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Vogel AD, Kwon JH, Mitta A, Sherard C, Brockbank KGM, Rajab TK. Immunogenicity of Homologous Heart Valves: Mechanisms and Future Considerations. Cardiol Rev 2024; 32:385-391. [PMID: 36688843 PMCID: PMC10363244 DOI: 10.1097/crd.0000000000000519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric valvar heart disease continues to be a topic of interest due to the common and severe clinical manifestations. Problems with heart valve replacement, including lack of adaptive valve growth and accelerated structural valve degeneration, mandate morbid reoperations to serially replace valve implants. Homologous or homograft heart valves are a compelling option for valve replacement in the pediatric population but are susceptible to structural valve degeneration. The immunogenicity of homologous heart valves is not fully understood, and mechanisms explaining how implanted heart valves are attacked are unclear. It has been demonstrated that preservation methods determine homograft cell viability and there may be a direct correlation between increased cellular viability and a higher immune response. This consists of an early increase in human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-class I and II antibodies over days to months posthomograft implantation, followed by the sustained increase in HLA-class II antibodies for years after implantation. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and T-helper lymphocytes specific to both HLA classes can infiltrate tissue almost immediately after implantation. Furthermore, increased HLA-class II mismatches result in an increased cell-mediated response and an accelerated rate of structural valve degeneration especially in younger patients. Further long-term clinical studies should be completed investigating the immunological mechanisms of heart valve rejection and their relation to structural valve degeneration as well as testing of immunosuppressant therapies to determine the needed immunosuppression for homologous heart valve implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Vogel
- From the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Department of Surgery, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, AL
| | - Jennie H Kwon
- From the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Alekhya Mitta
- From the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Curry Sherard
- From the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Kelvin G M Brockbank
- Department of Surgery, Tissue Testing Technologies LLC, North Charleston, SC
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Charleston, SC
| | - Taufiek Konrad Rajab
- From the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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2
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Vogel AD, Suk R, Haran C, Dickinson PG, Helke KL, Hassid M, Fitzgerald DC, Turek JW, Brockbank KGM, Rajab TK. The impact of heart valve and partial heart transplant models on the development of banking methods for tissues and organs: A concise review. Cryobiology 2024; 115:104880. [PMID: 38437898 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2024.104880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Cryopreserved human heart valves fill a crucial role in the treatment for congenital cardiac anomalies, since the use of alternative mechanical and xenogeneic tissue valves have historically been limited in babies. Heart valve models have been used since 1998 to better understand the impact of cryopreservation variables on the heart valve tissue components with the ultimate goals of improving cryopreserved tissue outcomes and potentially extrapolating results with tissues to organs. Cryopreservation traditionally relies on conventional freezing, employing cryoprotective agents, and slow cooling to sub-zero centigrade temperatures; but it is plagued by the formation of ice crystals and cell damage upon thawing. Researchers have identified ice-free vitrification procedures and developed a new rapid warming method termed nanowarming. Nanowarming is an emerging method that utilizes targeted application of energy at the nanoscale level to rapidly rewarm vitrified tissues, such as heart valves, uniformly for transplantation. Vitrification and nanowarming methods hold great promise for surgery, enabling the storage and transplantation of tissues for various applications, including tissue repair and replacement. These innovations have the potential to revolutionize complex tissue and organ transplantation, including partial heart transplantation. Banking these grafts addresses organ scarcity by extending preservation duration while preserving biological activity with maintenance of structural fidelity. While ice-free vitrification and nanowarming show remarkable potential, they are still in early development. Further interdisciplinary research must be dedicated to exploring the remaining challenges that include scalability, optimizing cryoprotectant solutions, and ensuring long-term viability upon rewarming in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Vogel
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA; Division of Research, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, AL, USA
| | - Rebecca Suk
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA; Division of Research, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, AL, USA
| | - Christa Haran
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA; Division of Research, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, AL, USA
| | - Patrick G Dickinson
- Division of Research, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, AL, USA
| | - Kristi L Helke
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Marc Hassid
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | | | - Kelvin G M Brockbank
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Tissue Testing Technologies LLC, North Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University at Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Taufiek Konrad Rajab
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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3
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Wang S, Mueller D, Chen P, Pan G, Wilson M, Sun S, Chen Z, Lee T, Damon B, Hepfer RG, Hill C, Kern MJ, Pullen WM, Wu Y, Brockbank KGM, Yao H. Viable Vitreous Grafts of Whole Porcine Menisci for Transplant in the Knee and Temporomandibular Joints. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2303706. [PMID: 38523366 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The shortage of suitable donor meniscus grafts from the knee and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) impedes treatments for millions of patients. Vitrification offers a promising solution by transitioning these tissues into a vitreous state at cryogenic temperatures, protecting them from ice crystal damage using high concentrations of cryoprotectant agents (CPAs). However, vitrification's success is hindered for larger tissues (>3 mL) due to challenges in CPA penetration. Dense avascular meniscus tissues require extended CPA exposure for adequate penetration; however, prolonged exposure becomes cytotoxic. Balancing penetration and reducing cell toxicity is required. To overcome this hurdle, a simulation-based optimization approach is developed by combining computational modeling with microcomputed tomography (µCT) imaging to predict 3D CPA distributions within tissues over time accurately. This approach minimizes CPA exposure time, resulting in 85% viability in 4-mL meniscal specimens, 70% in 10-mL whole knee menisci, and 85% in 15-mL whole TMJ menisci (i.e., TMJ disc) post-vitrification, outperforming slow-freezing methods (20%-40%), in a pig model. The extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and biomechanical strength of vitreous tissues remain largely intact. Vitreous meniscus grafts demonstrate clinical-level viability (≥70%), closely resembling the material properties of native tissues, with long-term availability for transplantation. The enhanced vitrification technology opens new possibilities for other avascular grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangping Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Dustin Mueller
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Ge Pan
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Marshall Wilson
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Shuchun Sun
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Zhenzhen Chen
- Tissue Testing Technologies LLC, North Charleston, SC, 29406, USA
| | - Thomas Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Brooke Damon
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - R Glenn Hepfer
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Cherice Hill
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Michael J Kern
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - William M Pullen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Yongren Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Kelvin G M Brockbank
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Tissue Testing Technologies LLC, North Charleston, SC, 29406, USA
| | - Hai Yao
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
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4
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Peters MC, Kruithof BPT, Bouten CVC, Voets IK, van den Bogaerdt A, Goumans MJ, van Wijk A. Preservation of human heart valves for replacement in children with heart valve disease: past, present and future. Cell Tissue Bank 2024; 25:67-85. [PMID: 36725733 PMCID: PMC10902036 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-023-10076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Valvular heart disease affects 30% of the new-borns with congenital heart disease. Valve replacement of semilunar valves by mechanical, bioprosthetic or donor allograft valves is the main treatment approach. However, none of the replacements provides a viable valve that can grow and/or adapt with the growth of the child leading to re-operation throughout life. In this study, we review the impact of donor valve preservation on moving towards a more viable valve alternative for valve replacements in children or young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Peters
- Department of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Cardiovascular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - B P T Kruithof
- Department of Cardiovascular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C V C Bouten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - I K Voets
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - A van den Bogaerdt
- Heart Valve Department, ETB-BISLIFE Multi Tissue Center, 2333 BD, Beverwijk, The Netherlands
| | - M J Goumans
- Department of Cardiovascular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A van Wijk
- Department of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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5
