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Noe P, Wang JH, Chung K, Cheng Z, Field JJ, Shen X, Cortesio CL, Pastuskovas CV, Phee H, Tarbell KV, Egen JG, Casbon AJ. Therapeutically targeting type I interferon directly to XCR1+ dendritic cells reveals the role of cDC1s in anti-drug antibodies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1272055. [PMID: 37942313 PMCID: PMC10628189 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1272055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional type 1 dendritic cells (cDC1s) are superior in antigen cross-presentation and priming CD8+ T cell anti-tumor immunity and thus, are a target of high interest for cancer immunotherapy. Type I interferon (IFN) is a potent inducer of antigen cross-presentation, but, unfortunately, shows only modest results in the clinic given the short half-life and high toxicity of current type I IFN therapies, which limit IFN exposure in the tumor. CD8+ T cell immunity is dependent on IFN signaling in cDC1s and preclinical studies suggest targeting IFN directly to cDC1s may be sufficient to drive anti-tumor immunity. Here, we engineered an anti-XCR1 antibody (Ab) and IFN mutein (IFNmut) fusion protein (XCR1Ab-IFNmut) to determine whether systemic delivery could drive selective and sustained type I IFN signaling in cDC1s leading to anti-tumor activity and, in parallel, reduced systemic toxicity. We found that the XCR1Ab-IFNmut fusion specifically enhanced cDC1 activation in the tumor and spleen compared to an untargeted control IFN. However, multiple treatments with the XCR1Ab-IFNmut fusion resulted in robust anti-drug antibodies (ADA) and loss of drug exposure. Using other cDC1-targeting Ab-IFNmut fusions, we found that localizing IFN directly to cDC1s activates their ability to promote ADA responses, regardless of the cDC1 targeting antigen. The development of ADA remains a major hurdle in immunotherapy drug development and the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing the development of ADA responses in humans is not well understood. Our results reveal a role of cDC1s in ADA generation and highlight the potential ADA challenges with targeting immunostimulatory agents to this cellular compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Noe
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Joy H. Wang
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kyu Chung
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Zhiyong Cheng
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jessica J. Field
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Xiaomeng Shen
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Christa L. Cortesio
- Therapeutics Discovery, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Cinthia V. Pastuskovas
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Hyewon Phee
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kristin V. Tarbell
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jackson G. Egen
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Amy-Jo Casbon
- Oncology Research, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, CA, United States
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2
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Gonzalez MA, Lu DR, Yousefi M, Kroll A, Lo CH, Briseño CG, Watson JEV, Novitskiy S, Arias V, Zhou H, Plata Stapper A, Tsai MK, Ashkin EL, Murray CW, Li CM, Winslow MM, Tarbell KV. Phagocytosis increases an oxidative metabolic and immune suppressive signature in tumor macrophages. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20221472. [PMID: 36995340 PMCID: PMC10067971 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a key macrophage function, but how phagocytosis shapes tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) phenotypes and heterogeneity in solid tumors remains unclear. Here, we utilized both syngeneic and novel autochthonous lung tumor models in which neoplastic cells express the fluorophore tdTomato (tdTom) to identify TAMs that have phagocytosed neoplastic cells in vivo. Phagocytic tdTompos TAMs upregulated antigen presentation and anti-inflammatory proteins, but downregulated classic proinflammatory effectors compared to tdTomneg TAMs. Single-cell transcriptomic profiling identified TAM subset-specific and common gene expression changes associated with phagocytosis. We uncover a phagocytic signature that is predominated by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), ribosomal, and metabolic genes, and this signature correlates with worse clinical outcome in human lung cancer. Expression of OXPHOS proteins, mitochondrial content, and functional utilization of OXPHOS were increased in tdTompos TAMs. tdTompos tumor dendritic cells also display similar metabolic changes. Our identification of phagocytic TAMs as a distinct myeloid cell state links phagocytosis of neoplastic cells in vivo with OXPHOS and tumor-promoting phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Gonzalez
- Amgen Research, Oncology, South San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel R. Lu
- Amgen Research, Research Biomics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maryam Yousefi
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ashley Kroll
- Amgen Research, Oncology, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chen Hao Lo
- Amgen Research, Oncology, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Vanessa Arias
- Amgen Research, Research Biomics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hong Zhou
- Amgen Research, Research Biomics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Min K. Tsai
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Emily L. Ashkin
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Chi-Ming Li
- Amgen Research, Research Biomics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Monte M. Winslow
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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3
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Rodrigues KB, Dufort MJ, Llibre A, Speake C, Rahman MJ, Bondet V, Quiel J, Linsley PS, Greenbaum CJ, Duffy D, Tarbell KV. Innate immune stimulation of whole blood reveals IFN-1 hyper-responsiveness in type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2020; 63:1576-1587. [PMID: 32500289 PMCID: PMC10091865 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05179-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Self-antigen-specific T cell responses drive type 1 diabetes pathogenesis, but alterations in innate immune responses are also critical and not as well understood. Innate immunity in human type 1 diabetes has primarily been assessed via gene-expression analysis of unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, without the immune activation that could amplify disease-associated signals. Increased responsiveness in each of the two main innate immune pathways, driven by either type 1 IFN (IFN-1) or IL-1, have been detected in type 1 diabetes, but the dominant innate pathway is still unclear. This study aimed to determine the key innate pathway in type 1 diabetes and assess the whole blood immune stimulation assay as a tool to investigate this. METHODS The TruCulture whole blood ex vivo stimulation assay, paired with gene expression and cytokine measurements, was used to characterise changes in the stimulated innate immune response in type 1 diabetes. We applied specific cytokine-induced signatures to our data, pre-defined from the same assays measured in a separate cohort of healthy individuals. In addition, NOD mice were stimulated with CpG and monocyte gene expression was measured. RESULTS Monocytes from NOD mice showed lower baseline vs diabetes-resistant B6.g7 mice, but higher induced IFN-1-associated gene expression. In human participants, ex vivo whole blood stimulation revealed higher induced IFN-1 responses in type 1 diabetes, as compared with healthy control participants. In contrast, neither the IL-1-induced gene signature nor response to the adaptive immune stimulant Staphylococcal enterotoxin B were significantly altered in type 1 diabetes samples vs healthy control participants. Targeted gene-expression analysis showed that this enhanced IFN response was specific to IFN-1, as IFN-γ-driven responses were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our study identifies increased responsiveness to IFN-1 as a feature of both the NOD mouse model of autoimmune diabetes and human established type 1 diabetes. A stimulated IFN-1 gene signature may be a potential biomarker for type 1 diabetes and used to evaluate the effects of therapies targeting this pathway. DATA AVAILABILITY Mouse gene expression data are found in the gene expression omnibus (GEO) repository, accession GSE146452 ( www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE146452 ). Nanostring count data from the human experiments were deposited in the GEO repository, accession GSE146338 ( www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE146338 ). Data files and R code for all analyses are available at https://github.com/rodriguesk/T1D_truculture_diabetologia . Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kameron B Rodrigues
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Pathology Department, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Matthew J Dufort
- Systems Immunology Division, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alba Llibre
- Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells/Inserm U1223, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue de Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris, France
| | - Cate Speake
- Diabetes Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Jubayer Rahman
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vincent Bondet
- Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells/Inserm U1223, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue de Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris, France
| | - Juan Quiel
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter S Linsley
- Systems Immunology Division, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carla J Greenbaum
- Diabetes Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Darragh Duffy
- Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells/Inserm U1223, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue de Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris, France.
