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Yang M, Tian S, Han X, Xu L, You J, Wu M, Cao Y, Jiang Y, Zheng Z, Liu J, Meng F, Li C, Wang X. Interleukin-11Rα2 in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus affects depression-related behaviors and the AKT-BDNF pathway. Gene 2024:148966. [PMID: 39341516 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 09/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Depression is a widespread emotional disorder with complex pathogenesis. An essential function of the hypothalamus is to regulate emotional disorders. However, further investigation is required to identify the pathogenic genes and molecular mechanisms that contribute to the onset of depression within the hypothalamus. Through RNA-sequencing analysis, this study identified the upregulated expression of interleukin-11 receptor alpha 2 (IL-11Rα2) in the hypothalamus of mice with chronic unpredictable stress-induced depression. This substantial increase in IL-11Rα2, not IL-11Rα1 expression levels in the hypothalamus under the influence of chronic, unpredictable stress was found to be associated with depression-related behaviors. We further showed that IL-11Rα2 is expressed in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons of the hypothalamus. Male and female mice exhibited behaviors associated with depression when IL-11Rα2 or its ligand IL-11 was overexpressed in the ARC POMC neurons through the action of an adeno-associated virus. In addition, reductions in the expression levels of proteins involved in the protein kinase B signaling pathways and brain-derived neurotrophic factor were observed upon overexpression of IL-11Rα2 in the hypothalamic ARC. This study emphasizes the importance of IL-11Rα2 in the hypothalamus ARC in the development of depression and presents it as a potential novel target for depression treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China; Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China; Institute for Metabolic & Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Shulei Tian
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China; Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China; Institute for Metabolic & Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaofeng Han
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China; Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China; Institute for Metabolic & Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Lihong Xu
- Department of Psychology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China; Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China; Institute for Metabolic & Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Jingjing You
- Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China; Institute for Metabolic & Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Min Wu
- Neurosurgery, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Yifan Cao
- Department of Psychology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China; Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China; Institute for Metabolic & Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Yuting Jiang
- Department of Psychology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China; Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China; Institute for Metabolic & Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Ziteng Zheng
- Department of Psychology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China; Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China; Institute for Metabolic & Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China; Institute for Metabolic & Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Fantao Meng
- Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China; Institute for Metabolic & Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China.
| | - Chen Li
- Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China; Institute for Metabolic & Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China.
| | - Xuezhen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China; Medical Research Center, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China; Institute for Metabolic & Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China.
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Pichot V, Corbier C, Chouchou F. The contribution of granger causality analysis to our understanding of cardiovascular homeostasis: from cardiovascular and respiratory interactions to central autonomic network control. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 4:1315316. [PMID: 39175608 PMCID: PMC11338816 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2024.1315316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Homeostatic regulation plays a fundamental role in maintenance of multicellular life. At different scales and in different biological systems, this principle allows a better understanding of biological organization. Consequently, a growing interest in studying cause-effect relations between physiological systems has emerged, such as in the fields of cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory regulations. For this, mathematical approaches such as Granger causality (GC) were applied to the field of cardiovascular physiology in the last 20 years, overcoming the limitations of previous approaches and offering new perspectives in understanding cardiac, vascular and respiratory homeostatic interactions. In clinical practice, continuous recording of clinical data of hospitalized patients or by telemetry has opened new applicability for these approaches with potential early diagnostic and prognostic information. In this review, we describe a theoretical background of approaches based on linear GC in time and frequency domains applied to detect couplings between time series of RR intervals, blood pressure and respiration. Interestingly, these tools help in understanding the contribution of homeostatic negative feedback and the anticipatory feedforward mechanisms in homeostatic cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory controls. We also describe experimental and clinical results based on these mathematical tools, consolidating previous experimental and clinical evidence on the coupling in cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory studies. Finally, we propose perspectives allowing to complete the understanding of these interactions between cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory systems, as well as the interplay between brain and cardiac, and vascular and respiratory systems, offering a high integrative view of cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory homeostatic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Pichot
- Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, SAINBIOSE, Inserm U1059, Saint-Etienne Jean Monnet University, CHU Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Christophe Corbier
- LASPI EA3059, Saint-Etienne Jean Monnet University, Roanne Technology University Institute, Roanne, France
| | - Florian Chouchou
- IRISSE Laboratory EA4075, University of La Réunion, UFR Science de ’Homme et de l’Environnement, Le Tampon, France
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3
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Bastawy EM, Eraslan IM, Voglsanger L, Suphioglu C, Walker AJ, Dean OM, Read JL, Ziemann M, Smith CM. Novel Insights into Changes in Gene Expression within the Hypothalamus in Two Asthma Mouse Models: A Transcriptomic Lung-Brain Axis Study. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7391. [PMID: 39000495 PMCID: PMC11242700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with asthma experience elevated rates of mental illness. However, the molecular links underlying such lung-brain crosstalk remain ambiguous. Hypothalamic dysfunction is observed in many psychiatric disorders, particularly those with an inflammatory component due to many hypothalamic regions being unprotected by the blood-brain barrier. To gain a better insight into such neuropsychiatric sequelae, this study investigated gene expression differences in the hypothalamus following lung inflammation (asthma) induction in mice, using RNA transcriptome profiling. BALB/c mice were challenged with either bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, E. coli) or ovalbumin (OVA) allergens or saline control (n = 7 per group), and lung inflammation was confirmed via histological examination of postmortem lung tissue. The majority of the hypothalamus was micro-dissected, and total RNA was extracted for sequencing. Differential expression analysis identified 31 statistically significant single genes (false discovery rate FDR5%) altered in expression following LPS exposure compared to controls; however, none were significantly changed following OVA treatment, suggesting a milder hypothalamic response. When gene sets were examined, 48 were upregulated and 8 were downregulated in both asthma groups relative to controls. REACTOME enrichment analysis suggests these gene sets are involved in signal transduction metabolism, immune response and neuroplasticity. Interestingly, we identified five altered gene sets directly associated with neurotransmitter signaling. Intriguingly, many of these altered gene sets can influence mental health and or/neuroinflammation in humans. These findings help characterize the links between asthma-induced lung inflammation and the brain and may assist in identifying relevant pathways and therapeutic targets for future intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eslam M Bastawy
- Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Australia
| | - Izel M Eraslan
- Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Australia
| | - Lara Voglsanger
- Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Australia
| | - Cenk Suphioglu
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Australia
| | - Adam J Walker
- Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Australia
| | - Olivia M Dean
- Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3052, Australia
| | - Justin L Read
- Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Australia
| | - Mark Ziemann
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Australia
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Craig M Smith
- Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Australia
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Li X, Long Y, Zhang S, Yang C, Xing M, Zhang S. Experimental Study on Emergency Psychophysiological and Behavioral Reactions to Coal Mining Accidents. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2024:10.1007/s10484-024-09651-4. [PMID: 38940884 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-024-09651-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Effective emergency responses are crucial for preventing coal mine accidents and mitigating injuries. This paper aims to investigate the characteristics of emergency psychophysiological reactions to coal mine accidents and to explore the potential of key indicators for identifying emergency behavioral patterns. Initially, virtual reality technology facilitated a simulation experiment for emergency escape during coal mine accidents. Subsequently, the characteristics of emergency reactions were analyzed through correlation analysis, hypothesis testing, and analysis of variance. The significant changes in physiological indicators were then taken as input features and fed into the three classifiers of machine learning algorithms. These classifications ultimately led to the identification of behavioral patterns, including agility, defensiveness, panic, and rigidity, that individuals may exhibit during a coal mine accident emergency. The study results revealed an intricate relationship between the mental activities induced by accident stimuli and the resulting physiological changes and behavioral performances. During the virtual reality simulation of a coal mine accident, subjects were observed to experience significant physiological changes in electrodermal activity, heart rate variability, electromyogram, respiration, and skin temperature. The random forest classification model, based on SCR + RANGE + IBI + SDNN + LF/HF, outperformed all other models, achieving accuracies of up to 92%. These findings hold promising implications for early warning systems targeting abnormal psychophysiological and behavioral reactions to emergency accidents, potentially serving as a life-saving measure in perilous situations and fostering the sustainable growth of the coal mining industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchun Li
- School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Ding No.11 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology (Beijing Institute of Technology), Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuzhen Long
- School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Ding No.11 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China.
