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Yang Q, Zou Y, Lang Y, Yang J, Wu Y, Xiao X, Qin C, Zhao Y, Liu F. Estimated small dense low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and the risk of kidney and cardiovascular outcomes in diabetic kidney disease. Ren Fail 2024; 46:2369701. [PMID: 38952279 PMCID: PMC467091 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2024.2369701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to investigate the correlations between estimated small dense low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (esd-LDL-c) and the development of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality in individuals with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) or diabetes mellitus (DM) concomitant chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS We analyzed the data from a biopsy-proven DKD cohort conducted at West China Hospital of Sichuan University between 2009 and 2021 (the DKD cohort) and participants with DM and CKD in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014 (the NHANES DM-CKD cohort). Cox regression analysis was also used to estimate associations between esd-LDL-c and the incidence of ESKD, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality. RESULTS There were 175 ESKD events among 338 participants in the DKD cohort. Patients were divided into three groups based on esd-LDL-c tertiles (T1 < 33.7 mg/dL, T2 ≥ 33.7 mg/dL to <45.9 mg/dL, T3 ≥ 45.9 mg/dL). The highest tertile of esd-LDL-c was associated with ESKD (adjusted HR 2.016, 95% CI 1.144-3.554, p = .015). Furthermore, there were 99 deaths (39 cardiovascular) among 293 participants in the NHANES DM-CKD cohort. Participants were classified into three groups in line with the tertile values of esd-LDL-c in the DKD cohort. The highest tertile of esd-LDL-c was associated with cardiovascular mortality (adjusted HR 3.95, 95% CI 1.3-12, p = .016) and all-cause mortality (adjusted HR 2.37, 95% CI 1.06-5.32, p = .036). CONCLUSIONS Higher esd-LDL-c was associated with increased risk of ESKD in people with biopsy-proven DKD, and higher cardiovascular and all-cause mortality risk among those with DM-CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Diabetic Kidney Disease, Centre of Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yutong Zou
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Diabetic Kidney Disease, Centre of Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanlin Lang
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Diabetic Kidney Disease, Centre of Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia Yang
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Diabetic Kidney Disease, Centre of Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yucheng Wu
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Diabetic Kidney Disease, Centre of Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Xiao
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Diabetic Kidney Disease, Centre of Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunmei Qin
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Diabetic Kidney Disease, Centre of Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuancheng Zhao
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Diabetic Kidney Disease, Centre of Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Diabetic Kidney Disease, Centre of Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Koba S, Satoh N, Ito Y, Yokota Y, Tsunoda F, Sakai K, Nakamura Y, Shoji M, Hirano T, Shinke T. Impact of Direct Measurement of Small Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol for Long-Term Secondary Prevention in Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease. Clin Chem 2024; 70:957-966. [PMID: 38757272 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvae061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated whether directly measured small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (D-sdLDL-C) can predict long-term coronary artery disease (CAD) events compared with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), apolipoprotein B (apoB), and estimated small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (E-sdLDL-C) determined by the Sampson equation in patients with stable CAD. METHODS D-sdLDL-C measured at Showa University between 2010 and 2022, and E-sdLDL-C were evaluated in 790 male and 244 female patients with stable CAD. CAD events, defined as sudden cardiac death, onset of acute coronary syndrome, and/or need for coronary revascularization, were monitored for 12 years. Cutoff lipid levels were determined by receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS CAD events were observed in 238 male and 67 female patients. The Kaplan-Meier event-free survival curves showed that patients with D-sdLDL-C ≥32.1 mg/dL (0.83 mmol/L) had an increased risk for CAD events (P = 0.007), whereas risk in patients with E-sdLDL-C ≥36.2 mg/dL (0.94 mmol/L) was not increased. In the group with high D-sdLDL-C, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) was 1.47 (95% CI, 1.15-1.89), and it remained significant after adjustment for LDL-C, non-HDL-C, or apoB and in patients treated with statins. HRs for high LDL-C, non-HDL-C, or apoB were not statistically significant after adjustment for high D-sdLDL-C. Higher D-sdLDL-C was associated with enhanced risk of high LDL-C, non-HDL-C, and apoB (HR 1.73; 95% CI, 1.27-2.37). CONCLUSIONS Higher D-sdLDL-C can predict long-term recurrence of CAD in stable CAD patients independently of apoB and non-HDL-C. D-sdLDL-C is an independent risk enhancer for secondary CAD prevention, whereas E-sdLDL-C is not.UMIN-CTR Clinical Trial Number: UMIN000027504.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Koba
- Department of General Medicine, Showa University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Showa University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Satoh
- Clinical Diagnostics Development Department, Denka Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuki Ito
- Clinical Diagnostics Development Department, Denka Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuya Yokota
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Showa University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiyoshi Tsunoda
