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Dab H, Ben Hamed S, Hodroj W, Zourgui L. Combined diabetes and chronic stress exacerbates cytokine production and oxidative stress in rat liver and kidney. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2023.2182137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Houcine Dab
- Research Unit of Valorization of Active Biomolecules, Higher Institute of Applied Biology Medenine, University of Gabes, Medenine, Tunisia
| | - Said Ben Hamed
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology (LEMV), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Wassim Hodroj
- Académie de Versailles, University of Versailles, Athis-Mons, France
| | - Lazhar Zourgui
- Research Unit of Valorization of Active Biomolecules, Higher Institute of Applied Biology Medenine, University of Gabes, Medenine, Tunisia
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Li Z, Qi C, Jia Z, Zhen R, Ren L, Jia Y, Chen S. The Correlation Between Estimated Glucose Disposal Rate and Coagulation Indexes in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:2643-2652. [PMID: 36071794 PMCID: PMC9441581 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s371457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the correlation between estimated glucose disposition rate (eGDR) and coagulation parameters in type 2 diabetes patients (T2DM). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 948 patients suffering from T2DM were enrolled for this research. Various blood coagulation parameters including prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and fibrinogen (FIB) were assessed. Body mass index (BMI), hypertension, and the levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were used to calculate the patients' eGDRs. All patients were sorted into two groups: those with high eGDRs (eGDR≥7.5) and those with low eGDRs (eGDR<7.5). The patients were then separated into groups of men and women. The connection between eGDR and coagulation indexes was examined using Spearman correlation, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS In comparison to the high-eGDR group, reduced PT and APTT levels with increased FIB levels were observed in the low-eGDR group (P =0.006, P <0.001, and P = 0.035, respectively). The eGDR showed a positive relation with APTT (r = 0.142, P < 0.001), a negative relation with FIB (r = -0.082, P = 0.012), and no correlation with PT (r =0.064, P =0.050) in the all patients. As well as, the eGDR demonstrated a positive relation with APTT (r = 0.173, P < 0.001), a negative relation with FIB (r = -0.093, P = 0.03), and no relation with PT (r = 0.045, P = 0.300) in the male subgroups. Additionally, this correlation persisted following the adjustment of other factors in multilinear regression analysis. However, the female subgroup demonstrated no correlation among eGDR and PT, APTT or FIB (r = 0.086, P = 0.083, r = 0.097, P = 0.05;r = -0.058, P = 0.240, respectively). CONCLUSION Our study is the first to prove that eGDR demonstrates a correlation with coagulation indexes in T2DM patients. And, this correlation is gender-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelin Li
- Graduate School of Hebei Medical University, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cuijuan Qi
- Graduate School of Hebei Medical University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuoya Jia
- Graduate School of Hebei Medical University, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruoxi Zhen
- Graduate School of Hebei Medical University, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Ren
- Graduate School of Hebei Medical University, People’s Republic of China
- North China University of Science and Technology, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yujiao Jia
- Graduate School of Hebei Medical University, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuchun Chen
- Graduate School of Hebei Medical University, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, People’s Republic of China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Shuchun Chen, Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, 348 Heping West Road, 050051, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 031185988406, Fax +86 031185988406, Email
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Dab H, Chehidi A, Tlili M, Ben Saad A, Khabir A, Zourgui L. Cardiac extracellular matrix modulation in a rat-diabetic model: biochemical and anti-oxidant beneficial effect of pomegranate ( Punica granatum) peel extract. Biomarkers 2021; 27:50-59. [PMID: 34766858 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2021.2006312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Disorders associated with diabetes and the beneficial effects of pomegranate peel extract (PPE) were widely reported. However effect of diabetes and PPE on extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling needs further investigation. OBJECTIVES The focus of this study was to investigate the involvement of diabetes in cardiac ECM and the beneficial effects of PPE. METHODS Diabetes was induced by alloxan. PPE group was injected with 100 mg/kg of PPE. The phenolic profile of PPE was analyzed by HPLC. ECM was detected by ELISA. MMP-1, -8, -13 were determined by a colorimetric assay. RESULTS Compared to control fibronectin and laminin plasma content was higher respectively by 69% and 42% (p < 0.05) in diabetes. LV content of hydroxyproline and total collagen was higher by 195% (p < 0.01) and 56% (p < 0.05) in the diabetic group compared to control and restored at a similar level to controls in the PPE group. Compared to control, collagenase activity was significantly reduced by 32% (p < 0.05) and 35% (p < 0.05) respectively in ALX and PPF groups. There is no significant difference in collagenase activities in diabetic rats after and before PPE injection. CONCLUSION Diabetes is involved in cardiac ECM remodelling which can be improved by PPE. These findings will be useful for more understanding diabetes-induced cardiac disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houcine Dab
