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Pasquali SK, O'Brien SM, Shahian DM, Romano JC, Jacobs JP, Mayer JE. Association Between Past and Present Operative Mortality in Congenital Heart Surgery: An Analysis of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database. Ann Thorac Surg 2024; 118:478-483. [PMID: 38401767 PMCID: PMC11269043 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2024.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mortality after congenital heart surgery is an important metric across benchmarking, quality, and reporting initiatives. All rely on estimates from prior years, and how well these reflect current outcomes is unclear. METHODS Index operations from The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Database (2014-2019) were included. Adjusted operative mortality in "past" 4-year and 1-year intervals vs the most recent year ("present") was evaluated using Bayesian hierarchical logistic regression with results presented as odds ratios and 95% credible intervals (CrI). RESULTS Among 115,699 operations (106 hospitals), overall present observed mortality was 2.5%. Regression to the mean was evident, and individual hospital's present vs past adjusted mortality were only weakly correlated (-0.11 vs past 1-year data, 0.22 vs past 4-year data). A significant relationship was found between past and present mortality only for the group of hospitals in the highest mortality quartile, most prominent for past 4-year data (adjusted odds ratio vs lowest mortality quartile, 2.04; 95% CrI, 1.44-2.80). The proportion of present hospital mortality variation explained by past mortality quartile was 52% (95% CrI, 20%-90%) using past 4-year data and only 27% (95% CrI, 92%-83%) using past 1-year data. Overall 66% of hospitals changed mortality quartiles from past to present (30% by ≥2 quartiles). CONCLUSIONS Past mortality relates to present primarily for groups of hospitals at the extremes, with past 4-year data more informative than past 1-year data. For individual hospitals, past may differ from present, regression to the mean is common, and many change quartiles. Past mortality should be used thoughtfully and not as the sole factor informing present decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Pasquali
- Department of Pediatrics, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Sean M O'Brien
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - David M Shahian
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer C Romano
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jeffrey P Jacobs
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - John E Mayer
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Kolwaite AR, Edwards JA, Higgins M, Kandaswamy S, Orenstein E, Boughton D, Zinyandu T, Brasher S, Shashidharan S, Thompson LM, Chanani NK. Associations between Child Opportunity Index and Pediatric Cardiac Surgical Outcomes. J Pediatr 2024; 270:114000. [PMID: 38432295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2024.114000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the relationship between the Child Opportunity Index (COI), a comprehensive measurement of social determinants of health, and specific COI domains on patient-specific outcomes following congenital cardiac surgery in the metropolitan region of Atlanta, Georgia. STUDY DESIGN In this retrospective chart review, we included patients who underwent an index operation for congenital heart disease between 2010 and 2020 in a single pediatric health care system. Patients' addresses were geocoded and mapped to census tracts. Descriptive statistics, univariable analysis, and multivariable regression models were employed to assess associations between variables and outcomes. RESULTS Of the 7460 index surgeries, 3798 (51%) met eligibility criteria. Presence of an adverse outcome, defined as either mortality or 1 of several other major postoperative morbidities, was significantly associated with COI in the univariable model (P = .008), but not the multivariable regression model (P = .39). Postoperative hospital length of stay was significantly associated with COI (P < .001) in univariable and multivariable regression models. There was no significant association between COI and readmission within 30 days of hospital discharge in univariable (P < .094) and multivariable (P = .49) models. CONCLUSION COI is associated with postoperative hospital length of stay but not all outcomes in patients after congenital heart surgery. By understanding the role of COI in outcomes related to cardiac surgery, targeted interventions can be developed to improve health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Kolwaite
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
| | - Johnathan A Edwards
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; University of Lincoln, School of Health and Social Care, Lincolnshire, UK
| | - Melinda Higgins
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Evan Orenstein
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Division of Hospital Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA; Information Services and Technology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | - Dawn Boughton
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Tawanda Zinyandu
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Susan Brasher
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Lisa M Thompson
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Nikhil K Chanani
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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Griffeth EM, Stephens EH, Burchill LJ, Johnson JN, Crow S, Jacobs JP, Jacobs ML, Todd A, Dearani JA. Risk of Cardiac Reoperation: An Analysis of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database. Ann Thorac Surg 2024:S0003-4975(24)00520-4. [PMID: 38936590 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2024.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing number of congenital heart disease patients undergoing reoperative cardiac surgery presents critical and growing challenges. Our objective was to evaluate the association between the number of prior cardiopulmonary bypass operations and operative mortality and morbidity in a national cohort. METHODS The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database (STS-CHSD) was reviewed for index cardiac operations on cardiopulmonary bypass during 2016 to 2021. Infants and patients with functionally univentricular physiology were excluded. Multivariable logistic regression adjusted for covariates in the STS-CHSD Mortality Risk Model, the STS-European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (STAT) Mortality Category, and institutional volume. RESULTS Of 50,625 eligible operations, 22,100 (44%) were performed on patients with ≥1 prior cardiopulmonary bypass operations. Most common diagnoses were tetralogy of Fallot (4340 of 22,100 [19.6%]), pulmonary atresia/ventricular septal defect (1334 of 22,100 [6.0%]), and aortic stenosis (966 of 22,100 [4.4%]). Operative mortality correlated with number of prior cardiopulmonary bypass operations: 157 of 28,525 (0.6%) for 0, 127 of 13,488 (0.9%) for 1, 81 of 5,664 (1.4%) for 2, 61 of 2039 (3.0%) for 3, 35 of 623 (5.6%) for 4, 10 of 207 (4.8%) for 5, and 5 of 79 (6.3%) for ≥6 operations (P < .001). On multivariable analysis, patients with ≥3 prior cardiopulmonary bypass operations had higher risk of operative mortality (odds ratio, 2.31; P < .001) and major morbidity (odds ratio, 1.60; P < .001). Annual institutional volume and age were not associated with either outcome. CONCLUSIONS Three or more prior cardiopulmonary bypass operations was an independent risk factor for operative mortality/morbidity, even after controlling for risk factors and institutional volume. Future research is needed to identify modifiable factors to optimize outcomes, particularly for those with ≥3 prior cardiopulmonary bypass operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M Griffeth
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Luke J Burchill
- Division of Structural Heart Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Sheri Crow
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jeffrey P Jacobs
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Austin Todd
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Joseph A Dearani
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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Schneider K, de Loizaga S, Beck AF, Morales DLS, Seo J, Divanovic A. Socioeconomic Influences on Outcomes Following Congenital Heart Disease Surgery. Pediatr Cardiol 2024; 45:1072-1078. [PMID: 38472658 PMCID: PMC11056327 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-024-03451-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Associations between social determinants of health (SDOH) and adverse outcomes for children with congenital heart disease (CHD) are starting to be recognized; however, such links remain understudied. We examined the relationship between community-level material deprivation on mortality, readmission, and length of stay (LOS) for children undergoing surgery for CHD. We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent cardiac surgery at our institution from 2015 to 2018. A community-level deprivation index (DI), a marker of community material deprivation, was generated to contextualize the lived experience of children with CHD. Generalized mixed-effects models were used to assess links between the DI and outcomes of mortality, readmission, and LOS following cardiac surgery. The DI and components were scaled to provide mean differences for a one standard deviation (SD) increase in deprivation. We identified 1,187 unique patients with surgical admissions. The median LOS was 11 days, with an overall mortality rate of 4.6% and readmission rate of 7.6%. The DI ranged from 0.08 to 0.85 with a mean of 0.37 (SD 0.12). The DI was associated with increased LOS for patients with more complex heart disease (STAT 3, 4, and 5), which persisted after adjusting for factors that could prolong LOS (all p < 0.05). The DI approached but did not meet a significant association with mortality (p = 0.0528); it was not associated with readmission (p = 0.36). Community-level deprivation is associated with increased LOS for patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Future work to identify the specific health-related social needs contributing to LOS and identify targets for intervention is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Schneider
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 2003, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Sarah de Loizaga
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 2003, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Andrew F Beck
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Divisions of General & Community Pediatrics and Hospital Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - David L S Morales
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 2003, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - JangDong Seo
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 2003, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Allison Divanovic
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 2003, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Griffeth EM, Stephens EH, Dearani JA, Shreve JT, O'Sullivan D, Egbe AC, Connolly HM, Todd A, Burchill LJ. Impact of heart failure on reoperation in adult congenital heart disease: An innovative machine learning model. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2024; 167:2215-2225.e1. [PMID: 37776991 PMCID: PMC10972775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2023.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study objectives were to evaluate the association between preoperative heart failure and reoperative cardiac surgical outcomes in adult congenital heart disease and to develop a risk model for postoperative morbidity/mortality. METHODS Single-institution retrospective cohort study of adult patients with congenital heart disease undergoing reoperative cardiac surgery between January 1, 2010, and March 30, 2022. Heart failure defined clinically as preoperative diuretic use and either New York Heart Association Class II to IV or systemic ventricular ejection fraction less than 40%. Composite outcome included operative mortality, mechanical circulatory support, dialysis, unplanned noncardiac reoperation, persistent neurologic deficit, and cardiac arrest. Multivariable logistic regression and machine learning analysis using gradient boosting technology were performed. Shapley statistics determined feature influence, or impact, on model output. RESULTS Preoperative heart failure was present in 376 of 1011 patients (37%); those patients had longer postoperative length of stay (6 [5-8] vs 5 [4-7] days, P < .001), increased postoperative mechanical circulatory support (21/376 [6%] vs 16/635 [3%], P = .015), and decreased long-term survival (84% [80%-89%] vs 90% [86%-93%]) at 10 years (P = .002). A 7-feature machine learning risk model for the composite outcome achieved higher area under the curve (0.76) than logistic regression, and ejection fraction was most influential (highest mean |Shapley value|). Additional risk factors for the composite outcome included age, number of prior cardiopulmonary bypass operations, urgent/emergency procedure, and functionally univentricular physiology. CONCLUSIONS Heart failure is common among adult patients with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac reoperation and associated with longer length of stay, increased postoperative mechanical circulatory support, and decreased long-term survival. Machine learning yields a novel 7-feature risk model for postoperative morbidity/mortality, in which ejection fraction was the most influential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph A Dearani
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | | | | | - Alexander C Egbe
- Division of Structural Heart Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Heidi M Connolly
- Division of Structural Heart Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Austin Todd
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Luke J Burchill
- Division of Structural Heart Disease, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.
