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Lavanga E, Dogbe L, Soucy J, Aziz F, Nguyen SL, Zil-E-Ali A, Aziz F. The state of vascular surgery education in the United States. Front Surg 2024; 11:1409688. [PMID: 38863463 PMCID: PMC11165300 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2024.1409688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
With the growing proportion of elderly population in the US and a relatively fixed supply of well-trained vascular surgeons, there is a serious concern that we will be facing a shortage of vascular surgery workforce in the near future. One of the main reasons why there is a shortage of vascular surgeons in the US is due to the fact that many students don't get exposed to this field throughout their student lives and a recent survey of medical students from a non-urban tertiary care academic institution showed that early exposure of the medical students to the surgical careers is correlated with an increased interest in the surgical field. This review of the state of vascular surgery education in the US at the undergraduate level describes in detail the importance of an early introduction to vascular surgery in the education curricula, the current state of the education, potential avenues to improve the exposure of students to the field of vascular surgery and the importance of this effort in matching the increasing need for vascular surgeons for an aging population which is likely to require dedicated care by vascular surgeons of the future. At the present time, the two pathways by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) to obtain dedicated vascular surgery training in the US include either enrolling in a two year clinical fellowship after completion of general surgery training or to match in a five year vascular surgery integrated residency program after successful completion of medical degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Lavanga
- Department of Medical Education, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Leana Dogbe
- Department of Medical Education, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Jacob Soucy
- Department of Medical Education, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Faizaan Aziz
- Departmentof Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - S. Lauren Nguyen
- Department of Medical Education, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Ahsan Zil-E-Ali
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Heart and Vascular Institute, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Faisal Aziz
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Heart and Vascular Institute, Hershey, PA, United States
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Arismendi T, Schaper N, Falkenhain A, Karabetsos KC, Syed A, Branch R, Moreno M, Pickney C, Obayi I, Lucas SJ, González E, Graves A, Kauffman B, Maningat A, Zielke T, Nam J, Soult MC, Aziz F, Bose S, Smeds MR. Fourth-Year Medical Students' Perceptions of Vascular Surgery: Can We Improve the Pipeline? Ann Vasc Surg 2023; 97:147-156. [PMID: 37495096 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2023.07.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since their inception, Integrated Vascular Surgery Residency (IVSR) programs have expanded widely and attracted highly competitive medical students by offering a more focused approach to learning both open surgical and endovascular techniques. However, despite substantial modifications to the training paradigm, a shortage of vascular surgeons is still projected through 2050. We aimed to gather and analyze fourth-year medical students' knowledge and perceptions of vascular surgery (VS) to further inform strategies for recruiting future vascular surgeons. METHODS We sent anonymous electronic questionnaires to fourth-year medical students at 7 allopathic and 3 osteopathic medical schools, with questions detailing demographics, specialty preferences, and exposure to and perceptions of VS. Descriptive statistics were obtained, and responses were compared between students applying to surgical specialties (SS) and nonsurgical specialties (NSS). RESULTS Two hundred eleven of 1,764 (12%) participants responded (56% female). 56% reported VS exposure, most commonly during the third year. 64 (30%) planned to apply to SS. 57% of respondents reported knowledge of the management of vascular disease, and 56% understood procedures performed by vascular surgeons. Ranking the importance of factors in choosing specialties, SS selected "experiences gained during medical school rotations" (P < 0.05), "types and/or variety of treatment modalities used in this field" (P < 0.001), and "interest in the pathology or disease processes treated" (P < 0.05) as highest priorities. NSS preferred "lifestyle (work-life balance) as an attending" (P < 0.001). Only 7% of all respondents believed vascular surgeons have a good work-life balance, with a larger percentage of SS (P < 0.001) agreeing. Stratified by gender, female students rated "limited ability of childbirth during residency and/or postponement of family plans" (P < 0.05), "gender-related concerns, such as discrimination at work or unfair career possibilities" (P < 0.001), and "fear of unfair competition" (P < 0.05) as potential negative aspects of VS careers. 55% of respondents believed the IVSR makes VS more appealing. CONCLUSIONS Medical students perceive poor quality of life and work-life balance as deterring factors to a career in VS. Opportunities exist to educate students on the pathologies treated, procedures performed, and attainable quality of life available in our field. We should also continue to develop recruitment strategies to stimulate student interest and increase early exposure in VS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ali Syed
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Rheyana Branch
- University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
| | - Marvi Moreno
- Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV
| | - Cole Pickney
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Ikpechukwu Obayi
- City University of New York (CUNY) School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Spencer J Lucas
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD
| | | | - Aaron Graves
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Kansas City, MO
| | | | - Alexandra Maningat
- University of the Incarnate Word School of Osteopathic Medicine, San Antonio, TX
| | - Tara Zielke
- Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - Janice Nam
- Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - Michael C Soult
- Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - Faisal Aziz
- Penn State College of Medicine, State College, PA
| | - Saideep Bose
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Matthew R Smeds
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO; Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO.