- Research Unit of "Valorization of Active Biomolecules", Higher Institute of Applied Biology of Medenine, University of Gabes, Gabes, Tunisia
| | - Amel Chehidi
- Research Unit of "Valorization of Active Biomolecules", Higher Institute of Applied Biology of Medenine, University of Gabes, Gabes, Tunisia
| | - Mounira Tlili
- Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, University of Carthage, Carthage, Tunisia
| | - Anwar Ben Saad
- Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, Research of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Gafsa, Gafsa, Tunisia
| | - Abdelmajid Khabir
- Department of Pathology, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, Medenine, Tunisia
| | - Lazhar Zourgui
- Research Unit of "Valorization of Active Biomolecules", Higher Institute of Applied Biology of Medenine, University of Gabes, Gabes, Tunisia
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Rabieian R, Boshtam M, Zareei M, Kouhpayeh S, Masoudifar A, Mirzaei H. Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type-1 as a Regulator of Fibrosis. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:17-27. [PMID: 28520219 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is known as a frequent and irreversible pathological condition which is associated with organ failure. Tissue fibrosis is a central process in a variety of chronic progressive diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and persistent inflammation. This state could contribute to chronic injury and the initiation of tissue repair. Fibrotic disorders represent abnormal wound healing with defective matrix turnover and clearance that lead to excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix components. A variety of identified growth factors, cytokines, and persistently activated myofibroblasts have critical roles in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. Irrespective of etiology, the transforming growth factor-β pathway is the major driver of fibrotic response. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a crucial downstream target of this pathway. Transforming growth factor-β positively regulates PAI-1 gene expression via two main pathways including Smad-mediated canonical and non-canonical pathways. Overexpression of PAI-1 reduces extracellular matrix degradation via perturbing the plasminogen activation system. Indeed, elevated PAI-1 levels inhibit proteolytic activity of tissue plasminogen activator and urokinase plasminogen activator which could contribute to a variety of inflammatory elements in the injury site and to excessive matrix deposition. This review summarizes the current knowledge of critical pathways that regulate PAI-1 gene expression and suggests effective approaches for the treatment of fibrotic disease. J. Cell. Biochem. 119: 17-27, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Rabieian
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Boshtam
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahshid Zareei
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shirin Kouhpayeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Aria Masoudifar
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Hu Z, Wang Z, Wu H, Yang Z, Jiang W, Li L, Hu X. Ang II enhances noradrenaline release from sympathetic nerve endings thus contributing to the up-regulation of metalloprotease-2 in aortic dissection patients' aorta wall. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76922. [PMID: 24194850 PMCID: PMC3806742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Object To test the hypothesis that angiotensin II (Ang II) could enhance noradrenaline (NA) release from sympathetic nerve endings of the aorta thus contributing to the up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) during the formation of aortic dissection (AD). Methods Ang II, NA, MMP-2, MMP-9 of the aorta sample obtained during operation from aortic dissection patients were detected by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and ELISA and compared with controls. Isotope labelling method was used to test the impact of exogenous Ang II and noradrenaline on the NA release and MMP-2, MMP-9 expression on Sprague Dawley (SD) rat aorta rings in vitro. Two kidneys, one clip, models were replicated for further check of that impact in SD rats in vivo. Results The concentration of Ang II, MMP-2, 9 was increased and NA concentration was decreased in aorta samples from AD patients. Exogenous Ang II enhanced while exogenous NA restrained NA release from aortic sympathetic endings. The Ang II stimulated NA release and the following MMP-2 up-regulation could be weakened by Losartan and chemical sympathectomy. Beta blocker did not influence NA release but down-regulated MMP-2. Long term in vivo experiments confirmed that Ang II could enhance NA release and up-regulate MMP-2. Conclusions AD is initiated by MMP-2 overexpression as a result of increased NA release from sympathetic nervous endings in response to Ang II. This indicates an interaction