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Gutiérrez-Guerrero A, Espinosa-Padilla SE, Lugo-Reyes SO. [Anything that can go wrong: cytotoxic cells and their control of Epstein-Barr virus]. REVISTA ALERGIA MÉXICO 2024; 71:29-39. [PMID: 38683066 DOI: 10.29262/ram.v71i1.1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an gamma of herpes virus affecting exclusively humans, was the first oncogenic virus described and is associated with over seven different cancers. Curiously, the exchange of genes during viral infections has enabled the evolution of other cellular organisms, favoring new functions and the survival of the host. EBV has been co-evolving with mammals for hundreds of millions of years, and more than 95% of adults have been infected in one moment of their life. The infection is acquired primarily during childhood, in most cases as an asymptomatic infection. However, during adolescence or young adulthood, around 10 to 30% develop infectious mononucleosis. The NK and CD8+ T cells are the cytotoxic cells of the immune system that focus on antiviral responses. Importantly, an essential role of NK and CD8+ T cells has been demonstrated during the control and elimination of EBV-infected cells. Nonetheless, when the cytotoxic function of these cells is compromised, the infection increases the risk of developing lymphoproliferative diseases and cancer, often fatal. In this review, we delineate EBV infection and the importance of cytotoxic responses by NK and CD8+ T cells during the control and elimination of EBV-infected cells. Furthermore, we briefly discuss the main inborn errors of immunity that compromise cytotoxic responses by NK and CD8+ T cells, and how this scenario affects the antiviral response during EBV infection. Finally, we conclude the review by underlying the need for an effective EBV vaccine capable of preventing infection and the consequent development of malignancies and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Gutiérrez-Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Inmunodeficiencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México
| | - Sara Elva Espinosa-Padilla
- Laboratorio de Inmunodeficiencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México
| | - Saúl Oswaldo Lugo-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Inmunodeficiencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México
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2
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De Francesco MA. Herpesviridae, Neurodegenerative Disorders and Autoimmune Diseases: What Is the Relationship between Them? Viruses 2024; 16:133. [PMID: 38257833 PMCID: PMC10818483 DOI: 10.3390/v16010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease represent the most common forms of cognitive impairment. Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system responsible for severe disability. An aberrant immune response is the cause of myelin destruction that covers axons in the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease characterized by alteration of B cell activation, while Sjögren's syndrome is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease characterized by altered immune responses. The etiology of all these diseases is very complex, including an interrelationship between genetic factors, principally immune associated genes, and environmental factors such as infectious agents. However, neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases share proinflammatory signatures and a perturbation of adaptive immunity that might be influenced by herpesviruses. Therefore, they might play a critical role in the disease pathogenesis. The aim of this review was to summarize the principal findings that link herpesviruses to both neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases; moreover, briefly underlining the potential therapeutic approach of virus vaccination and antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonia De Francesco
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute of Microbiology, University of Brescia-ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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3
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Ria F, Delogu G, Ingrosso L, Sali M, Di Sante G. Secrets and lies of host-microbial interactions: MHC restriction and trans-regulation of T cell trafficking conceal the role of microbial agents on the edge between health and multifactorial/complex diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:40. [PMID: 38216734 PMCID: PMC11071949 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Here we critically discuss data supporting the view that microbial agents (pathogens, pathobionts or commensals alike) play a relevant role in the pathogenesis of multifactorial diseases, but their role is concealed by the rules presiding over T cell antigen recognition and trafficking. These rules make it difficult to associate univocally infectious agents to diseases' pathogenesis using the paradigm developed for canonical infectious diseases. (Cross-)recognition of a variable repertoire of epitopes leads to the possibility that distinct infectious agents can determine the same disease(s). There can be the need for sequential infection/colonization by two or more microorganisms to develop a given disease. Altered spreading of infectious agents can determine an unwanted activation of T cells towards a pro-inflammatory and trafficking phenotype, due to differences in the local microenvironment. Finally, trans-regulation of T cell trafficking allows infectious agents unrelated to the specificity of T cell to modify their homing to target organs, thereby driving flares of disease. The relevant role of microbial agents in largely prevalent diseases provides a conceptual basis for the evaluation of more specific therapeutic approaches, targeted to prevent (vaccine) or cure (antibiotics and/or Biologic Response Modifiers) multifactorial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ria
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - G Delogu
- Mater Olbia Hospital, 07026, Olbia, Italy
- Department of Biotechnological, Basic, Intensivological and Perioperatory Sciences-Section of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del S Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - L Ingrosso
- Department Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
- European Program for Public Health Microbiology Training (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Sali
- Department of Biotechnological, Basic, Intensivological and Perioperatory Sciences-Section of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del S Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Department of Laboratory and Infectivology Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - G Di Sante
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, University of Perugia, 60132, Perugia, Italy.