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Alnahhal KI, Lyden SP, Caputo FJ, Sorour AA, Rowe VL, Colglazier JJ, Smith BK, Shames ML, Kirksey L. The USMLE® STEP 1 Pass or Fail Era of the Vascular Surgery Residency Application Process: Implications for Structural Bias and Recommendations. Ann Vasc Surg 2023:S0890-5096(23)00239-X. [PMID: 37120072 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2023.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
MOTIVES BEHIND THE SHIFT USMLE® STEP 1 score reporting has been changed to a binary pass/fail format since January 26, 2022. The motives behind this change were (1) the questionable validity of using USMLE® STEP 1 as a screening tool during the candidate selection process and (2) the negative impact of using standardized examination scores as an initial gatekeeping threshold for the underrepresented in medicine (URiM) candidates applying to GME programs, given their generally lower mean standardized exams scores compared to non-URiM students. The USMLE® administrators justified this change as a tactic to enhance the overall educational experience for all students and to increase the representation of URiM groups. Moreover, they advised the program directors (PDs) to give more attention to other important qualities and components such as the applicant's personality traits, leadership roles and other extracurricular accomplishments, as part of a holistic evaluation strategy. IMPACT OF USMLE® STEP 1 PASS/FAIL: At this early stage, it is unclear how this change will impact Vascular Surgery Integrated residency (VSIR) programs. Several questions are outstanding, most importantly, how VSIR PDs will evaluate applicants absent the variable which heretofore was the primary screening tool. Our previously published survey showed that VSIR PDs will move their attention to other measures such as USMLE® STEP 2CK and letters of recommendation during the VSIR selection process. Furthermore, more emphasis on subjective measures such as the applicant's medical school rank and extracurricular student activities is expected. Given the expected higher weight of USMLE® STEP 2CK in the selection process than ever, many anticipate that medical students will dedicate more of their limited time to its preparation at the expense of both clinical and non-clinical activities. Potentially leaving less time to explore specialty pathways and to determine whether VS is the appropriate career for them. A FRAMEWORK FOR CANDIDATE EVALUATION The critical juncture in the VSIR candidate evaluation paradigm presents an opportunity to thoughtfully transform the process via current (Standardized Letter of Recommendation, USMLE® STEP 2CK, and clinical research) and future (Emotional Intelligence, Structure Interview and Personality Assessment) measures which constitute a framework to follow in the USMLE® STEP 1 pass/fail era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled I Alnahhal
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Heart Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland
| | - Sean P Lyden
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Heart Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland
| | - Francis J Caputo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Heart Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland
| | - Ahmed A Sorour
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Heart Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland
| | - Vincent L Rowe
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles
| | - Jill J Colglazier
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester
| | - Brigitte K Smith
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Murray L Shames
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of South Florida School of Medicine, Tampa
| | - Lee Kirksey
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Heart Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland.