| | - Kristin V Tarbell
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Amgen Discovery Research, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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4
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) efficiently process and present antigens to T cells, and by integrating environmental signals, link innate and adaptive immunity. DCs also control the balance between tolerance and immunity, and are required for T-cell mediated anti-tumor immunity. One subset of classical DCs, cDC1, are particularly important for eliciting CD8 T cells that can kill tumor cells. cDC1s are superior in antigen cross-presentation, a process of presenting exogenous antigens on MHC class I to activate CD8+ T cells. Tumor-associated cDC1s can transport tumor antigen to the draining lymph node and cross-present tumor antigens, resulting in priming and activation of cytotoxic T cells. Although cross-presenting cDC1s are critical for eliciting anti-tumor T cell responses, the role and importance of other DC subsets in anti-tumor immunity is not as well-characterized. Recent literature in other contexts suggests that critical crosstalk between DC subsets can significantly alter biological outcomes, and these DC interactions likely also contribute significantly to tumor-specific immune responses. Therefore, antigen presentation by cDC1s may be necessary but not sufficient for maximal immune responses against cancer. Here, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of DC subset interactions to maximize anti-tumor immunity, and propose that such interactions should be considered for the development of better DC-targeted immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Noubade
- Department of Inflammation and Oncology, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sonia Majri-Morrison
- Department of Inflammation and Oncology, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kristin V Tarbell
- Department of Inflammation and Oncology, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
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5
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Abstract
Background: We previously identified the transcriptional regulator Zbtb32 as a factor that can promote T cell tolerance in the Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mouse, a model of Type 1 diabetes. Antigen targeted to DCIR2
+ dendritic cells (DCs)
in vivo inhibited both diabetes and effector T cell expansion in NOD mice. Furthermore, Zbtb32 was preferentially induced in autoreactive CD4 T cells stimulated by these tolerogenic DCIR2
+ DCs, and overexpression of Zbtb32 in islet-specific T cells inhibited the diabetes development by limiting T cell proliferation and cytokine production. Methods: To further understand the role of Zbtb32 in T cell tolerance induction, we have now used CRISPR to target the Zbtb32 gene for deletion directly in NOD mice and characterized the mutant mice. We hypothesized that the systemic loss of Zbtb32 in NOD mice would lead to increased T cell activation and increased diabetes pathogenesis. Results: Although NOD.Zbtb32
-/- male NOD mice showed a trend towards increased diabetes incidence compared to littermate controls, the difference was not significant. Furthermore, no significant alteration in lymphocyte number or function was observed. Importantly,
in vitro stimulation of lymphocytes from NOD.Zbtb32
-/- mice did not produce the expected hypersensitive phenotype observed in other genetic strains, potentially due to compensation by homologous genes. Conclusions: The loss of Zbtb32 in the NOD background does not result in the expected T cell activation phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Coley
- Immune Tolerance Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda , MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yongge Zhao
- Immune Tolerance Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda , MD, 20892, USA
| | - Charles J Benck
- Immune Tolerance Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda , MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yi Liu
- Immune Tolerance Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda , MD, 20892, USA
| | - Chie Hotta-Iwamura
- Immune Tolerance Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda , MD, 20892, USA
| | - M Jubayer Rahman
- Immune Tolerance Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda , MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kristin V Tarbell
- Immune Tolerance Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda , MD, 20892, USA.,Department of Inflammation and Oncology, Amgen, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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6
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Hotta-Iwamura C, Benck C, Coley WD, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Quiel JA, Tarbell KV. Low CD25 on autoreactive Tregs impairs tolerance via low dose IL-2 and antigen delivery. J Autoimmun 2018; 90:39-48. [PMID: 29439835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-mediated T cell tolerance deficiencies contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes. Delivering self-antigen to dendritic-cell inhibitory receptor-2 (DCIR2)+ DCs can delay but not completely block diabetes development in NOD mice. These DCIR2-targeting antibodies induce tolerance via deletion and anergy, but do not increase islet-specific Tregs. Because low-dose IL-2 (LD-IL-2) administration can preferentially expand Tregs, we tested whether delivering islet-antigen to tolerogenic DCIR2+ DCs along with LD-IL-2 would boost islet-specific Tregs and further block autoimmunity. But, surprisingly, adding LD-IL-2 did not increase efficacy of DC-targeted antigen to inhibit diabetes. Here we show the effects of LD-IL-2, with or without antigen delivery to DCIR2+ DCs, on both polyclonal and autoreactive Treg and conventional T cells (Tconv). As expected, LD-IL-2 increased total Tregs, but autoreactive Tregs required both antigen and IL-2 stimulation for optimal expansion. Also, islet-specific Tregs had lower CD25 expression and IL-2 sensitivity, while islet-specific Tconv had higher CD25 expression, compared to polyclonal populations. LD-IL-2 increased activation and expansion of Tconv, and was more pronounced for autoreactive cells after treatment with IL-2 + islet-antigen. Therefore, LD-IL-2 therapy, especially when combined with antigen stimulation, may not optimally activate and expand antigen-specific Tregs in chronic autoimmune settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Hotta-Iwamura
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Charles Benck
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William D Coley
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yi Liu
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yongge Zhao
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Juan A Quiel
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristin V Tarbell
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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7
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Rahman MJ, Rodrigues KB, Quiel JA, Liu Y, Bhargava V, Zhao Y, Hotta-Iwamura C, Shih HY, Lau-Kilby AW, Malloy AM, Thoner TW, Tarbell KV. Restoration of the type I IFN-IL-1 balance through targeted blockade of PTGER4 inhibits autoimmunity in NOD mice. JCI Insight 2018; 3:97843. [PMID: 29415894 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.97843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I IFN (IFN-I) dysregulation contributes to type 1 diabetes (T1D) development, and although increased IFN-I signals are pathogenic at the initiation of autoimmune diabetes, IFN-I dysregulation at later pathogenic stages more relevant for therapeutic intervention is not well understood. We discovered that 5 key antigen-presenting cell subsets from adult prediabetic NOD mice have reduced responsiveness to IFN-I that is dominated by a decrease in the tonic-sensitive subset of IFN-I response genes. Blockade of IFNAR1 in prediabetic NOD mice accelerated diabetes and increased Th1 responses. Therefore, IFN-I responses shift from pathogenic to protective as autoimmunity progresses, consistent with chronic IFN-I exposure. In contrast, IL-1-associated inflammatory pathways were elevated in prediabetic mice. These changes correlated with human T1D onset-associated gene expression. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin receptor 4 (PTGER4), a receptor for PGE2 that mediates both inflammatory and regulatory eicosanoid signaling, were higher in NOD mice and drive innate immune dysregulation. Treating prediabetic NOD mice with a PTGER4 antagonist restored IFNAR signaling, decreased IL-1 signaling, and decreased infiltration of leukocytes into the islets. Therefore, innate cytokine alterations contribute to both T1D-associated inflammation and autoimmune pathogenesis. Modulating innate immune balance via signals such as PTGER4 may contribute to treatments for autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jubayer Rahman
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kameron B Rodrigues
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Juan A Quiel