| | - Shuhao Zhang
- School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Ding No.11 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Chunli Yang
- Occupational Hazards Assessment and Control Technology Center, Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100054, China
| | - Mingxiu Xing
- School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Ding No.11 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Tianjin Traffic Science Research Institute, Tianjin Municipal Transportation Commission, Tianjin, 300074, China
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Geary N. Energy homeostasis from Lavoisier to control theory. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220201. [PMID: 37482775 PMCID: PMC10363704 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The intellectual history of energy homeostasis, focusing on food intake and energy storage, is briefly reviewed. Physiological energetics was founded by Lavoisier, who in the late eighteenth century invented direct and indirect calorimetry and discovered the role of oxygen in combustion and respiration. Energy was understood well enough by the mid-nineteenth century to realize the physiological energy-balance equation, that energy intake - energy expenditure = energy storage, but this did not greatly influence physiological research for another century. Homeostasis, the concept that many vital physiological variables are actively regulated in narrow envelopes, was developed by Bernard and Cannon between approximately 1870-1940 and remains a central principle of physiology. Kennedy coined the term lipostasis in 1953 to refer to the constancy of fat mass, which Mayer argued was the mechanism regulating body weight. A parameterized control-theory model suggests that a proportional negative-feedback control system incompletely compensates weight loss during persistent negative energy balance, suggesting that Cannon's idea of constancy within a narrow envelope may not fit body-weight regulation well. This modelling encourages further application of control theory to issues in energy homeostasis, including to the development of obesity. It also sets the stage for understanding the underlying neuroendocrine mechanisms. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Causes of obesity: theories, conjectures and evidence (Part I)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nori Geary
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Central control of cardiac activity as assessed by intra-cerebral recordings and stimulations. Neurophysiol Clin 2023; 53:102849. [PMID: 36867969 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2023.102849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Some of the most important integrative control centers for the autonomic nervous system are located in the brainstem and the hypothalamus. However, growing recent neuroimaging evidence support that a set of cortical regions, named the central autonomic network (CAN), is involved in autonomic control and seems to play a major role in continuous autonomic cardiac adjustments to high-level emotional, cognitive or sensorimotor cortical activities. Intracranial explorations during stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) offer a unique opportunity to address the question of the brain regions involved in heart-brain interaction, by studying: (i) direct cardiac effects produced by the electrical stimulation of specific brain areas; (ii) epileptic seizures inducing cardiac modifications; (iii) cortical regions involved in cardiac interoception and source of cardiac evoked potentials. In this review, we detail the available data assessing cardiac central autonomic regulation using SEEG, address the strengths and also the limitations of this technique in this context, and discuss perspectives. The main cortical regions that emerge from SEEG studies as being involved in cardiac autonomic control are the insula and regions belonging to the limbic system: the amygdala, the hippocampus, and the anterior and mid-cingulate. Although many questions remain, SEEG studies have already demonstrated afferent and efferent interactions between the CAN and the heart. Future studies in SEEG should integrate these afferent and efferent dimensions as well as their interaction with other cortical networks to better understand the functional heart-brain interaction.