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Chan SM, Gardezi M, Satam K, Brahmandam A, Aboian E, Strosberg D, Cardella J, Ochoa Chaar CI. Virtual vascular surgery interest group during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. J Vasc Surg 2023; 77:279-285.e2. [PMID: 36041674 PMCID: PMC9419433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2022.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Early exposure to vascular surgery at the medical student level positively influences one's decision to apply into an integrated vascular surgery residency program. Vascular surgery interest groups (VSIGs) are student-run and aim to facilitate such exposure, traditionally via in-person events. Social distancing during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic disrupted these interactions. This is a description of the virtual activities of a VSIG group during the 2020-2021 academic year and highlights their impact among medical students. METHODS The virtual activities of the VSIG at the Yale School of Medicine were reviewed. Students received surveys prior and after activities to assess their impact. Preactivity and postactivity surveys using Likert scale (1 = completely disagree; 5 = completely agree) were administered and compared. Statistical significance was achieved with a P value of less than .05. RESULTS A total of five virtual events were held: an Introductory Session (October 2020), a Simulation Session (November 2020), a Research Night (January 2021), a Journal Club (February 2021), and a National Match Panel (April 2021). The surveys of three events (Introductory Session, Simulation Session, and National Match Panel) were analyzed. Attendance at these events were 18, 55, and 103 respectively. The average presurvey response rate was 51.2% and the average postsurvey response rate was 27.46%. Students agreed that the Introductory Session increased their knowledge about vascular surgery as a subspecialty (4.22 ± 0.67) and that the session was valuable to their time (4.33 ± 1.00). The Simulation Session increased student's comfort with knot tying from 1.73 ± 0.89 to 3.21 ± 1.25 (P < .001). Students reported an increased understanding of residency program selection (2.39 ± 1.10 vs 3.21 ± 1.12; P = .018), the Electronic Residency Application Service application (2.16 ± 1.01 vs 3.00 ± 0.88; P = .007), and letters of recommendation (2.45 ± 1.07 vs 3.14 ± 1.17; P = .04). Students particularly had a significant increase in the understanding of the logistics of residency interviews, which were held virtually that year for the first time (1.84 ± 0.96 vs 3.29 ± 1.20; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Virtual VSIG activities were feasible and effective during the pandemic in promoting student engagement and interest in vascular surgery. Despite lifting social distancing measures, the virtual format could become a valuable tool to expand outreach efforts of the vascular surgery community to recruit talented medical students.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anand Brahmandam
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Edouard Aboian
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - David Strosberg
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jonathan Cardella
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Cassius Iyad Ochoa Chaar
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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Jackson TN, Wheeler TP, Truitt MS, Nelson P, Kempe K. Recruitment & Retainment of Vascular Surgeons: Prophylactic measures to improve the current workforce crisis. Ann Vasc Surg 2022; 85:219-227. [PMID: 35271962 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vascular surgery workforce is in jeopardy with current and increasing shortages. This study explores target populations for recruitment and aims to identify potential modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors associated with reduced job satisfaction among practicing vascular surgeons to improve retention and prevent early retirement. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional national survey of surgeons (n=1043) was conducted from September 2016 to May 2017. Data included demographic and occupational characteristics, as well as psychological, work-life balance, work-environment, and job-satisfaction variables. Surgeons were grouped into general surgery (n=507), obstetrics and gynecology (n=272), surgical subspecialties (n=212), and vascular surgery (n=52). Vascular surgeons were recategorized as more satisfied and less satisfied, and potential risk factors for job dissatisfaction were identified. RESULTS As compared with general surgeons, obstetrics and gynecology, as well as other surgical subspecialties, vascular surgery tended to be male-dominated with higher rates of non-white, minority groups (p<0.05). Less vascular surgery respondents were found in the Midwest (p<0.001). Vascular surgeons worked more hours on average than other surgical fields and were less satisfied with work (p<0.05). Potential job dissatisfaction risk factors among vascular surgeons include: unhealthy work-life balance, poor camaraderie/coworker dissatisfaction, insufficient hospital support, hostile hospital culture, discontent with supervision, minimal patient diversity, dissatisfaction with work in general, and unhappiness with career choice (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Recruiting new vascular surgery trainees while simultaneously preventing early retirement and attrition is critical to combatting the current workforce crisis. Potential interventions include (1) re-branding of the field with prioritization of work-life balance, (2) increasing hospital administration's support, (3) creating a collaborative work environment, and (4) facilitating personal accomplishment in work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa N Jackson
- University of Oklahoma Tulsa, Department of General Surgery, 1802 E. 19(th) St, Kravis Building, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States.