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Showa University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koshiro Sakai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Showa University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuya Nakamura
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Showa University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Shoji
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Showa University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Hirano
- Diabetes Center, Ebina General Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshiro Shinke
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Showa University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Rikhi R, Schaich CL, Hafzalla GW, Patel NA, Tannenbaum JE, German CA, Polonsky T, Tsai MY, Ahmad MI, Islam T, Chevli PA, Shapiro MD. Small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and coronary artery calcification in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2024; 31:1048-1054. [PMID: 38323698 PMCID: PMC11144463 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwae049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Elevated small dense LDL cholesterol (sd-LDL-C) increases atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Although coronary artery calcification (CAC) is widely used for predicting CVD events, few studies have examined the relationship between sd-LDL-C and CAC. METHODS AND RESULTS This study included 4672 individuals with directly measured baseline sd-LDL-C and CAC from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis [mean (standard deviation) age: 61.9 (10.4) years; 52.5% women; 47.3% with baseline CAC (mean score >0)]. We used multi-variable general linear models and restricted cubic splines with the goodness of fit testing to evaluate the association of sd-LDL-C with the presence of CAC. Odds ratios [OR (95% confidence interval)] were adjusted for demographics and cardiovascular risk factors, including estimated total LDL-C. Higher quartiles of sd-LDL-C were associated with the presence of CAC, even after accounting for total LDL-C. Compared with the lowest quartile of sd-LDL-C, participants in Quartiles 2, 3, and 4 had higher odds for the presence of baseline CAC [Quartile 2 OR: 1.24 (1.00, 1.53); Quartile 3 OR: 1.51 (1.19, 1.93); and Quartile 4 OR 1.59 (1.17, 2.16)]. Splines suggested a quadratic curvilinear relationship of continuous sd-LDL-C with CAC after adjustment for demographics and CVD risk factors (quadratic vs. first-order sd-LDL-C terms likelihood ratio test: P = 0.015), but not after accounting for total LDL-C (quadratic vs. first-order terms: P = 0.156). CONCLUSION In a large, multi-ethnic sample without known CVD, higher sd-LDL-C was associated with the presence of CAC, above and beyond total LDL-C. Whether selective direct measurement of sd-LDL-C is indicated to refine cardiovascular risk assessment in primary prevention warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Rikhi
- Centre for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Christopher L Schaich
- Department of Surgery, Hypertension and Vascular Research Centre, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 575 N Patterson Ave, Suite 120, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - George W Hafzalla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, 11234 Anderson St, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Nisha A Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Jordan E Tannenbaum
- Centre for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Charles A German
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Tamar Polonsky
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael Y Tsai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Muhammad Imtiaz Ahmad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Hospital Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Tareq Islam
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Parag A Chevli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Michael D Shapiro
- Centre for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Brewer HB, Schaefer EJ, Foldyna B, Ghoshhajra BB. High-density lipoprotein infusion therapy: A review. J Clin Lipidol 2024; 18:e374-e383. [PMID: 38782655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Increased cholesterol-rich, low-density, non-calcified atheromas as assessed by computer coronary tomography angiography analyses have been shown to predict myocardial infarction significantly better than coronary artery calcium score or the presence of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) as evaluated with standard coronary angiography. Low serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol values are an independent risk factor for CAD. Very small, lipid-poor preβ-1 HDL particles have been shown to be most effective in promoting cellular cholesterol efflux. HDL infusions have been documented to reduce aortic atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed animal models. However, human studies using infusions of either the HDL mimetic containing recombinant apolipoprotein (apo) A-I Milano or Cerenis Compound-001 with native recombinant apoA-I have been mainly negative in promoting coronary atherosclerosis progression as assessed by intravascular ultrasound. In contrast, a study using 7 weekly infusions of autologous delipidated HDL in six homozygous familial hypercholesterolemic patients was effective in promoting significant regression of low-density non-calcified coronary atheroma regression as assessed by computed coronary angiography. This therapy has received Food and Drug Administration approval. Commonwealth Serum Laboratories has carried out a large clinical endpoint trial using an HDL complex (native apoA-I with phospholipid), and the results were negative. Our purpose is to review animal and human studies using various forms of HDL infusion therapy to promote regression of atherosclerosis. In our view, differences in results may be due to: 1) the HDL preparations used, 2) the subjects studied, and 3) the methods used to assess coronary atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ernst J Schaefer
- Boston Heart Diagnostics, Framingham, MA, USA (Dr Schaefer); Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA (Dr Schaefer).