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Maslinska M, Kostyra-Grabczak K. The role of virus infections in Sjögren’s syndrome. Front Immunol 2022; 13:823659. [PMID: 36148238 PMCID: PMC9488556 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.823659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disease with a clinical picture of not only mainly exocrine gland involvement, with dryness symptoms, but also internal organ and systems involvement. The epithelial damage and releasing of antigens, which, in some circumstances, become autoantigens, underlay the pathogenesis of pSS. The activation of autoimmune processes in pSS leads to the hyperactivation of B cells with autoantibody production and other immunological phenomena such as hypergammaglobulinemia, production of cryoglobulins, or formation of extra-nodal lymphoid tissue. Among the risk factors for the development of this disease are viral infections, which themselves can activate autoimmune reactions and influence the host’s immune response. It is known that viruses, through various mechanisms, can influence the immune system and initiate autoimmune reactions. These mechanisms include molecular mimicry, bystander activation, production of superantigens—proteins encoded by viruses—or a programming to produce viral cytokines similar to host cytokines such as, e.g., interleukin-10. Of particular importance for pSS are viruses which not only, as expected, activate the interferon pathway but also play a particular role, directly or indirectly, in B cell activation or present tropism to organs also targeted in the course of pSS. This article is an attempt to present the current knowledge of the influence specific viruses have on the development and course of pSS.
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5
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New insights into pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy. Int Urol Nephrol 2022; 54:1873-1880. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-021-03094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Recent Advances in Unveiling the Role of Beta-Herpesviruses in Autoimmune Diseases. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122572. [PMID: 34946173 PMCID: PMC8705016 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Vojdani A, Monro J, Lanzisera F, Sadeghi H. Serological cross-reactivity between viruses and their contribution to autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 20:102840. [PMID: 33971342 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aristo Vojdani
- Immunosciences Lab, Inc., 822 S. Robertson Blvd, Ste 312, Los Angeles, CA 90035, USA; Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - Jean Monro
- Breakspear Hospital, Hertfordshire House, Wood Lane Paradise Estate, Hemel Hempstead HP2 4FD, UK
| | - Frank Lanzisera
- Lanzisera Center, 17 Davis Blvd, Ste 304, Tampa, FL 33606, United States of America
| | - Habib Sadeghi
- Be Hive of Healing, 5017 Lewis Rd, Unit A, Agoura Hills, CA 91301, United States of America
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8
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Serum IgG Profiling of Toddlers Reveals a Subgroup with Elevated Seropositive Antibodies to Viruses Correlating with Increased Vaccine and Autoantigen Responses. J Clin Immunol 2021; 41:1031-1047. [PMID: 33656624 PMCID: PMC7927113 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-021-00993-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The human antibody repertoire forms in response to infections, the microbiome, vaccinations, and environmental exposures. The specificity of such antibody responses was compared among a cohort of toddlers to identify differences between seropositive versus seronegative responses. Methods An assessment of the serum IgM and IgG antibody reactivities in 197 toddlers of 1- and 2-years of age was performed with a microfluidic array containing 110 distinct antigens. Longitudinal profiling was done from years 1 to 2. Seropositivity to RNA and DNA viruses; bacteria; live attenuated, inactive, and subunit vaccines; and autoantigens was compared. A stratification was developed based on quantitative variations in the IgG responses. Clinical presentations and previously known genetic risk alleles for various immune system conditions were investigated in relation to IgG responses. Results IgG reactivities stratified toddlers into low, moderate, and high responder groups. The high group (17%) had elevated IgG responses to multiple RNA and DNA viruses (e.g., respiratory syncytial virus, Epstein-Barr virus, adenovirus, Coxsackievirus) and this correlated with increased responses to live attenuated viral vaccines and certain autoantigens. This high group was more likely to be associated with gestational diabetes and an older age. Genetic analyses identified polymorphisms in the IL2RB, TNFSF4, and INS genes in two high responder individuals that were associated with their elevated cytokine levels and clinical history of eczema and asthma. Conclusion Serum IgG profiling of toddlers reveals correlations between the magnitude of the antibody responses towards viruses, live attenuated vaccines, and certain autoantigens. A low responder group had much weaker responses overall, including against vaccines. The serum antibody screen also identifies individuals with IgG responses to less common infections (West Nile virus, parvovirus, tuberculosis). The characterization of the antibody responses in combination with the identification of genetic risk alleles provides an opportunity to identify children with increased risk of clinical disease. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10875-021-00993-w.
