohistochemical analysis using thrombus aspiration specimens demonstrated that histopathological C1q in aspirated coronary materials could be an indicator of poor medical condition. Our results indicated that C1q is significantly involved in atherosclerosis progression and plaque instability, and it could be considered as one of the indicators of cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoh Sasaki
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | | | - Atsushi Yamashita
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Tomomi Fujii
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kenji Onoue
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Saito
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kinta Hatakeyama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
- Department of Pathology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Yujiro Asada
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Chiho Ohbayashi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
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4
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Park SH. Regulation of Macrophage Activation and Differentiation in Atherosclerosis. J Lipid Atheroscler 2021; 10:251-267. [PMID: 34621697 PMCID: PMC8473962 DOI: 10.12997/jla.2021.10.3.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of atherosclerosis and macrophages play a central role in controlling inflammation at all stages of atherosclerosis. In atherosclerosis, macrophages and monocyte-derived macrophages are continuously exposed to cholesterol, oxidized lipids, cell debris, cytokines, and chemokines. Not only do these stimuli induce a specific macrophage phenotype, but they also interact extensively, leading to macrophage heterogeneity in atherosclerotic plaques. Herein, we review the diverse phenotypes of macrophages, the mechanisms underlying macrophage activation, and the contributions of macrophages to atherosclerosis in this context. We also summarize recent studies on foamy macrophages and monocyte-derived macrophages in plaque during disease progression. We provide a comprehensive overview of transcriptional, epigenetic, and metabolic reprogramming of macrophages and discuss the emerging concepts of targeting cytokines and macrophages to modulate atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ho Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Korea
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5
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Zhang J, Ma CR, Hua YQ, Li L, Ni JY, Huang YT, Duncan SE, Li S, Gao S, Fan GW. Contradictory regulation of macrophages on atherosclerosis based on polarization, death and autophagy. Life Sci 2021; 276:118957. [PMID: 33524421 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The main pathological feature of atherosclerosis is lipid metabolism disorder and inflammation. Macrophages, as the most important immune cells in the body, run through the beginning and end of disease development. After macrophages overtake the atherosclerosis-susceptible area apolipoprotein low-density lipoprotein ox-LDL, they transform into foam cells that adhere to blood vessels and recruit a large number of pro-inflammatory factors to initiate the disease. Promoting the outflow of lipids in foam cells and alleviating inflammation have become the basic ideas for the study of atherosclerosis treatment strategies. The polarization of macrophages refers to the estimation of the activation of macrophages at a specific point in space and time. Determining the proportion of different macrophage phenotypes in the plaque can help identify delay or prevent disease development. However, the abnormal polarization of macrophages and the accumulation of lipid also affect the growth state of cells to some extent, thus aggravate the influence on plaque area and stability. Besides, overactive or deficient autophagy of macrophages may also lead to cell death and participate in lipid metabolism and inflammation regression. In this paper, the role of macrophages in atherosclerosis was discussed from three aspects: polarization, death, and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Chuan-Rui Ma
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yun-Qing Hua
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Lan Li
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jing-Yu Ni
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yu-Ting Huang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Sophia Esi Duncan
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Sheng Li
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Shan Gao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Guan-Wei Fan
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China..