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Kumar SR, Gaynor JW, Heuerman H, Mayer JE, Nathan M, O'Brien JE, Pizarro C, Subačius H, Wacker L, Wellnitz C, Eghtesady P. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database: 2023 Update on Outcomes and Research. Ann Thorac Surg 2024; 117:904-914. [PMID: 38522772 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2024.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) Congenital Heart Surgery Database (CHSD) continues to be the most comprehensive database of congenital and pediatric cardiothoracic surgical procedures in the world and contains information on 664,210 operations as of June 30, 2023. The 35th harvest of the STS CHSD data was undertaken in Spring 2023, spanning the 4-year period January 1, 2019, through December 31, 2022, and included 144,919 operations performed at 114 participating sites in North America. The harvest analysis was successfully executed by the STS Research and Analytic Center. The overall unadjusted mortality rate was 2.68% and has remained stable over the 4 years included in the current harvest window. Mortality is highest in neonates (7.4%) and lowest in children (1.1%). As in prior analyses, observed mortality and postoperative length of stay in the database increase with an increase in STS-European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (STAT) Congenital Heart Surgery Mortality Categories. This quality report summarizes contemporary outcomes, provides the odds ratios for the CHSD risk model variables based on this analysis, and describes on-going efforts to improve data collection and augment analytical approaches. Lastly, 5 research publications completed in the last year using data from the CHSD are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ram Kumar
- Criss Heart Center, Children's Nebraska, Omaha, Nebraska; Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.
| | - J William Gaynor
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hannah Heuerman
- Research and Analytic Center, The Society of Thoracic Surgeons, Chicago, Illinois
| | - John E Mayer
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Meena Nathan
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James E O'Brien
- Ward Family Heart Center, Section of Cardiac Surgery, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Christian Pizarro
- Nemours Cardiac Center, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nemours Children Hospital Wilmington, Wilmington, Delaware; Sidney Kimmel School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Haris Subačius
- Research and Analytic Center, The Society of Thoracic Surgeons, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Leslie Wacker
- University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Chasity Wellnitz
- Quality Management Department, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Pirooz Eghtesady
- Section of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
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Prabhu NK, Moya-Mendez ME, Kang L, Medina CK, McCrary AW, Allareddy V, Overbey D, Turek JW. Textbook Outcome for Superior Cavopulmonary Connection: A Metric for Single Ventricle Heart Surgery. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg 2024; 15:303-312. [PMID: 38263731 DOI: 10.1177/21501351231215261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Background: To develop a more holistic measure of congenital heart center performance beyond mortality, we created a composite "textbook outcome" (TO) for the Glenn operation. We hypothesized that meeting TO would have a positive prognostic and financial impact. Methods: This was a single center retrospective study of patients undergoing superior cavopulmonary connection (bidirectional Glenn or Kawashima ± concomitant procedures) from 2005 to 2021. Textbook outcome was defined as freedom from operative mortality, reintervention, 30-day readmission, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, major thrombotic complication, length of stay (LOS) >75th percentile (17d), and mechanical ventilation duration >75th percentile (2d). Multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards modeling were used. Results: Fifty-one percent (137/269) of patients met TO. Common reasons for TO failure were prolonged LOS (78/132, 59%) and ventilator duration (67/132, 51%). In multivariable analysis, higher weight [odds ratio, OR: 1.44 (95% confidence interval, CI: 1.15-1.84), P = .002] was a positive predictor of TO achievement while right ventricular dominance [OR 0.47 (0.27-0.81), P = .007] and higher preoperative pulmonary vascular resistance [OR 0.58 (0.40-0.82), P = .003] were negative predictors. After controlling for preoperative factors and excluding operative mortalities, TO achievement was independently associated with a decreased risk of death over long-term follow-up [hazard ratio: 0.50 (0.25-0.99), P = .049]. Textbook outcome achievement was also associated with lower direct cost of care [$137,626 (59,333-167,523) vs $262,299 (114,200-358,844), P < .0001]. Conclusion: Achievement of the Glenn TO is associated with long-term survival and lower costs and can be predicted by certain risk factors. As outcomes continue to improve within congenital heart surgery, operative mortality will become a less informative metric. Textbook outcome analysis may represent a more balanced measure of a successful outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel K Prabhu
- Congenital Heart Surgery Research and Training Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mary E Moya-Mendez
- Congenital Heart Surgery Research and Training Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lillian Kang
- Congenital Heart Surgery Research and Training Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cathlyn K Medina
- Congenital Heart Surgery Research and Training Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrew W McCrary
- Duke Children's Pediatric and Congenital Heart Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Veerajalandhar Allareddy
- Duke Children's Pediatric and Congenital Heart Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Douglas Overbey
- Congenital Heart Surgery Research and Training Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Children's Pediatric and Congenital Heart Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joseph W Turek
- Congenital Heart Surgery Research and Training Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Children's Pediatric and Congenital Heart Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Verma A, Williamson CG, Bakhtiyar SS, Hadaya J, Hekking T, Kronen E, Si MS, Benharash P. Center-Level Variation in Failure to Rescue After Pediatric Cardiac Surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2024; 117:552-559. [PMID: 37182822 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although failure to rescue (FTR) is increasingly recognized as a quality metric, studies in congenital cardiac surgery remain sparse. Within a national cohort of children undergoing cardiac operations, we characterized the presence of center-level variation in FTR and hypothesized a strong association with mortality but not complications. METHODS All children undergoing congenital cardiac operations were identified in the 2013 to 2019 Nationwide Readmissions Database. FTR was defined as in-hospital death after cardiac arrest, ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation, prolonged mechanical ventilation, pneumonia, stroke, venous thromboembolism, or sepsis, among other complications. Hierarchical models were used to generate hospital-specific, risk-adjusted rates of mortality, complications, and FTR. Centers in the highest decile of FTR were identified and compared with others. RESULTS Of an estimated 74,070 patients, 1.9% died before discharge, at least 1 perioperative complication developed in 43.0%, and 4.1% experienced FTR. After multilevel modeling, decreasing age, nonelective admission, and increasing operative complexity were associated with greater odds of FTR. Variations in overall mortality and FTR exhibited a strong, positive relationship (r = 0.97), whereas mortality and complications had a negligible association (r = -0.02). Compared with others, patients at centers with high rates of FTR had similar distributions of age, sex, chronic conditions, and operative complexity. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, center-level variations in mortality were more strongly explained by differences in FTR than complications. Our findings suggest the utility of FTR as a quality metric for congenital heart surgery, although further study is needed to develop a widely accepted definition and appropriate risk-adjustment models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Verma
- Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratories (CORELAB), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Catherine G Williamson
- Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratories (CORELAB), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Syed Shahyan Bakhtiyar
- Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratories (CORELAB), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Joseph Hadaya
- Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratories (CORELAB), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tyson Hekking
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Elsa Kronen
- Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratories (CORELAB), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ming-Sing Si
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Peyman Benharash
- Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratories (CORELAB), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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Hofbeck M, Arenz C, Bauer UMM, Horke A, Kerst G, Meyer R, Tengler A, Beckmann A. German Registry for Cardiac Operations and Interventions in Congenital Heart Disease: Annual Report 2022. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2024; 72:e16-e29. [PMID: 38914128 DOI: 10.1055/a-2350-7374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The German Registry for Cardiac Operations and Interventions in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease is a voluntary registry initiated by the German Society for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery and the German Society for Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Defects. Since 2012, the registry collects data for the assessment of treatment and outcomes of surgical and interventional procedures in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) of all age groups. METHODS This real-world, prospective all-comers registry collects clinical and procedural characteristics, adverse events (AEs), mortality, and medium-term outcomes (up to 90 days) of patients undergoing surgical and interventional. A unique pseudonymous personal identifier (PID) allows longitudinal data acquisition in case of further invasive treatment in any participating German heart center. Prior to evaluation, all data sets are monitored for data completeness and integrity. Evaluation includes risk stratification of interventional and surgical procedures and classification of AEs. Each year's data are summarized in annual reports containing detailed information on the entire cohort, all subgroups, and 15 index procedures. In addition, each participating center receives an institutional benchmark report for comparison with the national results. This paper presents a comprehensive summary of the annual report 2021. RESULTS In 2021, a total of 5,439 patients were included by 22 participating centers. In total, 3,721 surgical, 3,413 interventional, and 34 hybrid procedures were performed during 6,122 hospital stays. 2,220 cases (36.3%) could be allocated to the 15 index procedures. The mean unadjusted in-hospital mortality ranged from 0.4% among interventional and 2% among surgical cases up to 6.2 % in cases with multiple procedures. In-hospital mortality among index procedures accounted for 2.3% in total cavopulmonary connection, 20.3% in Norwood procedures, and 0.4% following interventional closure of patent ductus arteriosus. For the remaining seven surgical and five interventional index procedures, no in-hospital deaths were recorded. The 10-year longitudinal evaluation of 1,795 patients after tetralogy of Fallot repair revealed repeat interventional or surgical procedures in 21% of the patients. Over the same period, 31.1% of 2,037 patients, following initial treatment of native coarctation, required at least one additional hospital admission, 39.4% after initial interventional, and 21.3% after initial surgical therapy. CONCLUSION The annual report 2021 of the German Registry for Cardiac Operations and Interventions in CHD shows continuously good results in accordance with previous data of the registry. Compared to international registries on CHD, it can be ascertained that in Germany invasive treatment of CHD is offered on a high medical level with excellent quality. The proven fact that patients with various malformations like tetralogy of Fallot and coarctation of the aorta require repeat procedures during follow-up confirms the urgent requirement for longitudinal assessment of all patients presenting with complex lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hofbeck
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Arenz
- German Pediatric Heart Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Horke
- Division of Surgery for Congenital Heart Defects, Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gunter Kerst
- Clinic for Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Renate Meyer
- BQS Institute for Quality and Patient Safety, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anja Tengler
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Beckmann
- Clinic for Cardiac Surgery and Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Heart Center Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany
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Welke KF, Karamlou T, O'Brien SM, Dearani JA, Tweddell JS, Kumar SR, Romano JC, Backer CL, Pasquali SK. Contemporary Relationship Between Hospital Volume and Outcomes in Congenital Heart Surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2023; 116:1233-1239. [PMID: 37652353 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies examining the volume-outcome relationship in congenital heart surgery (CHS) are more than a decade old. Since then, mortality has declined, and case-mix adjustment has evolved. We determined the current relationship between hospital CHS volume and outcomes. METHODS Patients aged ≤18 years undergoing index operations in The Society of Thoracic Surgeons-Congenital Heart Surgery Database (2017-2020) were included. Associations between annual hospital volume and case-mix-adjusted operative mortality, major complications, failure to rescue (FTR), and postoperative length of stay (PLOS) were assessed using Bayesian hierarchical models, overall, by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons-European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (STAT) category, and for the Norwood procedure. RESULTS Across 101 centers (76,714 index operations), median annual volume was 144 operations/y. Operative mortality was 2.7%. Lower-volume hospitals had higher mortality, with an apparent transition zone at ∼190 operations/y (95% credible interval [CrI], 115-450 operations/y), below which a sustained uptick in the estimated odds of death occurred. Odds of death compared with a 450 operations/y reference were 50 operations/y (odds ratio [OR], 1.84; 95% CrI, 1.41-2.37), 100 operations/y (OR, 1.37; 95% CrI, 1.08-1.71), 200 operations/y (OR, 0.92; 95% CrI, 0.1-1.18), 300 operations/y (OR, 0.89; 95% CrI, 0.76-1.04). The volume-outcome effect was more apparent for STAT 4 to 5 than STAT 1 to 3 operations. In the overall cohort, PLOS and complications were similar across hospital volumes, whereas FTR rates were higher at lower-volume hospitals. Lower-volume hospitals had worse outcomes after the Norwood procedure, most notably mortality and FTR. CONCLUSIONS Hospital volume is associated with mortality and FTR after CHS. The relationship is strongest for high-risk operations. These data can inform ongoing initiatives to improve CHS care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl F Welke
- Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Atrium Health Levine Children's Hospital, Charlotte, North Carolina.