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Grosha J, Cho JH, Pasley S, Kilbride P, Zylberberg C, Rolle MW. Engineered Test Tissues: A Model for Quantifying the Effects of Cryopreservation Parameters. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:6198-6207. [PMID: 37802599 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Engineered tissues are showing promise as implants to repair or replace damaged tissues in vivo or as in vitro tools to discover new therapies. A major challenge of the tissue engineering field is the sample preservation and storage until their transport and desired use. To successfully cryopreserve tissue, its viability, structure, and function must be retained post-thaw. The outcome of cryopreservation is impacted by several parameters, including the cryopreserving agent (CPA) utilized, the cooling rate, and the storage temperature. Although a number of CPAs are commercially available for cell cryopreservation, there are few CPAs designed specifically for tissue cryostorage and recovery. In this study, we present a flexible, relatively high-throughput method that utilizes engineered tissue rings as test tissues for screening the commercially available CPAs and cryopreservation parameters. Engineered test tissues can be fabricated with low batch-to-batch variability and characteristic morphology due to their endogenous extracellular matrix, and they have mechanical properties and a ring format suitable for testing with standard methods. The tissues were grown for 7 days in standard 48-well plates and cryopreserved in standard cryovials. The method allowed for the quantification of metabolic recovery, tissue apoptosis/necrosis, morphology, and mechanical properties. In addition to establishing the method, we tested different CPA formulations, freezing rates, and freezing points. Our proposed method enables timely preliminary screening of CPA formulations and cryopreservation parameters that may improve the storage of engineered tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonian Grosha
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, United States
| | - Jun-Hung Cho
- Akron Biotech, Boca Raton, Florida 33487, United States
| | | | | | | | - Marsha W Rolle
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, United States
- The Roux Institute, Northeastern University, Portland, Maine 04101, United States
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6
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Guimaraes AB, Correia AT, da Silva RS, Dos Santos ES, de Souza Xavier Costa N, Dolhnikoff M, Maizato M, Cestari IA, Pego-Fernandes PM, Guerreiro Cardoso PF. Evaluation of Structural Viability of Porcine Tracheal Scaffolds after 3 and 6 Months of Storage under Three Different Protocols. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10050584. [PMID: 37237655 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10050584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tracheal replacement with a bioengineered tracheal substitute has been developed for long-segment tracheal diseases. The decellularized tracheal scaffold is an alternative for cell seeding. It is not defined if the storage scaffold produces changes in the scaffold's biomechanical properties. We tested three protocols for porcine tracheal scaffold preservation immersed in PBS and alcohol 70%, in the fridge and under cryopreservation. Ninety-six porcine tracheas (12 in natura, 84 decellularized) were divided into three groups (PBS, alcohol, and cryopreservation). Twelve tracheas were analyzed after three and six months. The assessment included residual DNA, cytotoxicity, collagen contents, and mechanical properties. Decellularization increased the maximum load and stress in the longitudinal axis and decreased the maximum load in the transverse axis. The decellularization of the porcine trachea produced structurally viable scaffolds, with a preserved collagen matrix suitable for further bioengineering. Despite the cyclic washings, the scaffolds remained cytotoxic. The comparison of the storage protocols (PBS at 4 °C, alcohol at 4 °C, and slow cooling cryopreservation with cryoprotectants) showed no significant differences in the amount of collagen and in the biomechanical properties of the scaffolds. Storage in PBS solution at 4 °C for six months did not change the scaffold mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Bruning Guimaraes
- Organ and Tissue Laboratory, LIM 61, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Instituto do Coracao do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-904, Brazil
| | - Aristides Tadeu Correia
- Organ and Tissue Laboratory, LIM 61, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Instituto do Coracao do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-904, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Soares da Silva
- Organ and Tissue Laboratory, LIM 61, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Instituto do Coracao do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-904, Brazil
| | - Elizabete Silva Dos Santos
- Organ and Tissue Laboratory, LIM 61, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Instituto do Coracao do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-904, Brazil
| | - Natalia de Souza Xavier Costa
- Laboratorio de Poluicao Atmosferica Experimental (LIM05), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Marisa Dolhnikoff
- Laboratorio de Poluicao Atmosferica Experimental (LIM05), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Marina Maizato
- Bioengenharia, Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-904, Brazil
| | - Idagene Aparecida Cestari
- Bioengenharia, Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-904, Brazil
| | - Paulo Manuel Pego-Fernandes
- Organ and Tissue Laboratory, LIM 61, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Instituto do Coracao do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-904, Brazil
| | - Paulo Francisco Guerreiro Cardoso
- Organ and Tissue Laboratory, LIM 61, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Instituto do Coracao do Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-904, Brazil
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7
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Gangwar L, Phatak SS, Etheridge M, Bischof JC. Perspective: A Guide to Successful ml to L Scale Vitrification and Rewarming. CRYOLETTERS 2022. [DOI: 10.54680/fr22610110112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation by vitrification to achieve an "ice free" glassy state is an effective technique for preserving biomaterials including cells, tissues, and potentially even whole organs. The major challenges in cooling to and rewarming from a vitrified state remain ice crystallization
and cracking/fracture. Ice crystallization can be inhibited by the use of cryoprotective agents (CPAs), though the inhibition further depends upon the rates achieved during cooling and rewarming. The minimal rate required to prevent any ice crystallization or recrystallization/devitrification
in a given CPA is called the critical cooling rate (CCR) or critical warming rate (CWR), respectively. On the other hand, physical cracking is mainly related to thermomechanical stresses, which can be avoided by maintaining temperature differences below a critical threshold. In this simplified
analysis, we calculate ΔT as the largest temperature difference occurring in a system during cooling or rewarming in the brittle/glassy phase. This ΔT is then used in a simple "thermal shock equation" to estimate thermal stress within the material to decide if the material is above
the yield strength and to evaluate the potential for fracture failure. In this review we aimed to understand the limits of success and failure at different length scales for cryopreservation by vitrification, due to both ice crystallization and cracking. Here we use thermal modeling to help
us understand the magnitude and trajectory of these challenges as we scale the biomaterial volume for a given CPA from the milliliter to liter scale. First, we solved the governing heat transfer equations in a cylindrical geometry for three common vitrification cocktails (i. e., VS55, DP6,
and M22) to estimate the cooling and warming rates during convective cooling and warming and nanowarming (volumetric heating). Second, we estimated the temperature difference (ΔT) an d compared it to a tolerable threshold ( ΔTmax) based on a simplified "thermal shock" equation
for the same cooling and rewarming conditions . We found, not surprisingly, that M22 achieves vitrification more easily during convective cooling and rewarming for all volumes compared to VS55 or DP6 due to its considerably lower CCR and CWR. Further, convective rewarming (boundary rewarming)
leads to larger temperature differences and smaller rates compared to nanowarming (volumetric rewarming) for all CPAs with increasing failure at larger volumes. We conclude that as more and larger systems are vitrified and rewarmed with standard CPA cocktails, this work can serve as a practical
guide to successful implementation based on the characteristic length (volume/surface area) of the system and the specific conditions of cooling and warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshya Gangwar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455 USA
| | - Shaunak S. Phatak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455 USA
| | - Michael Etheridge
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455 USA
| | - John C. Bischof
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455 USA
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Development of a Vitrification Preservation Process for Bioengineered Epithelial Constructs. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071115. [PMID: 35406679 PMCID: PMC8998050 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for human bioengineered tissue constructs is growing in response to the worldwide movement away from the use of animals for testing of new chemicals, drug screening and household products. Presently, constructs are manufactured and delivered just in time, resulting in delays and high costs of manufacturing. Cryopreservation and banking would speed up delivery times and permit cost reduction due to larger scale manufacturing. Our objective in these studies was development of ice-free vitrification formulations and protocols using human bioengineered epithelial constructs that could be scaled up from individual constructs to 24-well plates. Initial experiments using single EpiDerm constructs in vials demonstrated viability >80% of untreated control, significantly higher than our best freezing strategy. Further studies focused on optimization and evaluation of ice-free vitrification strategies. Vitrification experiments with 55% (VS55) and 70% (VS70) cryoprotectant (CPA) formulations produced constructs with good viability shortly after rewarming, but viability decreased in the next days, post-rewarming in vitro. Protocol changes contributed to improved outcomes over time in vitro. We then transitioned from using glass vials with 1 construct to deep-well plates holding up to 24 individual constructs. Construct viability was maintained at >80% post-warming viability and >70% viability on days 1−3 in vitro. Similar viability was demonstrated for other related tissue constructs. Furthermore, we demonstrated maintenance of viability after 2−7 months of storage below −135 °C.
