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Li Z, Hu T, Li R, Li J, Wang Y, Li Y, Lin Y, Wang Y, Jiani X. Effect of DHCR7 on adipocyte differentiation in goats. Anim Biotechnol 2024; 35:2298399. [PMID: 38157229 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2298399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Cholesterol is regarded as a signaling molecule in regulating the metabolism and function of fat cells, in which 7-Dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol, however, the exact function of DHCR7 in goat adipocytes remains unknown. Here, the effect of DHCR7 on the formation of subcutaneous and intramuscular fat in goats was investigated in vitro, and the result indicated that the mRNA level of DHCR7 showed a gradual downward trend in subcutaneous adipogenesis, but an opposite trend in intramuscular adipogenesis. In the process of subcutaneous preadipocytes differentiation, overexpression of DHCR7 inhibited the expression of adipocytes differentiation marker genes (CEBP/α, CEBP/β, SREBP1 and AP2), lipid metabolism-related genes (AGPAT6, FASN, SCD1 and LPL), and the lipid accumulation. However, in intramuscular preadipocyte differentiation, DHCR7 overexpression showed a promoting effect on adipocyte differentiation marker genes (CEBP/α, CEBP/β, PPARγ and SREBP1) and lipid metabolism-related genes (GPAM, AGPAT6, DGAT1 and SCD1) expression, and on lipid accumulation. In summary, our work demonstrated that DHCR7 played an important role in regulating adipogenic differentiation and lipid metabolism in preadipocytes in goats, which is of great significance for uncovering the underlying molecular mechanism of adipocyte differentiation and improving goat meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Protection and Utilization of Ministry of Education/Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingting Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Protection and Utilization of Ministry of Education/Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruiwen Li
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinlan Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Protection and Utilization of Ministry of Education/Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Youli Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Protection and Utilization of Ministry of Education/Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Protection and Utilization of Ministry of Education/Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaqiu Lin
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Protection and Utilization of Ministry of Education/Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Protection and Utilization of Ministry of Education/Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xing Jiani
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Protection and Utilization of Ministry of Education/Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Capece U, Pavanello C, Cinti F, Leccisotti L, Mezza T, Ciccarelli G, Moffa S, Di Giuseppe G, Soldovieri L, Brunetti M, Giordano A, Giaccari A, Calabresi L, Ossoli A. Dapagliflozin-Induced Myocardial Flow Reserve Improvement is not Associated with HDL Ability to Stimulate Endothelial Nitric Oxide Production. Diabetes Ther 2024; 15:257-268. [PMID: 37883003 PMCID: PMC10786750 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-023-01491-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have shown controversial results in modulating plasma lipids in clinical trials. Most studies found slight increases in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol but few have provided evidence on HDL functionality with disappointing results. However, there is broad agreement that these drugs provide cardiovascular protection through several mechanisms. Our group demonstrated that dapagliflozin improves myocardial flow reserve (MFR) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) with coronary artery disease (CAD). The underlying mechanisms are still unknown, although in vitro studies have suggested the involvement of nitric oxide (NO). AIM To investigate changes in HDL-mediated modulation of NO production with dapagliflozin and whether there is an association with MFR. METHODS Sixteen patients with CAD-T2D were enrolled and randomized 1:1 to dapagliflozin or placebo for 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected before and after treatment for each group. The ability of HDL to stimulate NO production in endothelial cells was tested in vitro by incubating human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with apoB-depleted (apoB-D) serum of these patients. The production of NO was assessed by fluorescent assay, and results were expressed as fold versus untreated cells. RESULTS Change in HDL-mediated NO production remained similar in dapagliflozin and placebo group, even after adjustment for confounders. There were no significant correlations between HDL-mediated NO production and MFR either at baseline or after treatment. No changes were found in HDL cholesterol in either group, while low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL cholesterol) significantly decreased compared to baseline only in treatment group (p = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS In patients with T2D-CAD, beneficial effects of dapagliflozin on coronary microcirculation seem to be unrelated to HDL functions. However, HDL capacity to stimulate NO production is not impaired at baseline; thus, the effect of drug treatments would be negligible. To conclude, we can assume that HDL-independent molecular pathways are involved in the improvement of MFR in this population. TRIAL REGISTRATION EudraCT No. 2016-003614-27; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03313752.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Capece