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yi Liu
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Vipul Bhargava
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yongge Zhao
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chie Hotta-Iwamura
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Han-Yu Shih
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Annie W Lau-Kilby
- Laboratory of Neonatal Infection and Immunity, Department of Pediatrics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Allison Mw Malloy
- Laboratory of Neonatal Infection and Immunity, Department of Pediatrics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Timothy W Thoner
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristin V Tarbell
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Amgen Discovery Research, Inflammation and Oncology, South San Francisco, California, USA
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8
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Tarbell KV, Egen JG. Breaking self-tolerance during autoimmunity and cancer immunity: Myeloid cells and type I IFN response regulation. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:1117-1129. [PMID: 29393979 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mir1017-400r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The generation and regulation of innate immune signals are key determinants of autoimmune pathogenesis. Emerging evidence suggests that parallel processes operating in the setting of solid tumors can similarly determine the balance between tolerance and immunity and ultimately the effectiveness of the antitumor immune response. In both contexts, self-specific responses start with innate immune cell activation that leads to the initial break in self-tolerance, which can be followed by immune response amplification and maturation through innate-adaptive crosstalk, and finally immune-mediated tissue/tumor destruction that can further potentiate inflammation. Of particular importance for these processes is type I IFN, which is induced in response to endogenous ligands, such as self-nucleic acids, and acts on myeloid cells to promote the expansion of autoreactive or tumor-specific T cells and their influx into the target tissue. Evidence from the study of human disease pathophysiology and genetics and mouse models of disease has revealed an extensive and complex network of negative regulatory pathways that has evolved to restrain type I IFN production and activity. Here, we review the overlapping features of self- and tumor-specific immune responses, including the central role that regulators of the type I IFN response and innate immune cell activation play in maintaining tolerance, and discuss how a better understanding of the pathophysiology of autoimmunity can help to identify new approaches to promote immune-mediated tumor destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin V Tarbell
- Department of Oncology, Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jackson G Egen
- Department of Oncology, Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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9
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Audiger C, Rahman MJ, Yun TJ, Tarbell KV, Lesage S. The Importance of Dendritic Cells in Maintaining Immune Tolerance. J I 2017; 198:2223-2231. [PMID: 28264998 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Immune tolerance is necessary to prevent the immune system from reacting against self, and thus to avoid the development of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we discuss key findings that position dendritic cells (DCs) as critical modulators of both thymic and peripheral immune tolerance. Although DCs are important for inducing both immunity and tolerance, increased autoimmunity associated with decreased DCs suggests their nonredundant role in tolerance induction. DC-mediated T cell immune tolerance is an active process that is influenced by genetic variants, environmental signals, as well as the nature of the specific DC subset presenting Ag to T cells. Answering the many open questions with regard to the role of DCs in immune tolerance could lead to the development of novel therapies for the prevention of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Audiger
- Department of Immunology-Oncology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - M Jubayer Rahman
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Tae Jin Yun
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada; and.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Kristin V Tarbell
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sylvie Lesage
- Department of Immunology-Oncology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada; .,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
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10
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Rahman MJ, Rodrigues K, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Quiel JA, Tarbell KV. PTGER4 inhibition in non-obese diabetic mice restores impaired IFNAR signaling, decreases chronic inflammatory signals and inhibits autoimmunity. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.222.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that dendritic cells (DCs) from autoimmune-prone non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice at prediabetic age (8–10 week) have a diminished IFN-alpha Receptor (IFNAR) response despite increased production of type 1 IFN. This impaired IFN response may result from chronic activation of inflammatory pathways that contribute to dysregulated innate activation. qPCR of innate targets showed that younger NOD mice (3 week old) did not yet display impaired IFNAR signaling, but already had higher IL-1. To understand the interplay between different innate signals, we compared gene expression of 5 key DC populations from prediabetic NOD mice and diabetes-resistant B6.g7 mice. Several inflammatory pathways including IL-1, Eicosanoids, and NFκB were higher in NOD DCs whereas type 1 IFN-response genes, especially those associated with tonic signal, were lower in prediabetic NOD mice. Analysis of potential upstream regulators of these changes identified increased PTGER4 signal and decreased IRF7. PTGER4 binds prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and mediates specific aspects of both inflammatory and regulatory eicosanoid signaling. Interestingly, NOD mice treated with an inhibitor of PTGER4 displayed increased IFNAR signaling in DCs, but decreased IL-1, Nlrp3 and IFN-gamma production. These changes suggest restoration of cross-talk between key inflammatory mediators, namely that IFN-gamma and IL-1 can inhibit type 1 IFN and vice versa. Furthermore, mice treated with the PTGER4 antagonist display reduced autoimmune pathology, namely an increase in the number and percentage of healthy islets. These findings highlight PTGER4 as a potential target in type 1 diabetes, affecting several inflammatory pathways including IFNAR signaling.
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Iwamura C, Benck C, Coley W, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Esposito JAQ, Tarbell KV. Autoreactive T cells display altered CD25 expression that changes responses to low dose IL-2 and antigen delivery. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.127.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are important for T cell tolerance induction and treatment of autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes. Chimeric antibodies that deliver self-antigens to DCIR2+ DCs can delay but not completely prevent diabetes development in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. These DCIR2 antibodies induce T cell tolerance via antigen-specific deletion and anergy, but do not increase antigen-specific Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Because low dose (LD) IL-2 administration can preferentially expand Tregs, we asked if delivering antigens to tolerogenic DCIR2+ DCs along with IL-2 would boost antigen-specific Tregs and block autoimmunity. But, surprisingly, adding IL-2 did not increase efficacy of DC-targeted antigens to inhibit diabetes. To date, the effect of LD-IL-2 on autoreactive Treg and effector T cells has not been fully elucidated. By using tetramer staining to identify islet-specific CD4+ T cells in NOD mice, we now show the effects of LD-IL-2, with or without specific antigen delivery to DCIR2+ DCs, on both polyclonal and autoreactive effector and regulatory T cells. As expected, LD-IL-2 increased total Tregs, but autoreactive Tregs required addition of antigen and LD-IL-2 to elicit significant expansion. We found that islet-specific Tregs had lower CD25 expression compared to polyclonal Tregs, but islet-specific Foxp3− cells had higher CD25 expression. IL-2 increased activation and expansion of Foxp3− cells, and this effect was more pronounced for autoreactive cells after treatment with IL-2 + islet antigens. Therefore, IL-2, especially when combined with self-antigens, may not be an effective treatment for chronic autoimmunity, and increased Foxp3+ cells may not be a good biomarker for treatment efficacy.
