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Durrington P, Soran H. Paraoxonase 1: evolution of the enzyme and of its role in protecting against atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 2024:00041433-990000000-00079. [PMID: 38887979 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the discoveries which led to the concept that serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is inversely related to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) incidence, how this association came to be regarded as causal and how such a role might have evolved. RECENT FINDINGS Animal models suggest a causal link between PON1 present on HDL and atherosclerosis. Serum PON1 activity predicts ASCVD with a similar reliability to HDL cholesterol, but at the extremes of high and low HDL cholesterol, there is discordance with PON1 being potentially more accurate. The paraoxonase gene family has its origins in the earliest life forms. Its greatest hydrolytic activity is towards lactones and organophosphates, both of which can be generated in the natural environment. It is active towards a wide range of substrates and thus its conservation may have resulted from improved survival of species facing a variety of evolutionary challenges. SUMMARY Protection against ASCVD is likely to be the consequence of some promiscuous activity of PON1, but nonetheless has the potential for exploitation to improve risk prediction and prevention of ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Durrington
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Manchester
| | - Handrean Soran
- NIHR/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility & Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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Durrington PN, Bashir B, Soran H. Paraoxonase 1 and atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1065967. [PMID: 36873390 PMCID: PMC9977831 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1065967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1), residing almost exclusively on HDL, was discovered because of its hydrolytic activity towards organophosphates. Subsequently, it was also found to hydrolyse a wide range of substrates, including lactones and lipid hydroperoxides. PON1 is critical for the capacity of HDL to protect LDL and outer cell membranes against harmful oxidative modification, but this activity depends on its location within the hydrophobic lipid domains of HDL. It does not prevent conjugated diene formation, but directs lipid peroxidation products derived from these to become harmless carboxylic acids rather than aldehydes which might adduct to apolipoprotein B. Serum PON1 is inversely related to the incidence of new atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events, particularly in diabetes and established ASCVD. Its serum activity is frequently discordant with that of HDL cholesterol. PON1 activity is diminished in dyslipidaemia, diabetes, and inflammatory disease. Polymorphisms, most notably Q192R, can affect activity towards some substrates, but not towards phenyl acetate. Gene ablation or over-expression of human PON1 in rodent models is associated with increased and decreased atherosclerosis susceptibility respectively. PON1 antioxidant activity is enhanced by apolipoprotein AI and lecithin:cholesterol acyl transferase and diminished by apolipoprotein AII, serum amyloid A, and myeloperoxidase. PON1 loses this activity when separated from its lipid environment. Information about its structure has been obtained from water soluble mutants created by directed evolution. Such recombinant PON1 may, however, lose the capacity to hydrolyse non-polar substrates. Whilst nutrition and pre-existing lipid modifying drugs can influence PON1 activity there is a cogent need for more specific PON1-raising medication to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Durrington
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Bilal Bashir
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peter Mount Building, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Handrean Soran
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peter Mount Building, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
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von Eckardstein A, Nordestgaard BG, Remaley AT, Catapano AL. High-density lipoprotein revisited: biological functions and clinical relevance. Eur Heart J 2022; 44:1394-1407. [PMID: 36337032 PMCID: PMC10119031 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Previous interest in high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) focused on their possible protective role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Evidence from genetic studies and randomized trials, however, questioned that the inverse association of HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) is causal. This review aims to provide an update on the role of HDL in health and disease, also beyond ASCVD. Through evolution from invertebrates, HDLs are the principal lipoproteins, while apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins first developed in vertebrates. HDLs transport cholesterol and other lipids between different cells like a reusable ferry, but serve many other functions including communication with cells and the inactivation of biohazards like bacterial lipopolysaccharides. These functions are exerted by entire HDL particles or distinct proteins or lipids carried by HDL rather than by its cholesterol cargo measured as HDL-C. Neither does HDL-C measurement reflect the efficiency of reverse cholesterol transport. Recent studies indicate that functional measures of HDL, notably cholesterol efflux capacity, numbers of HDL particles, or distinct HDL proteins are better predictors of ASCVD events than HDL-C. Low HDL-C levels are related observationally, but also genetically, to increased risks of infectious diseases, death during sepsis, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease. Additional, but only observational, data indicate associations of low HDL-C with various autoimmune diseases, and cancers, as well as all-cause mortality. Conversely, extremely high HDL-C levels are associated with an increased risk of age-related macular degeneration (also genetically), infectious disease, and all-cause mortality. HDL encompasses dynamic multimolecular and multifunctional lipoproteins that likely emerged during evolution to serve several physiological roles and prevent or heal pathologies beyond ASCVD. For any clinical exploitation of HDL, the indirect marker HDL-C must be replaced by direct biomarkers reflecting the causal role of HDL in the respective disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold von Eckardstein