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Centro Malattie Endocrine e Metaboliche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Pavanello
- Centro Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Cinti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Centro Malattie Endocrine e Metaboliche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Leccisotti
- Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, UOC di Medicina Nucleare, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Mezza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Centro Malattie Endocrine e Metaboliche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Gea Ciccarelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Centro Malattie Endocrine e Metaboliche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Moffa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Centro Malattie Endocrine e Metaboliche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Di Giuseppe
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Centro Malattie Endocrine e Metaboliche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Soldovieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Centro Malattie Endocrine e Metaboliche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Brunetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Centro Malattie Endocrine e Metaboliche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Giordano
- Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, UOC di Medicina Nucleare, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Giaccari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Centro Malattie Endocrine e Metaboliche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
| | - Laura Calabresi
- Centro Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Ossoli
- Centro Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Gomaraschi M, Turri M, Strazzella A, Lhomme M, Pavanello C, Le Goff W, Kontush A, Calabresi L, Ossoli A. Abnormal Lipoproteins Trigger Oxidative Stress-Mediated Apoptosis of Renal Cells in LCAT Deficiency. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1498. [PMID: 37627492 PMCID: PMC10451761 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency (FLD) is a rare genetic disease caused by the loss of function mutations in the LCAT gene. LCAT deficiency is characterized by an abnormal lipoprotein profile with severe reduction in plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and the accumulation of lipoprotein X (LpX). Renal failure is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in FLD patients; the pathogenesis of renal disease is only partly understood, but abnormalities in the lipoprotein profile could play a role in disease onset and progression. Serum and lipoprotein fractions from LCAT deficient carriers and controls were tested for renal toxicity on podocytes and tubular cells, and the underlying mechanisms were investigated at the cellular level. Both LpX and HDL from LCAT-deficient carriers triggered oxidative stress in renal cells, which culminated in cell apoptosis. These effects are partly explained by lipoprotein enrichment in unesterified cholesterol and ceramides, especially in the HDL fraction. Thus, alterations in lipoprotein composition could explain some of the nephrotoxic effects of LCAT deficient lipoproteins on podocytes and tubular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Gomaraschi
- Center E. Grossi Paoletti, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.G.); (M.T.); (C.P.); (A.O.)
| | - Marta Turri
- Center E. Grossi Paoletti, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.G.); (M.T.); (C.P.); (A.O.)
| | - Arianna Strazzella
- Center E. Grossi Paoletti, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.G.); (M.T.); (C.P.); (A.O.)
| | - Marie Lhomme
- Foundation for Innovation in Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ANR-10-IAHU-05), IHU ICAN (ICAN OMICS and ICAN I/O), 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Chiara Pavanello
- Center E. Grossi Paoletti, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.G.); (M.T.); (C.P.); (A.O.)
| | - Wilfried Le Goff
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMRS 1166 ICAN, Faculty of Medicine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne University, 75013 Paris, France; (W.L.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Anatol Kontush
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMRS 1166 ICAN, Faculty of Medicine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne University, 75013 Paris, France; (W.L.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Laura Calabresi
- Center E. Grossi Paoletti, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.G.); (M.T.); (C.P.); (A.O.)
| | - Alice Ossoli
- Center E. Grossi Paoletti, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.G.); (M.T.); (C.P.); (A.O.)