| | - Borek Foldyna
- Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (Drs Foldyna and Ghoshhajra)
| | - Brian B Ghoshhajra
- Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (Drs Foldyna and Ghoshhajra)
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Trimarco V, Izzo R, Gallo P, Manzi MV, Forzano I, Pacella D, Santulli G, Trimarco B. Long-Lasting Control of LDL Cholesterol Induces a 40% Reduction in the Incidence of Cardiovascular Events: New Insights from a 7-Year Study. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:742-747. [PMID: 37775305 PMCID: PMC10877706 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have yielded controversial results on the long-term effects of statins on the risk of cardiovascular (CV) events. To fill this knowledge gap, we assessed the relationship between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and CV events in hypertensive patients without previous CV events and naïve to antidyslipidemic treatment within the "Campania Salute Network" in Southern Italy. We studied 725 hypertensive patients with a mean follow-up of 85.4 ± 25.7 months. We stratified our cohort into three groups based on LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in mg/dl: group 1) patients showing during the follow-up a mean LDL-C value ≤100 mg/dl in absence of statin therapy; group 2) statin-treated patients with LDL ≤100 mg/dl; and group 3) patients with LDL-C >100 mg/dl. No significant difference among the groups was observed in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics and medications. The incidence of first CV events was 5.7% in group 1, 6.0% in group 2, and 11.9% in group 3 (P < 0.05 vs. group 1 and group 2). A stable long-term satisfactory control of LDL-C plasma concentration (≤100 mg/dl) reduced the incidence of major CV events from one event every 58.6 patients per year to one event every 115.9 patients per year. These findings were confirmed in a Cox regression analysis, adjusting for potential confounding factors. Collectively, our data demonstrate that a 7-year stable control of LDL-C reduces the incidence of CV events by 40%. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: There are several discrepancies between Mendelian studies and other investigations concerning the actual effects of reduction of plasma concentration of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol on the incidence of major cardiovascular events. Taken together, our data in nondiabetic subjects show that a 7-year stable control of LDL cholesterol induces a ∼40% reduction of the incidence of cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Trimarco
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry (V.T.), Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (R.I., P.G., M.V.M., I.F., G.S., B.T.), and Department of Public Health (D.P.), "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy; International Translational Research and Medical Education Consortium, Naples, Italy (G.S., B.T.); and Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology) and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York (G.S.)
| | - Raffaele Izzo
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry (V.T.), Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (R.I., P.G., M.V.M., I.F., G.S., B.T.), and Department of Public Health (D.P.), "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy; International Translational Research and Medical Education Consortium, Naples, Italy (G.S., B.T.); and Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology) and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York (G.S.)
| | - Paola Gallo
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry (V.T.), Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (R.I., P.G., M.V.M., I.F., G.S., B.T.), and Department of Public Health (D.P.), "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy; International Translational Research and Medical Education Consortium, Naples, Italy (G.S., B.T.); and Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology) and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York (G.S.)
| | - Maria Virginia Manzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry (V.T.), Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (R.I., P.G., M.V.M., I.F., G.S., B.T.), and Department of Public Health (D.P.), "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy; International Translational Research and Medical Education Consortium, Naples, Italy (G.S., B.T.); and Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology) and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York (G.S.)
| | - Imma Forzano
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry (V.T.), Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (R.I., P.G., M.V.M., I.F., G.S., B.T.), and Department of Public Health (D.P.), "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy; International Translational Research and Medical Education Consortium, Naples, Italy (G.S., B.T.); and Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology) and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York (G.S.)
| | - Daniela Pacella
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry (V.T.), Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (R.I., P.G., M.V.M., I.F., G.S., B.T.), and Department of Public Health (D.P.), "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy; International Translational Research and Medical Education Consortium, Naples, Italy (G.S., B.T.); and Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology) and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York (G.S.)
| | - Gaetano Santulli
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry (V.T.), Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (R.I., P.G., M.V.M., I.F., G.S., B.T.), and Department of Public Health (D.P.), "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy; International Translational Research and Medical Education Consortium, Naples, Italy (G.S., B.T.); and Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology) and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York (G.S.)
| | - Bruno Trimarco
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry (V.T.), Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (R.I., P.G., M.V.M., I.F., G.S., B.T.), and Department of Public Health (D.P.), "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy; International Translational Research and Medical Education Consortium, Naples, Italy (G.S., B.T.); and Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology) and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York (G.S.)