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Decalf J, Tarbell KV, Casrouge A, Price JD, Linder G, Mottez E, Sultanik P, Mallet V, Pol S, Duffy D, Albert ML. Inhibition of DPP4 activity in humans establishes its in vivo role in CXCL10 post-translational modification: prospective placebo-controlled clinical studies. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:679-83. [PMID: 27137491 PMCID: PMC4888857 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201506145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Biochemical experiments, animal models, and observational studies in humans all support a role of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) in the N‐terminal truncation of CXCL10, which results in the generation of an antagonist form of the chemokine that limits T‐cell and NK cell migration. Motivated by the ability to regulate lymphocyte trafficking in vivo, we conducted two prospective clinical trials to test the effects of DPP4 inhibition on CXCL10 processing in healthy donors and in chronic hepatitis C patients, a disease in which DPP4 levels are found to be elevated. Participants were treated daily with 100 mg sitagliptin, a clinically approved DPP4 inhibitor. Plasma samples were analyzed using an ultrasensitive single‐molecule assay (Simoa) to distinguish the full‐length CXCL101–77 from the NH2‐truncated CXCL103–77, as compared to the total CXCL10 levels. Sitagliptin treatment resulted in a significant decrease in CXCL103–77 concentration, a reciprocal increase in CXCL101–77, with only minimal effects on total levels of the chemokine. These data provide the first direct evidence that in vivo DPP4 inhibition in humans can preserve the bioactive form of CXCL10, offering new therapeutic opportunities for DPP4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Decalf
- The Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Immunobiology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France INSERM U818, Paris, France
| | - Kristin V Tarbell
- Diabetes Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Armanda Casrouge
- The Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Immunobiology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France INSERM U818, Paris, France
| | - Jeffrey D Price
- Diabetes Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Grace Linder
- Diabetes Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Estelle Mottez
- Center for Human Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Sultanik
- Département d'Hépatologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, INSERM UMS20, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Mallet
- Département d'Hépatologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, INSERM UMS20, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Stanislas Pol
- Département d'Hépatologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, INSERM UMS20, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Darragh Duffy
- The Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Immunobiology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France INSERM U818, Paris, France Center for Human Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Matthew L Albert
- The Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Immunobiology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France INSERM U818, Paris, France Center for Human Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Department of Cancer Immunotherapy, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Rahman MJ, Rahir G, Dong MB, Zhao Y, Rodrigues KB, Hotta-Iwamura C, Chen Y, Guerrero A, Tarbell KV. Despite Increased Type 1 IFN, Autoimmune Nonobese Diabetic Mice Display Impaired Dendritic Cell Response to CpG and Decreased Nuclear Localization of IFN-Activated STAT1. J Immunol 2016; 196:2031-40. [PMID: 26826238 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune signals help break self-tolerance to initiate autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes, but innate contributions to subsequent regulation of disease progression are less clear. Most studies have measured in vitro innate responses of GM-CSF dendritic cells (DCs) that are functionally distinct from conventional DCs (cDCs) and do not reflect in vivo DC subsets. To determine whether autoimmune NOD mice have alterations in type 1 IFN innate responsiveness, we compared cDCs from prediabetic NOD and control C57BL/6 (B6) mice stimulated in vivo with the TLR9 ligand CpG, a strong type 1 IFN inducer. In response to CpG, NOD mice produce more type 1 IFN and express higher levels of CD40, and NOD monocyte DCs make more TNF. However, the overall CpG-induced transcriptional response is muted in NOD cDCs. Of relevance the costimulatory proteins CD80/CD86, signals needed for regulatory T cell homeostasis, are upregulated less on NOD cDCs. Interestingly, NOD Rag1(-/-) mice also display a defect in CpG-induced CD86 upregulation compared with B6 Rag1(-/-), indicating this particular innate alteration precedes adaptive autoimmunity. The impaired response in NOD DCs is likely downstream of the IFN-α/β receptor because DCs from NOD and B6 mice show similar CpG-induced CD86 levels when anti-IFN-α/β receptor Ab is added. IFN-α-induced nuclear localization of activated STAT1 is markedly reduced in NOD CD11c(+) cells, consistent with lower type 1 IFN responsiveness. In conclusion, NOD DCs display altered innate responses characterized by enhanced type 1 IFN and activation of monocyte-derived DCs but diminished cDC type 1 IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jubayer Rahman
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Gwendoline Rahir
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Matthew B Dong
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Yongge Zhao
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Kameron B Rodrigues
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Chie Hotta-Iwamura
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Ye Chen
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Alan Guerrero
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Kristin V Tarbell
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
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Hotta-Iwamura C, Tarbell KV. Type 1 diabetes genetic susceptibility and dendritic cell function: potential targets for treatment. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:65-80. [PMID: 26792821 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3mr1115-500r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that results from the defective induction or maintenance of T cell tolerance against islet β cell self-antigens. Under steady-state conditions, dendritic cells with tolerogenic properties are critical for peripheral immune tolerance. Tolerogenic dendritic cells can induce T cell anergy and deletion and, in some contexts, induce or expand regulatory T cells. Dendritic cells contribute to both immunomodulatory effects and triggering of pathogenesis in type 1 diabetes. This immune equilibrium is affected by both genetic and environmental factors that contribute to the development of type 1 diabetes. Genome-wide association studies and disease association studies have identified >50 polymorphic loci that lend susceptibility or resistance to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. In parallel, diabetes susceptibility regions known as insulin-dependent diabetes loci have been identified in the nonobese diabetic mouse, a model for human type 1 diabetes, providing a better understanding of potential immunomodulatory factors in type 1 diabetes risk. Most genetic candidates have annotated immune cell functions, but the focus has been on changes to T and B cells. However, it is likely that some of the genomic susceptibility in type 1 diabetes directly interrupts the tolerogenic potential of dendritic cells in the pathogenic context of ongoing autoimmunity. Here, we will review how gene polymorphisms associated with autoimmune diabetes may influence dendritic cell development and maturation processes that could lead to alterations in the tolerogenic function of dendritic cells. These insights into potential tolerogenic and pathogenic roles for dendritic cells have practical implications for the clinical manipulation of dendritic cells toward tolerance to prevent and treat type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Hotta-Iwamura
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristin V Tarbell
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Price JD, Hotta-Iwamura C, Zhao Y, Beauchamp NM, Tarbell KV. DCIR2+ cDC2 DCs and Zbtb32 Restore CD4+ T-Cell Tolerance and Inhibit Diabetes. Diabetes 2015; 64:3521-31. [PMID: 26070317 PMCID: PMC4587633 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During autoimmunity, the normal ability of dendritic cells (DCs) to induce T-cell tolerance is disrupted; therefore, autoimmune disease therapies based on cell types and molecular pathways that elicit tolerance in the steady state may not be effective. To determine which DC subsets induce tolerance in the context of chronic autoimmunity, we used chimeric antibodies specific for DC inhibitory receptor 2 (DCIR2) or DEC-205 to target self-antigen to CD11b(+) (cDC2) DCs and CD8(+) (cDC1) DCs, respectively, in autoimmune-prone nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. Antigen presentation by DCIR2(+) DCs but not DEC-205(+) DCs elicited tolerogenic CD4(+) T-cell responses in NOD mice. β-Cell antigen delivered to DCIR2(+) DCs delayed diabetes induction and induced increased T-cell apoptosis without interferon-γ (IFN-γ) or sustained expansion of autoreactive CD4(+) T cells. These divergent responses were preceded by differential gene expression in T cells early after in vivo stimulation. Zbtb32 was higher in T cells stimulated with DCIR2(+) DCs, and overexpression of Zbtb32 in T cells inhibited diabetes development, T-cell expansion, and IFN-γ production. Therefore, we have identified DCIR2(+) DCs as capable of inducing antigen-specific tolerance in the face of ongoing autoimmunity and have also identified Zbtb32 as a suppressive transcription factor that controls T cell-mediated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Price
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Chie Hotta-Iwamura
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Yongge Zhao
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nicole M Beauchamp
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kristin V Tarbell