| | - Tara Karamlou
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery and the Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospital, Cleveland Ohio
| | - Sean M O'Brien
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Joseph A Dearani
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - James S Tweddell
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - S Ram Kumar
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Heart Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jennifer C Romano
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Pediatrics, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Carl L Backer
- Section of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, UK HealthCare Kentucky Children's Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky; Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sara K Pasquali
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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11
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Backer CL, Overman DM, Dearani JA, Romano JC, Tweddell JS, Kumar SR, Marino BS, Bacha EA, Jaquiss RDB, Zaidi AN, Gurvitz M, Costello JM, Pierick TA, Ravekes WJ, Reagor JA, St Louis JD, Spaeth J, Mahle WT, Shin AY, Lopez KN, Karamlou T, Welke KF, Bryant R, Husain SA, Chen JM, Kaza A, Wells WJ, Glatz AC, Cohen MI, McElhinney DB, Parra DA, Pasquali SK. Recommendations for centers performing pediatric heart surgery in the United States. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2023; 166:1782-1820. [PMID: 37777958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Care and outcomes for the more than 40,000 patients undergoing pediatric and congenital heart surgery in the United States annually are known to vary widely. While consensus recommendations have been published across numerous fields as one mechanism to promote a high level of care delivery across centers, it has been more than two decades since the last pediatric heart surgery recommendations were published in the United States. More recent guidance is lacking, and collaborative efforts involving the many disciplines engaged in caring for these children have not been undertaken to date. The present initiative brings together professional societies spanning numerous care domains and congenital cardiac surgeons, pediatric cardiologists, nursing, and other healthcare professionals from diverse programs around the country to develop consensus recommendations for United States centers. The focus of this initial work is on pediatric heart surgery, and it is recommended that future efforts focus in detail on the adult congenital population. We describe the background, rationale, and methodology related to this collaborative effort, and recommendations put forth for Essential Care Centers (essential services necessary for any program), and Comprehensive Care Centers (services to optimize comprehensive and high-complexity care), encompassing structure, process, and outcome metrics across 14 domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl L Backer
- Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
| | - David M Overman
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Minnesota, Mayo Clinic-Children's Minnesota Cardiovascular Collaborative, Minneapolis, Minn
| | | | - Jennifer C Romano
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - James S Tweddell
- Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - S Ram Kumar
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Bradley S Marino
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Emile A Bacha
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University/New York-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, NY
| | | | - Ali N Zaidi
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Michelle Gurvitz
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - John M Costello
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Shawn Jenkins Children's Hospital, Charleston, SC
| | - Trudy A Pierick
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Stead Family Children's Hospital, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - William J Ravekes
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Children's Center, Baltimore, Md
| | - James A Reagor
- Department of Cardiovascular Perfusion, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - James Spaeth
- Department of Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - William T Mahle
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Andrew Y Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford Medicine Children's Health, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Keila N Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Tara Karamlou
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Karl F Welke
- Department of Surgery, Atrium Health Levine Children's Hospital, Charlotte, NC
| | - Roosevelt Bryant
- Department of Surgery, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Ariz
| | - S Adil Husain
- Department of Surgery, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jonathan M Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Aditya Kaza
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Winfield J Wells
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Andrew C Glatz
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Mo
| | - Mitchell I Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, Inova Children's Hospital, Fairfax, Va
| | - Doff B McElhinney
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford Medicine Children's Health, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - David A Parra
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt Children's Hospital, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Sara K Pasquali
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, Mich
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12
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Backer CL, Overman DM, Dearani JA, Romano JC, Tweddell JS, Kumar SR, Marino BS, Bacha EA, Jaquiss RDB, Zaidi AN, Gurvitz M, Costello JM, Pierick TA, Ravekes WJ, Reagor JA, St Louis JD, Spaeth J, Mahle WT, Shin AY, Lopez KN, Karamlou T, Welke KF, Bryant R, Husain SA, Chen JM, Kaza A, Wells WJ, Glatz AC, Cohen MI, McElhinney DB, Parra DA, Pasquali SK. Recommendations for Centers Performing Pediatric Heart Surgery in the United States. Ann Thorac Surg 2023; 116:871-907. [PMID: 37777933 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2023.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Care and outcomes for the more than 40,000 patients undergoing pediatric and congenital heart surgery in the United States annually are known to vary widely. While consensus recommendations have been published across numerous fields as one mechanism to promote a high level of care delivery across centers, it has been more than two decades since the last pediatric heart surgery recommendations were published in the United States. More recent guidance is lacking, and collaborative efforts involving the many disciplines engaged in caring for these children have not been undertaken to date. The present initiative brings together professional societies spanning numerous care domains and congenital cardiac surgeons, pediatric cardiologists, nursing, and other healthcare professionals from diverse programs around the country to develop consensus recommendations for United States centers. The focus of this initial work is on pediatric heart surgery, and it is recommended that future efforts focus in detail on the adult congenital population. We describe the background, rationale, and methodology related to this collaborative effort, and recommendations put forth for Essential Care Centers (essential services necessary for any program), and Comprehensive Care Centers (services to optimize comprehensive and high-complexity care), encompassing structure, process, and outcome metrics across 14 domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl L Backer
- Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
| | - David M Overman
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Minnesota, Mayo Clinic-Children's Minnesota Cardiovascular Collaborative, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Jennifer C Romano
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - James S Tweddell
- Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - S Ram Kumar
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bradley S Marino
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Emile A Bacha
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University/New York-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Robert D B Jaquiss
- Department of Surgery, UT-Southwestern, Children's Health, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ali N Zaidi
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Michelle Gurvitz
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John M Costello
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Shawn Jenkins Children's Hospital, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Trudy A Pierick
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Stead Family Children's Hospital, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - William J Ravekes
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Children's Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James A Reagor
- Department of Cardiovascular Perfusion, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - James D St Louis
- Department of Surgery, Inova Children's Hospital, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - James Spaeth
- Department of Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - William T Mahle
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Geogria
| | - Andrew Y Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford Medicine Children's Health, Palo Alto, California
| | - Keila N Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Tara Karamlou
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Karl F Welke
- Department of Surgery, Atrium Health Levine Children's Hospital, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Roosevelt Bryant
- Department of Surgery, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - S Adil Husain
- Department of Surgery, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jonathan M Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Aditya Kaza
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Winfield J Wells
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Andrew C Glatz
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Mitchell I Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, Inova Children's Hospital, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Doff B McElhinney
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford Medicine Children's Health, Palo Alto, California
| | - David A Parra
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt Children's Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sara K Pasquali
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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13
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Backer CL, Overman DM, Dearani JA, Romano JC, Tweddell JS, Ram Kumar S, Marino BS, Bacha EA, Jaquiss RDB, Zaidi AN, Gurvitz M, Costello JM, Pierick TA, Ravekes WJ, Reagor JA, St Louis JD, Spaeth J, Mahle WT, Shin AY, Lopez KN, Karamlou T, Welke KF, Bryant R, Adil Husain S, Chen JM, Kaza A, Wells WJ, Glatz AC, Cohen MI, McElhinney DB, Parra DA, Pasquali SK. Recommendations for Centers Performing Pediatric Heart Surgery in the United States. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg 2023; 14:642-679. [PMID: 37737602 DOI: 10.1177/21501351231190353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Care and outcomes for the more than 40,000 patients undergoing pediatric and congenital heart surgery in the United States annually are known to vary widely. While consensus recommendations have been published across numerous fields as one mechanism to promote a high level of care delivery across centers, it has been more than two decades since the last pediatric heart surgery recommendations were published in the United States. More recent guidance is lacking, and collaborative efforts involving the many disciplines engaged in caring for these children have not been undertaken to date. The present initiative brings together professional societies spanning numerous care domains and congenital cardiac surgeons, pediatric cardiologists, nursing, and other healthcare professionals from diverse programs around the country to develop consensus recommendations for United States centers. The focus of this initial work is on pediatric heart surgery, and it is recommended that future efforts focus in detail on the adult congenital population. We describe the background, rationale, and methodology related to this collaborative effort, and recommendations put forth for Essential Care Centers (essential services necessary for any program), and Comprehensive Care Centers (services to optimize comprehensive and high-complexity care), encompassing structure, process, and outcome metrics across 14 domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl L Backer
- Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - David M Overman
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Minnesota, Mayo Clinic-Children's Minnesota Cardiovascular Collaborative, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Jennifer C Romano
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James S Tweddell
- Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - S Ram Kumar
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bradley S Marino
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Emile A Bacha
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University/New York-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert D B Jaquiss
- Department of Surgery, UT-Southwestern, Children's Health, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ali N Zaidi
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michelle Gurvitz
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John M Costello
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Shawn Jenkins Children's Hospital, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Trudy A Pierick
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Stead Family Children's Hospital, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - William J Ravekes
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Children's Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James A Reagor
- Department of Cardiovascular Perfusion, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - James D St Louis
- Department of Surgery, Inova Children's Hospital, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - James Spaeth
- Department of Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - William T Mahle
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew Y Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford Medicine Children's Health, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Keila N Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tara Karamlou
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Karl F Welke
- Department of Surgery, Atrium Health Levine Children's Hospital, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Roosevelt Bryant
- Department of Surgery, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - S Adil Husain
- Department of Surgery, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jonathan M Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aditya Kaza
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Winfield J Wells
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew C Glatz
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mitchell I Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, Inova Children's Hospital, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Doff B McElhinney