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital , Herlev , Denmark
- The Copenhagen General Population Study, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital , Herlev , Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Alberico L Catapano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan , Milan , Italy
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto S. Giovanni , Milan , Italy
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Cai Z, Deng L, Chen Y, Ling Y. Effect of thyroid function on pre-β1 high-density lipoprotein levels in patients with Graves' disease undergoing radioiodine treatment. Endocrine 2022; 76:648-659. [PMID: 35235144 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The metabolism of HDL is altered in thyroid dysfunctions. Preβ-1 HDL is a very small discoidal precursor HDL and promotes cholesterol efflux via ABCA1. The effects of thyroid dysfunctions on pre-β1 HDL are unknown. Thyroid hormone regulates ANGPTL3 expression, which may participate in HDL metabolism in thyroid dysfunctions. OBJECTIVE To determine the variation of HDL subfractions, especially preβ-1 HDL in thyroid dysfunctions, and whether ANGPTL3 mediates the effect of thyroid function on HDL metabolism. METHODS We recruited 26 patients with Graves' disease undergoing radioiodine treatment. They were evaluated at three time points: at baseline, when they were hypothyroid after radioiodine treatment, and when they were on stable levothyroxine replacement and euthyroid. RESULTS The concentrations of smaller HDL particles Preβ-1 HDL and HDL3 were highest at the hyperthyroid state, and lowest at the hypothyroid state. While the larger HDL particles HDL2 and HDL1 changed just the opposite. Preβ1-HDL and HDL3 were positively correlated to fT3 and fT4, while were negatively correlated to TSH. In contrast, HDL1 was negatively associated with fT3 and fT4, while was positively associated with TSH. The correlations between thyroid hormones and HDL subfractions remained significant after adjusting for ANGPTL3. CONCLUSIONS There is a shift form smaller HDL particles pre-β1 HDL and HDL3 to larger HDL particles HDL2 and HDL1 in hypothyroidism, while the change is just the opposite in hyperthyroidism. In future, cholesterol efflux capacity should be measured to determine if the function of HDL particles also changes with the shifting of HDL subfractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqin Cai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No.180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lingxin Deng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No.180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yunqin Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fudan University, No.180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yan Ling
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No.180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Zhang K, Zheng J, Chen Y, Dong J, Li Z, Chiang YP, He M, Huang Q, Tang H, Jiang XC. Inducible phospholipid transfer protein deficiency ameliorates atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2021; 324:9-17. [PMID: 33798923 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Atherosclerosis progression and regression studies are related to its prevention and treatment. Although we have gained extensive knowledge on germline phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) deficiency, the effect of inducible PLTP deficiency in atherosclerosis remains unexplored. METHODS We generated inducible PLTP (iPLTP)-knockout (KO) mice and measured their plasma lipid levels after feeding a normal chow or a Western-type diet. Adenovirus associated virus-proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (AAV-PCSK9) was used to induce hypercholesterolemia in the mice. Collars were placed around the common carotid arteries, and atherosclerosis progression and regression in the carotid arteries and aortic roots were evaluated. RESULTS On a normal chow diet, iPLTP-KO mice exhibited decreased cholesterol, phospholipid, apoA-I, and apoB levels compared with control mice. Furthermore, the overall amount of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles was reduced in these mice, but this effect was more profound for larger HDL particles. On a Western-type diet, iPLTP-KO mice again exhibited reduced levels of all tested lipids, even though the basal lipid levels were increased. Additionally, these mice displayed significantly reduced atherosclerotic plaque sizes with increased plaque stability. Importantly, inducible PLTP deficiency significantly ameliorated atherosclerosis by reducing the size of established plaques and the number of macrophages in the plaques without causing lipid accumulation in the liver. CONCLUSIONS Induced PLTP deficiency in adult mice reduces plasma total cholesterol and triglycerides, prevents atherosclerosis progression, and promotes atherosclerosis regression. Thus, PLTP inhibition is a promising therapeutic approach for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA; Department of Emergency, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiao Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Zhiqiang Li
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA; Molecular and Cellular Cardiology Program, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Yeun-Po Chiang
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Mulin He
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Xian-Cheng Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA; Molecular and Cellular Cardiology Program, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, New York, USA.