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Dong MB, Rahman MJ, Tarbell KV. Flow cytometric gating for spleen monocyte and DC subsets: differences in autoimmune NOD mice and with acute inflammation. J Immunol Methods 2015; 432:4-12. [PMID: 26344574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The role of antigen presenting cells (APCs) in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and other inflammatory diseases is now better understood due to advances in multicolor flow cytometry, gene expression analysis of APC populations, and functional correlation of mouse to human APC populations. A simple but informative nomenclature of conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cell subsets (cDC1, cDC2, pDC) and monocyte-derived populations incorporates these advances, but accurate subset identification is critical. Ambiguous gating schemes and alterations of cell surface markers in inflammatory condition can make comparing results between studies difficult. Both acute inflammation, such as TLR-ligand stimulation, and chronic inflammation as found in mouse models of autoimmunity can alter DC subset gating. Here, we address these issues using in vivo CpG stimulation as an example of acute inflammation and the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse as a model of chronic inflammation.We provide a flow cytometric antibody panel and gating scheme that differentiate 2 monocytic and 3DC subsets in the spleen both at steady state and after CpG stimulation. Using this method, we observed differences in the composition of NOD DCs that have been previously reported, and newly identified increases in the number of NOD monocyte-derived DCs. Finally, we established a protocol for DC phosphoflow to measure the phosphorylation state of intracellular proteins, and use it to confirm functional differences in the identified subsets. Therefore, we present optimized methods for distinguishing monocytic and DC populations with and without inflammation and/or autoimmunity associated with NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Dong
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M Jubayer Rahman
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kristin V Tarbell
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongge Zhao
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kristin V Tarbell
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Tarbell KV, Rane SG. Saving β cell function in the NIK of time. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [PMID: 26216602 PMCID: PMC4516801 DOI: 10.1084/jem.2128insight2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin V Tarbell
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Sushil G Rane
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health
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Price JD, Tarbell KV. The Role of Dendritic Cell Subsets and Innate Immunity in the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes and Other Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2015; 6:288. [PMID: 26124756 PMCID: PMC4466467 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are key antigen-presenting cells that have an important role in autoimmune pathogenesis. DCs control both steady-state T cell tolerance and activation of pathogenic responses. The balance between these two outcomes depends on several factors, including genetic susceptibility, environmental signals that stimulate varied innate responses, and which DC subset is presenting antigen. Although the specific DC phenotype can diverge depending on the tissue location and context, there are four main subsets identified in both mouse and human: conventional cDC1 and cDC2, plasmacytoid DCs, and monocyte-derived DCs. In this review, we will discuss the role of these subsets in autoimmune pathogenesis and regulation, as well as the genetic and environmental signals that influence their function. Specific topics to be addressed include impact of susceptibility loci on DC subsets, alterations in DC subset development, the role of infection- and host-derived innate inflammatory signals, and the role of the intestinal microbiota on DC phenotype. The effects of these various signals on disease progression and the relative effects of DC subset composition and maturation level of DCs will be examined. These areas will be explored using examples from several autoimmune diseases but will focus mainly on type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Price
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Immune Tolerance Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Kristin V Tarbell
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Immune Tolerance Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
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Guerrero AD, Dong MB, Zhao Y, Lau-Kilby A, Tarbell KV. Interleukin-2-mediated inhibition of dendritic cell development correlates with decreased CD135 expression and increased monocyte/macrophage precursors. Immunology 2015; 143:640-50. [PMID: 24954893 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that interleukin-2 (IL-2) inhibits dendritic cell (DC) development from mouse bone marrow (BM) precursors stimulated with the ligand for FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 receptor (Flt3L), and have provided evidence that this inhibition occurs at the monocyte DC precursor stage of DC development. Here, we explored the mechanism of IL-2-mediated inhibition of DC development. First, we showed that these in vitro cultures accurately model DCs that develop in vivo by comparing gene and protein expression of the three main Flt3L-induced DC subsets from the BM, CD11b(+) and CD24(+) conventional DCs (cDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) with their respective ex vivo spleen DC subsets (CD11b(+), CD8(+) and pDCs). Next, gene expression changes were quantified in Flt3L DC subsets that developed in the presence of IL-2. These changes included increased expression of Bcl2l11, which encodes the apoptosis-inducing protein Bim, and decreased expression of Flt3 (CD135), the receptor that initiates DC development. Interleukin-2 also significantly reduced Flt3 protein expression on all three Flt3L DC subsets, and attenuated Flt3L-induced STAT3 phosphorylation in DCs. Based on these data, we hypothesized that decreased Flt3 signalling may divert BM precursors down monocyte and macrophage lineages. Indeed, addition of IL-2 led to increases in Flt3(-) cells, including cKit(+) Ly6C(+) CD11b(-) populations consistent with the recently identified committed monocyte/macrophage progenitor. Therefore, IL-2 can inhibit DC development via decreased signalling through Flt3 and increased monocyte/macrophage development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Guerrero
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Price JD, Linder G, Li WP, Zimmermann B, Rother KI, Malek R, Alattar M, Tarbell KV. Effects of short-term sitagliptin treatment on immune parameters in healthy individuals, a randomized placebo-controlled study. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 174:120-8. [PMID: 23711188 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, improves blood glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes by blocking cleavage of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). In type 2 diabetes patients sitagliptin use is associated with an increase in minor infections, and in new-onset type 1 diabetes patients the ability of sitagliptin to dampen autoimmunity is currently being tested. DPP-4, also known as CD26, is expressed on leucocytes and can inactivate many chemokines important for leucocyte migration, as well as act as a co-stimulatory molecule on T cells. Therefore, this study was conducted to test whether sitagliptin is immunomodulatory. In this randomized, placebo-controlled trial, healthy volunteers were given sitagliptin or placebo daily for 28 days, and blood was drawn for immune assays. No significant differences were observed in the percentage of leucocyte subsets within peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), plasma chemokine/cytokine levels or cytokines released by stimulation of PBMCs with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or anti-CD3. Individuals taking sitagliptin displayed increases in the percentage of cells expressing higher levels of CD26 at early time-points compared to placebo controls, but these differences resolved by day 28 of treatment. Therefore, in healthy volunteers, treatment with sitagliptin daily for 28 days does not overtly alter systemic immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Price
- Diabetes Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Price JD, Beauchamp NM, Rahir G, Zhao Y, Rieger CC, Lau-Kilby AW, Tarbell KV. CD8+ dendritic cell-mediated tolerance of autoreactive CD4+ T cells is deficient in NOD mice and can be corrected by blocking CD40L. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 95:325-36. [PMID: 24082013 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0113013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DCs are important mediators of peripheral tolerance for the prevention of autoimmunity. Chimeric αDEC-205 antibodies with attached antigens allow in vivo antigen-specific stimulation of T cells by CD8(+) DCs, resulting in tolerance in nonautoimmune mice. However, it is not clear whether DC-mediated tolerance induction occurs in the context of ongoing autoimmunity. We assessed the role of CD8(+) DCs in stimulation of autoreactive CD4(+) T cells in the NOD mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Targeting of antigen to CD8(+) DCs via αDEC-205 led to proliferation and expansion of β-cell specific BDC2.5 T cells. These T cells also produced IL-2 and IFN-γ and did not up-regulate FoxP3, consistent with an activated rather than tolerant phenotype. Similarly, endogenous BDC peptide-reactive T cells, identified with I-A(g7) tetramers, did not become tolerant after antigen delivery via αDEC-205: no deletion or Treg induction was observed. We observed that CD8(+) DCs from NOD mice expressed higher surface levels of CD40 than CD8(+) DCs from C57BL/6 mice. Blockade of CD40-CD40L interactions reduced the number of BDC2.5 T cells remaining in mice, 10 days after antigen targeting to CD8 DCs, and blocked IFN-γ production by BDC2.5 T cells. These data indicate that the ability of autoreactive CD4(+) T cells to undergo tolerance mediated by CD8(+) DCs is defective in NOD mice and that blocking CD40-CD40L interactions can restore tolerance induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Price