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Borba VV, Zandman-Goddard G, Shoenfeld Y. Exacerbations of autoimmune diseases during pregnancy and postpartum. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 33:101321. [PMID: 31564626 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2019.101321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases represent a complex heterogeneous group of disorders that occur as a results of immune homeostasis dysregulation and loss of self-tolerance. Interestingly, more than 80% of the cases are found among women at reproductive age. Normal pregnancy is associated with remarkable changes in the immune and endocrine signaling required to tolerate and support the development and survival of the placenta and the semi-allogenic fetus in the hostile maternal immune system environment. Gravidity and postpartum represent an extremely challenge period, and likewise the general population, women suffering from autoimmune disorders attempt pregnancy. Effective preconception counseling and subsequent gestation and postpartum follow-up are crucial for improving mother and child outcomes. This comprehensive review provides information about the different pathways modulating autoimmune diseases activity and severity, such as the influence hormones, microbiome, infections, vaccines, among others, as well as updated recommendations were needed, in order to offer those women better medical care and life quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Vieira Borba
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Gisele Zandman-Goddard
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Department of Medicine C, Wolfson Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Russia.
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10
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Talwar P, Kushwaha S, Gupta R, Agarwal R. Systemic Immune Dyshomeostasis Model and Pathways in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:290. [PMID: 31736740 PMCID: PMC6838686 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) still remains an enigma for researchers and clinicians. The onset of AD is insidious, gradually progressive and multifactorial. The recent accumulated scientific evidences suggests that the pathological changes resemble the autoimmune-driven self-sustaining inflammatory process as a result of prolonged oxidative stress and immune dyshomeostasis. Apart from aging, during life span various other factors—mainly environmental, lifestyle, chronic stress, polymicrobial infections and neuroendocrine functions—affect the immune system. Here, we provide crosstalk among “trigger insults/inflammatory stimulus” i.e., polymicrobial infection, chronic stress, pro-inflammatory diet and cholinergic signaling to put forward a “Systemic Immune Dyshomeostasis” model as to connect the events leading to AD development and progression. Our model implicates altered cholinergic signaling and suggests pathological stages with various modifiable risk factors and triggers at different chronological age and stage of cognitive decline. The search of specific autoantibodies for AD which may serve as the suitable blood/CSF biomarkers should be actively pursued for the early diagnosis of AD. The preventive and therapeutic strategies should be directed towards maintaining the normal functioning of the immune system throughout the life span and specific modulation of the immune responses in the brain depending on the stage of changes in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Talwar
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Suman Kushwaha
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Renu Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Rachna Agarwal
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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11
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Tarbell KV, Egen JG. Breaking self-tolerance during autoimmunity and cancer immunity: Myeloid cells and type I IFN response regulation. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:1117-1129. [PMID: 29393979 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mir1017-400r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The generation and regulation of innate immune signals are key determinants of autoimmune pathogenesis. Emerging evidence suggests that parallel processes operating in the setting of solid tumors can similarly determine the balance between tolerance and immunity and ultimately the effectiveness of the antitumor immune response. In both contexts, self-specific responses start with innate immune cell activation that leads to the initial break in self-tolerance, which can be followed by immune response amplification and maturation through innate-adaptive crosstalk, and finally immune-mediated tissue/tumor destruction that can further potentiate inflammation. Of particular importance for these processes is type I IFN, which is induced in response to endogenous ligands, such as self-nucleic acids, and acts on