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Tissue Engineered Transcatheter Pulmonary Valved Stent Implantation: Current State and Future Prospect. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020723. [PMID: 35054905 PMCID: PMC8776029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with the complex congenital heart disease (CHD) are usually associated with right ventricular outflow tract dysfunction and typically require multiple surgical interventions during their lives to relieve the right ventricular outflow tract abnormality. Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement was used as a non-surgical, less invasive alternative treatment for right ventricular outflow tract dysfunction and has been rapidly developing over the past years. Despite the current favorable results of transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement, many patients eligible for pulmonary valve replacement are still not candidates for transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement. Therefore, one of the significant future challenges is to expand transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement to a broader patient population. This review describes the limitations and problems of existing techniques and focuses on decellularized tissue engineering for pulmonary valve stenting.
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10
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Yang J, Xu Y, Luo S, Dang H, Cao M. Effect of cryoprotectants on rat kidney decellularization by freeze-thaw process. Cryobiology 2021; 105:71-82. [PMID: 34848188 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2021.11.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To overcome the shortage of organ donors and morbidity and mortality caused by lifetime immunosuppression, development of a transplantable graft to permanently replace the organ function is required. This study is focused on the effects of a freeze-thaw process and cryoprotectants on the ultrastructure and composition of decellularization scaffolds. Results showed that cryoprotectants and freezing temperatures had significant effects on the decellularization scaffold. The vascular network integrity at -20 °C was better than that at -80 °C. For low-concentration cryoprotectants, 10% dimethyl sulfoxide and 5% trehalose could achieve a better balance between preserving the vascular tree and decellularization. For high-concentration cryoprotectants (vitrification solutions VS55 and VS83), the vascular network integrity was best because of the absence of freezing damage and ice-induced disruption of cells, but the decellularization effect was poor because the cells remained in the scaffold. Collagen, elastic fiber, protein, and mechanical properties of the scaffold could be retained after decellularization using the freeze-thaw method. Further studies and further optimization of the freeze-thaw decellularization protocol are necessary for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Yang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Sichang Luo
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Hangyu Dang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Mengyuan Cao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
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11
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Shao Z, Tao T, Xu H, Chen C, Lee I, Chung S, Dong Z, Li W, Ma L, Bai H, Chen Q. Recent progress in biomaterials for heart valve replacement: Structure, function, and biomimetic design. VIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20200142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Shao
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine & Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310006 China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Tingting Tao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou Zhejiang Province China
| | - Hongfei Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou Zhejiang Province China
| | - Cen Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
| | - In‐Seop Lee
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine Zhejiang Sci‐Tech University Hangzhou China
- Institute of Natural Sciences Yonsei University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Chung
- Biomaterials R&D Center GENOSS Co., Ltd. Suwon‐si Republic of Korea
| | - Zhihui Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Weidong Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou Zhejiang Province China
| | - Liang Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou Zhejiang Province China
| | - Hao Bai
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine & Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310006 China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Qianming Chen
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine & Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310006 China
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12
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Abstract
Application of the original vitrification protocol used for pieces of heart valves to intact heart valves has evolved over time. Ice-free cryopreservation by Protocol 1 using VS55 is limited to small samples (1-3 mL total volume) where relatively rapid cooling and warming rates are possible. VS55 cryopreservation typically provides extracellular matrix preservation with approximately 80% cell viability and tissue function compared with fresh untreated tissues. In contrast, ice-free cryopreservation using VS83, Protocols 2 and 3, permits preservation of large samples (80-100 mL total volume) with several advantages over conventional cryopreservation methods and VS55 preservation, including long-term preservation capability at -80 °C; better matrix preservation than freezing with retention of material properties; very low cell viability, reducing the risks of an immune reaction in vivo; reduced risks of microbial contamination associated with use of liquid nitrogen; improved in vivo functions; no significant recipient allogeneic immune response; simplified manufacturing process; increased operator safety because liquid nitrogen is not used; and reduced manufacturing costs. More recently, we have developed Protocol 4 in which VS55 is supplemented with sugars resulting in reduced concerns regarding nucleation during cooling and warming. This method can be used for large samples resulting in retention of cell viability and permits short-term exposure to -80 °C with long-term storage preferred at or below -135 °C.