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford Medicine Children's Health, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - David A Parra
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt Children's Hospital, Vanderbilt, TN, USA
| | - Sara K Pasquali
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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14
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Prabhu NK, Nellis JR, Moya-Mendez M, Hoover A, Medina C, Meza JM, Allareddy V, Andersen ND, Turek JW. Textbook outcome for the Norwood operation-an informative quality metric in congenital heart surgery. JTCVS OPEN 2023; 15:394-405. [PMID: 37808016 PMCID: PMC10556845 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjon.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Objectives To develop a more holistic measure of center performance than operative mortality, we created a composite "textbook outcome" for the Norwood operation using several postoperative end points. We hypothesized that achieving the textbook outcome would have a positive prognostic and financial impact. Methods This was a single-center retrospective study of primary Norwood operations from 2005 to 2021. Through interdisciplinary clinician consensus, textbook outcome was defined as freedom from operative mortality, open or catheter-based reintervention, 30-day readmission, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, cardiac arrest, reintubation, length of stay >75%ile from Society of Thoracic Surgeons data report (66 days), and mechanical ventilation duration >75%ile (10 days). Multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards modeling were used to determine predictive factors for textbook outcome achievement and association of the outcome with long-term survival, respectively. Results Overall, 30% (58/196) of patients met the textbook outcome. Common reasons for failure to attain textbook outcome were prolonged ventilation (68/138, 49%) and reintubation (63/138, 46%). In multivariable analysis, greater weight (odds ratio [OR], 2.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17-3.95; P = .02) was associated with achieving the textbook outcome whereas preoperative shock (OR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.13-0.87; P = .03) and longer bypass time (OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.98-1.00; P = .002) were negatively associated. Patients who met the outcome incurred fewer hospital costs ($152,430 [141,798-177,983] vs $269,070 [212,451-372,693], P < .001), and after adjusting for patient factors, achieving textbook outcome was independently associated with decreased risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.22-0.89; P = .02). Conclusions Outcomes continue to improve within congenital heart surgery, making operative mortality a less-sensitive metric. The Norwood textbook outcome may represent a balanced measure of a successful episode of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel K. Prabhu
- Congenital Heart Surgery Research and Training Laboratory, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Joseph R. Nellis
- Congenital Heart Surgery Research and Training Laboratory, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Mary Moya-Mendez
- Congenital Heart Surgery Research and Training Laboratory, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Anna Hoover
- Congenital Heart Surgery Research and Training Laboratory, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Cathlyn Medina
- Congenital Heart Surgery Research and Training Laboratory, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - James M. Meza
- Congenital Heart Surgery Research and Training Laboratory, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Veerajalandhar Allareddy
- Duke Children's Pediatric and Congenital Heart Center, Durham, NC
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Nicholas D. Andersen
- Congenital Heart Surgery Research and Training Laboratory, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Duke Children's Pediatric and Congenital Heart Center, Durham, NC
| | - Joseph W. Turek
- Congenital Heart Surgery Research and Training Laboratory, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Duke Children's Pediatric and Congenital Heart Center, Durham, NC
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15
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Kalfa D, Karamichalis JM, Singh SK, Jiang P, Anderson BR, Vargas D, Choudhury T, Habib A, Bacha E. Operative mortality after Society of Thoracic Surgeons-European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Mortality Category 1 to 3 procedures: Deficiencies and opportunities for quality improvement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2023; 166:325-333.e3. [PMID: 36621456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2022.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined cases of operative mortality at a single quaternary academic center for patients undergoing relatively lower-risk (Society of Thoracic Surgeons-European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Mortality Category 1-3) procedures, as a means of identifying systemic weaknesses and opportunities for quality improvement. METHODS A retrospective review of all operative mortality events for patients who underwent a Society of Thoracic Surgeons-European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Mortality Category 1, 2, or 3 index procedure (2009-2020) at our institution was performed. After a detailed chart review was performed by 2 independent faculty for each case, factors and system deficiencies that contributed to mortality were identified. RESULTS A total of 42 mortalities were identified. A total of 37 patients (88%) had at least 1 Society of Thoracic Surgeons-designated risk factor, including prior cardiac operations (48%), extracardiac malformations (43%), and preoperative ventilation (33%). Eight patients (19%) had non-Society of Thoracic Surgeons-designated preoperative patient-level variables considered as at potential risk, including severe ventricular dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, lung hypoplasia, and undiagnosed severe coronary abnormalities. Four patients (10%) had no identified preoperative risk factors. After detailed chart review, 5 broad categories were identified: patient-related factors (n = 33; 78%), postoperative infection (n = 13; 31%), postoperative residual lesions (n = 7; 17%), Fontan physiology failure (n = 4; 10%), and unexplained left ventricular failure after tetralogy of Fallot repair (n = 3; 7%). A total of 74% of patients had at least 1 preoperative, intraoperative, or postoperative system deficiency. A total of 50% of surgeries were urgent or emergency. CONCLUSIONS Operative mortality after Society of Thoracic Surgeons-European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Mortality Category 1 to 3 procedures is related to the presence of multifactorial risk patterns (Society of Thoracic Surgeons and non-Society of Thoracic Surgeons-designated patient-level risk factors and variables, broad risk categories, system deficiencies, emergency surgery). A multidisciplinary approach to care, with early recognition and treatment of modifiable additional burdens, could reduce this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kalfa
- Section of Pediatric and Congenital and Cardiac Surgery, Division of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital-New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY.
| | - John M Karamichalis
- Section of Pediatric and Congenital and Cardiac Surgery, Division of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital-New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Sameer K Singh
- Section of Pediatric and Congenital and Cardiac Surgery, Division of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital-New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Pengfei Jiang
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital-New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Brett R Anderson
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital-New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Diana Vargas
- Division of Pediatrics, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital-New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Tarif Choudhury
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital-New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Anthony Habib
- Division of Anesthesiology, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital-New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Emile Bacha
- Section of Pediatric and Congenital and Cardiac Surgery, Division of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital-New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
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16
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Cooch PB, Kim MO, Swami N, Tamma PD, Tabbutt S, Steurer MA, Wattier RL. Broad- Versus Narrow-Spectrum Perioperative Antibiotics and Outcomes in Pediatric Congenital Heart Disease Surgery: Analysis of the Vizient Clinical Data Base. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2023; 12:205-213. [PMID: 37018466 PMCID: PMC10146935 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piad022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite guidelines recommending narrow-spectrum perioperative antibiotics (NSPA) as prophylaxis for most children undergoing congenital heart disease (CHD) surgery, broad-spectrum perioperative antibiotics (BSPA) are variably used, and their impact on postoperative outcomes is poorly understood. METHODS We used administrative data from U.S. hospitals participating in the Vizient Clinical Data Base. Admissions from 2011 to 2018 containing a qualifying CHD surgery in children 0-17 years old were evaluated for exposure to BSPA versus NSPA. Propensity score-adjusted models were used to compare postoperative length of hospital stay (PLOS) by exposure group, while adjusting for confounders. Secondary outcomes included subsequent antimicrobial treatment and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS Among 18 088 eligible encounters from 24 U.S. hospitals, BSPA were given in 21.4% of CHD surgeries, with mean BSPA use varying from 1.7% to 96.1% between centers. PLOS was longer for BSPA-exposed cases (adjusted hazard ratio 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.71-0.89, P < .0001). BSPA was associated with higher adjusted odds of subsequent antimicrobial treatment (odds ratio [OR] 1.24; 95% CI: 1.06-1.48), and there was no significant difference in adjusted mortality between exposure groups (OR 2.06; 95% CI: 1.0-4.31; P = .05). Analyses of subgroups with the most BSPA exposure, including high-complexity procedures and delayed sternal closure, also did not find (but could not exclude) a measurable benefit from BSPA on PLOS. CONCLUSIONS BSPA use was common in high-risk populations, and varied substantially between centers. Standardizing perioperative antibiotic practices between centers may reduce unnecessary broad-spectrum antibiotic exposure and improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Cooch
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Mi-Ok Kim
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Naveen Swami
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CaliforniaUSA
| | - Pranita D Tamma
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah Tabbutt
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Martina A Steurer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rachel L Wattier
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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17
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Kumar SR, Gaynor JW, Jones LA, Krohn C, Mayer JE, Nathan M, O'Brien JE, Pizarro C, Wellnitz C, Nelson JS. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database: 2022 Update on Outcomes and Research. Ann Thorac Surg 2023; 115:807-819. [PMID: 36640910 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2022.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) Congenital Heart Surgery Database continues to be one of the most comprehensive clinical outcomes registries capturing almost all pediatric cardiothoracic surgical operations undertaken in the United States. The latest analysis of aggregate outcomes was performed after the 33rd data harvest and included congenital and pediatric cardiac operations performed between July 1, 2017 and June 30, 2021. This article summarizes these contemporary outcomes and provides a context for the interpretation of these outcomes. In addition this article describes ongoing efforts to improve data collection and augment analytical approaches. Finally, research activities undertaken in the last year using data from the database are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ram Kumar
- Heart Institute, Children's Hospital, Los Angeles and Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
| | - J William Gaynor
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Carole Krohn
- The Society of Thoracic Surgeons, Chicago, Illinois
| | - John E Mayer
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Meena Nathan
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James E O'Brien
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Christian Pizarro
- Nemours Cardiac Center, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nemours Children Hospital Wilmington, Wilmington, Delaware and Sidney Kimmel School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Jennifer S Nelson
- Department of Cardiovascular Services, Nemours Children's Health and Department of Surgery, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida
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18
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Boucek K, Mastropietro CW, Beall J, Keller E, Beshish A, Flores S, Chlebowski M, Yates AR, Choudhury TA, Mueller D, Kwiatkowski DM, Migally K, Karki K, Willett R, Radman MR, Reddy C, Piggott K, Capone CA, Kapileshwarkar Y, Vijayakumar N, Prentice E, Narasimhulu SS, Martin RH, Costello JM. Staged vs Complete Repair in Tetralogy of Fallot With Pulmonary Atresia. Ann Thorac Surg 2023; 115:1463-1468. [PMID: 36739070 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2023.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to compare outcomes for infants with tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia (TOF/PA) and confluent pulmonary arteries who underwent staged or primary complete surgical repair. METHODS This retrospective study included infants undergoing initial surgical intervention between 0 and 60 days of age with TOF/PA without aortopulmonary collaterals from 2009 to 2018 at 20 centers. The primary outcome was days alive and out of the hospital in the first year of life (DAOH365). Secondary outcomes were mortality at 1 year of age and a composite major complication outcome. Multivariable modeling with generalized estimating equations were used to compare outcomes between groups. RESULTS Of 221 subjects, 142 underwent staged repair and 79 underwent primary complete repair. There was no significant difference in median DAOH365 between the staged and primary repair groups (317 days [interquartile range, 278-336] vs 338 days [interquartile range, 314-348], respectively; adjusted P = .13). Nine staged repair patients (7%) died in the first year of life vs 5 primary repair patients (6%; adjusted odds ratio, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.25-3.95). At least 1 major complication occurred in 37% of patients who underwent staged repair vs 41% of patients who underwent primary complete repair (P = .75), largely driven by the need for unplanned cardiac reinterventions. CONCLUSIONS For infants with TOF/PA with confluent pulmonary arteries, a surgical strategy of staged or primary complete repair resulted in statistically similar DAOH365, early mortality, and morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Boucek