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Mutovina A, Ayriyants K, Mezhlumyan E, Ryabushkina Y, Litvinova E, Bondar N, Khantakova J, Reshetnikov V. Unique Features of the Immune Response in BTBR Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:15577. [PMID: 36555219 PMCID: PMC9779573 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a considerable role in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including neurodegenerative and psychiatric ones. Elucidation of the specific features of an immune response in various model organisms, and studying the relation of these features with the behavioral phenotype, can improve the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of many psychopathologies. In this work, we focused on BTBR mice, which have a pronounced autism-like behavioral phenotype, elevated levels of oxidative-stress markers, an abnormal immune response, several structural aberrations in the brain, and other unique traits. Although some studies have already shown an abnormal immune response in BTBR mice, the existing literature data are still fragmentary. Here, we used inflammation induced by low-dose lipopolysaccharide, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, or their combinations, in mice of strains BTBR T+Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) and C57BL6/J. Peripheral inflammation was assessed by means of a complete blood count, lymphocyte immunophenotyping, and expression levels of cytokines in the spleen. Neuroinflammation was evaluated in the hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex by analysis of mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor, Tnf), (interleukin-1 beta, Il-1β), and (interleukin-6, Il-6) and of markers of microglia activation (allograft inflammatory factor 1, Aif1) and astroglia activation (glial fibrillary acidic protein, Gfap). We found that in both strains of mice, the most severe inflammatory response was caused by the administration of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, whereas the combined administration of the two toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists did not enhance this response. Nonetheless, BTBR mice showed a more pronounced response to low-dose lipopolysaccharide, an altered lymphocytosis ratio due to an increase in the number of CD4+ lymphocytes, and high expression of markers of activated microglia (Aif1) and astroglia (Gfap) in various brain regions as compared to C57BL6/J mice. Thus, in addition to research into mechanisms of autism-like behavior, BTBR mice can be used as a model of TLR3/TLR4-induced neuroinflammation and a unique model for finding and evaluating the effectiveness of various TLR antagonists aimed at reducing neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Mutovina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Prospekt Akad. Lavrentyeva 10, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Kseniya Ayriyants
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Prospekt Akad. Lavrentyeva 10, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Eva Mezhlumyan
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Prospekt Akad. Lavrentyeva 10, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yulia Ryabushkina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Prospekt Akad. Lavrentyeva 10, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Litvinova
- Physical Engineering Faculty, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Prospekt Karl Marx, 20, 630073 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalia Bondar
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Prospekt Akad. Lavrentyeva 10, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Julia Khantakova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Prospekt Akad. Lavrentyeva 10, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vasiliy Reshetnikov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Prospekt Akad. Lavrentyeva 10, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, 354340 Sochi, Russia
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Kirshina AS, Kazakova AA, Kolosova ES, Imasheva EA, Vasileva OO, Zaborova OV, Terenin IM, Muslimov AR, Reshetnikov VV. Effects of various mRNA-LNP vaccine doses on neuroinflammation in BALB/c mice. BULLETIN OF RUSSIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2022.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
It has been proven that mRNA vaccines are highly effective against the COVID-19 outbreak, and low prevalence of side effects has been shown. However, there are still many gaps in our understanding of the biology and biosafety of nucleic acids as components of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) most often used as a system for inctracellular delivery of mRNA-based vaccines. It is known that LNPs cause severe injection site inflammation, have broad biodistribution profiles, and are found in multiple tissues of the body, including the brain, after administration. The role of new medications with such pharmacokinetics in inflammation developing in inaccessible organs is poorly understood. The study was aimed to assess the effects of various doses of mRNA-LNP expressing the reporter protein (0, 5, 10, and 20 μg of mRNA encoding the firefly luciferase) on the expression of neuroinflammation markers (Tnfα, Il1β, Gfap, Aif1) in the prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus of laboratory animals 4, 8, and 30 h after the intramuscular injection of LNP nanoemulsion. It was shown that mRNA-LNP vaccines in a dose of 10–20 μg of mRNA could enhance Aif1 expression in the hypothalamus 8 h after vaccination, however, no such differences were observed after 30 h. It was found that the Gfap, l11β, Tnfα expression levels in the hypothalamus observed at different times in the experimental groups were different. According to the results, mRNA-LNPs administered by the parenteral route can stimulate temporary activation of microglia in certain time intervals in the dose-dependent and site specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- AS Kirshina
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius, Russia
| | - AA Kazakova
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius, Russia
| | - ES Kolosova
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius, Russia
| | - EA Imasheva
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius, Russia
| | - OO Vasileva
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius, Russia
| | - OV Zaborova
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius, Russia
| | - IM Terenin
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius, Russia
| | - AR Muslimov
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius, Russia
| | - VV Reshetnikov
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius, Russia
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Wang S, Qin L. Homeostatic medicine: a strategy for exploring health and disease. CURRENT MEDICINE 2022; 1:16. [PMID: 36189427 PMCID: PMC9510546 DOI: 10.1007/s44194-022-00016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Homeostasis is a process of dynamic balance regulated by organisms, through which they maintain an internal stability and adapt to the external environment for survival. In this paper, we propose the concept of utilizing homeostatic medicine (HM) as a strategy to explore health and disease. HM is a science that studies the maintenance of the body’s homeostasis. It is also a discipline that investigates the role of homeostasis in building health, studies the change of homeostasis in disease progression, and explores ways to restore homeostasis for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease at all levels of biological organization. A new dimension in the medical system with a promising future HM focuses on how homeostasis functions in the regulation of health and disease and provides strategic directions in disease prevention and control. Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in the control of homeostasis in multiple systems. Nitrate is an important substance that regulates NO homeostasis through the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway. Sialin interacts with nitrate and participates in the regulation of NO production and cell biological functions for body homeostasis. The interactions between nitrate and NO or sialin is an important mechanism by which homeostasis is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Wang
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050 China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Lizheng Qin
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050 China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050 China
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Hoermann R, Pekker MJ, Midgley JEM, Larisch R, Dietrich JW. Principles of Endocrine Regulation: Reconciling Tensions Between Robustness in Performance and Adaptation to Change. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:825107. [PMID: 35757421 PMCID: PMC9219553 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.825107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine regulation in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis is orchestrated by physiological circuits which integrate multiple internal and external influences. Essentially, it provides either of the two responses to overt biological challenges: to defend the homeostatic range of a target hormone or adapt it to changing environmental conditions. Under certain conditions, such flexibility may exceed the capability of a simple feedback control loop, rather requiring more intricate networks of communication between the system's components. A new minimal mathematical model, in the form of a parametrized nonlinear dynamical system, is here formulated as a proof-of-concept to elucidate the principles of the HPT axis regulation. In particular, it allows uncovering mechanisms for the homeostasis of the key biologically active hormone free triiodothyronine (FT3). One mechanism supports the preservation of FT3 homeostasis, whilst the other is responsible for the adaptation of the homeostatic state to a new level. Together these allow optimum resilience in stressful situations. Preservation of FT3 homeostasis, despite changes in FT4 and TSH levels, is found to be an achievable system goal by joining elements of top-down and bottom-up regulation in a cascade of targeted feedforward and feedback loops. Simultaneously, the model accounts for the combination of properties regarded as essential to endocrine regulation, namely sensitivity, the anticipation of an adverse event, robustness, and adaptation. The model therefore offers fundamental theoretical insights into the effective system control of the HPT axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Hoermann
- Department for Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Lüdenscheid, Lüdenscheid, Germany
| | - Mark J. Pekker
- Mathematical Sciences Department, University of Alabama, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | | | - Rolf Larisch
- Department for Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Lüdenscheid, Lüdenscheid, Germany
| | - Johannes W. Dietrich
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Section, Department of Medicine I, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Diabetes Centre Bochum/Hattingen, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Ruhr Center for Rare Diseases (CeSER), Ruhr University of Bochum and Witten/Herdecke University, Bochum, Germany
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Orive G, Lopera F, Carro E. Saliva is a Good Candidate to be the New Gold-Standard Sample for Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 87:1497-1501. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-220144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gorka Orive
- Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Vitoria, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Networked Center for Biomedical Research in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Grupo de Neurociencias, Universidad de Antioquia. Medellín, Colombia
| | - Eva Carro
- Neurobiology of Alzheimer’s Disease Unit, Chronic Disease Programme, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Spain
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12
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Quadt L, Critchley H, Nagai Y. Cognition, emotion, and the central autonomic network. Auton Neurosci 2022; 238:102948. [PMID: 35149372 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2022.102948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The demands of both mental and physical activity are integrated with the dynamic control of internal bodily states. The set of neural interactions that supports autonomic regulation extends beyond afferent-efferent homeostatic reflexes (interoceptive feedback, autonomic action) to encompass allostatic policies reflecting more abstract and predictive mental representations, often accessed as conscious thoughts and feelings. Historically and heuristically, reason is contrasted with passion, cognition with emotion, and 'cold' with 'hot' cognition. These categories are themselves arbitrary and blurred. Investigations of psychological processes have been generally pursued during states of musculoskeletal quiescence and are thus relatively insensitive to autonomic interaction with attentional, perceptual, mnemonic and decision-making processes. Autonomic psychophysiology has nevertheless highlighted the bidirectional coupling of distinct cognitive domains to the internal states of bodily arousal. More powerfully perhaps, in the context of emotion, autonomically mediated changes in inner bodily physiological states are viewed as intrinsic constituents of the expression of emotions, while their feedback representation is proposed to underpin emotional and motivational feelings. Here, we review the brain systems, encapsulated by the notion of central autonomic network, that provide the interface between cognitive, emotional and autonomic state. These systems span the neuraxis, overlap with the more general governance of behaviour, and represent district levels of proximity to survival-related imperatives. We touch upon the conceptual relevance of prediction and surprise to understanding the integration of cognition and emotion with autonomic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Quadt
- BSMS Department of Neuroscience, University of Brighton and University of Sussex, UK; Sussex Neuroscience, University of Sussex, UK
| | - Hugo Critchley
- BSMS Department of Neuroscience, University of Brighton and University of Sussex, UK; Sussex Neuroscience, University of Sussex, UK; Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, UK; Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, UK.
