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Xu J, Choi R, Gupta K, Warren HR, Santhanam L, Pluznick JL. An evolutionarily conserved olfactory receptor is required for sex differences in blood pressure. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk1487. [PMID: 38507492 PMCID: PMC10954203 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk1487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Sex differences in blood pressure are well-established, with premenopausal women having lower blood pressure than men by ~10 millimeters of mercury; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. We report here that sex differences in blood pressure are absent in olfactory receptor 558 knockout (KO) mice. Olfr558 localizes to renin-positive cells in the kidney and to vascular smooth muscle cells. Female KOs exhibit increased blood pressure and increased pulse wave velocity. In contrast, male KO mice have decreased renin expression and activity, altered vascular reactivity, and decreased diastolic pressure. A rare OR51E1 (human ortholog) missense variant has a statistically significant sex interaction effect with diastolic blood pressure, increasing diastolic blood pressure in women but decreasing it in men. In summary, our findings demonstrate an evolutionarily conserved role for OLFR558/OR51E1 to mediate sex differences in blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Xu
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rira Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kunal Gupta
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Helen R. Warren
- Centre of Clinical Pharmacology & Precision Medicine, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Lakshmi Santhanam
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Pluznick
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Masenga SK, Hamooya BM, Patel KP, Kirabo A. Erythrocyte glycocalyx sensitivity to sodium is associated with salt sensitivity of blood pressure in women but not men. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1334853. [PMID: 38524849 PMCID: PMC10957757 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1334853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background While salt sensitivity of blood pressure (SSBP) is a risk factor for hypertension, end-organ damage and death, most studies are conducted in western countries and in White people. We previously found that the prevalence of SSBP in Blacks living in Sub-Saharan Africa is as high as 75-80% like what has been reported in the west. Erythrocyte glycocalyx sensitivity to sodium (eGCSS), a marker of sodium-induced damage to the erythrocyte and vascular endothelial glycocalyx is thought to be related to blood pressure perturbations associated with salt intake. We hypothesized that SSBP correlates with eGCSS differently in men and women in Black people. Methods We conducted a cross sectional study using data from our recent clinical trial from Livingstone University Teaching Hospital among 117 normotensive young adults. We used a "salt blood test" to determine eGCSS and an immediate pressor response to oral salt (IPROS) for the diagnosis of SSBP. Results The proportion of males were equal to females and the median age (interquartile range) of the participants was 29 (22-45) years. The eGCSS scores were higher in salt-resistant females compared to salt-sensitive females and males. eGCSS correlated negatively with SSBP (AOR 0.98, 95% CI 0.97-0.99, p = 0.008), however, this relationship was driven by female sex and abrogated by male sex. Although blood pressure elevations exhibited a sustained bimodal pattern in both sexes, in males, systolic and diastolic blood pressure never returned to baseline during the time course as it did in females. Conclusion In this study, eGCSS correlated negatively with SSBP in black women but not in black men and the pressor response to dietary salt was significantly higher in men compared to women. These results suggest that women tend to have a higher disruption of the vascular endothelial glycocalyx by an acute salt load, implying that acute changes in blood pressure may not be driven directly by the endothelial glycocalyx. Our findings suggest a novel mechanism linking eGCSS and SSBP with potential implications for sex differences in salt-induced cardiovascular disease.Clinical trial registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier [NCT04844255].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepiso K. Masenga
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone, Zambia
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Benson M. Hamooya
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Livingstone, Zambia
| | - Kaushik P. Patel
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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Jeong S, Hunter SD, Cook MD, Grosicki GJ, Robinson AT. Salty Subjects: Unpacking Racial Differences in Salt-Sensitive Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2024; 26:43-58. [PMID: 37878224 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-023-01275-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review underlying mechanisms and environmental factors that may influence racial disparities in the development of salt-sensitive blood pressure. RECENT FINDINGS Our group and others have observed racial differences in diet and hydration, which may influence salt sensitivity. Dietary salt elicits negative alterations to the gut microbiota and immune system, which may increase hypertension risk, but little is known regarding potential racial differences in these physiological responses. Antioxidant supplementation and exercise offset vascular dysfunction following dietary salt, including in Black adults. Furthermore, recent work proposes the role of racial differences in exposure to social determinants of health, and differences in health behaviors that may influence risk of salt sensitivity. Physiological and environmental factors contribute to the mechanisms that manifest in racial differences in salt-sensitive blood pressure. Using this information, additional work is needed to develop strategies that can attenuate racial disparities in salt-sensitive blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soolim Jeong
- Neurovascular Physiology Laboratory (NVPL), School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Stacy D Hunter
- Department of Health & Human Performance, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Marc D Cook
- Department of Kinesiology, North Carolina Agriculture and Technology State University, Greensboro, NC, 27411, USA
| | - Gregory J Grosicki
- Biodynamics and Human Performance Center, Georgia Southern University (Armstrong Campus), Savannah, GA, 31419, USA
| | - Austin T Robinson
- Neurovascular Physiology Laboratory (NVPL), School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
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Watso JC, Fancher IS, Gomez DH, Hutchison ZJ, Gutiérrez OM, Robinson AT. The damaging duo: Obesity and excess dietary salt contribute to hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13589. [PMID: 37336641 PMCID: PMC10406397 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among adults worldwide. In this review, we focus on two of the most critical public health challenges that contribute to hypertension-obesity and excess dietary sodium from salt (i.e., sodium chloride). While the independent effects of these factors have been studied extensively, the interplay of obesity and excess salt overconsumption is not well understood. Here, we discuss both the independent and combined effects of excess obesity and dietary salt given their contributions to vascular dysfunction, autonomic cardiovascular dysregulation, kidney dysfunction, and insulin resistance. We discuss the role of ultra-processed foods-accounting for nearly 60% of energy intake in America-as a major contributor to both obesity and salt overconsumption. We highlight the influence of obesity on elevated blood pressure in the presence of a high-salt diet (i.e., salt sensitivity). Throughout the review, we highlight critical gaps in knowledge that should be filled to inform us of the prevention, management, treatment, and mitigation strategies for addressing these public health challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C. Watso