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Li Z, Chiang YP, He M, Zhang K, Zheng J, Wu W, Cai J, Chen Y, Chen G, Chen Y, Dong J, Worgall TS, Jiang XC. Effect of liver total sphingomyelin synthase deficiency on plasma lipid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158898. [PMID: 33545384 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin (SM) is one major phospholipids on lipoproteins. It is enriched on apolipoprotein B-containing particles, including very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and its catabolites, low-density lipoprotein (LDL). SM is synthesized by sphingomyelin synthase 1 and 2 (SMS1 and SMS2) which utilizes ceramide and phosphatidylcholine, as two substrates, to produce SM and diacylglyceride. SMS1 and SMS2 activities are co-expressed in all tested tissues, including the liver where VLDL is produced. Thus, neither Sms1 gene knockout (KO) nor Sms2 KO approach is sufficient to evaluate the effect of SMS on VLDL metabolism. We prepared liver-specific Sms1 KO/global Sms2 KO mice to evaluate the effect of hepatocyte SM biosynthesis in lipoprotein metabolism. We found that hepatocyte total SMS depletion significantly reduces cellular sphingomyelin levels. Also, we found that the deficiency induces cellular glycosphingolipid levels which is specifically related with SMS1 but not SMS2 deficiency. To our surprise, hepatocyte total SMS deficiency has marginal effect on hepatocyte ceramide, diacylglyceride, and phosphatidylcholine levels. Importantly, total SMS deficiency decreases plasma triglyceride but not apoB levels and reduces larger VLDL concentration. The reduction of triglyceride levels also was observed when the animals were on a high fat diet. Our results show that hepatocyte total SMS blocking can reduce VLDL-triglyceride production and plasma triglyceride levels. This phenomenon could be related with a reduction of atherogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Li
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Yeun-Po Chiang
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Mulin He
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Jiao Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Weihua Wu
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Jiajia Cai
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Guangzhi Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, United States of America
| | | | | | - Tilla S Worgall
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, United States of America
| | - Xian-Cheng Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, United States of America; Molecular and Cellular Cardiology Program, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, United States of America.