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Ossoli A, Minicocci I, Turri M, Di Costanzo A, D'Erasmo L, Bini S, Montavoci L, Veglia F, Calabresi L, Arca M. Genetically determined deficiency of ANGPTL3 does not alter HDL ability to preserve endothelial homeostasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023; 1868:159263. [PMID: 36521735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with loss-of-function mutations in the ANGPTL3 gene express a rare lipid phenotype called Familial Combined Hypolipidemia (FHBL2). FHBL2 individuals show reduced plasma concentrations of total cholesterol and triglycerides as well as of lipoprotein particles, including HDL. This feature is particularly remarkable in homozygotes in whom ANGPTL3 in blood is completely absent. ANGPTL3 acts as a circulating inhibitor of LPL and EL and it is thought that EL hyperactivity is the cause of plasma HDL reduction in FHBL2. Nevertheless, the consequences of ANGTPL3 deficiency on HDL functionality have been poorly explored. In this report, HDL isolated from homozygous and heterozygous FHBL2 individuals were evaluated for their ability to preserve endothelial homeostasis as compared to control HDL. It was found that only the complete absence of ANGPTL3 alters HDL subclass distribution, as homozygous, but not heterozygous, carriers have reduced content of large and increased content of small HDL with no alterations in HDL2 and HDL3 size. The plasma content of preβ-HDL was reduced in carriers and showed a positive correlation with plasma ANGPTL3 levels. Changes in composition did not however alter the functionality of FHBL2 HDL, as particles isolated from carriers retained their capacity to promote NO production and to inhibit VCAM-1 expression in endothelial cells. Furthermore, no significant changes in circulating levels of soluble ICAM-1 and E-selectin were detected in carriers. These results indicate that changes in HDL composition associated with the partial or complete absence of ANGPTL3 did not alter some of the potentially anti-atherogenic functions of these lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Ossoli
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Ilenia Minicocci
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Turri
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Di Costanzo
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura D'Erasmo
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Bini
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Linda Montavoci
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Laura Calabresi
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcello Arca
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Yuan C, Zhang K, Wang Z, Ma X, Liu H, Zhao J, Lu W, Wang J. Dietary flaxseed oil and vitamin E improve semen quality via propionic acid metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1139725. [PMID: 37124753 PMCID: PMC10140321 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1139725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Flaxseed oil (FO) and vitamin E (VE) both have antioxidant effects on sperm. The present study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with FO and/or VE on semen quality. Methods 16 fertile Simmental bulls were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 4): the control group (control diet), FO group (control diet containing 24 g/kg FO), VE group (control diet containing 150 mg/kg VE) and FOVE group (control diet containing 150 mg/kg VE and 24 g/kg FO), and the trial lasted 10 weeks. Results The results showed that the addition of FO independently can increase sperm motion parameters, the levels of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2), while reduce oxidative stress in seminal plasma (P < 0.05). Supplement of VE independently can increased the motility, motility parameters, CAT and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, and reduce oxidative stress in seminal plasma (P < 0.05). There was an interaction effect of FO × VE on motility and reactive oxygen species (ROS), while GSH-Px and ROS were affected by week × VE 2-way interaction, levels of T and E2 were also affected by the dietary FO × week interaction (P < 0.05). The triple interaction effects of FO, VE and week were significant for malondialdehyde (MDA) (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, sperm from the FOVE group had a significantly higher in vitro fertilization (IVF) rate, and subsequent embryos had increased developmental ability with reduced ROS levels at the eight-cell stage, then increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and gene expression levels of CAT, CDX2, Nanog, and SOD at the blastocyst stage (P < 0.05). Metabolomic and transcriptomic results indicated that dietary supplementation of FO and VE increased the expression of the metabolite aconitic acid, as well as the expression of ABAT and AHDHA genes. Conclusion With in-silico analysis, it can be concluded that the effects of dietary FO and VE on improving semen quality and embryo development may be related to increased aconitic acid via the ABAT and AHDHA genes involved in the propionic acid metabolism pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongshan Yuan