| | - Yoko Nagai
- BSMS Department of Neuroscience, University of Brighton and University of Sussex, UK; Sussex Neuroscience, University of Sussex, UK
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13
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Goldstein DS. Stress and the "extended" autonomic system. Auton Neurosci 2021; 236:102889. [PMID: 34656967 PMCID: PMC10699409 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review updates three key concepts of autonomic neuroscience-stress, the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and homeostasis. Hans Selye popularized stress as a scientific idea. He defined stress variously as a stereotyped response pattern, a state that evokes this pattern, or a stimulus that evokes the state. According to the "homeostat" theory stress is a condition where a comparator senses a discrepancy between sensed afferent input and a response algorithm, the integrated error signal eliciting specific patterns of altered effector outflows. Scientific advances since Langley's definition of the ANS have incited the proposal here of the "extended autonomic system," or EAS, for three reasons. (1) Several neuroendocrine systems are bound inextricably to Langley's ANS. The first to be described, by Cannon in the early 1900s, involves the hormone adrenaline, the main effector chemical of the sympathetic adrenergic system. Other neuroendocrine systems are the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system, the arginine vasopressin system, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. (2) An evolving body of research links the ANS complexly with inflammatory/immune systems, including vagal anti-inflammatory and catecholamine-related inflammasomal components. (3) A hierarchical network of brain centers (the central autonomic network, CAN) regulates ANS outflows. Embedded within the CAN is the central stress system conceptualized by Chrousos and Gold. According to the allostasis concept, homeostatic input-output curves can be altered in an anticipatory, feed-forward manner; and prolonged or inappropriate allostatic adjustments increase wear-and-tear (allostatic load), resulting in chronic, stress-related, multi-system disorders. This review concludes with sections on clinical and therapeutic implications of the updated concepts offered here.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Goldstein
- Autonomic Medicine Section, Clinical Neurosciences Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Autonomic Medicine Section, CNP/DIR/NINDS/NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike MSC-1620, Building 10 Room 8N260, Bethesda, MD 20892-1620, USA..
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14
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Fox S. Psychomotor Predictive Processing. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 23:806. [PMID: 34202804 PMCID: PMC8303599 DOI: 10.3390/e23070806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Psychomotor experience can be based on what people predict they will experience, rather than on sensory inputs. It has been argued that disconnects between human experience and sensory inputs can be addressed better through further development of predictive processing theory. In this paper, the scope of predictive processing theory is extended through three developments. First, by going beyond previous studies that have encompassed embodied cognition but have not addressed some fundamental aspects of psychomotor functioning. Second, by proposing a scientific basis for explaining predictive processing that spans objective neuroscience and subjective experience. Third, by providing an explanation of predictive processing that can be incorporated into the planning and operation of systems involving robots and other new technologies. This is necessary because such systems are becoming increasingly common and move us farther away from the hunter-gatherer lifestyles within which our psychomotor functioning evolved. For example, beliefs that workplace robots are threatening can generate anxiety, while wearing hardware, such as augmented reality headsets and exoskeletons, can impede the natural functioning of psychomotor systems. The primary contribution of the paper is the introduction of a new formulation of hierarchical predictive processing that is focused on psychomotor functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Fox
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
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15
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Can neural signals override cellular decisions in the presence of DNA damage? DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 103:103127. [PMID: 33990031 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cells within an organism are in constant crosstalk with their surrounding environment. Short and long-range signals influence cellular behavior associated with division, differentiation, and death. This crosstalk among cells underlies tissue renewal to guarantee faithful replacement of old or damaged cells over many years. Renewing tissues also offer recurrent opportunities for DNA damage and cellular transformation that tend to occur with aging. Most cells with extensive DNA damage have limited options such as halting cell cycle to repair DNA, undergo senescence, or programmed cell death. However, in some cases cells carrying toxic forms of DNA damage survive and proliferate. The underlying factors driving survival and proliferation of cells with DNA damage remain unknown. Here we discuss potential roles the nervous system may play in influencing the fate of cells with DNA damage. We present a brief survey highlighting the implications the nervous system has in regeneration, regulation of stem cells, modulation of the immune system, and its contribution to cancer progression. Finally, we propose the use of planarian flatworms as a convenient model organism to molecularly dissect the influence of neural signals over cellular fate regulation in the presence of DNA damage.