myeloid cells to promote the expansion of autoreactive or tumor-specific T cells and their influx into the target tissue. Evidence from the study of human disease pathophysiology and genetics and mouse models of disease has revealed an extensive and complex network of negative regulatory pathways that has evolved to restrain type I IFN production and activity. Here, we review the overlapping features of self- and tumor-specific immune responses, including the central role that regulators of the type I IFN response and innate immune cell activation play in maintaining tolerance, and discuss how a better understanding of the pathophysiology of autoimmunity can help to identify new approaches to promote immune-mediated tumor destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin V Tarbell
- Department of Oncology, Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jackson G Egen
- Department of Oncology, Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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12
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Cruz-Muñoz ME, Fuentes-Pananá EM. Beta and Gamma Human Herpesviruses: Agonistic and Antagonistic Interactions with the Host Immune System. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2521. [PMID: 29354096 PMCID: PMC5760548 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the most abundant and diverse biological entities in the planet. Historically, our main interest in viruses has focused on their pathogenic role, recognized by pandemics that have decimated the world population. However, viral infections have also played a major role in the evolution of cellular organisms, both through interchanging of genes with novel functions and shaping the immune system. Examples abound of infections that seriously compromise the host integrity, but evidence of plant and insect viruses mutualistic relationships have recently surfaced in which infected hosts are better suited for survival, arguing that virus-host interactions are initially parasitic but become mutualistic over years of co-evolution. A similar mutual help scenario has emerged with commensal gut bacteria. EBV is a herpesvirus that shares more than a hundred million years of co-evolution with humans, today successfully infecting close to 100% of the adult world population. Infection is usually acquired early in childhood persisting for the host lifetime mostly without apparent clinical symptoms. Disturbance of this homeostasis is rare and results in several diseases, of which the best understood are infectious mononucleosis and several EBV-associated cancers. Less understood are recently found inborn errors of the immune system that result in primary immunodeficiencies with an increased predisposition almost exclusive to EBV-associated diseases. Puzzling to these scenarios of broken homeostasis is the co-existence of immunosuppression, inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer. Homologous to EBV, HCMV, HHV-6 and HHV-7 are herpesviruses that also latently infect most individuals. Several lines of evidence support a mutualistic equilibrium between HCMV/EBV and hosts, that when altered trigger diseases in which the immune system plays a critical role. Interestingly, these beta and gamma herpesviruses persistently infect all immune lineages and early precursor cells. In this review, we will discuss the evidence of the benefits that infection of immune cells with these herpesviruses brings to the host. Also, the circumstances in which this positive relationship is broken, predisposing the host to diseases characterized by an abnormal function of the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario E Cruz-Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Ezequiel M Fuentes-Pananá
- Unidad de Investigación en Virología y Cáncer, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
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13
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Brooks WH. Viral Impact in Autoimmune Diseases: Expanding the "X Chromosome-Nucleolus Nexus" Hypothesis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1657. [PMID: 29234321 PMCID: PMC5712313 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are suspected of significant roles in autoimmune diseases but the mechanisms are unclear. We get some insight by considering demands a virus places on host cells. Viruses not only require production of their own proteins, RNA and/or DNA, but also production of additional cellular machinery, such as ribosomes, to handle the increased demands. Since the nucleolus is a major site of RNA processing and ribonucleoprotein assembly, nucleoli are targeted by viruses, directly when viral RNA and proteins enter the nucleolus and indirectly when viruses induce increased expression of cellular polyamine genes. Polyamines are at high levels in nucleoli to assist in RNA folding. The size and activity of nucleoli increase directly with increases in polyamines. Nucleolar expansion due to abnormal increases in polyamines could disrupt nearby