- Joint Laboratory of the Modern Agricultural Technology International Cooperation, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Lab of the Animal Production, Product Quality, and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Kaiyan Zhang
- Joint Laboratory of the Modern Agricultural Technology International Cooperation, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Lab of the Animal Production, Product Quality, and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Joint Laboratory of the Modern Agricultural Technology International Cooperation, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Lab of the Animal Production, Product Quality, and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Joint Laboratory of the Modern Agricultural Technology International Cooperation, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Lab of the Animal Production, Product Quality, and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Joint Laboratory of the Modern Agricultural Technology International Cooperation, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Lab of the Animal Production, Product Quality, and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Joint Laboratory of the Modern Agricultural Technology International Cooperation, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Lab of the Animal Production, Product Quality, and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Zhao, ; Wenfa Lu, ; Jun Wang,
| | - Wenfa Lu
- Joint Laboratory of the Modern Agricultural Technology International Cooperation, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Lab of the Animal Production, Product Quality, and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Zhao, ; Wenfa Lu, ; Jun Wang,
| | - Jun Wang
- Joint Laboratory of the Modern Agricultural Technology International Cooperation, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Lab of the Animal Production, Product Quality, and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Zhao, ; Wenfa Lu, ; Jun Wang,
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Giraldo P, López de Frutos L, Cebolla JJ. Recommendations for overcoming challenges in the diagnosis of lysosomal acid lipase deficiency. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2022.2131393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Giraldo
- Hematology. Hospital Quironsalud. Zaragoza. SPAIN
- Fundación Española para el Estudio y Terapéutica de la Enfermedad de Gaucher y otras lisosomales (FEETEG). Zaragoza. SPAIN
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas y Hematológicas Raras (GIIS-012). Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (ISS Aragón). SPAIN
| | - Laura López de Frutos
- Fundación Española para el Estudio y Terapéutica de la Enfermedad de Gaucher y otras lisosomales (FEETEG). Zaragoza. SPAIN
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas y Hematológicas Raras (GIIS-012). Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (ISS Aragón). SPAIN
| | - Jorge J Cebolla
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas y Hematológicas Raras (GIIS-012). Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (ISS Aragón). SPAIN
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular. Universidad de Zaragoza. SPAIN
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Body Mass Index Modulates the Impact of Short-Term Exposure to Air Particulate Matter on High-Density Lipoprotein Function. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11101938. [PMID: 36290661 PMCID: PMC9598765 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Air particulate matter (PM) exposure has been associated with increased cardiovascular risk, especially in obesity. By triggering inflammation and oxidative stress, PM could impact atheroprotection by high-density lipoproteins (HDL). The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between short-term exposure to PM and HDL function, and the modifying effect of body mass index (BMI). Daily exposures to PM10 and PM2.5 of 50 subjects with overweight/obesity and 41 healthy volunteers with BMI < 30 kg/m2 were obtained from fixed monitoring stations. HDL function was assessed as promotion of nitric oxide (NO) release by endothelial cells and reduction in cholesterol in macrophages. HDL-induced NO release progressively declined with the increase in BMI. No association was found between HDL function and PM exposure, but a modifying effect of BMI was observed. The positive association between PM10 exposure at day −1 and NO production found at normal BMI values was lost in participants with higher BMI. Similar results were obtained for the reduction in macrophage cholesterol. The loss of the compensatory response of HDL function to PM exposure at increasing BMI levels could contribute to the endothelial dysfunction induced by PM and help to explain the susceptibility of subjects with obesity to air pollution.