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Fox S. Multiscale Free Energy Analysis of Human Ecosystem Engineering. ENTROPY 2021; 23:e23040396. [PMID: 33810573 PMCID: PMC8066531 DOI: 10.3390/e23040396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Unlike ecosystem engineering by other living things, which brings a relatively limited range of sensations that are connected to a few enduring survival preferences, human ecosystem engineering brings an increasing variety and frequency of novel sensations. Many of these novel sensations can quickly become preferences as they indicate that human life will be less strenuous and more stimulating. Furthermore, they can soon become addictive. By contrast, unwanted surprise from these novel sensations may become apparent decades later. This recognition can come after the survival of millions of humans and other species has been undermined. In this paper, it is explained that, while multiscale free energy provides a useful hypothesis for framing human ecosystem engineering, disconnects between preferences and survival from human ecosystem engineering limit the application of current assumptions that underlie continuous state-space and discrete state-space modelling of active inference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Fox
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
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17
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Colditz IG. Adrenergic Tone as an Intermediary in the Temperament Syndrome Associated With Flight Speed in Beef Cattle. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2021.652306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The temperament of farm animals can influence their resilience to everyday variations within the managed production environment and has been under strong direct and indirect selection during the course of domestication. A prominent objective measure used for assessing temperament in beef cattle is the behavioral flight response to release from confinement in a crush or chute. This behavioral measure, termed flight speed (also known as escape velocity) is associated with physiological processes including body temperature, feeding behavior, growth rate, carcass composition, immune function, and health outcomes. This review examines the functional links between this suite of traits and adrenergic activity of the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenomedullary hormonal system. It is suggested that flight speed is the behavioral aspect of an underlying “flightiness” temperament syndrome, and that elevated adrenergic tone in animals with a high level of flightiness (i.e., flighty animals) tunes physiological activities toward a sustained “fight or flight” defense profile that reduces productivity and the capacity to flourish within the production environment. Nonetheless, despite a common influence of adrenergic tone on this suite of traits, variation in each trait is also influenced by other regulatory pathways and by the capacity of tissues to respond to a range of modulators in addition to adrenergic stimuli. It is suggested that tuning by adrenergic tone is an example of homeorhetic regulation that can help account for the persistent expression of behavioral and somatic traits associated with the flight speed temperament syndrome across the life of the animal. At a population level, temperament may modulate ecological fit within and across generations in the face of environmental variability and change. Associations of flight speed with the psychological affective state of the animal, and implications for welfare are also considered. The review will help advance understanding of the developmental biology and physiological regulation of temperament syndromes.
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18
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Analysis and Synthesis of Control Systems for Spacecraft Solar Arrays. MACHINES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/machines8040064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The paper is devoted to the problem of creating highly reliable power supply systems for spacecrafts intended for long-term autonomous flights. Within its framework, the problem of synthesizing a control system for solar arrays is being solved. To solve this problem, a mathematical model of a solar panel was compiled, and a study of its static and dynamic characteristics was carried out. It was found that when the solar panel is controlled using a shunt switch with pulse-width modulation, resonance phenomena appear in the system, leading to an unacceptable change in the polarity of voltages on the photocells. The operating conditions of the solar panels, which exclude the occurrence of the indicated alternating voltages, are found, and appropriate recommendations are given for the choice of the quantization frequency in the system. On the basis of the recommendations received, the transition to a quasi-continuous representation of the control system was carried out, and a graphic-analytical synthesis of the controller providing the required quality indicators of the system was carried out. To ensure the survivability of the power supply system, a method is proposed for the hierarchical organization of the interaction of solar panels, which reproduces the homeostatic properties of biological structures in the system. This property is provided by automatic transfer of control to subsequent levels of the hierarchy as the energy resources of the previous levels are exhausted. In addition, selective control is applied only to that part of the total generated power, which is sufficient to counter the current disturbing influences on the system. This approach to control prevents cascading failures in the system. The paper presents simulation models on which all theoretical positions and methods proposed in the work are tested.
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19
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Prahlad V. The discovery and consequences of the central role of the nervous system in the control of protein homeostasis. J Neurogenet 2020; 34:489-499. [PMID: 32527175 PMCID: PMC7736053 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2020.1771333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Organisms function despite wide fluctuations in their environment through the maintenance of homeostasis. At the cellular level, the maintenance of proteins as functional entities at target expression levels is called protein homeostasis (or proteostasis). Cells implement proteostasis through universal and conserved quality control mechanisms that surveil and monitor protein conformation. Recent studies that exploit the powerful ability to genetically manipulate specific neurons in C. elegans have shown that cells within this metazoan lose their autonomy over this fundamental survival mechanism. These studies have uncovered novel roles for the nervous system in controlling how and when cells activate their protein quality control mechanisms. Here we discuss the conceptual underpinnings, experimental evidence and the possible consequences of such a control mechanism. PRELUDE: Whether the detailed examination of parts of the nervous system and their selective perturbation is sufficient to reconstruct how the brain generates behavior, mental disease, music and religion remains an open question. Yet, Sydney Brenner's development of C. elegans as an experimental organism and his faith in the bold reductionist approach that 'the understanding of wild-type behavior comes best after the discovery and analysis of mutations that alter it', has led to discoveries of unexpected roles for neurons in the biology of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena Prahlad
- Department of Biology, Aging Mind and Brain Initiative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Monroe DC, Blumenfeld RS, Keator DB, Solodkin A, Small SL. One season of head-to-ball impact exposure alters functional connectivity in a central autonomic network. Neuroimage 2020; 223:117306. [PMID: 32861790 PMCID: PMC7822072 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive head impacts represent a risk factor for neurological impairment in team-sport athletes. In the absence of symptoms, a physiological basis for acute injury has not been elucidated. A basic brain function that is disrupted after mild traumatic brain injury is the regulation of homeostasis, instantiated by activity across a specific set of brain regions that comprise a central autonomic network. We sought to relate head-to-ball impact exposure to changes in functional connectivity in a core set of central autonomic regions and then to determine the relation between changes in brain and changes in behavior, specifically cognitive control. Thirteen collegiate men's soccer players and eleven control athletes (golf, cross-country) underwent resting-state fMRI and behavioral testing before and after the season, and a core group of cortical, subcortical, and brainstem regions was selected to represent the central autonomic network. Head-to-ball impacts were recorded for each soccer player. Cognitive control was assessed using a Dot Probe Expectancy task. We observed that head-to-ball impact exposure was associated with diffuse increases in functional connectivity across a core CAN subnetwork. Increased functional connectivity between the left insula and left medial orbitofrontal cortex was associated with diminished proactive cognitive control after the season in those sustaining the greatest number of head-to-ball impacts. These findings encourage measures of autonomic physiology to monitor brain health in contact and collision sport athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek C Monroe
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Room 150 Med Surge I, Irvine, CA 92697-4275, United States.