- Division of Cardiology, Shawn Jenkins Children's Hospital, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
| | - Christopher W Mastropietro
- Division of Critical Care, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jonathan Beall
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Everette Keller
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Asaad Beshish
- Division of Cardiology, Emory School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Saul Flores
- Division of Cardiac Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Meghan Chlebowski
- Division of Cardiac Critical Care, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Andrew R Yates
- Divisions of Cardiology and Critical Care, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Tarif A Choudhury
- Divisions of Critical Care and Cardiology, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York, New York, New York
| | - Dana Mueller
- Division of Cardiology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California
| | - David M Kwiatkowski
- Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Lucille Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, California
| | - Karl Migally
- Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Karan Karki
- Division of Cardiology, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Renee Willett
- Division of Cardiac Critical Care, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC
| | - Monique R Radman
- Division of Cardiac Critical Care, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washngton
| | - Chetana Reddy
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, SSM Health Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital-St Louis University, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Kurt Piggott
- Division of Cardiac Critical Care, Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Christine A Capone
- Division of Cardiology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Cohen Children's Medical Center of NY, New Hyde Park, New York
| | - Yamini Kapileshwarkar
- Division of Critical Care, OSF HealthCare Children's Hospital of Illinois, Peoria, Illinois
| | - Niranjan Vijayakumar
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Iowa, Stead Family Children's Hospital, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Elizabeth Prentice
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Sukumar Suguna Narasimhulu
- Division of Cardiac Intensive Care, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, The Heart Center at Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, Florida
| | - Renee H Martin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - John M Costello
- Division of Cardiology, Shawn Jenkins Children's Hospital, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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19
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Sengupta A, Gauvreau K, Kaza A, Hoganson D, Del Nido PJ, Nathan M. Timing of reintervention influences survival and resource utilization following first-stage palliation of single ventricle heart disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2023; 165:436-446. [PMID: 35961880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2022.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Outcomes after first-stage palliation of single-ventricle heart disease are influenced by many factors, including the presence of residual lesions requiring reintervention. However, there is a dearth of information regarding the optimal timing of reintervention. We assessed if earlier reintervention would be favorably associated with in-hospital outcomes among patients requiring unplanned reinterventions after the Norwood operation. METHODS This was a single-center, retrospective review of all patients who underwent the Norwood procedure from January 1997 to November 2017 and required a predischarge unplanned surgical or transcatheter reintervention on 1 or more subcomponent areas repaired at the index operation. Outcomes of interest included in-hospital mortality or transplant, postoperative hospital length of stay, and inpatient cost. Associations between timing of reintervention and outcomes were assessed using logistic regression (mortality or transplant) or generalized linear models (postoperative hospital length of stay and cost), adjusting for baseline patient-related and procedural factors. RESULTS Of 500 patients who underwent the Norwood operation, 92 (18.4%) required an unplanned reintervention. Median time to reintervention was 12 days (interquartile range, 5-35 days). There were 31 (33.7%) deaths or transplants, median postoperative hospital length of stay was 49 days (interquartile range, 32-87 days), and median cost was $328,000 (interquartile range, $204,000-$464,000). On multivariable analysis, each 5-day increase in time to reintervention increased the odds of mortality or transplant by 20% (odds ratio, 1.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-1.3; P = .004). Longer time to reintervention was also significantly associated with greater postoperative hospital length of stay (P < .001) and higher cost (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS For patients requiring predischarge unplanned reinterventions after the Norwood operation, earlier reintervention is associated with improved in-hospital transplant-free survival and resource use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Sengupta
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Kimberlee Gauvreau
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Mass
| | - Aditya Kaza
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - David Hoganson
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Pedro J Del Nido
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Meena Nathan
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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20
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Blanco CL, Hair A, Justice LB, Roddy D, Bonagurio K, Williams PK, Machado D, Marino BS, Chi A, Takao C, Gordon EE, Ashrafi A, Cacho N, Pruetz JD, Costello JM, Cooper DS. A Randomized Trial of an Exclusive Human Milk Diet in Neonates with Single Ventricle Physiology. J Pediatr 2022; 256:105-112.e4. [PMID: 36528055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether weight gain velocity (g/kg/day) 30 days after the initiation of feeds after cardiac surgery and other clinical outcomes improve in infants with single ventricle physiology fed an exclusive human milk diet compared with a mixed human and bovine diet. STUDY DESIGN In this multicenter, randomized, single blinded, controlled trial, term neonates 7 days of age or younger with single ventricle physiology and anticipated cardiac surgical palliation within 30 days of birth were enrolled at 10 US centers. Both groups received human milk if fed preoperatively. During the 30 days after feeds were started postoperatively, infants in the intervention group received human milk fortified once enteral intake reached 60 mL/kg/day with a human milk-based fortifier designed for term neonates. The control group received standard fortification with formula once enteral intake reached 100 mL/kg/day. Perioperative feeding and parenteral nutrition study algorithms were followed. RESULTS We enrolled 107 neonates (exclusive human milk = 55, control = 52). Baseline demographics and characteristics were similar between the groups. The median weight gain velocity at study completion was higher in exclusive human milk vs control group (12 g/day [IQR, 5-18 g/day] vs 8 g/day [IQR, 0.4-14 g/day], respectively; P = .03). Other growth measures were similar between groups. Necrotizing enterocolitis of all Bell stages was higher in the control group (15.4 % vs 3.6%, respectively; P = .04). The incidence of other major morbidities, surgical complications, length of hospital stay, and hospital mortality were similar between the groups. CONCLUSIONS Neonates with single ventricle physiology have improved short-term growth and decreased risk of NEC when receiving an exclusive human milk diet after stage 1 surgical palliation. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (www. CLINICALTRIALS gov, Trial ID: NCT02860702).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Blanco
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center and University Health, San Antonio, TX.
| | - Amy Hair
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Lindsey B Justice
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Dantin Roddy
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Krista Bonagurio
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center and University Health, San Antonio, TX
| | - Patricia K Williams
- Division of Neonatal Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Oklahoma Children's Hospital, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Desiree Machado
- Pediatric Cardiac ICU, Congenital Heart Center, Shands Hospital University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Bradley S Marino
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic Children's, Cleveland, OH
| | - Annie Chi
- Division of Neonatology, Cook Children's Medical Center, Fort Worth, TX
| | - Cheryl Takao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Erin E Gordon
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern. Dallas, TX
| | - Amir Ashrafi
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA
| | - Nicole Cacho
- Division of Neonatology, Congenital Heart Center, Department of Pediatrics, Shands Hospital University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Jay D Pruetz
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - John M Costello
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Shawn Jenkins Children's Hospital, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - David S Cooper
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
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21
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Gardner MM, Keim G, Hsia J, Mai AD, William Gaynor J, Glatz AC, Yehya N. Characterization of "ICU-30": A Binary Composite Outcome for Neonates With Critical Congenital Heart Disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e025494. [PMID: 35699185 PMCID: PMC9238655 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.025494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Neonates with heart disease requiring cardiopulmonary bypass surgery are at high risk for mortality and morbidity. As it is rare, short‐term mortality is difficult to use as a primary outcome for clinical studies. We proposed “ICU‐30” as a binary composite “poor” outcome consisting of: (1) mortality within 30 days, (2) intensive care unit (ICU) admission ≥30 days, or (3) ICU readmission before day 30. To measure the utility of this composite, we assessed its prognostic properties for 6‐ and 12‐month mortality. Methods and Results This was a retrospective single‐center cohort study of neonates requiring cardiopulmonary bypass between 2013 and 2020. Mortality among patients with and without the ICU‐30 outcome was compared using log‐rank tests and Cox regression. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves assessed the ability of the composite to predict 12‐month mortality. In 887 neonates, 232 (26.2%) experienced the ICU‐30 outcome, with more prolonged ICU stays and readmissions (both ≥9%) than 30‐day mortality (4.2%). ICU‐30 was associated with higher rates of 6‐ and 12‐month mortality (log‐rank P<0.001) and predicted 12‐month mortality with area under the receiver operating characteristic of 0.81 (95% CI, 0.77–0.85). In 30‐day survivors, both prolonged ICU stay (hazard ratio, 12.3; 95% CI, 6.70–22.7; P<0.001) and ICU readmission (hazard ratio, 2.99; 95% CI, 1.17–7.63; P=0.02) were associated with 12‐month mortality. Conclusions ICU‐30, a composite outcome of mortality, ICU length of stay, or ICU readmission by 30 days was associated with 6‐ and 12‐month mortality in neonates requiring cardiopulmonary bypass. ICU‐30 is captured in routine data collection and appears to be a valid binary patient‐centered outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique M Gardner
- Division of Cardiac Critical Care Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care The Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPerelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
| | - Garrett Keim
- Division of Critical Care Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care The Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPerelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
| | - Jill Hsia
- Division of Cardiology Department of Pediatrics The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philaelphia PA
| | - Anh D Mai
- Division of Cardiology Department of Pediatrics The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philaelphia PA
| | - J William Gaynor
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery Department of Surgery The Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPerelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
| | - Andrew C Glatz
- Division of Cardiology Department of Pediatrics The Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPerelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA.,Center for Pediatric Clinical Effectiveness The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia PA
| | - Nadir Yehya
- Division of Critical Care Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care The Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPerelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA.,Leonard Davis Institute of Health EconomicsUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
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22
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Risk Stratification for Congenital Heart Surgery for ICD-10 Administrative Data (RACHS-2). J Am Coll Cardiol 2022; 79:465-478. [PMID: 35115103 PMCID: PMC8962919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the cardiac community strives to improve outcomes, accurate methods of risk stratification are imperative. Since adoption of International Classification of Disease-10th Revision (ICD-10) in 2015, there is no published method for congenital heart surgery risk stratification for administrative data. OBJECTIVES This study sought to develop an empirically derived, publicly available Risk Stratification for Congenital Heart Surgery (RACHS-2) tool for ICD-10 administrative data. METHODS The RACHS-2 stratification system was iteratively and empirically refined in a training dataset of Pediatric Health Information Systems claims to optimize sensitivity and specificity compared with corresponding locally held Society of Thoracic Surgeons-Congenital Heart Surgery (STS-CHS) clinical registry data. The tool was validated in a second administrative data source: New York State Medicaid claims. Logistic regression was used to compare the ability of RACHS-2 in administrative data to predict operative mortality vs STAT Mortality Categories in registry data. RESULTS The RACHS-2 system captured 99.6% of total congenital heart surgery registry cases, with 1.0% false positives. RACHS-2 predicted operative mortality in both training and validation administrative datasets similarly to STAT Mortality Categories in registry data. C-statistics for models for operative mortality in training and validation administrative datasets-adjusted for RACHS-2-were 0.76 and 0.84 (95% CI: 0.72-0.80 and 0.80-0.89); C-statistics for models for operative mortality-adjusted for STAT Mortality Categories-in corresponding clinical registry data were 0.75 and 0.84 (95% CI: 0.71-0.79 and 0.79-0.89). CONCLUSIONS RACHS-2 is a risk stratification system for pediatric cardiac surgery for ICD-10 administrative data, validated in 2 administrative-registry-linked datasets. Statistical code is publicly available upon request.