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Cole J, Blackhurst DM, Solomon GAE, Ratanjee BD, Benjamin R, Marais AD. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in hyperalphalipoproteinemia due to LIPG variants. J Clin Lipidol 2020; 15:142-150.e2. [PMID: 33414088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration correlates inversely with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk and is included in risk calculations. Endothelial lipase (EL) is a phospholipase that remodels HDL. Deficiency of EL due to mutations in its gene, LIPG, is associated with hyperalphalipoproteinemia. The effects of EL on HDL function and ASCVD risk remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVES To determine whether hyperalphalipoproteinemia due to EL deficiency is protective against ASCVD. METHODS We identified LIPG variants amongst patients with severe hyperalphalipoproteinemia (HDL-C >2.5 mmol/L) attending a referral lipid clinic in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. We analysed the clinical and biochemical phenotypes amongst primary hyperalphalipoproteinemia cases (males HDL-C >1.6 mmol/L; females HDL-C >1.8 mmol/L) due to LIPG variants, and the distribution of variants in normal and hyperalphalipoproteinemia ranges of HDL-C. RESULTS 1007 patients with HDL-C concentration ranging from 1.2 to 4.5 mmol/L were included. Seventeen females had primary hyperalphalipoproteinemia. Vascular disease was prominent, but not associated with HDL-C concentration, LDL-C concentration or carotid artery intima media thickness. Two novel and three known LIPG variants were identified in severe hyperalphalipoproteinemia. Four additional variants were identified in the extended cohort. Two common variants appeared normally distributed across the HDL-C concentration range, while six less-common variants were found only at higher HDL-C concentrations. One rare variant had a moderate effect. CONCLUSION Hyperalphalipoproteinemia due to LIPG variants is commoner in females and may not protect against ASCVD. Use of current risk calculations may be inappropriate in patients with hyperalphalipoproteinemia due to EL deficiency. Our study cautions targeting EL to reduce risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Cole
- Division of Chemical Pathology, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, C17 Groote Schuur Hospital, Main Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Diane Mary Blackhurst
- Division of Chemical Pathology, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gabriele Anna Eva Solomon
- Division of Chemical Pathology, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bharati Dhanluxmi Ratanjee
- Division of Chemical Pathology, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ryan Benjamin
- Division of Chemical Pathology, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, C17 Groote Schuur Hospital, Main Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Adrian David Marais
- Division of Chemical Pathology, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Prats-Uribe A, Sayols-Baixeras S, Fernández-Sanlés A, Subirana I, Carreras-Torres R, Vilahur G, Civeira F, Marrugat J, Fitó M, Hernáez Á, Elosua R. High-density lipoprotein characteristics and coronary artery disease: a Mendelian randomization study. Metabolism 2020; 112:154351. [PMID: 32891675 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess whether genetically determined quantitative and qualitative HDL characteristics were independently associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS We designed a two-sample multivariate Mendelian randomization study with available genome-wide association summary data. We identified genetic variants associated with HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I levels, HDL size, particle levels, and lipid content to define our genetic instrumental variables in one sample (Kettunen et al. study, n = 24,925) and analyzed their association with CAD risk in a different study (CARDIoGRAMplusC4D, n = 184,305). We validated these results by defining our genetic variables in another database (METSIM, n = 8372) and studied their relationship with CAD in the CARDIoGRAMplusC4D dataset. To estimate the effect size of the associations of interest adjusted for other lipoprotein traits and minimize potential pleiotropy, we used the Multi-trait-based Conditional & Joint analysis. RESULTS Genetically determined HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I levels were not associated with CAD. HDL mean diameter (β = 0.27 [95%CI = 0.19; 0.35]), cholesterol levels in very large HDLs (β = 0.29 [95%CI = 0.17; 0.40]), and triglyceride content in very large HDLs (β = 0.14 [95%CI = 0.040; 0.25]) were directly associated with CAD risk, whereas the cholesterol content in medium-sized HDLs (β = -0.076 [95%CI = -0.10; -0.052]) was inversely related to this risk. These results were validated in the METSIM-CARDIoGRAMplusC4D data. CONCLUSIONS Some qualitative HDL characteristics (related to size, particle distribution, and cholesterol and triglyceride content) are related to CAD risk while HDL cholesterol levels are not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Prats-Uribe
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; Preventive Medicine and Public Health Unit, Parc de Salut Mar-Universitat Pompeu Fabra-ISGLOBAL, Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Botnar Research Centre, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Sergi Sayols-Baixeras
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; Campus del Mar, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Alba Fernández-Sanlés
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; Campus del Mar, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Isaac Subirana
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Robert Carreras-Torres
- Colorectal Cancer Group, ONCOBELL Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
| | - Gemma Vilahur
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Cardiovascular Program-ICCC, Research Institute-Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Fernando Civeira
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Lipid Unit, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Jaume Marrugat
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Girona Heart Registre Research Group (REGICOR), IMIM, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Montserrat Fitó
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, IMIM, Barcelona, Spain; Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Álvaro Hernáez
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, IMIM, Barcelona, Spain; Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Cardiovascular Risk, Nutrition, and Aging Research Unit, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Blanquerna School of Life Sciences, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Roberto Elosua
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain.
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Preβ1-High-Density Lipoprotein in Cardiovascular Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1276:189-195. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-6082-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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