| | - Robert S Blumenfeld
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Room 150 Med Surge I, Irvine, CA 92697-4275, United States; Department of Psychology, California State Polytechnic University, 3801 West Temple Avenue, Pomona, CA 91768, United States
| | - David B Keator
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, 163 Irvine Hall, Irvine, CA 92697- 3960, United States
| | - Ana Solodkin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California-Irvine, B240 Medical Science, Irvine, CA 92697-4275, United States; School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Rd, GR 41, Richardson, TX 75080, United States
| | - Steven L Small
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Room 150 Med Surge I, Irvine, CA 92697-4275, United States; School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Rd, GR 41, Richardson, TX 75080, United States
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González-Sánchez M, Bartolome F, Antequera D, Puertas-Martín V, González P, Gómez-Grande A, Llamas-Velasco S, Herrero-San Martín A, Pérez-Martínez D, Villarejo-Galende A, Atienza M, Palomar-Bonet M, Cantero JL, Perry G, Orive G, Ibañez B, Bueno H, Fuster V, Carro E. Decreased salivary lactoferrin levels are specific to Alzheimer's disease. EBioMedicine 2020; 57:102834. [PMID: 32586758 PMCID: PMC7378957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidences of infectious pathogens in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains may suggest a deteriorated innate immune system in AD pathophysiology. We previously demonstrated reduced salivary lactoferrin (Lf) levels, one of the major antimicrobial proteins, in AD patients. METHODS To assess the clinical utility of salivary Lf for AD diagnosis, we examine the relationship between salivary Lf and cerebral amyloid-β (Aβ) load using amyloid-Positron-Emission Tomography (PET) neuroimaging, in two different cross-sectional cohorts including patients with different neurodegenerative disorders. FINDINGS The diagnostic performance of salivary Lf in the cohort 1 had an area under the curve [AUC] of 0•95 (0•911-0•992) for the differentiation of the prodromal AD/AD group positive for amyloid-PET (PET+) versus healthy group, and 0•97 (0•924-1) versus the frontotemporal dementia (FTD) group. In the cohort 2, salivary Lf had also an excellent diagnostic performance in the health control group versus prodromal AD comparison: AUC 0•93 (0•876-0•989). Salivary Lf detected prodromal AD and AD dementia distinguishing them from FTD with over 87% sensitivity and 91% specificity. INTERPRETATION Salivary Lf seems to have a very good diagnostic performance to detect AD. Our findings support the possible utility of salivary Lf as a new non-invasive and cost-effective AD biomarker. FUNDING Instituto de Salud Carlos III (FIS15/00780, FIS18/00118), FEDER, Comunidad de Madrid (S2017/BMD-3700; NEUROMETAB-CM), and CIBERNED (PI2016/01) to E.C.; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (SAF2017-85310-R) to J.L.C., and (PSI2017-85311-P) to M.A.; International Centre on ageing CENIE-POCTEP (0348_CIE_6_E) to M.A.; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PIE16/00021, PI17/01799), to H.B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta González-Sánchez
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Spain; Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; Neurology Service Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Bartolome
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Spain; Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Desiree Antequera
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Spain; Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Veronica Puertas-Martín
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar González
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Adolfo Gómez-Grande
- Nuclear Medicine Service, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Llamas-Velasco
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Spain; Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; Neurology Service Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Herrero-San Martín
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Spain; Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; Neurology Service Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Pérez-Martínez
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Spain; Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; Neurology Service Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Villarejo-Galende
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Spain; Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; Neurology Service Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Atienza
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain, CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spain
| | - Miriam Palomar-Bonet
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain, CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Cantero
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain, CIBERNED, Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spain
| | - George Perry
- Department of Biology and Neurosciences Institute, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Gorka Orive
- Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain; Networked Center for Biomedical Research in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Borja Ibañez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain, CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain; IIS-Fundacion Jiménez Díaz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hector Bueno
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain, CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Valentin Fuster
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - Eva Carro
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Spain; Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain.
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Bermejo-Pareja F, Del Ser T, Valentí M, de la Fuente M, Bartolome F, Carro E. Salivary lactoferrin as biomarker for Alzheimer's disease: Brain-immunity interactions. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 16:1196-1204. [PMID: 32543760 PMCID: PMC7984071 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective We aim to explain why salivary lactoferrin (Lf) levels are reduced in patients suffering mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD).1 We also will discuss if such Lf decrease could be due to a downregulation of the sAD associated systemic immunity. Background Several non‐neurological alterations have been described in sAD, mainly in skin, blood cell, and immunological capacities. We reviewed briefly the main pathophysiological theories of sAD (amyloid cascade, tau, unfolder protein tau, and amyloid deposits) emphasizing the most brain based hypotheses such as the updated tau‐related neuron skeletal hypothesis; we also comment on the systemic theories that emphasize the fetal origin of the complex disorders that include the low inflammatory and immunity theories of sAD. New/updated hypothesis Lf has important anti‐infectious and immunomodulatory roles in health and disease. We present the hypothesis that the reduced levels of saliva Lf could be an effect of immunological disturbances associated to sAD. Under this scenario, two alternative pathways are possible: first, whether sAD could be a systemic disorder (or disorders) related to early immunological and low inflammatory alterations; second, if systemic immunity alterations of sAD manifestations could be downstream of early sAD brain affectations. Major challenges for the hypothesis The major challenge of the Lf as early sAD biomarker would be its validation in other clinical and population‐based studies. It is possible the decreased salivary Lf in early sAD could be related to immunological modulation actions, but other different unknown mechanisms could be the origin of such reduction. Linkage to other major theories This hypothesis is in agreement with two physiopathological explanations of the sAD as a downstream process determined by the early lesions of the hypothalamus and autonomic vegetative system (neurodegeneration), or as a consequence of low neuroinflammation and dysimmunity since the early life aggravated in the elderly (immunosenescence).