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23
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Comparison of Postoperative, In-Hospital Outcomes After Complete Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot Between 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome and Trisomy 21. Pediatr Cardiol 2022; 43:290-300. [PMID: 34331082 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-021-02683-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11) and trisomy 21 (T21) are frequently associated with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). We hypothesized that there are differences in postoperative length of stay (LOS) and occurrence of postoperative interventions after complete repair of TOF when comparing children with 22q11 to those with T21. Using the Pediatric Health Information System, we performed a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent complete repair of TOF from 2004 to 2019. Three groups were identified: 22q11, T21, and controls (those without a coded genetic syndrome). Outcomes were postoperative LOS and composite occurrence (yes/no) of at least one postoperative intervention. Bivariate and multivariate comparisons were made among groups; odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the control group as the comparator. There were 6924 subjects (n = 493 22q11, n = 455 T21, n = 5976 controls). In bivariate analysis, 22q11 was associated with a longer LOS compared to T21 (OR 2.37 [2.16, 2.60] vs. 1.25 [1.12, 1.39], p < 0.001), and 22q11 more often underwent postoperative intervention (OR 3.42 [CI 2.56, 4.57] vs. 1.38 [CI 0.91, 2.11]; p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, 22q11 was also associated with longer LOS (adjusted OR 1.35 [1.26, 1.44] vs. 1.12 [1.04, 1.20]; p < 0.001), but there was no difference in the adjusted odds of postoperative intervention. Children with 22q11 are more likely to experience adverse outcomes after repair of TOF compared to those with T21; the differences are most pronounced for LOS.
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24
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Pollak U, Feinstein Y, Mannarino CN, McBride ME, Mendonca M, Keizman E, Mishaly D, van Leeuwen G, Roeleveld PP, Koers L, Klugman D. The horizon of pediatric cardiac critical care. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:863868. [PMID: 36186624 PMCID: PMC9523119 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.863868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care (PCCC) is a challenging discipline where decisions require a high degree of preparation and clinical expertise. In the modern era, outcomes of neonates and children with congenital heart defects have dramatically improved, largely by transformative technologies and an expanding collection of pharmacotherapies. Exponential advances in science and technology are occurring at a breathtaking rate, and applying these advances to the PCCC patient is essential to further advancing the science and practice of the field. In this article, we identified and elaborate on seven key elements within the PCCC that will pave the way for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Pollak
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Feinstein
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Be'er Sheva, Israel.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Candace N Mannarino
- Divisions of Cardiology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mary E McBride
- Divisions of Cardiology and Critical Care Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Education, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Malaika Mendonca
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eitan Keizman
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The Leviev Cardiothoracic and Vascular Center, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - David Mishaly
- Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Surgery, Edmond J. Safra International Congenital Heart Center, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Grace van Leeuwen
- Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Sidra Medicine, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar.,Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar
| | - Peter P Roeleveld
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Lena Koers
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Darren Klugman
- Pediatrics Cardiac Critical Care Unit, Blalock-Taussig-Thomas Pediatric and Congenital Heart Center, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Standardization of Care Reduces Length of Stay for Postoperative Congenital Heart Disease Patients. Pediatr Qual Saf 2021; 6:e493. [PMID: 34934877 PMCID: PMC8678001 DOI: 10.1097/pq9.0000000000000493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD), the most common congenital malformation, often requires surgical correction. As surgical mortality rates are low, a common quality marker linked with surgical outcomes is hospital length of stay (LOS). Reduced LOS is associated with better long-term outcomes, reduced hospital-acquired complications, and improved patient-family satisfaction. This project aimed to reduce aggregate median postoperative LOS for four CHD lesions from a baseline of 6.2 days by 10%. Methods This single-center study utilized the Institute for Healthcare Improvement model to achieve the project aim. A diuretic wean protocol implemented in April 2018 entailed weaning to a homegoing diuretic regimen upon transfer from the cardiac intensive care unit to the inpatient step-down unit. A discharge milestone checklist implemented in September 2018 contained milestones necessary for discharge and an anticipated date of discharge. Outcome measures included aggregate median postoperative LOS and ∆LOS. Balancing measures included cardiac intensive care unit bounce back, pleural chest tube replacement, and readmission rates. Results Our baseline aggregate median postoperative LOS for the lesions studied was 6.2 days. Following diuretic protocol implementation, the aggregate median LOS decreased to 4.4 days. Baseline ∆LOS decreased from 5.5 to 0.42 days. Postoperative cost fell by an average of $11,874. Balancing measures demonstrated no unintended consequences. Conclusions Implementation of a diuretic wean protocol led to sustained improvement in postoperative LOS, and ∆LOS in a subset of CHD patients with no unintended consequences supporting that standardization of postoperative care is effective for improvement efforts and can reduce overall practice variation.
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Kozik D, Alsoufi B. Commentary: Length of stay as measure of quality: A misty strategy that might backfire. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021; 163:1616-1617. [PMID: 34906397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2021.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Kozik
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, Ky
| | - Bahaaldin Alsoufi
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, Ky.
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Spigel ZA, Kalustian AB, Zink J, Binsalamah ZM, Caldarone CA. Low parental socioeconomic position results in longer post-Norwood length of stay. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021; 163:1604-1611.e1. [PMID: 34952706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2021.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Length of stay (LOS) has been proposed as a quality metric in congenital heart surgery, but LOS may be influenced by parental socioeconomic position (SEP). We aimed to examine the relationship between post-Norwood LOS and SEP. METHODS Patients undergoing a Norwood procedure from 2008 to 2018 for hypoplastic left heart syndrome from a single institution, who were discharged alive before second-stage palliation, were included. SEP was defined by Area Deprivation Index, distance from hospital, insurance status, and immigration status. A directed acyclic graph identified confounders for the effect of SEP on LOS, which included gestational age, hypoplastic left heart syndrome subtype, postoperative cardiac arrest, reoperations, and ventilator days. A negative binomial model was used to assess effect of SEP on LOS. RESULTS In total, 98 patients were discharged alive at a median 37 days (15th-85th percentile 26-72). The majority of patients were children of US citizens and permanent residents (n = 89; 91%). Private insurance covered 54 (55%), with 44 (45%) covered by Medicaid or Tricare. Median Area Deprivation Index was 54 (15th-85th percentile, 25-87). Median distance traveled was 72 miles (15th-85th percentile, 17-469 miles). For every 10 percentile increase in Area Deprivation Index, LOS increased 4% (incidence rate ratio, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.007-1.077; P = .022). Insurance type, immigration status, and distance traveled did not affect postoperative length of stay. CONCLUSIONS There is a significant relationship between SEP and LOS. Consideration of LOS as a quality indicator may penalize hospitals providing care for patients with lower parental SEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Spigel
- Division of Congenital Heart Surgery, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Alyssa B Kalustian
- Division of Congenital Heart Surgery, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Jessica Zink
- Division of Congenital Heart Surgery, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Ziyad M Binsalamah
- Division of Congenital Heart Surgery, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Christopher A Caldarone
- Division of Congenital Heart Surgery, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex.
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Commentary: SEParating out the details in quality metrics. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021; 163:1613-1614. [PMID: 34863535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2021.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Karamlou T. Commentary: A directed look at socioeconomic position and length of stay: Can we break the cycle? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021; 163:1612-1613. [PMID: 34799095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2021.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tara Karamlou
- Cleveland Clinic Children's and the Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland, Ohio.
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Kumar SR, Mayer JE, Overman DM, Shashidharan S, Wellnitz C, Jacobs JP. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database: 2021 Update on Outcomes and Research. Ann Thorac Surg 2021; 112:1753-1762. [PMID: 34678276 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database is a comprehensive clinical outcomes registry that captures almost all pediatric cardiac surgical operations in the United States. It is the platform for all activities of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons related to the analysis of outcomes and improvement of quality in this subspecialty. This report summarizes current aggregate national outcomes in congenital and pediatric cardiac surgery performed between July 1, 2016, and June 30, 2020. The reported data on aggregate national outcomes are exemplified by an analysis of 10 prespecified benchmark operation groups performed. This report further reviews related activities in the areas of data collection and analysis, quality measurement, performance improvement, and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ram Kumar
- Heart Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles/Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
| | - John E Mayer
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David M Overman
- The Children's Heart Clinic at Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Jeffrey P Jacobs
- Congenital Heart Center, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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31
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Kumar SR. Does It Measure Up? World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg 2021; 12:461-462. [PMID: 34278858 DOI: 10.1177/21501351211020709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Measuring outcomes in pediatric cardiac care has been one of the more widespread, and at the same time controversial and often polarizing, quality improvement initiatives undertaken in the medical field. Risk models, such as the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Risk Model, have been developed to account for comorbidities while predicting the expected mortality for a given surgical encounter. In this issue of the journal, Bertsimas and colleagues report on machine learning approaches to predict adverse outcomes in congenital heart surgery using the European Congenital Heart Surgeons Association's congenital database. A head-to-head comparison of machine learning models and the currently available risk models utilizing the same data set are required to better understand the strengths and weaknesses of each of these approaches. Such a focused analysis will shed light on future approaches for risk modeling, which will undoubtedly continue to benefit from the guidance provided by expert clinical intuition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ram Kumar
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, 12223Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, 12223Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Heart Institute, Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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32
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Bakhshaliyev S, Özalp ZGK, Güneş M, Genç SB, Kamalı H, Şengül FS, Ergün S, Haydin S. Surgical treatment of Ebstein anomaly in pediatric patients: A 10-year single-center study. J Card Surg 2021; 36:3138-3145. [PMID: 34056748 DOI: 10.1111/jocs.15676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We report the early and long-term results of the strategies and surgical methods used in our center to treat pediatric patients who underwent surgical intervention to correct Ebstein anomaly (EA) in our center. MATERIALS AND METHODS In our study, a consecutive sample of 29 patients who underwent surgery for EA between February 2011 and February 2020 in our center were evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS The 29 patients underwent a total of 40 operations. Univentricular repair was performed in 5 (17.2%), 1.5 ventricular repair in 5 (17.2%), and biventricular repair in the remaining 19 (65.5%) patients. Cone reconstruction (CR) was performed in eight (27.5%), non-Cone tricuspid valve (TV) repair technique in five (17.2%), ring annuloplasty in two (6.9%), and TV replacement in two patients (6.9%) who had undergone biventricular repair. In two patients (6.9%), only close an atrial septal defect. Two (6.9%) patients underwent a second operation for advanced tricuspid regurgitation (TR) in the early period. None of the 15 patients who underwent CR and TV plasty had moderate or advanced TR before discharge. Early mortality was seen in 1 (3.4%) patient. The mean follow-up period of the patients was 48.4±27.6 months. Three (10.7%) of the patients who were discharged after their first operation later underwent a second operation for TV regurgitation in the long term. No mortality was observed in any patient during long-term follow-up. CONCLUSION Surgical treatment of EA is difficult, but its overall results are good. The anatomical repair rate is lower in neonatal and infant patients requiring surgery, but most of these patients underwent biventricular repair. Our long-term results demonstrated an acceptable survival rate, low mortality in the early postoperative period, and low incidence of re-intervention and morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiraslan Bakhshaliyev
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Gülben Kük Özalp
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Güneş
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serhat Bahadır Genç
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hacer Kamalı
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Sevinç Şengül
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Servet Ergün
- Erzurum Regional Education and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Sertaç Haydin
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Toubat O, Mallios DN, Munabi NCO, Magee WP, Starnes VA, Kumar SR. Clinical Importance of Concomitant Cleft Lip/Palate in the Surgical Management of Patients With Congenital Heart Disease. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg 2021; 12:35-42. [PMID: 33407037 DOI: 10.1177/2150135120954814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital heart disease (CHD) frequently occurs in conjunction with extracardiac developmental anomalies, including cleft malformations. The clinical impact of concomitant cleft disease on the surgical management of CHD has not been studied. We evaluated cardiac surgical outcomes in patients with concomitant CHD and cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P). METHODS Patients with CHD + CL/P managed at our institution between January 2004 and December 2018 were included. Demographic, operative, and follow-up data were retrospectively collected and analyzed using SAS 9.4. Chi-square tests were used for categorical variables and t test or Wilcoxon rank sum tests for continuous variables. Significance of P < .05 was used. RESULTS There were 127 patients with CHD + CL/P; 63 (50%) were boys. Compared to the general CHD population, patients with CHD + CL/P demonstrated an enrichment of atrial septal defects (10.5% vs 34%), tetralogy of Fallot/double outlet right ventricle (6.4% vs 15.7%), arch defects (4.5% vs 10.2%), truncus arteriosus (1.2% vs 3.1%), and total anomalous pulmonary venous return (1.0% vs 2.4%). Of 63 patients who underwent CHD repair, 58 (92%) did so prior to CL/P repair at 21.5 (6-114) days of age. Compared to CHD lesion-matched patients undergoing cardiac surgical repair at our institution, patients with CL/P had a 2- to 3.7-fold longer intensive care stay, 1.8- to 2.6-fold longer hospital stay, and 6- to 13.5-fold increase in major morbidity, without a significant difference in mortality. CONCLUSIONS Cardiac outflow tract defects are particularly overrepresented in CL/P patients. The presence of CL/P increases the complexity of postoperative care after CHD surgery, without a significant impact on mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Toubat
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, 12223University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Demetrios N Mallios
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, 12223University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Naikhoba C O Munabi
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, 12223Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William P Magee
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, 12223Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vaughn A Starnes
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, 12223University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Heart Institute, 5150Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Ram Kumar
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, 12223University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Heart Institute, 5150Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine of USC, 12223University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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34
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Hancock Friesen CL. Commentary: Complication monitoring comes of age. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2020; 161:1167-1168. [PMID: 33451831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camille L Hancock Friesen
- Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Health Dallas and University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Tex.