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13
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Burkert J, Kochová P, Tonar Z, Cimrman R, Blassová T, Jashari R, Fiala R, Špatenka J. The time has come to extend the expiration limit of cryopreserved allograft heart valves. Cell Tissue Bank 2020; 22:161-184. [PMID: 32583302 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-020-09843-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the wide choice of commercial heart valve prostheses, cryopreserved semilunar allograft heart valves (C-AHV) are required, and successfully transplanted in selected groups of patients. The expiration limit (EL) criteria have not been defined yet. Most Tissue Establishments (TE) use the EL of 5 years. From physiological, functional, and surgical point of view, the morphology and mechanical properties of aortic and pulmonary roots represent basic features limiting the EL of C-AHV. The aim of this work was to review methods of AHV tissue structural analysis and mechanical testing from the perspective of suitability for EL validation studies. Microscopic structure analysis of great arterial wall and semilunar leaflets tissue should clearly demonstrate cells as well as the extracellular matrix components by highly reproducible and specific histological staining procedures. Quantitative morphometry using stereological grids has proved to be effective, as the exact statistics was feasible. From mechanical testing methods, tensile test was the most suitable. Young's moduli of elasticity, ultimate stress and strain were shown to represent most important AHV tissue mechanical characteristics, suitable for exact statistical analysis. C-AHV are prepared by many different protocols, so as each TE has to work out own EL for C-AHV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Burkert
- Department of Transplantation and Tissue Banking, Czech National Allograft Heart Valve Bank, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Motol University Hospital, and Second Faculty of Medicine Charles University in Prague, V Úvalu 84, 150 06, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Kochová
- Department of Transplantation and Tissue Banking, Czech National Allograft Heart Valve Bank, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Motol University Hospital, and Second Faculty of Medicine Charles University in Prague, V Úvalu 84, 150 06, Prague, Czech Republic. .,NTIS - New Technologies for the Information Society, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of West Bohemia, Technická 8, Pilsen, Czech Republic.
| | - Zbyněk Tonar
- NTIS - New Technologies for the Information Society, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of West Bohemia, Technická 8, Pilsen, Czech Republic.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Karlovarská 48, 301 66, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Cimrman
- NTIS - New Technologies for the Information Society, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of West Bohemia, Technická 8, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Blassová
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Karlovarská 48, 301 66, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Ramadan Jashari
- European Homograft Bank, Saint-Jean Clinic, Rue du Meridien 100, 1210, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Radovan Fiala
- Department of Transplantation and Tissue Banking, Czech National Allograft Heart Valve Bank, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Motol University Hospital, and Second Faculty of Medicine Charles University in Prague, V Úvalu 84, 150 06, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Špatenka
- Department of Transplantation and Tissue Banking, Czech National Allograft Heart Valve Bank, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Motol University Hospital, and Second Faculty of Medicine Charles University in Prague, V Úvalu 84, 150 06, Prague, Czech Republic
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14
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Feng H, Xu Y, Luo S, Dang H, Liu K, Sun WQ. Evaluation and preservation of vascular architectures in decellularized whole rat kidneys. Cryobiology 2020; 95:72-79. [PMID: 32526236 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Organ transplantation is the gold standard treatment for end-stage organ failure. Due to the severe shortage of transplantable organs, only a tiny fraction of patients may receive timely organ transplantation every year. Decellularization-recellularization technology using allogeneic and xenogeneic organs is currently conceived to be a promising solution to generate functionally transplantable organs in vitro. This approach, however, still faces tremendous technological challenges, one of them being the ability to evaluate and preserve the integrity of vascular architectures upon decellularization and cryostorage of the whole organ matrices so that the off-the-shelf organ grafts are available on demand for clinical applications. In the present study, we report a Micro-CT imaging method for evaluating the integrity of vasculature of the decellularized whole organ scaffolds with/without freezing/thawing. The method uses radiopaque Microfil perfusion and x-ray fluoroscopy to acquire high-resolution angiography of the organ matrix. The whole rat kidney is decellularized using a new multistep perfusion protocol with the combined use of Triton X-100 and DNase. The decellularized kidney matrix is then cryopreserved after the pretreatment with different cryoprotectant solutions. The reconstructed tomographic images from Micro-CT confirm various structural alterations in the vasculature of the whole decellularized kidney matrix with/without frozen storage. The freezing damage to the vascular architectures can be reduced by perfusing cryoprotectant solutions into the whole kidney matrix. Ice-free cryopreservation with the vitrification solution VS83 can successfully preserve the integrity of the whole kidney matrix's vasculature after frozen storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haikao Feng
- Institute of Bio-thermal Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Institute of Bio-thermal Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Sichang Luo
- Institute of Bio-thermal Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Hangyu Dang
- Institute of Bio-thermal Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Institute of Bio-thermal Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Wendell Q Sun
- Institute of Bio-thermal Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
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15
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Lee J, Kim G. A cryopreservable cell-laden GelMa-based scaffold fabricated using a 3D printing process supplemented with an in situ photo-crosslinking. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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16
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Salinas SD, Clark MM, Amini R. The effects of -80 °C short-term storage on the mechanical response of tricuspid valve leaflets. J Biomech 2020; 98:109462. [PMID: 31718820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical testing of soft tissues would ideally rely on using fresh specimens. In the event that fresh tissues are not readily available, alternative measures, such as storing fresh specimens at -80 °C, could be considered. Previous studies have shown that changes in the mechanical properties of the tissues due to freezing could be tissue-dependent. Prior to our study, however, such information was not available for the tricuspid valve leaflets. As such, for the first time, we examined whether fresh porcine specimens tested in a biaxial tensile machine would offer comparable results after being frozen at -80 °C. The stress-strain response of the tricuspid valve leaflets displayed no major deviation of the post-frozen leaflets as compared to fresh leaflets. We further compared the radial and circumferential strains as an indicator of deformation at similar stress states in fresh and thawed tissues, and we did not find any significant differences. Ice formation within the extra cellular matrix may modify the collagen fiber configuration, resulting in a slight change in the mechanical response. Nevertheless, our results indicated such a small deviation was negligible, thus enabling the possibility of using frozen porcine tricuspid valve specimens for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Salinas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States.
| | - Margaret M Clark
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States.
| | - Rouzbeh Amini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States.