of RAS and SAS during the formation of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Hu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Xiangyang, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Hongbing Wu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhimin Yang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Xiangyang, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wanli Jiang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Luocheng Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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Dab H, Hachani R, Dhaouadi N, Sakly M, Hodroj W, Randon J, Bricca G, Kacem K. Regulation of aortic extracellular matrix synthesis via noradrenergic system and angiotensin II in juvenile rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2012; 50:1219-1225. [PMID: 22853187 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2012.664554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis regulation by sympathetic nervous system (SNS) or angiotensin II (ANG II) was widely reported, but interaction between the two systems on ECM synthesis needs further investigation. OBJECTIVE We tested implication of SNS and ANG II on ECM synthesis in juvenile rat aorta. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sympathectomy with guanethidine (50 mg/kg, subcutaneous) and blockade of the ANG II AT1 receptors (AT1R) blocker with losartan (20 mg/kg/day in drinking water) were performed alone or in combination in rats. mRNA and protein synthesis of collagen and elastin were examined by Q-RT-PCR and immunoblotting. RESULTS Collagen type I and III mRNA were increased respectively by 62 and 43% after sympathectomy and decreased respectively by 31 and 60% after AT1R blockade. Combined treatment increased collagen type III by 36% but not collagen type I. The same tendency of collagen expression was observed at mRNA and protein levels after the three treatments. mRNA and protein level of elastin was decreased respectively by 63 and 39% and increased by 158 and 15% after losartan treatment. Combined treatment abrogates changes induced by single treatments. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The two systems act as antagonists on ECM expression in the aorta and combined inhibition of the two systems prevents imbalance of mRNA and protein level of collagen I and elastin induced by single treatment. Combined inhibition of the two systems prevents deposit or excessive reduction of ECM and can more prevent cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houcine Dab
- Unité de Physiologie Intégrée, Laboratoire de Pathologies Vasculaires, Université de Carthage, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Tunisia.
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Dab H, Hachani R, Dhaouadi N, Hodroj W, Sakly M, Randon J, Bricca G, Kacem K. Physiological regulation of MMPs and tPA/PAI in the arterial wall of rats by noradrenergic tone and angiotensin II. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2011; 13:36-45. [DOI: 10.1177/1470320311428344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The interactions between the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and angiotensin II (ANG II), and their direct effects in vitro on the enzymes involved in vascular extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, were examined. Rats were treated with guanethidine, losartan or the combined treatments. mRNA, protein and activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 and mRNA of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) were quantified in abdominal aorta (AA) and femoral artery (FA). Norepinephrine (NE) or ANG II with adrenergic (β, α1 and α2) or losartan antagonists was tested for MMP mRNA response in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Combined treatment enhances the inhibition of MMP-2 mRNA and protein level induced by simple treatment in AA. However MMP-9 in AA and MMP mRNA in FA were reduced in the same order by treatments. MMP activities were not affected by treatments. The t-PA/PAI-1 ratio, which reflects the fibrinolytic balance, remained higher after treatments. In cultured VSMCs, NE induced stimulation of MMP mRNA via α2 and β adrenergic receptors and MMP-2 activity via β adrenergic receptors, while ANG II-induced stimulation was abrogated by losartan. Overall, there is a synergic inhibition of both systems on the level of MMP-2 in AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houcine Dab
- Université de Carthage, Unité de Physiologie Intégrée, Laboratoire de Pathologies Vasculaires, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Tunisia
- INSERM ERI-22, Agressions Vasculaires et Réponses Tissulaires, Université de Claude Bernard, Lyon I, France
| | - Rafik Hachani
- Université de Carthage, Unité de Physiologie Intégrée, Laboratoire de Pathologies Vasculaires, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Nedra Dhaouadi
- Université de Carthage, Unité de Physiologie Intégrée, Laboratoire de Pathologies Vasculaires, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Tunisia
- INSERM ERI-22, Agressions Vasculaires et Réponses Tissulaires, Université de Claude Bernard, Lyon I, France
| | - Wassim Hodroj
- INSERM ERI-22, Agressions Vasculaires et Réponses Tissulaires, Université de Claude Bernard, Lyon I, France
| | - Mohsen Sakly
- Université de Carthage, Unité de Physiologie Intégrée, Laboratoire de Pathologies Vasculaires, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Jacques Randon