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35
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IJsselhof RJ, Duchateau SDR, Schouten RM, Slieker MG, Hazekamp MG, Schoof PH. Long-Term Follow-Up of Pericardium for the Ventricular Component in Atrioventricular Septal Defect Repair. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg 2020; 11:742-747. [PMID: 33164688 DOI: 10.1177/2150135120941461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the improved outcome in complete atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) repair, reoperations for left atrioventricular valve (LAVV) dysfunction are common. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fresh untreated autologous pericardium for ventricular septal defect (VSD) closure on atrioventricular valve function and compare the results with the use of treated bovine pericardial patch material. METHODS Clinical and echocardiographic data were collected of patients with complete AVSD with their VSD closed with either untreated autologous pericardial or treated bovine pericardial patch material between January 1, 1996, and December 31, 2003. Evaluation closed in September 2019. RESULTS A total of 77 patients were analyzed (untreated autologous pericardial VSD patch: 59 [77%], treated bovine pericardial VSD patch: 18 [23%]). Median age at surgery was 3.6 (interquartile range [IQR]: 2.7-4.5) months, and median weight was 4.5 (IQR: 3.9-5.1) kg. Trisomy 21 was present in 70 (91%) patients. Median follow-up time was 17.5 (IQR: 12.6-19.8) years. Death <30 days occurred in two (3%) patients. Reinterventions occurred in eight patients (early [within 30 days] in two, early and late in one, and late in five), all in the autologous pericardium group. Log-rank tests showed no significant difference in mortality (P = .892), LAVV reinterventions (P = .228), or LAVV regurgitation (P = .770). CONCLUSIONS In AVSD, the VSD can safely be closed with either untreated autologous pericardium or xeno-pericardium. We found no difference in LAVV regurgitation or the need for reoperation between the two patches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinske J IJsselhof
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, 8124University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Saniyé D R Duchateau
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, 8124University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rianne M Schouten
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 8125Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn G Slieker
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, 8124University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mark G Hazekamp
- Heart Lung Center, Department of Cardio-thoracic Surgery, 4501Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Paul H Schoof
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, 8124University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
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36
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Pasquali SK, Thibault D, O'Brien SM, Jacobs JP, Gaynor JW, Romano JC, Gaies M, Hill KD, Jacobs ML, Shahian DM, Backer CL, Mayer JE. National Variation in Congenital Heart Surgery Outcomes. Circulation 2020; 142:1351-1360. [PMID: 33017214 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.046962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal strategies to improve national congenital heart surgery outcomes and reduce variability across hospitals remain unclear. Many policy and quality improvement efforts have focused primarily on higher-risk patients and mortality alone. Improving our understanding of both morbidity and mortality and current variation across the spectrum of complexity would better inform future efforts. METHODS Hospitals participating in the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database (2014-2017) were included. Case mix-adjusted operative mortality, major complications, and postoperative length of stay were evaluated using Bayesian models. Hospital variation was quantified by the interdecile ratio (IDR, upper versus lower 10%) and 95% credible intervals (CrIs). Stratified analyses were performed by risk group (Society of Thoracic Surgeons-European Association for Cardiothoracic Surgery [STAT] category) and simulations evaluated the potential impact of reductions in variation. RESULTS A total of 102 hospitals (n=84 407) were included, representing ≈85% of US congenital heart programs. STAT category 1 to 3 (lower risk) operations comprised 74% of cases. All outcomes varied significantly across hospitals: adjusted mortality by 3-fold (upper versus lower decile 5.0% versus 1.6%, IDR 3.1 [95% CrI 2.5-3.7]), mean length of stay by 1.8-fold (19.2 versus 10.5 days, IDR 1.8 [95% CrI 1.8-1.9]), and major complications by >3-fold (23.5% versus 7.0%, IDR 3.4 [95% CrI 3.0-3.8]). The degree of variation was similar or greater for low- versus high-risk cases across outcomes, eg, ≈3-fold mortality variation across hospitals for STAT 1 to 3 (IDR 3.0 [95% CrI 2.1-4.2]) and STAT 4 or 5 (IDR 3.1 [95% CrI 2.4-3.9]) cases. High-volume hospitals had less variability across outcomes and risk categories. Simulations suggested potential reductions in deaths (n=282), major complications (n=1539), and length of stay (101 183 days) over the 4-year study period if all hospitals were to perform at the current median or better, with 37% to 60% of the improvement related to the STAT 1 to 3 (lower risk) group across outcomes. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate significant hospital variation in morbidity and mortality after congenital heart surgery. Contrary to traditional thinking, a substantial portion of potential improvements that could be realized on a national scale were related to variability among lower-risk cases. These findings suggest modifications to our current approaches to optimize care and outcomes in this population are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Pasquali
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor (S.K.P., M.G.)
| | - Dylan Thibault
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (D.T., S.M.O., K.D.H.)
| | - Sean M O'Brien
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (D.T., S.M.O., K.D.H.)
| | | | - J William Gaynor
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (J.W.G.)
| | - Jennifer C Romano
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (J.C.R.)
| | - Michael Gaies
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor (S.K.P., M.G.)
| | - Kevin D Hill
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (D.T., S.M.O., K.D.H.)
| | - Marshall L Jacobs
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (M.L.J.)
| | - David M Shahian
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, and Center for Quality and Safety, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.S.)
| | - Carl L Backer
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, OH (C.L.B.)
| | - John E Mayer
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (J.E.M.)