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Bermejo-Pareja
- Department of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Neurodegenerative Disorders Group, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Teodoro Del Ser
- Alzheimer's Disease Investigation Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Carlos III Institute of Health, Queen Sofia Foundation, Alzheimer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Meritxell Valentí
- Alzheimer's Disease Investigation Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Carlos III Institute of Health, Queen Sofia Foundation, Alzheimer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica de la Fuente
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology (Unit of Animal Physiology), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Aging, Neuroimmunology and Nutrition Group, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Bartolome
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Group, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.,Networking Biomedical Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Carro
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Group, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.,Networking Biomedical Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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Cernackova A, Durackova Z, Trebaticka J, Mravec B. Neuroinflammation and depressive disorder: The role of the hypothalamus. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 75:5-10. [PMID: 32217047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Data accumulated over the last two decades has demonstrated that hypothalamic inflammation plays an important role in the etiopathogenesis of the most prevalent diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and even cancer. Recent findings indicate that hypothalamic inflammation is also associated with stress exposure and certain psychiatric diseases, such as depressive disorder. Mechanistic studies have shown that intense and/or chronic stress exposure is accompanied by the synthesis of inflammatory molecules in the hypothalamus, altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, and development of glucocorticoid resistance. Consequently, these factors might play a role in the etiopathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. We propose that hypothalamic inflammation represents an interconnection between somatic diseases and depressive disorder. These assumptions are discussed in this mini-review in the light of available data from studies focusing on hypothalamic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Cernackova
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Zdenka Durackova
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Trebaticka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and Child University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Boris Mravec
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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24
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He Z. The control mechanisms of heart rate dynamics in a new heart rate nonlinear time series model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4814. [PMID: 32179768 PMCID: PMC7075874 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61562-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The control mechanisms and implications of heart rate variability (HRV) under the sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) modulation remain poorly understood. Here, we establish the HR model/HRV responder using a nonlinear process derived from Newton's second law in stochastic self-restoring systems through dynamic analysis of physiological properties. We conduct model validation by testing, predictions, simulations, and sensitivity and time-scale analysis. We confirm that the outputs of the HRV responder can be accepted as the real data-generating process. Empirical studies show that the dynamic control mechanism of heart rate is a stable fixed point, rather than a strange attractor or transitions between a fixed point and a limit cycle; HR slope (amplitude) may depend on the ratio of cardiac disturbance or metabolic demand mean (standard deviation) to myocardial electrical resistance (PNS-SNS activity). For example, when metabolic demands remain unchanged, HR amplitude depends on PNS to SNS activity; when autonomic activity remains unchanged, HR amplitude during resting reflects basal metabolism. HR parameter alterations suggest that age-related decreased HRV, ultrareduced HRV in heart failure, and ultraelevated HRV in ST segment alterations refer to age-related decreased basal metabolism, impaired myocardial metabolism, and SNS hyperactivity triggered by myocardial ischemia, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonglu He
- Faculty of Management and Economics, Kaetsu University, 2-8-4 Minami-cho, Hanakoganei, Kodaira-shi, Tokyo, 187-8578, Japan.
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25
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Maturo MG, Soligo M, Gibson G, Manni L, Nardini C. The greater inflammatory pathway-high clinical potential by innovative predictive, preventive, and personalized medical approach. EPMA J 2020; 11:1-16. [PMID: 32140182 PMCID: PMC7028895 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-019-00195-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND LIMITATIONS Impaired wound healing (WH) and chronic inflammation are hallmarks of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). However, despite WH being a recognized player in NCDs, mainstream therapies focus on (un)targeted damping of the inflammatory response, leaving WH largely unaddressed, owing to three main factors. The first is the complexity of the pathway that links inflammation and wound healing; the second is the dual nature, local and systemic, of WH; and the third is the limited acknowledgement of genetic and contingent causes that disrupt physiologic progression of WH. PROPOSED APPROACH Here, in the frame of Predictive, Preventive, and Personalized Medicine (PPPM), we integrate and revisit current literature to offer a novel systemic view on the cues that can impact on the fate (acute or chronic inflammation) of WH, beyond the compartmentalization of medical disciplines and with the support of advanced computational biology. CONCLUSIONS This shall open to a broader understanding of the causes for WH going awry, offering new operational criteria for patients' stratification (prediction and personalization). While this may also offer improved options for targeted prevention, we will envisage new therapeutic strategies to reboot and/or boost WH, to enable its progression across its physiological phases, the first of which is a transient acute inflammatory response versus the chronic low-grade inflammation characteristic of NCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Maturo
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Marzia Soligo
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Greg Gibson
- Center for Integrative Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Luigi Manni
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Christine Nardini
- IAC Institute for Applied Computing, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Rome, Italy
- Bio Unit, Scientific and Medical Direction, SOL Group, Monza, Italy
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26
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A consideration of physiological regulation from the perspective of Bayesian enactivism. Physiol Behav 2020; 214:112758. [PMID: 31785272 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
How the animal regulates its internal environment is a central question in physiology. In recent years, the account of biological functions known as Bayesian enactivism has been extended from neuroscience to address processes of physiological regulation. Enactivism understands sensory action cycles of perception and behaviour to entail expectations of the causes of sensations received from the environment. Enactivism is Bayesian in that the organism strives to update expectations to better match the sensations it experiences through actions. The review starts with a brief examination of the historical development of the concepts of homeostasis, homeorhesis and allostasis. To better align the historical concepts of physiological regulation with Bayesian enactivism it is suggested that homeorhesis and allostasis function as opposing effectors modulating, respectively, robustness and plasticity of phenotype to render homeostatic balance of the animal with its changing environment. In this formulation, the expectations of the environment embedded within the form and functions of the animal that develop under homeorhetic control during morphogenesis and morphostasis are updated by allostasis to better match the animal's phenotype with its contemporary environment. Just as morphogens shape development and persistence of anatomical form during morphogenesis and morphostasis, anticipatory behaviours can be understood to structure the animal's pattern of environmental engagement in a manner that shapes the development and persistence of homeostasis. Further empirical and theoretical analyses should help clarify whether homeorhesis and allostasis are aspects of a common underlying process or are opposing effectors mediating a Bayesian dialogue between expectation and experience.