chromatin, such as the inactive X chromosome, leading to expression of previously sequestered DNA. Sudden expression of a large concentration of Alu elements from the disrupted inactive X can compete with RNA transcripts containing intronic Alu sequences that normally maintain nucleolar structural integrity. Such disruption of nucleolar activity can lead to misfolded RNAs, misassembled ribonucleoprotein complexes, and fragmentation of the nucleolus. Many autoantigens in lupus are, at least transiently, components of the nucleolus. Considering these effects of viruses, the “X chromosome–nucleolus nexus” hypothesis, which proposed disruption of the inactive X by the nucleolus during stress, is now expanded here to propose subsequent disruption of the nucleolus by previously sequestered Alu elements, which can fragment the nucleolus, leading to generation of autoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley H Brooks
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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Zeng C, Fang C, Weng H, Xu X, Wu T, Li W. B-cell lymphocyte kinase polymorphisms rs13277113, rs2736340, and rs4840568 and risk of autoimmune diseases: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7855. [PMID: 28885337 PMCID: PMC6392982 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND B-cell lymphocyte kinase (BLK) is an inhibitor of B cells that has an important influence on several autoimmune diseases, but there is a lack of comprehensive analysis of its association with autoimmune diseases. Hence, it is meaningful to conduct a comprehensive analysis. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed on the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science databases up to June 30, 2016. The data were extracted and quality-assessed before conducting the meta-analysis. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were assessed with the STATA version 12.0 software. Subgroup and sensitivity analysis were conducted to explore potential sources of heterogeneity. RESULTS Altogether, 33 studies with 68,874 cases and 90,684 controls, 24 studies with 31,095 cases and 39,077 controls for rs13277113, 21 studies with 26,388 cases and 40,635 controls for rs2736340, and 4 studies with 11,391 cases and 10,972 controls for rs4840568 were included in this meta-analysis. The results revealed that the BLK rs13277113 and rs2736340 polymorphisms increased the risk of autoimmune diseases in the total analysis (A vs G: OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.27-1.39, P < .01; T vs C: OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.27-1.41, P < .01), and rs4840568 was positively associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (A vs G: OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.22-1.43, P = .01). CONCLUSION This meta-analysis shows that the BLK (rs13277113, rs2736340, rs4840568) polymorphisms may be a risk factor for developing autoimmune diseases, especially for Asian populations and SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Zeng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University
| | - Cheng Fang
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Weng
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoqing Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University
| | - Tianyang Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University
| | - Wenhua Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University
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15
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O. Temajo N, Howard N. The divergence between the virus and cellular oxidative stress as separate environmental agents that trigger autoimmunity originates from their different procedural mechanisms of activating the same molecular entity: the transcription factor NF-kappa B. AIMS ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/allergy.2017.2.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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16
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Abstract
During apoptosis or activation, cells can release a subcellular structure, called a membrane microvesicle (also known as microparticle) into the extracellular environment. Microvesicles bud-off as a portion of cell membrane with its associated proteins and lipids surrounding a cytosolic core that contains intracellular proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA, RNA, siRNA, microRNA, lncRNA). Biologically active molecules on the microvesicle surface and encapsulated within can act on recipient cells as a novel mode of intercellular communication. Apoptosis has long been known to be involved in the development of diseases of autoimmunity. Abnormally persistent microvesicles, particularly apoptotic microvesicles, can accelerate autoimmune responses locally in specific organs and tissues as well as systemically. In this review, we focus on studies implicating microvesicles in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and their complications.