- 1.Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bldg. 10, CRC, West Labs, 5-5940, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Gardner JM, Metzger TC, McMahon EJ, Au-Yeung BB, Krawisz AK, Lu W, Price JD, Johannes KP, Satpathy AT, Murphy KM, Tarbell KV, Weiss A, Anderson MS. Extrathymic Aire-expressing cells are a distinct bone marrow-derived population that induce functional inactivation of CD4⁺ T cells. Immunity 2013; 39:560-72. [PMID: 23993652 PMCID: PMC3804105 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The autoimmune regulator (Aire) is essential for prevention of autoimmunity; its role is best understood in the thymus, where it promotes self-tolerance through tissue-specific antigen (TSA) expression. Recently, extrathymic Aire-expressing cells (eTACs) have been described in murine secondary lymphoid organs, but the identity of such cells and their role in immune tolerance remains unclear. Here we have shown that eTACs are a discrete major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II)(hi), CD80(lo), CD86(lo), epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)(hi), CD45(lo) bone marrow-derived peripheral antigen-presenting cell (APC) population. We also have demonstrated that eTACs can functionally inactivate CD4⁺ T cells through a mechanism that does not require regulatory T cells (Treg) and is resistant to innate inflammatory stimuli. Together, these findings further define eTACs as a distinct tolerogenic cell population in secondary lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Gardner
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0540, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0540, USA
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24
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Mukherjee G, Geliebter A, Babad J, Santamaria P, Serreze DV, Freeman GJ, Tarbell KV, Sharpe A, DiLorenzo TP. DEC-205-mediated antigen targeting to steady-state dendritic cells induces deletion of diabetogenic CD8⁺ T cells independently of PD-1 and PD-L1. Int Immunol 2013; 25:651-60. [PMID: 24021877 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxt031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8⁺ T cells specific for islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP) have been implicated in type 1 diabetes in both humans and non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, in which T cells specific for IGRP₂₀₆₋₂₁₄ are highly prevalent. We sought to manipulate these pathogenic T cells by exploiting the ability of steady-state dendritic cells (DCs) to present antigens in a tolerogenic manner. The endocytic receptor DEC-205 was utilized to deliver an IGRP₂₀₆₋₂₁₄ mimotope to DCs in NOD mice, and the impact of this delivery on a polyclonal population of endogenous islet-reactive cognate T cells was determined. Assessment of islet-infiltrating CD8⁺ T cells showed a decrease in the percentage, and the absolute number, of endogenous IGRP₂₀₆₋₂₁₄-specific T cells when the mimotope was delivered to DCs, compared with delivery of a specificity control. Employing an adoptive transfer system, deletion of CD8⁺ T cells as a result of DEC-205-mediated antigen targeting was found to occur independently of programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1), both often implicated in the regulation of peripheral T-cell tolerance. Given its promise for the manipulation of self-reactive polyclonal T cells demonstrated here, the distinctive characteristics of this antigen delivery system will be important to appreciate as its potential as an intervention for autoimmune diseases continues to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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25
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Hübner MP, Shi Y, Torrero MN, Mueller E, Larson D, Soloviova K, Gondorf F, Hoerauf A, Killoran KE, Stocker JT, Davies SJ, Tarbell KV, Mitre E. Helminth protection against autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice is independent of a type 2 immune shift and requires TGF-β. J Immunol 2011; 188:559-68. [PMID: 22174447 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Leading hypotheses to explain helminth-mediated protection against autoimmunity postulate that type 2 or regulatory immune responses induced by helminth infections in the host limit pathogenic Th1-driven autoimmune responses. We tested these hypotheses by investigating whether infection with the filarial nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis prevents diabetes onset in IL-4-deficient NOD mice and whether depletion or absence of regulatory T cells, IL-10, or TGF-β alters helminth-mediated protection. In contrast to IL-4-competent NOD mice, IL-4-deficient NOD mice failed to develop a type 2 shift in either cytokine or Ab production during L. sigmodontis infection. Despite the absence of a type 2 immune shift, infection of IL-4-deficient NOD mice with L. sigmodontis prevented diabetes onset in all mice studied. Infections in immunocompetent and IL-4-deficient NOD mice were accompanied by increases in CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cell frequencies and numbers, respectively, and helminth infection increased the proliferation of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) cells. However, depletion of CD25(+) cells in NOD mice or Foxp3(+) T cells from splenocytes transferred into NOD.scid mice did not decrease helminth-mediated protection against diabetes onset. Continuous depletion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β, but not blockade of IL-10 signaling, prevented the beneficial effect of helminth infection on diabetes. Changes in Th17 responses did not seem to play an important role in helminth-mediated protection against autoimmunity, because helminth infection was not associated with a decreased Th17 immune response. This study demonstrates that L. sigmodontis-mediated protection against diabetes in NOD mice is not dependent on the induction of a type 2 immune shift but does require TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc P Hübner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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26
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Luo X, Tarbell KV, Yang H, Pothoven K, Bailey SL, Ding R, Steinman RM, Suthanthiran M. Dendritic cells with TGF-beta1 differentiate naive CD4+CD25- T cells into islet-protective Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:2821-6. [PMID: 17307871 PMCID: PMC1815265 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611646104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (T regs) are important for preventing autoimmune diabetes and are either thymic-derived (natural) or differentiated in the periphery outside the thymus (induced). Here we show that beta-cell peptide-pulsed dendritic cells (DCs) from nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice can effectively induce CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T cells from naïve islet-specific CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells in the presence of TGF-beta1. These induced, antigen-specific T regs maintain high levels of clonotype-specific T cell receptor expression and exert islet-specific suppression in vitro. When cotransferred with diabetogenic cells into NOD scid recipients, T regs induced with DCs and TGF-beta1 prevent the development of diabetes. Furthermore, in overtly NOD mice, these cells are able to significantly protect syngeneic islet grafts from established destructive autoimmunity. These results indicate a role for DCs in the induction of antigen-specific CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T cells that can inhibit fully developed autoimmunity in a nonlymphopoenic host, providing an important potential strategy for immunotherapy in patients with autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunrong Luo
- *Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine
- Division of Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, and
| | - Kristin V. Tarbell
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology and the Chris Browne Center for Immunology and Immune Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021; and
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, 525 East 69th Street, Box 3, New York, NY 10021
| | | | - Samantha L. Bailey
- Department of Microbiology–Immunology and the Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Ruchuang Ding
- Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, 525 East 69th Street, Box 3, New York, NY 10021
| | - Ralph M. Steinman
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology and the Chris Browne Center for Immunology and Immune Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| | - Manikkam Suthanthiran
- Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, 525 East 69th Street, Box 3, New York, NY 10021
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
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27
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Tarbell KV, Petit L, Zuo X, Toy P, Luo X, Mqadmi A, Yang H, Suthanthiran M, Mojsov S, Steinman RM. Dendritic cell-expanded, islet-specific CD4+ CD25+ CD62L+ regulatory T cells restore normoglycemia in diabetic NOD mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:191-201. [PMID: 17210729 PMCID: PMC2118426 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20061631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Most treatments that prevent autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice require intervention at early pathogenic stages, when insulitis is first developing. We tested whether dendritic cell (DC)–expanded, islet antigen–specific CD4+ CD25+ suppressor T cells could treat diabetes at later stages of disease, when most of the insulin-producing islet β cells had been destroyed by infiltrating lymphocytes. CD4+ CD25+ CD62L+ regulatory T cells (T reg cells) from BDC2.5 T cell receptor transgenic mice were expanded with antigen-pulsed DCs and IL-2, and were then injected into NOD mice. A single dose of as few as 5 × 104 of these islet-specific T reg cells blocked diabetes development in prediabetic 13-wk-old NOD mice. The T reg cells also induced long-lasting reversal of hyperglycemia in 50% of mice in which overt diabetes had developed. Successfully treated diabetic mice had similar responses to glucose challenge compared with nondiabetic NOD mice. The successfully treated mice retained diabetogenic T cells, but also had substantially increased Foxp3+ cells in draining pancreatic lymph nodes. However, these Foxp3+ cells were derived from the recipient mice and not the injected T reg cells, suggesting a role for endogenous T reg cells in maintaining tolerance after treatment. Therefore, inoculation of DC-expanded, antigen-specific suppressor T cells has considerable efficacy in ameliorating ongoing diabetes in NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin V Tarbell