| | - Tiffany P Wheeler
- University of Oklahoma Tulsa, Department of General Surgery, 1802 E. 19th St, Kravis Building, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Michael S Truitt
- Methodist Dallas Medical Center, Department of Trauma Surgery, 1414 N. Beckley Ave, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Peter Nelson
- University of Oklahoma Tulsa, Department of Vascular Surgery, 1919 S. Wheeling Ave #600, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Kelly Kempe
- University of Oklahoma Tulsa, Department of Vascular Surgery, 1919 S. Wheeling Ave #600, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States
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Jackson TN, Wheeler TP, Truitt MS, Nelson PR, Kempe K. Recruitment of General Surgery Residents into Vascular Surgery. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2022; 79:165-172. [PMID: 34301522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular surgery fellowship applications among general surgery residents have declined. Given this steady downward trend in vascular applicants in conjunction with a predicted critical shortage of vascular surgeons, a call to action for increased recruitment is needed. To improve recruitment efforts, a subgroup analysis of general surgery residents was performed to explore factors that influence interest in vascular surgery. METHODS A cross-sectional national survey of residents (n = 467) was conducted from September 2016 to May 2017. In addition to collection of demographic and occupational characteristics, assessment of psychological, work-life balance, and job-satisfaction variables were obtained. Residents were grouped based on their interest in pursuing a fellowship. Chi-squared and Fisher's exact test was performed to determine significant variables. RESULTS Residents were grouped into "interest in non-vascular fellowship" (n = 350), "interest in vascular fellowship" (n = 21), and "not interested in fellowship" (n = 96). Significant variables between the groups included age, geographic location, residency size, and type of institution (p < 0.05). Those interested in vascular surgery tended to be older. Residents not interested in fellowship were more commonly located in the Midwest and at smaller, community residencies. No significant difference was found between mental wellness and work-life balance variables. Those residents interested in a vascular surgery fellowship were more dissatisfied with their current salary as compared to other residents (p = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS There is a predicted critical shortage in the vascular surgery workforce making recruitment of the best and brightest residents into the specialty vital to its future. In order to invigorate and broaden our group of vascular surgeons, focused recruitment of younger, Midwest, general surgery residents at smaller, community programs may provide the most yield. Publicizing the strengths of a vascular surgery career including the diversity of patients, continuity of care, proficiency in technical skill, and higher monetary rewards should be emphasized in recruiting these target populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa N Jackson
- Department of General Surgery, University of Oklahoma Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma
| | - Tiffany P Wheeler
- Department of General Surgery, University of Oklahoma Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma
| | - Michael S Truitt
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Methodist Dallas Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Peter R Nelson
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University of Oklahoma Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma
| | - Kelly Kempe
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University of Oklahoma Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
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Cui D, Wingert AM, Scott IU. Factors Influencing Choice of Medical Specialty among Ophthalmology and Non-Ophthalmology Residency Applicants. JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC OPHTHALMOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1728644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective The study aimed to investigate factors influencing choice of specialty among ophthalmology and non-ophthalmology residency applicants.
Patients and Methods Anonymous, web-based surveys were distributed through REDCap to the 2019 to 2020 residency applicants to the Penn State Department of Ophthalmology and, as a control group, Penn State medical students applying to non-ophthalmology residencies for the 2019 to 2020 cycle. The primary outcome was factors that influenced specialty choice among ophthalmology versus non-ophthalmology applicants. Secondary outcomes include hours of exposure to applicants' selected specialty in the medical school preclinical curriculum, and proportion of ophthalmology versus non-ophthalmology applicants who decided on, or developed a strong interest in, their specialty prior to clinical rotations.