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6
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Liu Y, Liu N, Liu Q. Constructing a ceRNA-immunoregulatory network associated with the development and prognosis of human atherosclerosis through weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:3080-3100. [PMID: 33460396 PMCID: PMC7880393 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is now overwhelming experimental and clinical evidence that atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease. The recent discovery of a new group of mediators known as competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) offers a unique opportunity for investigating immunoregulation in AS. In this study, we used gene expression profiles from GEO database to construct a lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network during AS plaque development through weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). GO annotation and pathway enrichment analysis suggested that the ceRNA network was mainly involved in the immune response. CIBERSORT and GSVA were used to calculate the immune cell infiltration score and identified macrophage as hub immunocyte in plaque development. A macrophage related ceRNA subnetwork was constructed through correlation analysis. Samples from Biobank of Karolinska Endarterectomy (BiKE) were used to identify prognostic factors from the subnetwork and yielded 7 hub factors that can predict ischemic events including macrophage GSVA score and expression value of AL138756.1, CTSB, MAFB, LYN, GRK3, and BID. A nomogram based on the key factors was established. GSEA identified that the PD1 signaling pathway was negatively associated with these prognostic factors which may explain the cardiovascular side effect of immune checkpoint therapy in anti-tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaozhong Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qiming Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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7
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Baxter AA. Stoking the Fire: How Dying Cells Propagate Inflammatory Signalling through Extracellular Vesicle Trafficking. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197256. [PMID: 33019535 PMCID: PMC7583891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Communication between dying cells and their environment is a critical process that promotes tissue homeostasis during normal cellular turnover, whilst during disease settings, it can contribute to inflammation through the release of intracellular factors. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous class of membrane-bound cell-derived structures that can engage in intercellular communication via the trafficking of bioactive molecules between cells and tissues. In addition to the well-described functions of EVs derived from living cells, the ability of dying cells to release EVs capable of mediating functions on target cells or tissues is also of significant interest. In particular, during inflammatory settings such as acute tissue injury, infection and autoimmunity, the EV-mediated transfer of proinflammatory cargo from dying cells is an important process that can elicit profound proinflammatory effects in recipient cells and tissues. Furthermore, the biogenesis of EVs via unique cell-death-associated pathways has also been recently described, highlighting an emerging niche in EV biology. This review outlines the mechanisms and functions of dying-cell-derived EVs and their ability to drive inflammation during various modes of cell death, whilst reflecting on the challenges and knowledge gaps in investigating this subgenre of extracellular vesicles research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A Baxter
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
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8
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Transcriptional, Epigenetic and Metabolic Programming of Tumor-Associated Macrophages. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061411. [PMID: 32486098 PMCID: PMC7352439 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are key innate immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) that regulate primary tumor growth, vascularization, metastatic spread and tumor response to various types of therapies. The present review highlights the mechanisms of macrophage programming in tumor microenvironments that act on the transcriptional, epigenetic and metabolic levels. We summarize the latest knowledge on the types of transcriptional factors and epigenetic enzymes that control the direction of macrophage functional polarization and their pro- and anti-tumor activities. We also focus on the major types of metabolic programs of macrophages (glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation), and their interaction with cancer cells and complex TME. We have discussed how the regulation of macrophage polarization on the transcriptional, epigenetic and metabolic levels can be used for the efficient therapeutic manipulation of macrophage functions in cancer.
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9