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Knorr S, Skakkebæk A, Just J, Johannsen EB, Trolle C, Vang S, Lohse Z, Bytoft B, Damm P, Højlund K, Jensen DM, Gravholt CH. Epigenetic and transcriptomic alterations in offspring born to women with type 1 diabetes (the EPICOM study). BMC Med 2022; 20:338. [PMID: 36138412 PMCID: PMC9503228 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02514-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Offspring born to women with pregestational type 1 diabetes (T1DM) are exposed to an intrauterine hyperglycemic milieu and has an increased risk of metabolic disease later in life. In this present study, we hypothesize that in utero exposure to T1DM alters offspring DNA methylation and gene expression, thereby altering their risk of future disease. METHODS Follow-up study using data from the Epigenetic, Genetic and Environmental Effects on Growth, Metabolism and Cognitive Functions in Offspring of Women with Type 1 Diabetes (EPICOM) collected between 2012 and 2013. SETTING Exploratory sub-study using data from the nationwide EPICOM study. PARTICIPANTS Adolescent offspring born to women with T1DM (n=20) and controls (n=20) matched on age, sex, and postal code. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES This study investigates DNA methylation using the 450K-Illumina Infinium assay and RNA expression (RNA sequencing) of leucocytes from peripheral blood samples. RESULTS We identified 9 hypomethylated and 5 hypermethylated positions (p < 0.005, |ΔM-value| > 1) and 38 up- and 1 downregulated genes (p < 0.005, log2FC ≥ 0.3) in adolescent offspring born to women with T1DM compared to controls. None of these findings remained significant after correction for multiple testing. However, we identified differences in gene co-expression networks, which could be of biological significance, using weighted gene correlation network analysis. Interestingly, one of these modules was significantly associated with offspring born to women with T1DM. Functional enrichment analysis, using the identified changes in methylation and gene expression as input, revealed enrichment in disease ontologies related to diabetes, carbohydrate and glucose metabolism, pathways including MAPK1/MAPK3 and MAPK family signaling, and genes related to T1DM, obesity, atherosclerosis, and vascular pathologies. Lastly, by integrating the DNA methylation and RNA expression data, we identified six genes where relevant methylation changes corresponded with RNA expression (CIITA, TPM1, PXN, ST8SIA1, LIPA, DAXX). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest the possibility for intrauterine exposure to maternal T1DM to impact later in life methylation and gene expression in the offspring, a profile that may be linked to the increased risk of vascular and metabolic disease later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sine Knorr
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Hedeager 3, 2. fl, 8200, Aarhus, DK, Denmark. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. .,Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Anne Skakkebæk
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jesper Just
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Emma B Johannsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian Trolle
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren Vang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Zuzana Lohse
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Bytoft
- Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Department of Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Damm
- Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Department of Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Dorte M Jensen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Claus H Gravholt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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9
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Mészárosová M, Mészáros G, Moravčíková N, Pavlík I, Margetín M, Kasarda R. Within- and between-Breed Selection Signatures in the Original and Improved Valachian Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111346. [PMID: 35681809 PMCID: PMC9179888 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored the genomic diversity and selection signatures in two Slovakian national breeds, the Original Valachian and the Improved Valachian sheep. As they are an important animal genetic resource within the country, but with decreasing population size, our aim is to identify potentially valuable genomic regions. A total of 97 sheep (18 male and 79 female) from the Original Valachian, and 69 sheep (25 male and 44 female) from the Improved Valachian populations were genotyped using the GeneSeek GGP Ovine 50 K chip. The inbreeding levels were assessed with runs of homozygosity (ROH). The selection signatures within breeds were identified based on the top 1% of most homozygous regions within the breed, the so-called ROH islands. The selection signatures between breeds were assessed based on variance in linkage disequilibrium. Overall, we have identified selection signatures with quantitative trait loci (QTL) and genes pointing towards all three production purposes of the Valachian sheep, milk, meat, and wool, including their quality characteristics. Another group with apparent large importance was the various traits related to health and resistance to parasites, which is well in line with the sturdy nature of this breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Mészárosová
- Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Institute of Nutrition and Genomics, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia; (M.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Gábor Mészáros
- Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Division of Livestock Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Nina Moravčíková
- Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Institute of Nutrition and Genomics, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia; (M.M.); (R.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ivan Pavlík
- Research Institute of Animal Production—NPPC Slovakia, Hlohovecká 2, 95141 Nitra—Lužianky, Slovakia;
| | - Milan Margetín
- Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Institute of Animal Science, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia;
| | - Radovan Kasarda
- Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Institute of Nutrition and Genomics, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia; (M.M.); (R.K.)