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Ibra S. Fancher
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Dulce H. Gomez
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Orlando M. Gutiérrez
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Huang R, Song L, Zhao J, Lei Y, Li T. Differential influences of serum vitamin C on blood pressure based on age and sex in normotensive individuals. Front Nutr 2022; 9:986808. [DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.986808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AimHypertension is among the most prevalent chronic diseases with diverse etiology, affecting over 1 billion people globally. In numerous studies, vitamin C inversely correlated with blood pressure and was suspected to have antihypertensive properties. Currently, there is conflicting evidence regarding the relationship between vitamin C and blood pressure, with most studies being conducted on hypertensive subjects. The principal objective of this project was to investigate the relationship between vitamin C and blood pressure in normotensive adult subjects.MethodsA total of 2,533 individuals aged 20 years and above were enrolled in the present study from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2018. Outcome variables were systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Serum vitamin C was regarded as an independent variable. EmpowerStats software and R (version 3.4.3) were used to examine the association between vitamin C and SBP or DBP.ResultsVitamin C was reversely correlated with both SBP (β = −0.02, 95% CI: −0.03 to −0.00, p = 0.0306) and DBP (β = −0.02, 95% CI: −0.04 to −0.01, p = <0.0011) after adjusting all covariates. This reverse relationship may be affected by a number of factors, including a person’s gender, age, race, and ethnicity. A U-shaped association between vitamin C and SBP in females and an inverted one between vitamin C and DBP in males were detected, respectively. We further calculated the inflection points at 90.3 μmol/L for females and 40 μmol/L for males. It is somewhat surprising that a reverse U-shaped distribution between vitamin C and SBP and DBP in people over 50 was detected, and the point of inflection of vitamin C were all located at 40 μmol/L.ConclusionVitamin C was negatively correlated with both SBP and DBP in this cross-sectional analysis. However, a U-shaped relationship and an inverted one were also observed in certain people, which implied that, though vitamin C is considered a vital antioxidant, maintaining vitamin C at appropriate levels may be beneficial according to different populations.
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Liu S, Lan Y, He G, Chen B, Jia Y. The associations between problematic smartphone use and blood pressure among 2,573 aged 9-17 years students in Shanghai, China. Front Public Health 2022; 10:904509. [PMID: 36159281 PMCID: PMC9490019 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.904509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to (1) examine the cross-sectional association between problematic smartphone use (PSU) and blood pressure (BP) in children and adolescents and (2) determine whether the association between PSU and BP differs by the grade of students. Methods We recruited a total of 2,573 participants from 14 schools in Shanghai by a two-stage sampling method. We derived BP data from the participant's most recent medical examination data, including systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). We measured PSU by a modified PSU Classification Scale. We also assessed demographic characteristics, body mass index, behavioral variables, and physiological characteristics. Results High school students had higher BP and PSU scores than primary and middle school students. PSU on the dimension of information collection was associated positively with both SBP and DBP among primary and middle school students, with the β (95% CI) values of 0.282 (0.018, 0.546) and 0.229 (0.031, 0.427). Meanwhile, the dimension of the relationship of social network was associated positively with SBP among primary and middle school students, with a β (95% CI) value of 0.390 (0.062, 0.717). PSU on the dimension of information collection was positively associated with the development of high BP, with a OR (95% CI) value of 1.072 (1.011, 1.137) among primary and middle school students. Conclusions PSU might be a potential correlate of high BP among school-age children and adolescents. The associations between PSU and BP differed by the grade of students as well as according to the four dimensions of PSU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yukun Lan
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gengsheng He
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingnan Jia
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Yingnan Jia
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Pollock DM. Uncovering the Complexities of Salt Sensitivity. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2022; 3:zqac025. [PMID: 36156897 PMCID: PMC9492155 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqac025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Regensteiner JG, Reusch JEB. Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Consequences of Hypertension, Obesity, and Diabetes: JACC Focus Seminar 4/7. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022; 79:1492-1505. [PMID: 35422246 PMCID: PMC9503760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It has long been recognized that there are significant differences between the sexes affecting prevalence, incidence, and severity over a broad range of diseases. Until the early 1990s, the limited research conducted on women's health focused primarily on diseases affecting fertility and reproduction, and women were excluded from most clinical trials. For these reasons, the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of serious chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease in women continue to be based primarily on findings in men, and sex-specific clinical guidelines are mostly lacking. Hypertension, obesity, and diabetes, interrelated risk factors for cardiovascular disease, differ by sex in terms of prevalence and adverse effects as well as by genetics and biology. Research is needed to understand sex differences in hypertension, obesity, and diabetes to optimally inform sex-specific prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies for women and men. In this way, sex-specific clinical guidelines can be developed where warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith G Regensteiner
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Ludeman Family Center for Women's Health Research, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
| | - Jane E B Reusch
- Ludeman Family Center for Women's Health Research, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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