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology and Christopher H. Browne Center for Immunology and Immune Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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28
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Yamazaki S, Inaba K, Tarbell KV, Steinman RM. Dendritic cells expand antigen-specific Foxp3+ CD25+ CD4+ regulatory T cells including suppressors of alloreactivity. Immunol Rev 2006; 212:314-29. [PMID: 16903923 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2006.00422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thymic derived naturally occurring CD25+ CD4+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) suppress immune responses, including transplantation. Here we discuss the capacity of dendritic cells (DCs) to expand antigen-specific Tregs, particularly polyclonal Tregs directed to alloantigens. Initial studies have shown that mature DCs are specialized antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for expanding antigen-specific CD25+ CD4+ Tregs from TCR transgenic mice. When triggered by specific antigen, these Tregs act back on immature DCs to block the upregulation of CD80 and CD86 costimulatory molecules. More recently, DCs have been used to expand alloantigen-specific CD25+ CD4+ Tregs from the polyclonal repertoire in the presence of interleukin-2 (IL-2). Allogeneic DCs are much more effective than allogeneic spleen cells for expanding CD25+ CD4+ Tregs. The DC-expanded Tregs continue to express high levels of Foxp3, even without supplemental IL-2, whereas spleen cells poorly sustain Foxp3 expression. When suppressive activity is tested, relatively small numbers of DC-expanded CD25+ CD4+ Tregs exert antigen-specific suppression in the mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR), blocking immune responses to the original stimulating strain 10 times more effectively than to third party stimulating cells. DC-expanded Tregs also retard graft versus host disease (GVHD) across full major histocompatibility complex (MHC) barriers. In vitro and in vivo, the alloantigen-specific CD25+ CD4+ Tregs are much more effective suppressors of transplantation reactions than polyclonal populations. We suggest that the expansion of Tregs from a polyclonal repertoire via antigen-presenting DCs will provide a means for antigen-specific control of unwanted immune reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Chris Browne Center of Immunology and Immune Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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29
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Yamazaki S, Patel M, Harper A, Bonito A, Fukuyama H, Pack M, Tarbell KV, Talmor M, Ravetch JV, Inaba K, Steinman RM. Effective expansion of alloantigen-specific Foxp3+ CD25+ CD4+ regulatory T cells by dendritic cells during the mixed leukocyte reaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:2758-63. [PMID: 16473944 PMCID: PMC1413800 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0510606103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic-derived CD25+ CD4+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) suppress immune responses, including transplantation. Here we evaluated the ability of dendritic cells (DCs) to expand alloantigen-specific Tregs in the mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) that develops from polyclonal populations of T cells. The allogeneic DCs, when supplemented with IL-2 in the cultures, were much more effective than bulk spleen cells in expanding the numbers of Tregs. Likewise, DCs and not spleen cells were effective in sustaining expression of the transcription factor Foxp3 in Tregs, but neither IL-2 nor CD80/86 was required for this effect in the cultures. On a per-cell basis, the DC-expanded, but not unexpanded, Tregs were more potent suppressors of a fresh MLR by CD25- CD4+ T cells. Suppression was 3- to 10-fold more active for MLRs induced by the original alloantigens than for third-party stimulators. When DC-expanded Tregs were introduced into sublethally irradiated hosts, the T cells suppressed graft-versus-host-disease induced by CD25- CD4+ T cells. Again, suppression was more active against the same mouse strain that provided the DCs to expand the Tregs. Therefore, alloantigen-selected Tregs are more effective suppressors of responses to major transplantation antigens, and these Tregs can be expanded from a polyclonal repertoire by DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Yamazaki
- *Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology and Chris Browne Center of Immunology and Immune Disease, and
| | - Munjal Patel
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital–Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10021; and
| | - Alice Harper
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital–Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10021; and
| | - Anthony Bonito
- *Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology and Chris Browne Center of Immunology and Immune Disease, and
| | - Hidehiro Fukuyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021
| | - Maggi Pack
- *Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology and Chris Browne Center of Immunology and Immune Disease, and
| | - Kristin V. Tarbell
- *Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology and Chris Browne Center of Immunology and Immune Disease, and
| | - Mia Talmor
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital–Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10021; and
| | - Jeffrey V. Ravetch
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021
| | - Kayo Inaba
- Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ralph M. Steinman
- *Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology and Chris Browne Center of Immunology and Immune Disease, and
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are important for several aspects of the development and function of CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs), which are critical for maintaining peripheral tolerance and preventing autoimmunity. In cultures from human thymus, dendritic cells (DCs) conditioned with thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) mediate the production of Tregs from CD4(+) CD25(-) thymocytes. In cultures from mouse lymphoid organs, CD86-rich DCs induce the proliferation and improved suppressive function of antigen-specific Tregs. DC-expanded, antigen-specific Tregs show greatly enhanced efficacy relative to polyclonal populations in blocking experimental autoimmunity. In several animal models including NOD diabetes, Tregs directed to one autoantigen are able to block autoimmunity induced by multiple antigens from the target organ. Distinct states of DC differentiation or maturation are likely to be important for the emerging roles of DCs in the biology of Tregs, particularly the control of autoimmunity in an antigen-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin V Tarbell
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology and the Chris Browne Center for Immunology and Immune Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 176, New York, NY 10021-6399, USA.
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31
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Masteller EL, Warner MR, Tang Q, Tarbell KV, McDevitt H, Bluestone JA. Expansion of functional endogenous antigen-specific CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells from nonobese diabetic mice. J Immunol 2005; 175:3053-9. [PMID: 16116193 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.5.3053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (T(reg)) are critical for controlling autoimmunity. Evidence suggests that T(reg) development, peripheral maintenance, and suppressive function are dependent on Ag specificity. However, there is little direct evidence that the T(reg) responsible for controlling autoimmunity in NOD mice or other natural settings are Ag specific. In fact, some investigators have argued that polyclonal Ag-nonspecific T(reg) are efficient regulators of immunity. Thus, the goal of this study was to identify, expand, and characterize islet Ag-specific T(reg) in NOD mice. Ag-specific T(reg) from NOD mice were efficiently expanded in vitro using IL-2 and beads coated with recombinant islet peptide mimic-MHC class II and anti-CD28 mAb. The expanded Ag-specific T(reg) expressed prototypic surface markers and cytokines. Although activated in an Ag-specific fashion, the expanded T(reg) were capable of bystander suppression both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, the islet peptide mimic-specific T(reg) were more efficient than polyclonal T(reg) in suppressing autoimmune diabetes. These results provide a direct demonstration of the presence of autoantigen-specific T(reg) in the natural setting that can be applied as therapeutics for organ-specific autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Masteller
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0540, USA
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32
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Ranheim EA, Tarbell KV, Krogsgaard M, Mallet-Designe V, Teyton L, McDevitt HO, Weissman IL. Selection of aberrant class II restricted CD8+ T cells in NOD mice expressing a glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)65-specific T cell receptor transgene. Autoimmunity 2005; 37:555-67. [PMID: 15763918 DOI: 10.1080/08916930400020545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We previously described the generation of non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice expressing a transgenic T cell receptor (TCR) specific for peptide epitope 286-300 of the diabetes related self antigen, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)65 in the context of I-A(g7) class II MHC, that are paradoxically protected from diabetes. In this report, we examine the atypical CD8+ cells in these mice. Unlike typical class II restricted TCR transgenic mice, GAD286 mice have normal numbers of CD8+ cells, half of which express high levels of the transgenic TCR. These MHC mismatched CD8+ cells persist in the periphery and proliferate to GAD286-300 peptide in vitro and in vivo in a class II restricted fashion. Interestingly, the CD8+ tetramer(-) T cells that are expressing endogenous TCR can delay diabetes induction in a transfer model, as we previously showed for CD4+ tetramer+ T cells in these mice. The MHC mismatched CD8+ cells appear to be positively selected in an atypical fashion, in that they do not upregulate CD69 or reexpress CD44, and they escape negative selection. We find that production of these CD8+ cells is not dependent on NOD thymus or high affinity of the TCR, but is dependent on the atypical TCR transgenic thymic environment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantigens/genetics