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Porcelli B, Pozza A, Bizzaro N, Fagiolini A, Costantini MC, Terzuoli L, Ferretti F. Association between stressful life events and autoimmune diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of retrospective case–control studies. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:325-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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18
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Sun YX, He YF, Li XL. [Clinical analysis and autoimmune regulator gene mutation of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type I in a family: a report of one case]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2016; 18:147-151. [PMID: 26903062 PMCID: PMC7403041 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The clinical data of one patient with autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type I were collected. PCR-DNA direct bidirectional sequencing was applied for mutation screening of 14 exons in autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene in the patient and her parents. A total of 50 unrelated healthy controls were selected and tested. The bioinformatic methods were used to predict the possible impact of the mutations on the structure and function of the AIRE protein. The results of sequencing showed that heterozygous mutation c.622G>T (p.G208W) in exon 5 of the AIRE gene was detected in the patient and was a novel mutation, which had not been reported in the HGMD database and latest articles. This mutation was not detected in the 50 unrelated normal controls. The novel mutation of c.622G>T (p.G208W) in AIRE gene might play an important role in the pathogenesis of this case of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xiang Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
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Friedenberg SG, Buhrman G, Chdid L, Olby NJ, Olivry T, Guillaumin J, O'Toole T, Goggs R, Kennedy LJ, Rose RB, Meurs KM. Evaluation of a DLA-79 allele associated with multiple immune-mediated diseases in dogs. Immunogenetics 2015; 68:205-17. [PMID: 26711123 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-015-0894-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immune-mediated diseases are common and life-threatening disorders in dogs. Many canine immune-mediated diseases have strong breed predispositions and are believed to be inherited. However, the genetic mutations that cause these diseases are mostly unknown. As many immune-mediated diseases in humans share polymorphisms among a common set of genes, we conducted a candidate gene study of 15 of these genes across four immune-mediated diseases (immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, immune-mediated polyarthritis (IMPA), and atopic dermatitis) in 195 affected and 206 unaffected dogs to assess whether causative or predictive polymorphisms might exist in similar genes in dogs. We demonstrate a strong association (Fisher's exact p = 0.0004 for allelic association, p = 0.0035 for genotypic association) between two polymorphic positions (10 bp apart) in exon 2 of one allele in DLA-79, DLA-79*001:02, and multiple immune-mediated diseases. The frequency of this allele was significantly higher in dogs with immune-mediated disease than in control dogs (0.21 vs. 0.12) and ranged from 0.28 in dogs with IMPA to 0.15 in dogs with atopic dermatitis. This allele has two non-synonymous substitutions (compared with the reference allele, DLA-79*001:01), resulting in F33L and N37D amino acid changes. These mutations occur in the peptide-binding pocket of the protein, and based upon our computational modeling studies, are likely to affect critical interactions with the peptide N-terminus. Further studies are warranted to confirm these findings more broadly and to determine the specific mechanism by which the identified variants alter canine immune system function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Friedenberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA. .,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
| | - Greg Buhrman
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Lhoucine Chdid
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Natasha J Olby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Julien Guillaumin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Theresa O'Toole
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Lorna J Kennedy
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK, M13 9PT
| | - Robert B Rose
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Kathryn M Meurs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
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Hu GZ, Yang SJ, Hu WX, Wen Z, He D, Zeng LF, Xiang Q, Wu XM, Zhou WY, Zhu QX. Effect of cold stress on immunity in rats. Exp Ther Med 2015; 11:33-42. [PMID: 26889214 PMCID: PMC4726882 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
An increase in the morbidity of upper respiratory tract infections and the attack and exacerbation of autoimmune diseases has been observed to occur in the few days following sudden environmental temperature decreases, but the mechanisms for these phenomena are not well understood. To determine the effect of a sudden ambient temperature drop on the levels of stress hormones and T-lymphocyte cytokines in the plasma, the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression of immunocompetent cells in rat spleens and the levels of regulatory T (Treg) cells in the peripheral blood, Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups of different ambient temperatures (20, 4 and −12°C). In each group, there were four observation time-points (1, 12, 24 and 48 h). Each ambient temperature group was subdivided into non-stimulation, lipopolysaccharide-stimulation and concanavalin A-stimulation groups. The levels of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), epinephrine (EPI), angiotensin-II (ANG-II), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-4 and IL-10 in the plasma were determined using ELISA. The cellular expression levels of TLR4 and the presence of cluster of differentiation (CD)4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25+Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3)+ cells were determined using flow cytometry. The experiments demonstrated that the ACTH, EPI, ANG-II and IL-10 levels in the plasma were significantly increased at 4 and −12°C compared with those at 20°C, while the plasma levels of IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-4, the TLR4 expression rates of immunocompetent cells in the rat spleen and the percentage of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells among the CD4+CD25+ Treg cells in the peripheral blood were decreased at 4 and −12°C compared with those at 20°C. These data indicate that cold stress affects the stress hormones and the innate and adaptive immunity functions in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Zhu Hu