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27
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Sinha A, Lutter R, Xu B, Dekker T, Dierdorp B, Sterk PJ, Frey U, Eckert ED. Loss of adaptive capacity in asthmatic patients revealed by biomarker fluctuation dynamics after rhinovirus challenge. eLife 2019; 8:47969. [PMID: 31687927 PMCID: PMC6877087 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a dynamic disease, in which lung mechanical and inflammatory processes interact in a complex manner, often resulting in exaggerated physiological, in particular, inflammatory responses to exogenous triggers. We hypothesize that this may be explained by respiratory disease-related systems instability and loss of adaptability to changing environmental conditions, manifested in highly fluctuating biomarkers and symptoms. Using time series of inflammatory (eosinophils, neutrophils, FeNO), clinical and lung function biomarkers (PEF, FVC,FEV1), we estimated this loss of adaptive capacity (AC) during an experimental rhinovirus infection in 24 healthy and asthmatic human volunteers. Loss of AC was estimated by comparing similarities between pre- and post-challenge time series. Unlike healthy participants, the asthmatic’s post-viral-challenge state resembled more other rhinovirus-infected asthmatics than their own pre-viral-challenge state (hypergeometric-test: p=0.029). This reveals loss of AC and supports the concept that in asthma, biological processes underlying inflammatory and physiological responses are unstable, contributing to loss of control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Sinha
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and University Children's Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - René Lutter
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Binbin Xu
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Tamara Dekker
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Barbara Dierdorp
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter J Sterk
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Urs Frey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and University Children's Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edgar Delgado Eckert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and University Children's Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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28
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Control-theory models of body-weight regulation and body-weight-regulatory appetite. Appetite 2019; 144:104440. [PMID: 31494154 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human body weight (BW), or some variable related to it, is physiologically regulated. That is, negative feedback from changes in BW elicits compensatory influences on appetite, which may be called BW-regulatory appetite, and a component of energy expenditure (EE) called adaptive thermogenesis (AdEE). BW-regulatory appetite is of general significance because it appears to be related to a variety of aspects of human appetite beyond just energy intake. BW regulation, BW-regulatory appetite and AdEE are frequently discussed using concepts derived from control theory, which is the mathematical description of dynamic systems involving negative feedback. The aim of this review is to critically assess these discussions. Two general types of negative-feedback control have been invoked to describe BW regulation, set-point control and simple negative-feedback control, often called settling-point control in the BW literature. The distinguishing feature of set-point systems is the existence of an externally controlled target level of regulation, the set point. The performance of almost any negative-feedback regulatory system, however, can be modeled on the basis of feedback gain without including a set point. In both set-point and simple negative-feedback models of BW regulation, the precision of regulation is usually determined mainly by feedback gain, which refers to the transformations of feedback into compensatory changes in BW-regulatory appetite and AdEE. Stable BW most probably represents equilibria shaped by feedback gain and tonic open-loop challenges, especially obesogenic environments. Data indicate that simple negative-feedback control accurately models human BW regulation and that the set-point concept is superfluous unless its neuroendocrine representation is found in the brain. Additional research aimed at testing control-theory models in humans and non-human animals is warranted.
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29
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O'Connor MI, Pennell MW, Altermatt F, Matthews B, Melián CJ, Gonzalez A. Principles of Ecology Revisited: Integrating Information and Ecological Theories for a More Unified Science. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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30
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Snow SJ, Henriquez AR, Costa DL, Kodavanti UP. Neuroendocrine Regulation of Air Pollution Health Effects: Emerging Insights. Toxicol Sci 2019; 164:9-20. [PMID: 29846720 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollutant exposures are linked to cardiopulmonary diseases, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, neurobehavioral conditions, and reproductive abnormalities. Significant effort is invested in understanding how pollutants encountered by the lung might induce effects in distant organs. The role of circulating mediators has been predicted; however, their origin and identity have not been confirmed. New evidence has emerged which implicates the role of neuroendocrine sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress axes in mediating a wide array of systemic and pulmonary effects. Our recent studies using ozone exposure as a prototypical air pollutant demonstrate that increases in circulating adrenal-derived stress hormones (epinephrine and cortisol/corticosterone) contribute to lung injury/inflammation and metabolic effects in the liver, pancreas, adipose, and muscle tissues. When stress hormones are depleted by adrenalectomy in rats, most ozone effects including lung injury/inflammation are diminished. Animals treated with antagonists for adrenergic and glucocorticoid receptors show inhibition of the pulmonary and systemic effects of ozone, whereas treatment with agonists restore and exacerbate the ozone-induced injury/inflammation phenotype, implying the role of neuroendocrine activation. The neuroendocrine system is critical for normal homeostasis and allostatic activation; however, chronic exposure to stressors may lead to increases in allostatic load. The emerging mechanisms by which circulating mediators are released and are responsible for producing multiorgan effects of air pollutants insists upon a paradigm shift in the field of air pollution and health. Moreover, since these neuroendocrine responses are linked to both chemical and nonchemical stressors, the interactive influence of air pollutants, lifestyle, and environmental factors requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Snow
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711
| | - Andres R Henriquez
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711
| | - Daniel L Costa
- Emeritus, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711
| | - Urmila P Kodavanti
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711
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31
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Goldstein DS. How does homeostasis happen? Integrative physiological, systems biological, and evolutionary perspectives. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 316:R301-R317. [PMID: 30649893 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00396.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Homeostasis is a founding principle of integrative physiology. In current systems biology, however, homeostasis seems almost invisible. Is homeostasis a key goal driving body processes, or is it an emergent mechanistic fact? In this perspective piece, I propose that the integrative physiological and systems biological viewpoints about homeostasis reflect different epistemologies, different philosophies of knowledge. Integrative physiology is concept driven. It attempts to explain biological phenomena by continuous formation of theories that experimentation or observation can test. In integrative physiology, "function" refers to goals or purposes. Systems biology is data driven. It explains biological phenomena in terms of "omics"-i.e., genomics, gene expression, epigenomics, proteomics, and metabolomics-it depicts the data in computer models of complex cascades or networks, and it makes predictions from the models. In systems biology, "function" refers more to mechanisms than to goals. The integrative physiologist emphasizes homeostasis of internal variables such as Pco2 and blood pressure. The systems biologist views these emphases as teleological and unparsimonious in that the "regulated variable" (e.g., arterial Pco2 and blood pressure) and the "regulator" (e.g., the "carbistat" and "barostat") are unobservable constructs. The integrative physiologist views systems biological explanations as not really explanations but descriptions that cannot account for phenomena we humans believe exist, although they cannot be observed directly, such as feelings and, ultimately, the conscious mind. This essay reviews the history of the two epistemologies, emphasizing autonomic neuroscience. I predict rapprochement of integrative physiology with systems biology. The resolution will avoid teleological purposiveness, transcend pure mechanism, and incorporate adaptiveness in evolution, i.e., "Darwinian medicine."
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Goldstein
- Clinical Neurocardiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
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32
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Hypothalamic Inflammation at a Crossroad of Somatic Diseases. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 39:11-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0631-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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33
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Barnes F, Greenebaum B. Role of radical pairs and feedback in weak radio frequency field effects on biological systems. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 163:165-170. [PMID: 29438901 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF) have been shown to modify the concentrations of the radical O2-, H2O2 and cancer cell growth rates at exposure levels below those that cause significant heating. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are both signaling molecules and species that can do damage, depending on timing, location and concentrations. We briefly look at some mechanisms by which electromagnetic fields can modify the concentrations of ROS and some of the feedback and repair processes that lead to variable biological effects. Of particular interest are the role of radical pairs and their spins, which have received considerable attention recently, and the role of feedback in biological systems, to which less attention has been paid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Barnes
- ECEE Department, University of Colorado, Campus Box 425, Boulder, CO 80309, United States.
| | - Ben Greenebaum
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha, WI, United States
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