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37
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Ergün S, Onan İS, Yildiz O, Çelik EC, Güneş M, Öztürk E, Güzeltaş A, Haydin S. Short- and midterm outcomes of aortic arch reconstruction: Beating heart versus cardiac arrest. J Card Surg 2020; 35:3317-3325. [PMID: 32996199 DOI: 10.1111/jocs.15048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to compare the short- and midterm results of perfusion strategies used for arch reconstruction surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS One hundred and seventy-three consecutive patients who underwent aortic arch reconstruction surgery for transverse arcus hypoplasia between January 2011 and February 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups, as beating heart (BH) group and cardiac arrest (CA) group. RESULTS The CA group comprised 60 (35%) patients and the remaining 113 (65%) patients were in the BH group. The median age of the patients was 30 (interquartile range: 18-95) days. The incidences of acute renal failure (ARF) and delayed sternal closure were higher in the CA group (p = .05, <.001, respectively). Balloon angioplasty was performed in 5 (2%) patients and reoperation was performed in 11 (6%) patients due to restenosis. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of reoperation or reintervention rates (p = .44 and .34, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Both strategies were associated with satisfactory midterm prevention of reintervention and reoperation. Given the lower incidence of ARF and delayed sternal closure in the postoperative period and similar midterm outcomes, we believe that the BH strategy is preferable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Servet Ergün
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İsmihan Selen Onan
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Okan Yildiz
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ekin Can Çelik
- Department Cardiovascular Surgery, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Güneş
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erkut Öztürk
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alper Güzeltaş
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sertaç Haydin
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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38
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IJsselhof RJ, Slieker MG, Hazekamp MG, Accord R, van Wetten H, Haas F, Schoof PH. Mitral Valve Replacement With the 15-mm Mechanical Valve: A 20-Year Multicenter Experience. Ann Thorac Surg 2020; 110:956-961. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2019.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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39
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Ergün S, Yıldız O, Ayyıldız P, Çilsal E, Öztürk E, Onan İS, Güzeltaş A, Haydin S. Parameters affecting pleural drainage and management strategy after Fontan operation. J Card Surg 2020; 35:1556-1562. [DOI: 10.1111/jocs.14691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Servet Ergün
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital Istanbul Turkey
- Vocational School of Health Services Istanbul Aydın Universty Istanbul Turkey
| | - Okan Yıldız
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital Istanbul Turkey
| | - Pelin Ayyıldız
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital Istanbul Turkey
| | - Erman Çilsal
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital Istanbul Turkey
| | - Erkut Öztürk
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital Istanbul Turkey
| | - İsmihan Selen Onan
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital Istanbul Turkey
| | - Alper Güzeltaş
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital Istanbul Turkey
| | - Sertaç Haydin
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital Istanbul Turkey
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IJsselhof RJ, Slieker MG, Gauvreau K, Muter A, Marx GR, Hazekamp MG, Accord R, van Wetten H, van Leeuwen W, Haas F, Schoof PH, Nathan M. Mechanical Mitral Valve Replacement: A Multicenter Study of Outcomes With Use of 15- to 17-mm Prostheses. Ann Thorac Surg 2020; 110:2062-2069. [PMID: 32525029 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate early and mid-term outcomes (mortality and prosthetic valve reintervention) after mitral valve replacement with 15- to 17-mm mechanical prostheses. METHODS A multicenter, retrospective cohort study was performed among patients who underwent mitral valve replacement with a 15- to 17-mm mechanical prosthesis at 6 congenital cardiac centers: 5 in The Netherlands and 1 in the United States. Baseline, operative, and follow-up data were evaluated. RESULTS Mitral valve replacement was performed in 61 infants (15 mm, n = 17 [28%]; 16 mm, n = 18 [29%]; 17 mm, n = 26 [43%]), of whom 27 (47%) were admitted to the intensive care unit before surgery and 22 (39%) required ventilator support. Median age at surgery was 5.9 months (interquartile range [IQR] 3.2-17.4), and median weight was 5.7 kg (IQR, 4.5-8.8). There were 13 in-hospital deaths (21%) and 8 late deaths (17%, among 48 hospital survivors). Major adverse events occurred in 34 (56%). Median follow-up was 4.0 years (IQR, 0.4-12.5) First prosthetic valve replacement (n = 27 [44%]) occurred at a median of 3.7 years (IQR, 1.9-6.8). Prosthetic valve endocarditis was not reported, and there was no mortality related to prosthesis replacement. Other reinterventions included permanent pacemaker implantation (n = 9 [15%]), subaortic stenosis resection (n = 4 [7%]), aortic valve repair (n = 3 [5%], and aortic valve replacement (n = 6 [10%]). CONCLUSIONS Mitral valve replacement with 15- to 17-mm mechanical prostheses is an important alternative to save critically ill neonates and infants in whom the mitral valve cannot be repaired. Prosthesis replacement for outgrowth can be carried out with low risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinske J IJsselhof
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Martijn G Slieker
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kimberlee Gauvreau
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Angelika Muter
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gerald R Marx
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark G Hazekamp
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ryan Accord
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Herbert van Wetten
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter van Leeuwen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Felix Haas
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul H Schoof
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Meena Nathan
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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IJsselhof RJ, Duchateau SDR, Schouten RM, Freund MW, Heuser J, Fejzic Z, Haas F, Schoof PH, Slieker MG. Follow-up after biventricular repair of the hypoplastic left heart complex. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2020; 57:644-651. [PMID: 31651943 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezz293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In hypoplastic left heart complex patients, biventricular repair is preferred over staged-single ventricle palliation; however, there are too few studies to support either strategy. Therefore, we retrospectively characterized our patient cohort with hypoplastic left heart complex after biventricular repair to measure left-sided heart structures and assess our treatment strategy. METHODS Patients with hypoplastic left heart complex who had biventricular repair between 2004 and 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Operative results were evaluated and echocardiographic mitral valve (MV) and aortic valve (AoV) dimensions, left ventricular length and left ventricular internal diastolic diameter (LVIDd) were measured preoperatively and during follow-up after 0.5, 1, 3, 5 and 10 years. RESULTS In 32 patients, the median age at surgery was 10 (interquartile range 5.0) days. The median follow-up was 6.19 (interquartile range 6.04) years. During the 10-year follow-up, the mean Z-scores increased from -2.82 to -1.49 and from -2.29 to 0.62 for MV and AoV, respectively. Analysis of variance results with post hoc paired t-tests showed that growth of left-sided heart structures was accelerated in the first year after repair, but was not equal, with the MV lagging behind the AoV (P = 0.033), resulting in significantly smaller MV Z-scores compared with AoV Z-scores at 10-year follow-up (P < 0.001). There were 2 (6%) early deaths. The major adverse events occurred in 4 (13%) patients. The surgical or catheter-based reintervention was required in 14 (44%) patients. CONCLUSIONS The growth rate of heart structures was most prominent during the first year after biventricular repair with lower growth rate of the MV compared with the AoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinske J IJsselhof
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital (Part of University Medical Center Utrecht), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Saniyé D R Duchateau
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital (Part of University Medical Center Utrecht), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rianne M Schouten
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Matthias W Freund
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University Pediatric Hospital, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Heuser
- Department of Pediatrics, Maxima Medical Center Veldhoven, Veldhoven, Netherlands
| | - Zina Fejzic
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Felix Haas
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital (Part of University Medical Center Utrecht), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Paul H Schoof
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital (Part of University Medical Center Utrecht), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Martijn G Slieker
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital (Part of University Medical Center Utrecht), Utrecht, Netherlands
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Abstract
Congenital heart disease is a major public health concern in the United States. Outcomes of surgery for children with congenital heart disease have dramatically improved over the last several decades with current aggregate operative mortality rates approximating 3%, inclusive of all ages and defects. However, there remains significant variability among institutions, especially for higher-risk and more complex patients. As health care moves toward the quadruple aim of improving patient experience, improving the health of populations, lowering costs, and increasing satisfaction among providers, congenital heart surgery programs must evolve to meet the growing scrutiny, demands, and expectations of numerous stakeholders. Improved outcomes and reduced interinstitutional variability are achieved through prioritization of quality assurance and improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W Pettitt
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA.,Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA
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Pasquali SK, Banerjee M, Romano JC, Normand SLT. Hospital Performance Assessment in Congenital Heart Surgery: Where Do We Go From Here? Ann Thorac Surg 2020; 109:621-626. [PMID: 31962112 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Pasquali
- Department of Pediatrics, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, and Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Mousumi Banerjee
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jennifer C Romano
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sharon-Lise T Normand
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Dearani JA. Transparency and Public Reporting: Beyond the Gathering Storm. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg 2019; 11:9-13. [PMID: 31763934 DOI: 10.1177/2150135119890514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Dearani
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Fernandez FG, Shahian DM, Kormos R, Jacobs JP, D'Agostino RS, Mayer JE, Kozower BD, Higgins RSD, Badhwar V. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Database 2019 Annual Report. Ann Thorac Surg 2019; 108:1625-1632. [PMID: 31654621 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2019.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) National Database was established in 1989 as an initiative for quality improvement and patient safety for cardiothoracic surgery. The STS National Database has 4 components, each focusing on a distinct discipline-Adult Cardiac Surgery, General Thoracic Surgery, Congenital Heart Surgery, and mechanical circulatory support with the STS Interagency Registry for Mechanical Circulatory Support (Intermacs)/Pediatric Interagency Registry for Mechanical Circulatory Support (Pedimacs) Database. In December 2015, The Annals of Thoracic Surgery began publishing a monthly series of scholarly articles on outcomes analysis, quality improvement, and patient safety. This article provides the fourth annual summary of the status of the STS National Database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix G Fernandez
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - David M Shahian
- Division of Cardiac Surgery and Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert Kormos
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Richard S D'Agostino
- Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, Massachusetts and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John E Mayer
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Benjamin D Kozower
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Robert S D Higgins
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Vinay Badhwar
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
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Jacobs JP, O’Brien SM, Hill KD, Kumar SR, Austin EH, Gaynor JW, Gruber PJ, Jonas RA, Pasquali SK, Pizarro C, St. Louis JD, Meza J, Thibault D, Shahian DM, Mayer JE, Jacobs ML. Refining The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database Mortality Risk Model With Enhanced Risk Adjustment for Chromosomal Abnormalities, Syndromes, and Noncardiac Congenital Anatomic Abnormalities. Ann Thorac Surg 2019; 108:558-566. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2019.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Jacobs JP, Mayer JE, Pasquali SK, Hill KD, Overman DM, St. Louis JD, Kumar SR, Backer CL, Tweddell JS, Dearani JA, Jacobs ML. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database: 2019 Update on Outcomes and Quality. Ann Thorac Surg 2019; 107:691-704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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O'Brien SM, Jacobs JP, Shahian DM, Jacobs ML, Gaynor JW, Romano JC, Gaies MG, Hill KD, Mayer JE, Pasquali SK. Development of a Congenital Heart Surgery Composite Quality Metric: Part 2-Analytic Methods. Ann Thorac Surg 2019; 107:590-596. [PMID: 30227128 PMCID: PMC6559355 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We describe the statistical methods and results related to development of the first congenital heart surgery composite quality measure. METHODS The composite measure was developed using The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database (2012 to 2015), Bayesian hierarchical modeling, and the current Society of Thoracic Surgeons risk model for case-mix adjustment. It consists of a mortality domain (operative mortality) and morbidity domain (major complications and postoperative length of stay). We evaluated several potential weighting schemes and properties of the final composite measure, including reliability (signal-to-noise ratio) and hospital classification in various performance categories. RESULTS Overall, 100 hospitals (78,425 operations) were included. Each adjusted metric included in the composite varied across hospitals: operative mortality (median, 3.1%; 10th to 90th percentile, 2.1% to 4.4%) major complications (median 11.7%, 10th to 90th percentile, 6.4% to 17.4%), and length of stay (median, 7.0 days; 10th to 90th percentile, 5.9 to 8.2 days). In the final composite weighting scheme selected, mortality had the greatest influence, followed by major complications and length of stay (correlation with overall composite score of 0.87, 0.69, and 0.47, respectively). Reliability of the composite measure was 0.73 compared with 0.59 for mortality alone. The distribution of hospitals across composite measure performance categories (defined by whether the 95% credible interval overlapped The Society of Thoracic Surgeons average) was 75% (same as expected), 9% (worse than expected), and 16% (better than expected). CONCLUSIONS This congenital heart surgery composite measure incorporates aspects of both morbidity and mortality, has clinical face validity, and greater ability to discriminate hospital performance compared with mortality alone. Ongoing efforts will support the use of the composite measure in benchmarking and quality improvement activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M O'Brien
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jeffrey P Jacobs
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins All Children's Heart Institute, St. Petersburg, Florida
| | - David M Shahian
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marshall L Jacobs
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins All Children's Heart Institute, St. Petersburg, Florida
| | - J William Gaynor
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer C Romano
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michael G Gaies
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kevin D Hill
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - John E Mayer
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sara K Pasquali
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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Jacobs JP, Shahian DM, D'Agostino RS, Mayer JE, Kozower BD, Badhwar V, Thourani VH, Jacobs ML, Gaissert HA, Fernandez FG, Naunheim KS. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Database 2018 Annual Report. Ann Thorac Surg 2018; 106:1603-1611. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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