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10
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Kardassis D, Thymiakou E, Chroni A. Genetics and regulation of HDL metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1867:159060. [PMID: 34624513 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The inverse association between plasma HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been demonstrated by numerous epidemiological studies. However, efforts to reduce CVD risk by pharmaceutically manipulating HDL-C levels failed and refused the HDL hypothesis. HDL-C levels in the general population are highly heterogeneous and are determined by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Insights into the causes of HDL-C heterogeneity came from the study of monogenic HDL deficiency syndromes but also from genome wide association and Μendelian randomization studies which revealed the contribution of a large number of loci to low or high HDL-C cases in the general or in restricted ethnic populations. Furthermore, HDL-C levels in the plasma are under the control of transcription factor families acting primarily in the liver including members of the hormone nuclear receptors (PPARs, LXRs, HNF-4) and forkhead box proteins (FOXO1-4) and activating transcription factors (ATFs). The effects of certain lipid lowering drugs used today are based on the modulation of the activity of specific members of these transcription factors. During the past decade, the roles of small or long non-coding RNAs acting post-transcriptionally on the expression of HDL genes have emerged and provided novel insights into HDL regulation and new opportunities for therapeutic interventions. In the present review we summarize recent progress made in the genetics and the regulation (transcriptional and post-transcriptional) of HDL metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Kardassis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, University of Crete Medical School and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Efstathia Thymiakou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, University of Crete Medical School and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Angeliki Chroni
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
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11
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Pedrelli M, Parini P, Kindberg J, Arnemo JM, Bjorkhem I, Aasa U, Westerståhl M, Walentinsson A, Pavanello C, Turri M, Calabresi L, Öörni K, Camejo G, Fröbert O, Hurt-Camejo E. Vasculoprotective properties of plasma lipoproteins from brown bears (Ursus arctos). J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100065. [PMID: 33713671 PMCID: PMC8131316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) levels are twice as high in hibernating brown bears (Ursus arctos) than healthy humans. Yet, bears display no signs of early stage atherosclerosis development when adult. To explore this apparent paradox, we analyzed plasma lipoproteins from the same 10 bears in winter (hibernation) and summer using size exclusion chromatography, ultracentrifugation, and electrophoresis. LDL binding to arterial proteoglycans (PGs) and plasma cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) were also evaluated. The data collected and analyzed from bears were also compared with those from healthy humans. In bears, the cholesterol ester, unesterified cholesterol, TG, and phospholipid contents of VLDL and LDL were higher in winter than in summer. The percentage lipid composition of LDL differed between bears and humans but did not change seasonally in bears. Bear LDL was larger, richer in TGs, showed prebeta electrophoretic mobility, and had 5-10 times lower binding to arterial PGs than human LDL. Finally, plasma CEC was higher in bears than in humans, especially the HDL fraction when mediated by ABCA1. These results suggest that in brown bears the absence of early atherogenesis is likely associated with a lower affinity of LDL for arterial PGs and an elevated CEC of bear plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Pedrelli
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Translational Science & Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Paolo Parini
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Metabolism Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme Inflammation and Infection, Karolinska university Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Kindberg
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jon M Arnemo
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, Koppang, Norway
| | - Ingemar Bjorkhem
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Aasa
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maria Westerståhl
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Walentinsson
- Translational Science & Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Chiara Pavanello
- Centro Enrica Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Turri
- Centro Enrica Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Calabresi
- Centro Enrica Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Katariina Öörni
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gérman Camejo
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ole Fröbert
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Umeå, Sweden; Örebro University, Faculty of Health, Department of Cardiology, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Eva Hurt-Camejo
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Translational Science & Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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12