- INSERM ERI-22, Agressions Vasculaires et Réponses Tissulaires, Université de Claude Bernard, Lyon I, France
| | - Giampiero Bricca
- INSERM ERI-22, Agressions Vasculaires et Réponses Tissulaires, Université de Claude Bernard, Lyon I, France
| | - Kamel Kacem
- Université de Carthage, Unité de Physiologie Intégrée, Laboratoire de Pathologies Vasculaires, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Tunisia
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Dab H, Kacem K, Hachani R, Dhaouadi N, Hodroj W, Sakly M, Randon J, Bricca G. Physiological regulation of extracellular matrix collagen and elastin in the arterial wall of rats by noradrenergic tone and angiotensin II. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2011; 13:19-28. [DOI: 10.1177/1470320311414752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The interactions between the effects of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and angiotensin II (ANG II) on vascular extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis were determined in rats. The mRNA and protein content of collagen I, collagen III and elastin in the abdominal aorta (AA) and femoral artery (FA) was investigated in Wistar–Kyoto rats treated for 5 weeks with guanethidine, a sympathoplegic, losartan, an ANG II AT1 receptor (AT1R) blocker, or both. The effects of noradrenaline (NE) and ANG II on collagen III and elastin mRNA, and the receptor involved, were tested in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in vitro. Guanethidine increased collagen types I and III and decreased elastin, while losartan had an opposite effect, although without effect on collagen III. The combination of treatments abrogated changes induced by simple treatment with collagen I and elastin, but increased collagen III mRNA in AA and not in FA. NE stimulated collagen III mRNA via β receptors and elastin via α1 and α2 receptors. ANG II stimulated collagen III but inhibited elastin mRNA via AT1R. Overall, SNS and ANG II exert opposite and antagonistic effects on major components of ECM in the vascular wall. This may be of relevance for the choice of a therapeutic strategy in vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houcine Dab
- INSERM ERI-22, Agressions Vasculaires et Réponses Tissulaires, Université de Claude Bernard, Lyon I, France
- Université de Carthage. Unité de Physiologie Intégrée, Laboratoire de Pathologies Vasculaires, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Kamel Kacem
- Université de Carthage. Unité de Physiologie Intégrée, Laboratoire de Pathologies Vasculaires, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Rafik Hachani
- Université de Carthage. Unité de Physiologie Intégrée, Laboratoire de Pathologies Vasculaires, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Nadra Dhaouadi
- INSERM ERI-22, Agressions Vasculaires et Réponses Tissulaires, Université de Claude Bernard, Lyon I, France
- Université de Carthage. Unité de Physiologie Intégrée, Laboratoire de Pathologies Vasculaires, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Wassim Hodroj
- INSERM ERI-22, Agressions Vasculaires et Réponses Tissulaires, Université de Claude Bernard, Lyon I, France
| | - Mohsen Sakly
- INSERM ERI-22, Agressions Vasculaires et Réponses Tissulaires, Université de Claude Bernard, Lyon I, France
| | - Jacques Randon
- INSERM ERI-22, Agressions Vasculaires et Réponses Tissulaires, Université de Claude Bernard, Lyon I, France
| | - Giampiero Bricca
- INSERM ERI-22, Agressions Vasculaires et Réponses Tissulaires, Université de Claude Bernard, Lyon I, France
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Dab H, Hachani R, Hodroj W, Sakly M, Bricca G, Kacem K. Differential control of collagen synthesis by the sympathetic and renin-angiotensin systems in the rat left ventricle. Auton Neurosci 2009; 151:106-10. [PMID: 19679517 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2009.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we tested the hypothesis of the indirect (via the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)) and direct (via AT1 receptors) contributions of Angiotensin II (Ang II) on the synthesis of collagen types I and III in the left ventricle (LV) in vivo. Sympathectomy and blockade of the Ang II receptor AT1 were performed alone or in combination in normotensive rats. The mRNA and protein synthesis of collagen types I and III were examined by Q-RT-PCR and immunoblotting in the LV. Collagen types I and III mRNA were decreased respectively by 53% and 22% after sympathectomy and only collagen type I mRNA was increased by 52% after AT1 receptor blockade. mRNA was not changed for collagen type I but was decreased by 25% for collagen type III after double treatment. Only collagen protein type III was decreased after sympathectomy by 12%, but collagen proteins were increased respectively for types I and III by 145% and 52% after AT1 receptor blockade and by 45% and 60% after double treatment. Deducted interpretations from our experimental approach suggest that Ang II stimulates indirectly (via SNS) and inhibits directly (via AT1 receptors) the collagen type I at transcriptional and protein levels. For collagen type III, it stimulates indirectly the transcription and inhibited directly the protein level. Therefore, the Ang II regulates collagen synthesis differently through indirect and direct pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houcine Dab
- Unité de Physiologie Intégrée, Laboratoire de Pathologies Vasculaires, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Tunisia.
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