Results Surveys were completed by 203/441 (46.0%) ophthalmology and 85/139 (61.1%) non-ophthalmology applicants. Fewer than 20 hours of exposure to an applicant's selected specialty were provided in the medical school preclinical curriculum for 86.7% of ophthalmology and 42.4% of non-ophthalmology applicants (p < 0.001). Ophthalmology applicants decided on, or developed a strong interest in, their selected specialty before clinical rotations at a similar rate to non-ophthalmology applicants (60.6 vs. 58.8%, respectively). Factors influencing specialty choice cited most commonly by ophthalmology applicants include professional satisfaction (94.1%), performing surgeries/procedures (92.6%), personal fit with specialty (91.1%), work-life balance (91.1%), and ability to see patients in a clinic setting (90.6%), compared to personal fit with specialty (95.3%)%, clinical rotation in selected specialty (95.3%), professional satisfaction (91.8%), intellectual stimulation (89.4%), and subinternship or away rotation (89.4%) among non-ophthalmology applicants.
Conclusion Professional satisfaction and personal fit with specialty were among the most commonly cited factors influencing specialty choice for both groups. Other factors cited most frequently by ophthalmology applicants include performing surgeries/procedures, work-life balance, and ability to see patients in a clinic setting. Despite limited ophthalmology exposure in medical school preclinical curricula, ophthalmology applicants decided on, or developed a strong interest in, their selected specialty before clinical rotations at a rate similar to non-ophthalmology applicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cui
- Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Ingrid U. Scott
- Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Dorsey C, McKenzie N, Milner R, Lee J, Schindler N. Vascular Surgery Curriculum for Medical Students: A National Targeted Needs Assessment. Ann Vasc Surg 2021; 79:11-16. [PMID: 34688874 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2021.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND At present, neither the American College of Surgeons (ACS) nor the Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS) provides curriculum recommendations for medical students rotating on a vascular surgery service. We sent a targeted needs assessment to vascular surgeons across the country in order to investigate the need for a structured curriculum for medical students participating in a vascular surgery rotation during their clinical clerkships. METHODS The survey was developed with input from medical students, vascular surgeons, and medical educators. Respondents were identified from the Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database (FREIDA). The needs assessment was sent to program directors of vascular residencies and fellowships and to other vascular surgery educators. The survey collected data regarding the existing vascular surgery curriculum at the respondent's institution, the need for a standardized curriculum, desired experiences for medical students, and important vascular topics for medical students to cover while on rotation. RESULTS Responses were obtained from 50 of the 146 surveyed individuals (response rate = 34.2%). 48 respondents (96%) worked in an academic hospital or academic affiliated hospital. With regard to the existing vascular surgery curriculum, only 28 respondents (61%) indicated that they had a curriculum approved by the surgery clerkship director. 37 respondents (77.1%) said there were at least goals and objectives for students on the vascular surgery service, and 29 respondents (60.4%) indicated that there was dedicated time for didactic sessions. Only 17 respondents (35.4%) indicated students gave a case presentation on the service. 29 respondents (63%) agreed or strongly agreed that there should be a standardized vascular curriculum for medical students. When asked to rank 9 topics from most important to least important for students to learn, respondents ranked peripheral arterial disease, aortic disease, and carotid disease highest. Simulation experience was most frequently indicated as a desired addition to the curriculum, and only 16 respondents (33.3%) reported opportunities for vascular surgery specific simulation experiences. CONCLUSIONS This study identified the lack of an existing structured curriculum for medical students, the desire for a standardized curriculum, and key topics and experiences that are felt to be important for students to cover. With this information in hand, vascular educators have the potential to enhance the learning experience of medical students rotating through the service by developing a standardized curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Dorsey
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois..
| | - Nicholas McKenzie
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ross Milner
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jason Lee
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Nancy Schindler
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL
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Hizzett K, Snaith B. Career intentions, their influences and motivational factors in diagnostic radiography: A survey of undergraduate students. Radiography (Lond) 2021; 28:162-167. [PMID: 34642119 DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The choice of career and speciality can be a complex process. It is unclear what influences career decisions within undergraduate radiographers and whether the curriculum provides sufficient support. METHODS An online cross-sectional survey was undertaken. All undergraduate diagnostic radiography students within one UK higher education institution were invited to participate. Questions were related to anticipated career choice, motivational factors and influences. RESULTS The response rate was 67.6% (90/133). The most popular specialist area for career preference was general radiography. The top three motivational factors were work life balance, career development and job satisfaction. The most influential factors on career choice were clinical placements, radiographers on placements and formal teaching. Career guidance was predominantly sourced from the personal academic tutor and was informed by role models. CONCLUSION Radiography academic teams and clinical placement providers must work together to ensure that students have access to high quality placements across specialities. The experiences received during undergraduate training are important in specialty choice. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Career guidance is essential and should begin as early as possible. Clinical and academic radiographers need to appreciate the influence they have on students future career plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hizzett
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK.