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17
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Vasudevan B, Chang Q, Wang B, Huang S, Sui Y, Zhu W, Fan Q, Song Y. Effect of intracellular uptake of nanoparticle-encapsulated trehalose on the hemocompatibility of allogeneic valves in the VS83 vitrification protocol. Nanobiomedicine (Rij) 2020; 7:1849543520983173. [PMID: 33447299 PMCID: PMC7780325 DOI: 10.1177/1849543520983173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose is a disaccharide molecule consisting of two molecules of glucose. Industrially, trehalose is derived from corn starch and utilized as a drug. This study aims to examine whether the integration of nanoparticle-encapsulated trehalose to the Ice-Free Cryopreservation (IFC) method for preserving heart valves has better cell viability, benefits to protect the extracellular matrix (ECM), and reduce immune response after storage. For the experiment to be carried out, we obtained materials, and the procedures were carried out in the following manner. The initial step was the preparation of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, followed by precipitation to acquire Apatite colloidal suspensions. Animals were obtained, and their tissue isolation and grouping were done ethically. All samples were then divided into four groups, Control group, Conventional Frozen Cryopreservation (CFC) group, IFC group, and IFC + T (IFC with the addition of 0.2 M nanoparticle-encapsulated Trehalose) group. Histological analysis was carried out via H&E staining, ECM components were stained with Modified Weigert staining, and the Gomori Ammonia method was used to stain reticular fibers. Alamar Blue assay was utilized to assess cell viability. Hemocompatibility was evaluated, and samples were processed for immunohistochemistry (TNFα and IL-10). Hemocompatibility was quantified using Terminal Complement Complex (TCC) and Neutrophil elastase (NE) as an indicator. The results of the H&E staining revealed less formation of extracellular ice crystals and intracellular vacuoles in the IFC + T group compared with all other groups. The CFC group's cell viability showed better viability than the IFC group, but the highest viability was exhibited in the IFC + T group (70.96 ± 2.53, P < 0.0001, n = 6). In immunohistochemistry, TNFα levels were lowest in both IFC and IFC + T group, and IL-10 expression had significantly reduced in IFC and IFC + T group. The results suggested that the nanoparticle encapsulated trehalose did not show significant hemocompatibility issues on the cryopreserved heart valves.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qing Chang
- Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Siyang Huang
- Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yulong Sui
- Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenjie Zhu
- Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qing Fan
- Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yisheng Song
- Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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18
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Ring HL, Gao Z, Sharma A, Han Z, Lee C, Brockbank KGM, Greene ED, Helke KL, Chen Z, Campbell LH, Weegman B, Davis M, Taylor M, Giwa S, Fahy GM, Wowk B, Pagotan R, Bischof JC, Garwood M. Imaging the distribution of iron oxide nanoparticles in hypothermic perfused tissues. Magn Reson Med 2019; 83:1750-1759. [PMID: 31815324 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Herein, we evaluate the use of MRI as a tool for assessing iron oxide nanoparticle (IONP) distribution within IONP perfused organs and vascularized composite allografts (VCAs) (i.e., hindlimbs) prepared for cryopreservation. METHODS Magnetic resonance imaging was performed on room-temperature organs and VCAs perfused with IONPs and were assessed at 9.4 T. Quantitative T1 mapping and T 2 ∗ -weighted images were acquired using sweep imaging with Fourier transformation and gradient-echo sequences, respectively. Verification of IONP localization was performed through histological assessment and microcomputer tomography. RESULTS Quantitative imaging was achieved for organs and VCAs perfused with up to 642 mMFe (36 mgFe /mL), which is above previous demonstrations of upper limit detection in agarose (35.7mMFe [2 mgFe /mL]). The stability of IONPs in the perfusate had an effect on the quality of distribution and imaging within organs or VCA. Finally, MRI provided more accurate IONP localization than Prussian blue histological staining in this system, wherein IONPs remain primarily in the vasculature. CONCLUSION Using MRI, we were able to assess the distribution of IONPs throughout organs and VCAs varying in complexity. Additional studies are necessary to better understand this system and validate the calibration between T1 measurements and IONP concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hattie L Ring
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Zhe Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Anirudh Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Zonghu Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Charles Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Kelvin G M Brockbank
- Tissue Testing Technologies LLC, North Charleston.,Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Charleston, South Carolina.,Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | | | - Kristi L Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Zhen Chen
- Tissue Testing Technologies LLC, North Charleston
| | | | | | - Monica Davis
- Sylvatica Biotech, Inc., North Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Michael Taylor
- Sylvatica Biotech, Inc., North Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Sebastian Giwa
- Sylvatica Biotech, Inc., North Charleston, South Carolina
| | | | - Brian Wowk
- 21st Century Medicine, Inc., Fontana, California
| | | | - John C Bischof
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Michael Garwood
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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19
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Pan J, Ren S, Sekar PK, Peng J, Shu Z, Zhao G, Ding W, Chen M, Gao D. Investigation of Electromagnetic Resonance Rewarming Enhanced by Magnetic Nanoparticles for Cryopreservation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7560-7570. [PMID: 30550289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The lack of an effective rewarming technique restricted the successful cryopreservation of organ or large tissues by vitrification. The conversion of electromagnetic (EM) energy into heat provides a possible solution for the rewarming process for the cryopreservation. In this work, an EM resonance rewarming system was set up with dynamic feedback control and power feeding optimization. In addition, we take advantage of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to absorb magnetic field energy to further enhance the energy conversion efficiency. We achieved a >200 °C min-1 rewarming rate for tens of milliliters of cryopreserved samples. Besides, we also investigated the effect of nanoparticle size and concentration based on thermal properties by analyzing the contribution of nanoparticles and the utilization of field energy. The closed system reduced the possible concomitant side effects when increasing the number of nanoparticles or increasing the EM source power. With the remarkably low dosage of nanoparticles (0.1 mg mL-1 Fe) compared to that for other MNP-based rewarming applications, this study opens the door to new approaches for exploring novel techniques for tissue and organ preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaji Pan
- Center for Cryo-Biomedical Engineering and Artificial Organs, Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
- School of Engineering and Design , Hunan Normal University , Changsha , China 410081
| | - Shen Ren
- Center for Cryo-Biomedical Engineering and Artificial Organs, Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Praveen K Sekar
- Center for Cryo-Biomedical Engineering and Artificial Organs, Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Ji Peng
- Center for Cryo-Biomedical Engineering and Artificial Organs, Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Zhiquan Shu
- Center for Cryo-Biomedical Engineering and Artificial Organs, Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering , Washington State University , Everett , Washington 98201 , United States
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology , University of Science and Technology of China , Anhui 230027 , China
| | - Weiping Ding
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology , University of Science and Technology of China , Anhui 230027 , China
| | - Ming Chen
- Center for Cryo-Biomedical Engineering and Artificial Organs, Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Dayong Gao
- Center for Cryo-Biomedical Engineering and Artificial Organs, Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
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20
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Wang B, Liu G, Balamurugan V, Sui Y, Wang G, Song Y, Chang Q. Apatite nanoparticles mediate intracellular delivery of trehalose and increase survival of cryopreserved cells. Cryobiology 2019; 86:103-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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21
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Preservation strategies for decellularized pericardial scaffolds for off-the-shelf availability. Acta Biomater 2019; 84:208-221. [PMID: 30342283 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Decellularized biological scaffolds hold great promise in cardiovascular surgery. In order to ensure off-the-shelf availability, routine use of decellularized scaffolds requires tissue banking. In this study, the suitability of cryopreservation, vitrification and freeze-drying for the preservation of decellularized bovine pericardial (DBP) scaffolds was evaluated. Cryopreservation was conducted using 10% DMSO and slow-rate freezing. Vitrification was performed using vitrification solution (VS83) and rapid cooling. Freeze-drying was done using a programmable freeze-dryer and sucrose as lyoprotectant. The impact of the preservation methods on the DBP extracellular matrix structure, integrity and composition was assessed using histology, biomechanical testing, spectroscopic and thermal analysis, and biochemistry. In addition, the cytocompatibility of the preserved scaffolds was also assessed. All preservation methods were found to be suitable to preserve the extracellular matrix structure and its components, with no apparent signs of collagen deterioration or denaturation, or loss of elastin and glycosaminoglycans. Biomechanical testing, however, showed that the cryopreserved DBP displayed a loss of extensibility compared to vitrified or freeze-dried scaffolds, which both displayed similar biomechanical behavior compared to non-preserved control scaffolds. In conclusion, cryopreservation altered the biomechanical behavior of the DBP scaffolds, which might lead to graft dysfunction in vivo. In contrast to cryopreservation and vitrification, freeze-drying is performed with non-toxic protective agents and does not require storage at ultra-low temperatures, thus allowing for a cost-effective and easy storage and transport. Due to these advantages, freeze-drying is a preferable method for the preservation of decellularized pericardium. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Clinical use of DBP scaffolds for surgical reconstructions or substitutions requires development of a preservation technology that does not alter scaffold properties during long-term storage. Conclusive investigation on adverse impacts of the preservation methods on DBP matrix integrity is still missing. This work is aiming to close this gap by studying three potential preservation technologies, cryopreservation, vitrification and freeze-drying, in order to achieve the off-the-shelf availability of DBP patches for clinical application. Furthermore, it provides novel insights for dry-preservation of decellularized xenogeneic scaffolds that can be used in the routine clinical cardiovascular practice, allowing the surgeon the opportunity to choose an ideal implant matching with the needs of each patient.