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Pavanello C, Ossoli A, Turri M, Strazzella A, Simonelli S, Laurenzi T, Kono K, Yamada K, Kiyosawa N, Eberini I, Calabresi L. Activation of Naturally Occurring Lecithin:Cholesterol Acyltransferase Mutants by a Novel Activator Compound. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 375:463-468. [PMID: 32980814 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is a unique plasma enzyme able to esterify cholesterol, and it plays an important role in HDL maturation and promotion of reverse cholesterol transport. Familial LCAT deficiency (FLD; OMIM number 245900) is a rare recessive disease that results from loss-of-function mutations in the LCAT gene and has no cure. In this study, we assessed the in vitro efficacy of a novel small-molecule LCAT activator. Cholesterol esterification rate (CER) and LCAT activity were tested in plasma from six controls and five FLD homozygous carriers of various LCAT mutations at different doses of the compound (0.1, 1, and 10 µg/ml). In control plasma, the compound significantly increased both CER (P < 0.001) and LCAT activity (P = 0.007) in a dose-dependent manner. Both CER and LCAT activity increased by 4- to 5-fold, reaching maximum activation at the dose of 1 µg/ml. Interestingly, Daiichi Sankyo compound produced an increase in CER in two of the five tested LCAT mutants (Leu372--Arg and Val309--Met), while LCAT activity increased in three LCAT mutants (Arg147--Trp, Thr274--Ile and Leu372--Arg); mutant Pro254--Ser was not activated at any of the tested doses. The present findings form the basis for personalized therapeutic interventions in FLD carriers and support the potential LCAT activation in secondary LCAT defects. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We characterized the pharmacology of a novel small-molecule LCAT activator in vitro on a subset of naturally occurring LCAT mutants. Our findings form the basis for personalized therapeutic interventions for familial LCAT deficiency carriers, who can face severe complications and for whom no cure exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pavanello
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (C.P., A.O., M.T., A.S., S.S., L.C.) and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (T.L., I.E.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Specialty Medicine Research Laboratories I, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (K.K., N.K.); and Medical Affairs Planning Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Alice Ossoli
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (C.P., A.O., M.T., A.S., S.S., L.C.) and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (T.L., I.E.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Specialty Medicine Research Laboratories I, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (K.K., N.K.); and Medical Affairs Planning Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Marta Turri
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (C.P., A.O., M.T., A.S., S.S., L.C.) and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (T.L., I.E.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Specialty Medicine Research Laboratories I, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (K.K., N.K.); and Medical Affairs Planning Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Arianna Strazzella
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (C.P., A.O., M.T., A.S., S.S., L.C.) and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (T.L., I.E.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Specialty Medicine Research Laboratories I, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (K.K., N.K.); and Medical Affairs Planning Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Sara Simonelli
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (C.P., A.O., M.T., A.S., S.S., L.C.) and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (T.L., I.E.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Specialty Medicine Research Laboratories I, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (K.K., N.K.); and Medical Affairs Planning Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Tommaso Laurenzi
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (C.P., A.O., M.T., A.S., S.S., L.C.) and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (T.L., I.E.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Specialty Medicine Research Laboratories I, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (K.K., N.K.); and Medical Affairs Planning Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Keita Kono
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (C.P., A.O., M.T., A.S., S.S., L.C.) and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (T.L., I.E.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Specialty Medicine Research Laboratories I, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (K.K., N.K.); and Medical Affairs Planning Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Keisuke Yamada
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (C.P., A.O., M.T., A.S., S.S., L.C.) and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (T.L., I.E.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Specialty Medicine Research Laboratories I, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (K.K., N.K.); and Medical Affairs Planning Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Naoki Kiyosawa
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (C.P., A.O., M.T., A.S., S.S., L.C.) and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (T.L., I.E.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Specialty Medicine Research Laboratories I, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (K.K., N.K.); and Medical Affairs Planning Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Ivano Eberini
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (C.P., A.O., M.T., A.S., S.S., L.C.) and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (T.L., I.E.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Specialty Medicine Research Laboratories I, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (K.K., N.K.); and Medical Affairs Planning Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Laura Calabresi
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (C.P., A.O., M.T., A.S., S.S., L.C.) and Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (T.L., I.E.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Specialty Medicine Research Laboratories I, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (K.K., N.K.); and Medical Affairs Planning Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (K.Y.)
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