| | - B Snaith
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK; Radiology, Mid Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Aberford Road, Wakefield, WF1 4DG, UK
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Lee KS, Ng JJ, Choong AMTL. A scoping review of vascular surgery education in the medical school curriculum. J Vasc Surg 2021; 74:1362-1374.e3. [PMID: 33940080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2021.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the high burden of vascular disease that is assessed, investigated, and managed by generalists, no specific medical school curriculum is in use for vascular surgery (VS). In the present scoping review, we aimed to map the available evidence on the provision of VS education in the medical school curriculum worldwide. METHODS The present review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis) extension for scoping reviews. The inclusion criterion was reported research studies on VS education in the medical curriculum. RESULTS A total of 20 studies were included. Three main themes were identified. VS was perceived as an essential part of the general medical student curriculum by VS applicants. Exposure to VS varied considerably, and students generally expressed a need for an increase in VS coverage. The most important positive determinants when choosing VS as a career were having a VS mentor, the technical aspects of VS, and participation in a VS rotation. Frequently cited deterrents were the long training time and demanding lifestyle potentially compromising family life. CONCLUSIONS The present scoping review has provided a starting point to better understand the provision of VS education in medical schools across the world. Our review has demonstrated the variability in VS exposure at medical school and described students' sentiments toward VS. We have highlighted the need to determine whether the current curricula are adequate from the perspective of multiple stakeholders (eg, vascular surgeons, educators, general practitioners, a variety of specialists) with a crucial role in the treatment of patients with vascular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng Siang Lee
- SingVaSC, Singapore Vascular Surgical Collaborative, Singapore; Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jun Jie Ng
- SingVaSC, Singapore Vascular Surgical Collaborative, Singapore; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, National University Heart Centre, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Andrew M T L Choong
- SingVaSC, Singapore Vascular Surgical Collaborative, Singapore; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, National University Heart Centre, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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The Prevalence and Utility of Vascular Surgery Training Programs' and Vascular Societies’ Social Media Presence. Ann Vasc Surg 2020; 69:115-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2020.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Jacobs BN, Boniakowski AE, Osborne NH, Coleman DM. Effect of Mentoring on Match Rank of Integrated Vascular Surgery Residents. Ann Vasc Surg 2020; 64:285-291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2019.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Whiles BB, Thompson JA, Griebling TL, Thurmon KL. Perception, knowledge, and interest of urologic surgery: a medical student survey. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2019; 19:351. [PMID: 31519190 PMCID: PMC6743171 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-019-1794-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although only a limited number of medical schools require a formal educational rotation in urologic surgery, urology as a medical specialty continues to attract a large number of students into the match each year. The purpose of this study was to describe medical student awareness, perception, and knowledge of urology, to determine factors influencing students' consideration of urology as a career, and to determine if prior urology clerkship experience is associated with differences in these variables. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, medical students were electronically surveyed in 07/2016. Self-reported and question-based knowledge of urology were determined. A total of 25 factors were assessed with a five-point Likert scale to determine their influence on students' consideration of urology as a career. Data analysis was performed using R. RESULTS The survey was completed by 114 students (13.5% of all medical students). A total of 11(9.65%)students had previously participated in a urology clerkship. All students reported awareness of urology; however, only 74 students (64.9%) correctly identified the training pathway and job duties of urologists. Self-perceived knowledge of urology was poor but improved with increased medical school training. Question-based assessment also demonstrated increased knowledge with advanced medical school training (27% per year; p < 0.01). Prior urology clerkship experience appeared to be associated with increased urologic knowledge; however, this was confounded by year in medical school training. When assessing factors impacting students' consideration of a career in urology, 'combination of medicine and surgery' was the most positively influential and 'competitiveness of the specialty' was the most negatively influential. CONCLUSIONS Although medical students are aware of urology as a specialty, they perceive their knowledge of urology as poor. However, knowledge of urology increases throughout medical school training. Multiple factors influence students' consideration of urology as a career choice. Additional studies are needed to further explore how participation in a formal urology experience alters students' perceptions and influences their consideration of urology as a career choice. TRIAL REGISTRATION Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bristol B Whiles
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Mail Stop # 3016, Kansas City, KS, 66160-7390, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Thompson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas School of Medicine, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Mail Stop # 3016, Kansas City, KS, 66160-7390, USA
| | - Tomas L Griebling
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Mail Stop # 3016, Kansas City, KS, 66160-7390, USA
- The Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas School of Medicine, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Mail Stop # 3016, Kansas City, KS, 66160-7390, USA
| | - Kerri L Thurmon
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Mail Stop # 3016, Kansas City, KS, 66160-7390, USA.