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22
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Sydykov B, Oldenhof H, Sieme H, Wolkers WF. Storage stability of liposomes stored at elevated subzero temperatures in DMSO/sucrose mixtures. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199867. [PMID: 29975741 PMCID: PMC6033440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation of biological materials is predominantly done using liquid nitrogen, and its application involves high maintenance costs and the need for periodical refilling of liquid nitrogen. Stable storage in mechanical freezers at −80°C would eliminate these issues and allow for shipment of frozen specimens using dry ice. In this work, the possibility of increasing the storage temperature of cryopreserved samples to −80°C by using combinations of DMSO and sucrose has been studied. Preservation efficacy was studied by measuring stability of liposomes encapsulated with carboxyfluorescein during storage at −150, −80 and −25°C for up to three months. Thermal and molecular mobility properties of the different DMSO-sucrose formulations were measured using differential scanning calorimetry, whereas hydrogen bonding interactions of the formulations were probed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It was found that addition of sucrose to DMSO solutions increases the Tg, and decreases molecular mobility in the glassy state at a particular temperature. Although it was expected that storage above or close to Tg at −80°C would affect liposome stability, stability was found to be similar compared to that of samples stored at −150°C. Higher molecular mobility in the glassy state could not be associated with faster CF-leakage rates. Distinct differences in storage stability at −25°C, far above Tg, were found among the sucrose/DMSO formulations, which were explained by the differences in permeability of sucrose and DMSO resulting in different levels of osmotic stress in the formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulat Sydykov
- Institute of Multiphase Processes, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Harriëtte Oldenhof
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine, Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Harald Sieme
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine, Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Willem F. Wolkers
- Institute of Multiphase Processes, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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23
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Sui Y, Fan Q, Wang B, Wang J, Chang Q. Ice-free cryopreservation of heart valve tissue: The effect of adding MitoQ to a VS83 formulation and its influence on mitochondrial dynamics. Cryobiology 2018; 81:153-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Vitrification of aortic valve homografts suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activation and alleviates the inflammatory response after transplantation. Cryobiology 2018; 82:130-136. [PMID: 29571631 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Vásquez-Rivera A, Sommer KK, Oldenhof H, Higgins AZ, Brockbank KGM, Hilfiker A, Wolkers WF. Simultaneous monitoring of different vitrification solution components permeating into tissues. Analyst 2018; 143:420-428. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01576c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation can be used for long-term preservation of tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim K. Sommer
- Institute of Multiphase Processes
- Leibniz Universität Hannover
- Hannover
- Germany
| | - Harriëtte Oldenhof
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine
- Clinic for Horses
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover
- Hannover
- Germany
| | - Adam Z. Higgins
- School of Chemical
- Biological and Environmental Engineering
- Oregon State University
- Corvallis
- USA
| | | | - Andres Hilfiker
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs
- Hannover Medical School
- Hannover
- Germany
| | - Willem F. Wolkers
- Institute of Multiphase Processes
- Leibniz Universität Hannover
- Hannover
- Germany
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26
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Schneider M, Stamm C, Brockbank KGM, Stock UA, Seifert M. The choice of cryopreservation method affects immune compatibility of human cardiovascular matrices. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17027. [PMID: 29208929 PMCID: PMC5717054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17288-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional frozen cryopreservation (CFC) is currently the gold standard for cardiovascular allograft preservation. However, inflammation and structural deterioration limit transplant durability. Ice-free cryopreservation (IFC) already demonstrated matrix structure preservation combined with attenuated immune responses. In this study, we aim to explore the mechanisms of this diminished immunogenicity in vitro. First, we characterized factors released by human aortic tissue after CFC and IFC. Secondly, we analyzed co-cultures with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, purified monocytes, T cells and monocyte-derived macrophages to examine functional immune effects triggered by the tissue or released cues. IFC tissue exhibited significantly lower metabolic activity and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines than CFC tissue, but surprisingly, more active transforming growth factor β. Due to reduced cytokine release by IFC tissue, less monocyte and T cell migration was detected in a chemotaxis system. Moreover, only cues from CFC tissue but not from IFC tissue amplified αCD3 triggered T cell proliferation. In a specifically designed macrophage-tissue assay, we could show that macrophages did not upregulate M1 polarization markers (CD80 or HLA-DR) on either tissue type. In conclusion, IFC selectively modulates tissue characteristics and thereby attenuates immune cell attraction and activation. Therefore, IFC treatment creates improved opportunities for cardiovascular graft preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Schneider
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christof Stamm
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- German Heart Center (DHZB), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kelvin G M Brockbank
- Tissue Testing Technologies LLC, North Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Ulrich A Stock
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Martina Seifert
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
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27
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Urbani L, Maghsoudlou P, Milan A, Menikou M, Hagen CK, Totonelli G, Camilli C, Eaton S, Burns A, Olivo A, De Coppi P. Long-term cryopreservation of decellularised oesophagi for tissue engineering clinical application. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179341. [PMID: 28599006 PMCID: PMC5466304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oesophageal tissue engineering is a therapeutic alternative when oesophageal replacement is required. Decellularised scaffolds are ideal as they are derived from tissue-specific extracellular matrix and are non-immunogenic. However, appropriate preservation may significantly affect scaffold behaviour. Here we aim to prove that an effective method for short- and long-term preservation can be applied to tissue engineered products allowing their translation to clinical application. Rabbit oesophagi were decellularised using the detergent-enzymatic treatment (DET), a combination of deionised water, sodium deoxycholate and DNase-I. Samples were stored in phosphate-buffered saline solution at 4°C (4°C) or slow cooled in medium with 10% Me2SO at -1°C/min followed by storage in liquid nitrogen (SCM). Structural and functional analyses were performed prior to and after 2 and 4 weeks and 3 and 6 months of storage under each condition. Efficient decellularisation was achieved after 2 cycles of DET as determined with histology and DNA quantification, with preservation of the ECM. Only the SCM method, commonly used for cell storage, maintained the architecture and biomechanical properties of the scaffold up to 6 months. On the contrary, 4°C method was effective for short-term storage but led to a progressive distortion and degradation of the tissue architecture at the following time points. Efficient storage allows a timely use of decellularised oesophagi, essential for clinical translation. Here we describe that slow cooling with cryoprotectant solution in liquid nitrogen vapour leads to reliable long-term storage of decellularised oesophageal scaffolds for tissue engineering purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Urbani
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (LU); (PDC)
| | | | - Anna Milan
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Menikou
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Klara Hagen
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgia Totonelli
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carlotta Camilli
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Eaton
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Burns
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Olivo
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo De Coppi
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (LU); (PDC)
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28