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Kuznetsova T, Prange KHM, Glass CK, de Winther MPJ. Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of macrophages in atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020; 17:216-228. [PMID: 31578516 PMCID: PMC7770754 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-019-0265-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages provide defence against pathogens and danger signals. These cells respond to stimulation in a fast and stimulus-specific manner by utilizing complex cascaded activation by lineage-determining and signal-dependent transcription factors. The complexity of the functional response is determined by interactions between triggered transcription factors and depends on the microenvironment and interdependent signalling cascades. Dysregulation of macrophage phenotypes is a major driver of various diseases such as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, exposure of monocytes, which are macrophage precursor cells, to certain stimuli can lead to a hypo-inflammatory tolerized phenotype or a hyper-inflammatory trained phenotype in a macrophage. In atherosclerosis, macrophages and monocytes are exposed to inflammatory cytokines, oxidized lipids, cholesterol crystals and other factors. All these stimuli induce not only a specific transcriptional response but also interact extensively, leading to transcriptional and epigenetic heterogeneity of macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques. Targeting the epigenetic landscape of plaque macrophages can be a powerful therapeutic tool to modulate pro-atherogenic phenotypes and reduce the rate of plaque formation. In this Review, we discuss the emerging role of transcription factors and epigenetic remodelling in macrophages in the context of atherosclerosis and inflammation, and provide a comprehensive overview of epigenetic enzymes and transcription factors that are involved in macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Kuznetsova
- Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers - location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Koen H M Prange
- Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers - location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers - location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
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10
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Kashiwazaki D, Maruyama K, Yamamoto S, Saito H, Akioka N, Kuwayama N, Noguchi K, Kuroda S. Unstable Carotid Plaque as a Phenotype of Chronic Systemic Inflammation Enhances Renal Insufficiency. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29:104698. [PMID: 32093991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic systemic inflammation is prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is linked to the development of cerebrovascular disease. In this study, we explored the association between the unstable plaques and preoperative CKD in patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy (CEA)/carotid artery stenting (CAS). Furthermore, this study also aimed to explore whether there is a difference in the aggravation of renal function with the presence of stable or unstable plaques. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study included 90 patients who underwent CEA/CAS for carotid artery stenosis. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine the risk factors for CKD. Kaplan-Meier estimation was employed to evaluate the aggravation of renal function following CEA/CAS. RESULTS Multivariate analysis revealed that contralateral carotid occlusive disease (odds ratio [OR], 4.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.36-14.6), and T1 high-intensity carotid plaque (OR, 3.26; 95% CI, 1.2-8.86) were independent factors of CKD. Kaplan-Meier estimation demonstrated a higher aggravation of renal function in the T1 high-intensity group compared to those in the iso-intensity (P =.03). Following CEA/CAS, the time until aggravation of renal insufficiency was 12.0 ± 9.4 months in the T1 high-intensity group and 24.5 ± 9.6 months in the iso-intensity group (P =.03). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that contralateral carotid artery stenosis and T1 high-intensity plaques are more frequently observed in patients with CKD. T1 high-intensity carotid plaque is well linked to CKD development in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daina Kashiwazaki
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
| | - Kunitaka Maruyama
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shusuke Yamamoto
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hisayasu Saito
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Naoki Akioka
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Naoya Kuwayama
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kyo Noguchi
- Departments of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuroda
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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11
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Kashiwazaki D, Shiraishi K, Yamamoto S, Kamo T, Uchino H, Saito H, Akioka N, Kuwayama N, Noguchi K, Kuroda S. Efficacy of Carotid Endarterectomy for Mild (<50%) Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis with Unstable Plaque. World Neurosurg 2019; 121:e60-e69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Park PG, Kim KH, Hyun HS, Lee CH, Park JS, Kie JH, Choi YH, Moon KC, Cheong HI. Three cases of multicentric carpotarsal osteolysis syndrome: a case series. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2018; 19:164. [PMID: 30208859 PMCID: PMC6134760 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-018-0682-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Multicentric carpotarsal osteolysis syndrome (MCTO) is characterized by progressive destruction and disappearance of the carpal and tarsal bones associated with nephropathy. MCTO is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the MAF bZIP transcription factor B (MAFB) gene. Case presentation This report describes three unrelated patients with MAFB mutations, including two male and one female patient. Osteolytic lesions in the carpal and tarsal bones were detected at 2 years, 12 years, and 14 months of age, respectively. Associated proteinuria was noted at 4 years, 12 years, and 3 months of age, respectively. Kidney biopsy was performed in two of them and