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Province People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Si-Jun Yang
- Graduate Student Department, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Xu Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Zhu Wen
- Department of Hematology, Jiangxi Academy of Medical Science, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Dan He
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Province People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Li-Feng Zeng
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Province People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Qin Xiang
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Mu Wu
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Province People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Yun Zhou
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Province People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Xian Zhu
- Department of Histoembryology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Gene/environment interactions in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity: New insights on the role of Toll-like receptors. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:971-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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Temajo NO, Howard N. The virus-induced HSPs regulate the apoptosis of operatus APCs that result in autoimmunity, not in homeostasis. Immunol Res 2015; 60:208-18. [PMID: 25403694 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8585-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The viruses stand salient as environmental factors that trigger autoimmunity. The virus realizes its effects through induction of heat-shock proteins (HSPs) as well as by the viral IE-axis-mediated conversion of organ epithelial cells into virgin de novo professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The HSP is the accomplished operator in homeostasis by the logic of it being the regulator of apoptosis. By virtue of its regulation of apoptosis, the HSP is also involved in autoimmunity: (1) adornment of viral IE-axis-generated virgin de novo professional APCs with HSP-induced co-stimulatory molecules which transform these otherwise epithelial cells to competent antigen presenters, the operatus APCs, liable to apoptosis that becomes the initiator of organ damages; (2) molecular mimicry mechanism: epitopes on the HSP may be mistaken for viral peptides and be presented by operatus APCs to autoreactive TCRs resulting in the apoptosis of the operatus APCs; (3) regulation of MHC class II DR-mediated apoptosis of operatus APCS which can result in organ-specific autoimmune syndromes. We should remember, however, that Nature's intended purpose for apoptosis of the professional APCs is benevolence: as a principal regulator of immune homeostasis. But the apoptosis of our postulated operatus APCs can result in autoimmunity. The transformation of virgin de novo professional APCs to operatus APCs mirrors the maturation of DCs through their acquisition of HSP-induced costimulatory molecules. What happens to mature DCs as antigen presenters that end in homeostasis is replicated by what happens to operatus APCs that ends instead in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert O Temajo
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia,
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Xu X, Ng SM, Hassouna E, Warrington A, Oh SH, Rodriguez M. Human-derived natural antibodies: biomarkers and potential therapeutics. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2015; 10:25-39. [PMID: 25678860 DOI: 10.2217/fnl.14.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The immune system generates antibodies and antigen-specific T-cells as basic elements of the immune networks that differentiate self from non-self in a finely tuned manner. The antigen-specific nature of immune responses ensures that normal immune activation contains non-self when tolerating self. Here we review the B-1 subset of lymphocytes which produce self-reactive antibodies. By analyzing the IgM class of natural antibodies that recognize antigens from the nervous system, we emphasize that natural antibodies are biomarkers of how the immune system monitors the host. The immune response activated against self can be detrimental when triggered in an autoimmune genetic background. In contrast, tuning immune activity with natural antibodies is a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Xu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sher May Ng
- School of Clinical Medicine, University Of Cambridge, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Eamonn Hassouna
- Department of General Medicine, Charles University Hradec Kralove Faculty, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Arthur Warrington
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sang-Hyun Oh
- Laboratory of Nanostructures & Biosensing, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Moses Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA ; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Schneider DA, von Herrath MG. Potential viral pathogenic mechanism in human type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2014; 57:2009-18. [PMID: 25073445 PMCID: PMC4153966 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3340-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In type 1 diabetes, as a result of as yet unknown triggering events, auto-aggressive CD8(+) T cells, together with a significant number of other inflammatory cells, including CD8(+) T lymphocytes with unknown specificity, infiltrate the pancreas, leading to insulitis and destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells. Type 1 diabetes is a multifactorial disease caused by an interactive combination of genetic and environmental factors. Viruses are major environmental candidates with known potential effects on specific key points in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes and recent findings seem to confirm this presumption. However, we still lack well-grounded mechanistic explanations for how exactly viruses may influence type 1 diabetes aetiology. In this review we provide a summary of experimentally defined viral mechanisms potentially involved in the ontology of type 1 diabetes and discuss some novel hypotheses of how viruses may affect the initiation and natural history of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius A. Schneider