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Högerle BA, Schneider M, Sudrow K, Souidi N, Stolk M, Werner I, Biermann A, Brockbank KG, Stock UA, Seifert M. Effects on human heart valve immunogenicity
in vitro
by high concentration cryoprotectant treatment. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e1046-e1055. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Högerle
- Department for Thoracic and Cardiovascular SurgeryJohann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Maria Schneider
- Institute of Medical ImmunologyCharité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Germany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT)Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Germany
| | - Katrin Sudrow
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT)Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Germany
| | - Naima Souidi
- Institute of Medical ImmunologyCharité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Germany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT)Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Germany
| | - Meaghan Stolk
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT)Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Germany
| | - Isabella Werner
- Department for Thoracic and Cardiovascular SurgeryJohann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Anna Biermann
- Department for Thoracic and Cardiovascular SurgeryJohann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Kelvin G.M. Brockbank
- Tissue Testing Technologies LLC North Charleston SC USA
- Department of BioengineeringClemson University SC USA
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell BiologyMedical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA
| | - Ulrich A. Stock
- Department for Thoracic and Cardiovascular SurgeryJohann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Martina Seifert
- Institute of Medical ImmunologyCharité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Germany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT)Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Germany
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29
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Elliott GD, Wang S, Fuller BJ. Cryoprotectants: A review of the actions and applications of cryoprotective solutes that modulate cell recovery from ultra-low temperatures. Cryobiology 2017; 76:74-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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30
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Lisy M, Kalender G, Schenke-Layland K, Brockbank KG, Biermann A, Stock UA. Allograft Heart Valves: Current Aspects and Future Applications. Biopreserv Biobank 2017; 15:148-157. [DOI: 10.1089/bio.2016.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Lisy
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Frankfurt-Höchst City Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Guenay Kalender
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Frankfurt-Höchst City Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Department of Medicine/Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kelvin G.M. Brockbank
- Tissue Testing Technologies LLC, North Charleston, South Carolina
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, South Carolina
| | - Anna Biermann
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac and Thoracic Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ulrich Alfred Stock
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac and Thoracic Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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31
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Hepfer RG, Brockbank KGM, Chen Z, Greene ED, Campbell LH, Wright GJ, Linthurst-Jones A, Yao H. Comparison and evaluation of biomechanical, electrical, and biological methods for assessment of damage to tissue collagen. Cell Tissue Bank 2016; 17:531-9. [PMID: 27130199 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-016-9560-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In regard to evaluating tissue banking methods used to preserve or otherwise treat (process) soft allograft tissue, current tests may not be sufficiently sensitive to detect potential damage inflicted before, during, and after processing. Using controlled parameters, we aim to examine the sensitivity of specific biomechanical, electrical, and biological tests in detecting mild damage to collagen. Fresh porcine pulmonary heart valves were treated with an enzyme, collagenase, and incubated using various times. Controls received no incubation. All valves were cryopreserved and stored at -135 °C until being rewarmed for evaluation using biomechanical, permeability, and cell viability tests. Statistically significant time dependent changes in leaflet ultimate stress, (p = 0.006), permeability (p = 0.01), and viability (p ≤ 0.02, four different days of culture) were found between heart valves subjected to 0-15 min of collagenase treatment (ANOVA). However, no statistical significance was found between the tensile modulus of treated and untreated valves (p = 0.07). Furthermore, the trends of decreasing and increasing ultimate stress and viability, respectively, were somewhat inconsistent across treatment times. These results suggest that permeability tests may offer a sensitive, quantitative assay to complement traditional biomechanical and viability tests in evaluating processing methods used for soft tissue allografts, or when making changes to current validated methods. Multiple test evaluation may also offer insight into the mechanism of potential tissue damage such as, as is the case here, reduced collagen content and increased tissue porosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Glenn Hepfer
- Clemson-MUSC Joint Bioengineering Program, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 173 Ashley Avenue MSC 508, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Kelvin G M Brockbank
- Clemson-MUSC Joint Bioengineering Program, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 173 Ashley Avenue MSC 508, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.,Tissue Testing Technologies LLC, North Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Zhen Chen
- Tissue Testing Technologies LLC, North Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - Lia H Campbell
- Tissue Testing Technologies LLC, North Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Gregory J Wright
- Clemson-MUSC Joint Bioengineering Program, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 173 Ashley Avenue MSC 508, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | | | - Hai Yao
- Clemson-MUSC Joint Bioengineering Program, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 173 Ashley Avenue MSC 508, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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32
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Gallo M, Bonetti A, Poser H, Naso F, Bottio T, Bianco R, Paolin A, Franci P, Busetto R, Frigo AC, Buratto E, Spina M, Marchini M, Ortolani F, Iop L, Gerosa G. Decellularized aortic conduits: could their cryopreservation affect post-implantation outcomes? A morpho-functional study on porcine homografts. Heart Vessels 2016; 31:1862-1873. [PMID: 27115146 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-016-0839-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Decellularized porcine aortic valve conduits (AVCs) implanted in a Vietnamese Pig (VP) experimental animal model were matched against decellularized and then cryopreserved AVCs to assess the effect of cryopreservation on graft hemodynamic performance and propensity to in vivo repopulation by host's cells. VPs (n = 12) underwent right ventricular outflow tract substitution using AVC allografts and were studied for 15-month follow-up. VPs were randomized into two groups, receiving AVCs treated with decellularization alone (D; n = 6) or decellularization/cryopreservation (DC; n = 6), respectively. Serial echocardiography was carried out to follow up hemodynamic function. All explanted AVCs were processed for light and electron microscopy. No signs of dilatation, progressive stenosis, regurgitation, and macroscopic calcification were echocardiographically observed in both D and DC groups. Explanted D grafts exhibited near-normal features, whereas the presence of calcification, inflammatory infiltrates, and disarray of elastic lamellae occurred in some DC grafts. In the unaltered regions of AVCs from both groups, almost complete re-endothelialization was observed for both valve cusps and aorta walls. In addition, side-by-side repopulation by recipient's fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells was paralleled by ongoing tissue remodeling, as revealed by the ultrastructural identification of typical canals of collagen fibrillogenesis and elastogenesis-related features. Incipient neo-vascularization and re-innervation of medial and adventitial tunicae of grafted aortic walls were also detected for both D and DC groups. Cryopreservation did not affect post-implantation AVC hemodynamic behavior and was topically propensive to cell repopulation and tissue renewal, although graft deterioration including calcification was present in several areas. Thus, these preliminary data provide essential information on feasibility of decellularization and cryopreservation coupling in the perspective of treatment optimization and subsequent clinical trials using similarly treated human allografts as innovative heart valve substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Gallo
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy.