revealed focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). One patient showed progression to end-stage renal disease, that is by 1 year after the detection of proteinuria. The second patient had persistent proteinuria but maintained normal renal function. In the third patient, who did not undergo a kidney biopsy, the proteinuria disappeared spontaneously. The bony lesions worsened progressively in all three patients. Mutational study of MAFB revealed three different mutations, two novel mutations [c.183C > A (p.Ser61Arg) and c.211C > G (p.Pro71Ala)] and one known mutation [c.212C > T (p.Pro71Leu)]. Conclusion We report three cases with MCTO and two novel MAFB mutations. The renal phenotypes were different among the three patients, whereas progressive worsening of the bony lesions was common in all patients. We also confirmed FSGS to be an early renal pathologic finding in two cases. A diagnosis of MCTO should be considered in patients with progressive bone loss concentrated primarily in the carpal and tarsal bones and kidney involvement, such as proteinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peong Gang Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Kee Hyuck Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hye Sun Hyun
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Chan Hee Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jin-Su Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jeong Hae Kie
- Department of Pathology, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Young Hun Choi
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Chul Moon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae Il Cheong
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea. .,Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. .,Research Coordination Center for Rare Diseases, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea. .,Kidney Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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13
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Cochain C, Vafadarnejad E, Arampatzi P, Pelisek J, Winkels H, Ley K, Wolf D, Saliba AE, Zernecke A. Single-Cell RNA-Seq Reveals the Transcriptional Landscape and Heterogeneity of Aortic Macrophages in Murine Atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2018; 122:1661-1674. [PMID: 29545365 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.312509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE It is assumed that atherosclerotic arteries contain several macrophage subsets endowed with specific functions. The precise identity of these subsets is poorly characterized as they have been defined by the expression of a restricted number of markers. OBJECTIVE We have applied single-cell RNA sequencing as an unbiased profiling strategy to interrogate and classify aortic macrophage heterogeneity at the single-cell level in atherosclerosis. METHOD AND RESULTS We performed single-cell RNA sequencing of total aortic CD45+ cells extracted from the nondiseased (chow fed) and atherosclerotic (11 weeks of high-fat diet) aorta of low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (Ldlr-/-) mice. Unsupervised clustering singled out 13 distinct aortic cell clusters. Among the myeloid cell populations, resident-like macrophages with a gene expression profile similar to aortic resident macrophages were found in healthy and diseased aortas, whereas monocytes, monocyte-derived dendritic cells, and 2 populations of macrophages were almost exclusively detectable in atherosclerotic aortas, comprising inflammatory macrophages showing enrichment in Il1b and previously undescribed TREM2hi (triggered receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2) macrophages showing enrichment in Trem2. Differential gene expression and gene ontology enrichment analyses revealed specific gene expression patterns distinguishing these 3 macrophage subsets and monocyte-derived dendritic cells and uncovered putative functions of each cell type. Notably, TREM2hi macrophages seemed to be endowed with specialized functions in lipid metabolism and catabolism and presented a gene expression signature reminiscent of osteoclasts, suggesting a role in lesion calcification. TREM2 expression was moreover detected in human lesional macrophages. Importantly, these macrophage populations were present also in advanced atherosclerosis and in Apoe-/- aortas, indicating relevance of our findings in different stages of atherosclerosis and mouse models. CONCLUSIONS These data unprecedentedly uncovered the transcriptional landscape and phenotypic heterogeneity of aortic macrophages and monocyte-derived dendritic cells in atherosclerotic and identified previously unrecognized macrophage populations and their gene expression signature, suggesting specialized functions. Our findings will open up novel opportunities to explore distinct myeloid cell populations and their functions in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Cochain
- From the Institute of Experimental Biomedicine (C.C., A.Z.).,University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Würzburg, Germany (C.C.)
| | - Ehsan Vafadarnejad
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research, Würzburg, Germany (E.V., A.-E.S.)
| | | | - Jaroslav Pelisek
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (J.P.)
| | - Holger Winkels
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, CA (H.W., K.L., D.W.)
| | - Klaus Ley
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, CA (H.W., K.L., D.W.)
| | - Dennis Wolf
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, CA (H.W., K.L., D.W.).,Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Faculty of Medicine, University Heart Center, University of Freiburg, Germany (D.W.)
| | | | - Alma Zernecke
- From the Institute of Experimental Biomedicine (C.C., A.Z.)