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Matthias G. von Herrath
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Novo Nordisk Type 1 Diabetes Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
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25
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Temajo NO, Howard N. The virus-induced HSPs regulate the apoptosis of operatus APCs that results in autoimmunity, not in homeostasis. Autoimmun Rev 2014; 13:1013-9. [PMID: 25183243 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The viruses are salient in the roles of environmental factors that trigger autoimmunity. The virus realizes its effects by the power of its induction of heat shock proteins (HSPs) as well as by the viral IE-axis-mediated conversion of organ epithelial cells into virgin de novo professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The HSP is the accomplished operator in homeostasis by the logic of it being the regulator of apoptosis. That HSP which regulates and controls different points in the pathways of apoptosis is rationally propitious as both HSP and apoptosis are highly conserved in multicellular organisms. By virtue of its regulation of apoptosis, the HSP is also involved in human autoimmunity and this involvement is tripartite: (i) adornment of viral IE-axis-generated virgin de novo professional APCs with HSP-induced co-stimulatory molecules which transform these otherwise epithelial cells to achieve the status of fledged competent antigen-presenters, the operatus APCs, which are liable to apoptosis that becomes the initiator of organ damages that can culminate in the autoimmune syndrome(s); apoptosis is a routine fate that befalls all APCs following their antigen presentation; (ii) molecular mimicry mechanism: epitopes on the HSP may be mistaken for viral peptides and be presented by operatus APCs to autoreactive TCRs resulting in the apoptosis of the operatus APCs; and (iii) regulation of MHC class II-DR-mediated apoptosis of operatus APCs which can ultimately consequent in organ-specific autoimmune syndromes. We should remember, however, that Nature's intended purpose for the apoptosis of the professional APCs is benevolence: as a principal regulator of homeostasis. It is only from the apoptosis of our postulated operatus APCs that the apoptotic consequence can be deleterious, an autoimmune syndrome(s). The transformation of virgin de novo professional APCs to operatus APCs mirrors the maturation of DCs, through their acquisition of HSP-induced co-stimulatory molecules; and what happens to mature DCs as antigen-presenters that ends in homeostasis is replicated by what happens to operatus APCs that ends instead in autoimmune syndromes (Fig. 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert O Temajo
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Neville Howard
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Tsuboi H, Sugeno N, Tateyama M, Nakashima I, Hasegawa T, Kuroda H, Kaneko K, Kobayashi M, Ishigaki A, Fujimori J, Aoki M. Retrospective analysis of Guillain-Barré syndrome and Fisher syndrome after the Great East Japan Earthquake. Brain Behav 2014; 4:595-7. [PMID: 25161825 PMCID: PMC4128040 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and Fisher syndrome (FS) are immune-mediated peripheral neuropathies, and most of these cases were known to be associated with a preceding infection. Recent reports evidenced an increase in the number of infectious disease cases after the earthquake. The aim of this report is to investigate the incidence and clinical features of GBS and FS after the Great East Japan Earthquake. We found GBS and FS patients had markedly increased in 2011, the year of the earthquake. In regard to an antecedent illness, gastrointestinal infection was significantly increased in GBS patients after the earthquake. These results suggest environmental factors including infectious agents and stress caused by the earthquake might have been involved in the outbreak of the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Tsuboi
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Hospital Sendai, 980-8574, Japan ; Department of Neurology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University Hospital Sendai, 983-0005, Japan
| | - Naoto Sugeno
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Hospital Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Maki Tateyama
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Hospital Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakashima
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Hospital Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hasegawa
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Hospital Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kuroda
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Hospital Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Kimihiko Kaneko
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Hospital Sendai, 980-8574, Japan ; Department of Neurology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University Hospital Sendai, 983-0005, Japan
| | - Michiko Kobayashi
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University Hospital Sendai, 983-0005, Japan
| | - Aya Ishigaki
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University Hospital Sendai, 983-0005, Japan
| | - Juichi Fujimori
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University Hospital Sendai, 983-0005, Japan
| | - Masashi Aoki
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Hospital Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
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