| | - Antonella Bonetti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Helen Poser
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Filippo Naso
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Tomaso Bottio
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Roberto Bianco
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Adolfo Paolin
- Tissue Bank of Veneto Region, Treviso Regional Hospital, Treviso, Italy
| | - Paolo Franci
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Roberto Busetto
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Anna Chiara Frigo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Edward Buratto
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michele Spina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Maurizio Marchini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Fulvia Ortolani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Laura Iop
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy.,Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Biomedical Campus Pietro d'Abano, Padua, Italy
| | - Gino Gerosa
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy.,Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Biomedical Campus Pietro d'Abano, Padua, Italy
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33
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Huber AJT, Brockbank KGM, Aberle T, Schleicher M, Chen ZZ, Greene ED, Lisy M, Stock UA. Development of a simplified ice-free cryopreservation method for heart valves employing VS83, an 83% cryoprotectant formulation. Biopreserv Biobank 2015; 10:479-84. [PMID: 24845133 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2012.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated storage of ice-free cryopreserved heart valves at -80°C without the need for liquid nitrogen, with the aims of decreasing manufacturing costs and reducing employee safety hazards. The objectives of the present study were a further simplification of the ice-free cryopreservation method and characterization of tissue viability. Porcine pulmonary heart valves were permeated with an 83% cryoprotectant solution (VS83) followed by rapid cooling and storage at -80°C. The cryoprotectants were added and removed in either single or multiple steps. Fresh untreated frozen controls employing 10% dimethylsulfoxide and controlled rate freezing to -80°C, and storage in vapor phase nitrogen were also performed. After rewarming and washing, cryopreserved leaflets were compared with fresh controls using the resazurin reduction metabolism assay. Comparison of valve tissues in which the cryoprotectants were added and removed in either single or multiple steps demonstrated similar viability results for the muscle, conduit, and leaflet components. The ice-free cryopreserved conduit and leaflet components were significantly less viable than either fresh or frozen tissues. The muscle component, although less viable, was not significantly different. The changes in tissue viability were a function of cryoprotectant exposure, and resulting cytotoxicity, not temperature reduction during storage. TUNEL staining showed that ice-free cryopreservation did not induce significant amounts of apoptosis, suggesting that necrosis is the predominant cell death pathway in ice-free cryopreserved heart valves. There was very little difference in cell viability when the cryoprotectants were added and removed in a single step versus multiple steps. Ice-free cryopreserved valve tissues demonstrated very low viability compared with controls. These results support further simplification of the ice-free cryopreservation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes J T Huber
- 1 Department of Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital , Tuebingen, Germany
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34
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Abstract
Application of the original vitrification protocol used for pieces of heart valves to intact heart valves has evolved over time. Ice-free cryopreservation by Protocol 1 using VS55 is limited to small samples where relatively rapid cooling and warming rates are possible. VS55 cryopreservation typically provides extracellular matrix preservation with approximately 80 % cell viability and tissue function compared with fresh untreated tissues. In contrast, ice-free cryopreservation using VS83, Protocols 2 and 3, has several advantages over conventional cryopreservation methods and VS55 preservation, including long-term preservation capability at -80 °C; better matrix preservation than freezing with retention of material properties; very low cell viability, reducing the risks of an immune reaction in vivo; reduced risks of microbial contamination associated with use of liquid nitrogen; improved in vivo functions; no significant recipient allogeneic immune response; simplified manufacturing process; increased operator safety because liquid nitrogen is not used; and reduced manufacturing costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin G M Brockbank
- Cell & Tissue Systems, Inc., 2231 Technical Parkway, Suite A, North Charleston, SC, 29406, USA,
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35
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Xeno-immunogenicity of ice-free cryopreserved porcine leaflets. J Surg Res 2014; 193:933-41. [PMID: 25454969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Undesirable processes of inflammation, calcification, or immune-mediated reactions are limiting factors in long-term survival of heart valves in patients. In this study, we target the modulatory effects of ice-free cryopreservation (IFC) of xenogeneic heart valve leaflet matrices, without decellularization, on the adaptive human immune responses in vitro. METHODS We tested porcine leaflet matrices from fresh untreated, conventionally cryopreserved (CFC), and IFC pulmonary valves by culturing them with human blood mononuclear cells for 5 d in vitro. No other tissue treatment protocols to modify possible immune responses were used. Matrices alone or in addition with a low-dose second stimulus were analyzed for induction of proliferation and cytokine release by flow cytometry-based techniques. Evaluation of the α-Gal epitope expression was performed by immunohistochemistry with fluorochrome-labeled B4 isolectin. RESULTS None of the tested leaflet treatment groups directly triggered the proliferation of immune cells. But when tested in combination with a second trigger by anti-CD3, IFC valves showed significantly reduced proliferation of T cells, especially effector memory T cells, in comparison with fresh or CFC tissue. Moreover, the cytokine levels for interferon-γ (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin-10 were reduced for the IFC-treated group being significantly different compared with the CFC group. However, no difference between treatment groups in the expression of the α-Gal antigen was observed. CONCLUSIONS IFC of xenogeneic tissue might be an appropriate treatment method or processing step to prevent responses of the adaptive immune system.
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37
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Huber AJT, Aberle T, Schleicher M, Wendel HP, Brockbank KGM. Characterization of a simplified ice-free cryopreservation method for heart valves. Cell Tissue Bank 2012; 14:195-203. [PMID: 22711141 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-012-9319-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to characterize the hemocompatibility of ice-free cryopreserved heart valves in anticipation of future human trials. Porcine pulmonary heart valves were infiltrated with either an 83 % cryoprotectant solution followed by rapid cooling and storage at --80 °C or with 10 % DMSO and control rate freezing to --80 °C and storage in vapor phase nitrogen as conventional frozen controls. Cryopreserved leaflets were compared with fresh, decellularized and glutaraldehyde-fixed control valve leaflets using a battery of coagulation protein assays after exposure to human blood. Von Willebrand Factor staining indicated that most of the endothelium was lost during valve processing prior to cryopreservation. Hemocompatibility, employing thrombin/antithrombin-III-complex, polymorphonuclear neutrophil-elastase, beta-thromboglobulin and terminal complement complex SC5b-9, was preserved compared with both fresh and frozen leaflets. Hemocompatibility differences were observed for cryopreserved leaflets versus both decellularized and glutaraldehyde fixed controls. In conclusion, the hemocompatibility results support the use of ice-free cryopreservation as a simplified preservation method because no statistically significant differences in hemocompatibility were observed between the two cryopreservation methods and fresh untreated controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes J T Huber
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.
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38
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39
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Long-term storage of human heart valves above the glass transition at -80°C. Ann Thorac Surg 2012; 93:694; author reply 695. [PMID: 22269755 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2011.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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40
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Ice-free cryopreservation of heart valve allografts: better extracellular matrix preservation in vivo and preclinical results. Cell Tissue Bank 2012; 13:663-71. [PMID: 22212702 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-011-9288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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