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14
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The transcription factor MafB promotes anti-inflammatory M2 polarization and cholesterol efflux in macrophages. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7591. [PMID: 28790455 PMCID: PMC5548719 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07381-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play pivotal roles in the progression and regression of atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that macrophage polarization into an anti-inflammatory M2 state is a key characteristic of atherosclerotic plaques undergoing regression. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this potential association of the M2 polarization with atherosclerosis regression remain poorly understood. Further, human genetic factors that facilitate these anti-atherogenic processes remain largely unknown. We report that the transcription factor MafB plays pivotal roles in promoting macrophage M2 polarization. Further, MafB promotes cholesterol efflux from macrophage foam cells by directly up-regulating its key cellular mediators. Notably, MafB expression is significantly up-regulated in response to various metabolic and immunological stimuli that promote macrophage M2 polarization or cholesterol efflux, and thereby MafB mediates their beneficial effects, in both liver x receptor (LXR)-dependent and independent manners. In contrast, MafB is strongly down-regulated upon elevated pro-inflammatory signaling or by pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic microRNAs, miR-155 and miR-33. Using an integrative systems biology approach, we also revealed that M2 polarization and cholesterol efflux do not necessarily represent inter-dependent events, but MafB is broadly involved in both the processes. These findings highlight physiological protective roles that MafB may play against atherosclerosis progression.
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15
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Holtman IR, Skola D, Glass CK. Transcriptional control of microglia phenotypes in health and disease. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:3220-3229. [PMID: 28758903 DOI: 10.1172/jci90604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the main resident macrophage population of the CNS and perform numerous functions required for CNS development, homeostasis, immunity, and repair. Many lines of evidence also indicate that dysregulation of microglia contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative and behavioral diseases. These observations provide a compelling argument to more clearly define the mechanisms that control microglia identity and function in health and disease. In this Review, we present a conceptual framework for how different classes of transcription factors interact to select and activate regulatory elements that control microglia development and their responses to internal and external signals. We then describe functions of specific transcription factors in normal and pathological contexts and conclude with a consideration of open questions to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge R Holtman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Dylan Skola
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
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16
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Nemoto T, Shibata Y, Inoue S, Igarashi A, Tokairin Y, Yamauchi K, Kimura T, Sato M, Sato K, Nakano H, Abe S, Nishiwaki M, Kobayashi M, Yang S, Minegishi Y, Furuyama K, Machida H, Kubota I. MafB silencing in macrophages does not influence the initiation and growth of lung cancer induced by urethane. EXCLI JOURNAL 2017; 16:914-920. [PMID: 28900373 PMCID: PMC5579402 DOI: 10.17179/excli2017-325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
An increased number of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) that exhibit the M2 macrophage phenotype is related to poorer prognosis in cancer patients. MafB is a transcription factor regulating the differentiation of macrophages. However, involvement of MafB for the development of TAMs is unknown. This study was designed to investigate the role of MafB in a murine urethane-induced lung cancer model. Urethane was injected intraperitoneally into wild-type and dominant-negative MafB transgenic mice. Twenty-four weeks later, mice were sacrificed and their lungs removed for pathological analysis. The numbers and mean areas of lung cancer were evaluated. In addition, the numbers of Mac-3-positive macrophages were evaluated in each tumor. The numbers and mean areas of lung cancer induced by urethane administration were not significantly different between wild-type and dominant-negative MafB transgenic mice. The numbers of TAMs in lung cancer tissue were not significantly different between the two groups. MafB silencing using dominant-negative MafB did not influence the initiation and growth of lung cancer in mice exposed to urethane. These data suggest that MafB may not be related to the development of TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Nemoto
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yoko Shibata
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Sumito Inoue
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Akira Igarashi
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yoshikane Tokairin
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Keiko Yamauchi
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kimura
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Masamichi Sato
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kento Sato
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakano
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Shuichi Abe
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Michiko Nishiwaki
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Maki Kobayashi
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Sujeong Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Minegishi
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kodai Furuyama
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Machida
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Isao Kubota
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
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17
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Santos-Gallego CG. MafB and the role of macrophage apoptosis in atherosclerosis: A time to kill, a time to heal. Atherosclerosis 2016; 252:194-196. [PMID: 27338219 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Santos-Gallego
- AtheroThrombosis Research Unit, Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1428 Madison Avenue, Atran Building, 6th Floor, Room 6.20, United States.
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