- Autoantigens/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Clonal Deletion/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Glutamate Decarboxylase/genetics
- Glutamate Decarboxylase/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Ranheim
- Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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33
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Kim SK, Tarbell KV, Sanna M, Vadeboncoeur M, Warganich T, Lee M, Davis M, McDevitt HO. Prevention of type I diabetes transfer by glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 peptide 206-220-specific T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:14204-9. [PMID: 15381770 PMCID: PMC521137 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0405500101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65 is one of the major pancreatic antigens targeted by self-reactive T cells in type I diabetes mellitus. T cells specific for GAD65 are among the first to enter inflamed islets and may be important for the initiation of autoimmune diabetes. However, we previously reported that nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice transgenic for a T cell antigen receptor (TCR) specific for one of the immunodominant epitopes of GAD65, peptide 286-300 (G286), are protected from insulitis and diabetes. To examine whether other GAD65-reactive T cells share this phenotype, we have generated TCR transgenic NOD mice for a second immunodominant epitope of GAD65, peptide 206-220 (G206). As in G286 mice, G206 mice do not develop islet inflammation or diabetes. When adoptively transferred along with diabetogenic T cells, activated G206 T cells significantly delayed the onset of diabetes in NOD.scid recipients. Both G206 and G286 T cells produce immunoregulatory cytokines IFN-gamma and IL-10 at low levels when activated by cognate antigens. These data suggest that GAD65-specific T cells may play a protective role in diabetes pathogenesis by regulating pathogenic T cell responses. A better understanding of the functions of autoreactive T cells in type I diabetes will be necessary for choosing desirable targets for immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- CD4 Antigens/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/prevention & control
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Glucose/analysis
- Glutamate Decarboxylase/immunology
- Glutamate Decarboxylase/metabolism
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Kyeong Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Tarbell KV, Yamazaki S, Olson K, Toy P, Steinman RM. CD25+ CD4+ T cells, expanded with dendritic cells presenting a single autoantigenic peptide, suppress autoimmune diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 199:1467-77. [PMID: 15184500 PMCID: PMC2211787 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20040180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 545] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of type 1 diabetes, the immune system recognizes many autoantigens expressed in pancreatic islet β cells. To silence autoimmunity, we used dendritic cells (DCs) from NOD mice to expand CD25+ CD4+ suppressor T cells from BDC2.5 mice, which are specific for a single islet autoantigen. The expanded T cells were more suppressive in vitro than their freshly isolated counterparts, indicating that DCs from autoimmune mice can increase the number and function of antigen-specific, CD25+ CD4+ regulatory T cells. Importantly, only 5,000 expanded CD25+ CD4+ BDC2.5 T cells could block autoimmunity caused by diabetogenic T cells in NOD mice, whereas 105 polyclonal, CD25+ CD4+ T cells from NOD mice were inactive. When islets were examined in treated mice, insulitis development was blocked at early (3 wk) but not later (11 wk) time points. The expanded CD25+ CD4+ BDC2.5 T cells were effective even if administered 14 d after the diabetogenic T cells. Our data indicate that DCs can generate CD25+ CD4+ T cells that suppress autoimmune disease in vivo. This might be harnessed as a new avenue for immunotherapy, especially because CD25+ CD4+ regulatory cells responsive to a single autoantigen can inhibit diabetes mediated by reactivity to multiple antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin V Tarbell
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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35
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Tarbell KV, Lee M, Ranheim E, Chao CC, Sanna M, Kim SK, Dickie P, Teyton L, Davis M, McDevitt H. CD4(+) T cells from glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)65-specific T cell receptor transgenic mice are not diabetogenic and can delay diabetes transfer. J Exp Med 2002; 196:481-92. [PMID: 12186840 PMCID: PMC2196059 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20011845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)65 is an early and important antigen in both human diabetes mellitus and the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse. However, the exact role of GAD65-specific T cells in diabetes pathogenesis is unclear. T cell responses to GAD65 occur early in diabetes pathogenesis, yet only one GAD65-specific T cell clone of many identified can transfer diabetes. We have generated transgenic mice on the NOD background expressing a T cell receptor (TCR)-specific for peptide epitope 286-300 (p286) of GAD65. These mice have GAD65-specific CD4(+) T cells, as shown by staining with an I-A(g7)(p286) tetramer reagent. Lymphocytes from these TCR transgenic mice proliferate and make interferon gamma, interleukin (IL)-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and IL-10 when stimulated in vitro with GAD65 peptide 286-300, yet these TCR transgenic animals do not spontaneously develop diabetes, and insulitis is virtually undetectable. Furthermore, in vitro activated CD4 T cells from GAD 286 TCR transgenic mice express higher levels of CTL-associated antigen (CTLA)-4 than nontransgenic littermates. CD4(+) T cells, or p286-tetramer(+)CD4(+) Tcells, from GAD65 286-300-specific TCR transgenic mice delay diabetes induced in NOD.scid mice by diabetic NOD spleen cells. This data suggests that GAD65 peptide 286-300-specific T cells have disease protective capacity and are not pathogenic.
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MESH Headings
- Abatacept
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Cell Division
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Diabetes Mellitus/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Gene Expression
- Glutamate Decarboxylase/immunology
- Immunoconjugates
- Isoenzymes/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptides/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-2
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin V Tarbell
- Program in Immunology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Vollmer SH, Walner MB, Tarbell KV, Colman RF. Guanosine 5'-O-[S-(4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)]thiophosphate and adenosine 5'-O-[S-(4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)]thiophosphate. New nucleotide affinity labels which react with rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:8082-90. [PMID: 8132533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Three new reactive nucleotide analogues with bromo-keto substituents adjacent to a thiophosphate have been synthesized. Guanosine 5'-O-[S-(4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)]thiophosphate (GMPS-BDB), reacts covalently with rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase with complete inactivation and incorporation of 1.8 mol of reagent/mol of enzyme subunit. By contrast, the mono-keto compound, guanosine 5'-O-[S-(3-bromo-2-oxopropyl)]thiophosphate (GMPS-BOP), causes no loss of pyruvate kinase activity. When the analogous adenosyl nucleotide derivatives are incubated with pyruvate kinase, the di-keto compound, adenosine 5'-O-[S-(4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)]thiophosphate (AMPS-BDB), rapidly effects inactivation, whereas the mono-keto compound, adenosine 5'-O-[S-(3-bromo-2-oxopropyl)]thiophosphate (AMPS-BOP), causes no loss of activity. Complete protection against inactivation by GMPS-BDB is provided by phosphoenolpyruvate in the presence of K+ and Mn2+ and the amount of reagent incorporated (0.9 mol/reagent/mol subunit) is reduced to half that observed in the absence of protectants. Gas-phase sequencing of the tryptic peptides purified from inactive GMPS-BDB or AMPS-BDB-modified enzyme gave the cysteine-labeled peptides: C151DENILWLDYK161, and N162IC164K165 as the two major peptide products, with a smaller amount of N43TGIIC48TIGPASR55. Reaction in the presence of the protectants PEP, K+, and Mn2+ yielded Cys164 as the only labeled residue, indicating that inactivation is primarily due to modification of Cys151. We propose that GMPS-BDB (or AMPS-BDB), which may exist in enolized form in aqueous solution, functions as a reactive analogue of phosphoenolpyruvate and GDP (ADP) to target Cys151 in the active site of pyruvate kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Vollmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark 19716
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Abstract
The authors postulated that volumetric measurement of residual gastric aspirate in neonates and infants with nonbilious projectile vomiting could enable differentiation between patients with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) and those with gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and help to determine whether ultrasound (US) or fluoroscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract would best confirm the diagnosis. In the 38 patients (all but two of whom had been fasting for 3-4 hours), 10 mL or more of nasogastric aspirate was considered indicative of obstruction. HPS occurred in 91.7% of patients with 10 mL of aspirate or more, whereas GER occurred in 85.7% of patients with less than 10 mL. The differences between the two groups were statistically significant. Solely on the basis of residual volume (greater than or equal to 10 mL), the cause of vomiting could be differentiated, prior to standard radiologic studies, 89.4% of the time. It is concluded that patients with projectile vomiting who have 10 mL or more of residual aspirate in the stomach should undergo US for confirmation of HPS; those with less than 10 mL should undergo fluoroscopy for confirmation of GER.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Finkelstein
- Department of Medical Imaging, Alfred I. duPont Institute, Wilmington, DE 19899
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