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Lisboa ES, Serafim C, Santana W, Dos Santos VLS, de Albuquerque-Junior RLC, Chaud MV, Cardoso JC, Jain S, Severino P, Souto EB. Nanomaterials-combined methacrylated gelatin hydrogels (GelMA) for cardiac tissue constructs. J Control Release 2024; 365:617-639. [PMID: 38043727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Among non-communicable diseases, cardiovascular diseases are the most prevalent, accounting for approximately 17 million deaths per year. Despite conventional treatment, cardiac tissue engineering emerges as a potential alternative for the advancement and treatment of these patients, using biomaterials to replace or repair cardiac tissues. Among these materials, gelatin in its methacrylated form (GelMA) is a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer with adjustable biophysical properties. Furthermore, gelatin has the ability to replace and perform collagen-like functions for cell development in vitro. The interest in using GelMA hydrogels combined with nanomaterials is increasingly growing to promote the responsiveness to external stimuli and improve certain properties of these hydrogels by exploring the incorporation of nanomaterials into these hydrogels to serve as electrical signaling conductive elements. This review highlights the applications of electrically conductive nanomaterials associated with GelMA hydrogels for the development of structures for cardiac tissue engineering, by focusing on studies that report the combination of GelMA with nanomaterials, such as gold and carbon derivatives (carbon nanotubes and graphene), in addition to the possibility of applying these materials in 3D tissue engineering, developing new possibilities for cardiac studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika S Lisboa
- University of Tiradentes (Unit) and Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, 49010-390 Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Carine Serafim
- University of Tiradentes (Unit) and Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, 49010-390 Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Wanessa Santana
- University of Tiradentes (Unit) and Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, 49010-390 Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Victoria L S Dos Santos
- University of Tiradentes (Unit) and Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, 49010-390 Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Ricardo L C de Albuquerque-Junior
- Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-370, Brazil; Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-370, Brazil
| | - Marco V Chaud
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology of UNISO (LaBNUS), University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana C Cardoso
- University of Tiradentes (Unit) and Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, 49010-390 Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Sona Jain
- University of Tiradentes (Unit) and Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, 49010-390 Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Severino
- University of Tiradentes (Unit) and Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, 49010-390 Aracaju, Brazil.
| | - Eliana B Souto
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MEDTECH, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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7
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Ikezaki H, Furusyo N, Ai M, Okazaki M, Kohzuma T, Hayashi J, Shimono N, Schaefer EJ. Relationship between the cholesterol and triglyceride content of lipoprotein subclasses and carotid intima-media thickness: A cross-sectional population-based study. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 548:117521. [PMID: 37597644 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between lipoprotein subclasses and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) progression has yet to be fully evaluated. We assessed which lipoprotein subclasses were associated with maximum cIMT levels in the general population. METHODS In this study, cholesterol and triglyceride content of 20 lipoprotein subclasses were analyzed using gel permeation high-performance liquid chromatography (GP-HPLC) in 864 Japanese women and men (mean age 57 y, free of chronic liver or kidney diseases and off lipid-lowering, hormone replacement, or adrenocorticosteroid medications). Univariate and multivariate regression analyses and univariate and partial correlation analyses were performed to examine the relationships between lipoprotein subclasses and maximum cIMT levels. RESULTS After adjusting for age, sex, systolic blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, and anti-hypertensive agents, elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-2 and -3 cholesterol (particle diameter 25.5 nm and 23.0 nm, respectively; medium and small LDL) were associated with higher maximum cIMT levels in both women and men (all p for trend < 0.05). These associations were significant even after participants taking anti-diabetic or anti-hypertensive agents were excluded. No significant associations were found between any triglyceride subclasses and maximum cIMT levels. CONCLUSIONS Smaller LDL particle cholesterol values are the most atherogenic lipoprotein parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ikezaki
- Department of Comprehensive General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Faculty of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan; Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States; Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Norihiro Furusyo
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masumi Ai
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Insured Medical Care Management, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Okazaki
- Professor emeritus of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuji Kohzuma
- Diagnostics Department, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Hayashi
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shimono
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ernst J Schaefer
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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