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Yang Y, Li J, Wu X, Wang J, Li W, Zhu Y, Chen C, Lin H. Factors influencing subspecialty choice among medical students: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e022097. [PMID: 30850399 PMCID: PMC6429728 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterise the contributing factors that affect medical students' subspecialty choice and to estimate the extent of influence of individual factors on the students' decision-making process. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS A systematic search of the Cochrane Library, ERIC, Web of Science, CNKI and PubMed databases was conducted for studies published between January 1977 and June 2018. Information concerning study characteristics, influential factors and the extent of their influence (EOI) was extracted independently by two trained investigators. EOI is the percentage level that describes how much each of the factors influenced students' choice of subspecialty. The recruited medical students include students in medical school, internship, residency training and fellowship, who are about to or have just made a specialty choice. The estimates were pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis model due to the between-study heterogeneity. RESULTS Data were extracted from 75 studies (882 209 individuals). Overall, the factors influencing medical students' choice of subspecialty training mainly included academic interests (75.29%), competencies (55.15%), controllable lifestyles or flexible work schedules (53.00%), patient service orientation (50.04%), medical teachers or mentors (46.93%), career opportunities (44.00%), workload or working hours (37.99%), income (34.70%), length of training (32.30%), prestige (31.17%), advice from others (28.24%) and student debt (15.33%), with significant between-study heterogeneity (p<0.0001). Subgroup analyses revealed that the EOI of academic interests was higher in developed countries than that in developing countries (79.66% [95% CI 70.73% to 86.39%] vs 60.41% [95% CI 43.44% to 75.19%]; Q=3.51, p=0.02). The EOI value of prestige was lower in developed countries than that in developing countries (23.96% [95% CI 19.20% to 29.47%] vs 47.65% [95% CI 34.41% to 61.24%]; Q=4.71, p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS This systematic review and meta-analysis provided a quantitative evaluation of the top 12 influencing factors associated with medical students' choice of subspecialty. Our findings provide the basis for the development of specific, effective strategies to optimise the distribution of physicians among different departments by modifying these influencing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangzhou, China
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Zhongshan School of Mathematics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wangting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Cataract, Sun Yat-Sen University Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuan Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haotian Lin
- Cataract, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Turki MAA, Zargaran A, Murtaza A, Thomas A, Spiers H, Gill M, Aggarwal S, Turki S, Zargaran D. Vascular surgery: What increases the flow of students to the speciality? Vascular 2018; 27:338-344. [PMID: 30360703 DOI: 10.1177/1708538118809854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vascular surgery is in increasing demand due to the higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease in the general population. Meanwhile, applications to join the speciality have been in decline in the last few years. St George's Surgical Society held a one-day conference to expose undergraduates to the speciality in the hope that this will inspire more undergraduates to pursue it as a career. METHODS The conference consisted of introductory lectures delivered by a consultant vascular surgeon, followed by practical skills workshops simulating aortic anastomosis on porcine aortas. Pre-course and post-course questionnaires assessed positive and negative perceptions of vascular surgery, knowledge of and self-reported confidence in practical surgical skills and utility of the course in their decision to potentially pursue a career in vascular surgery. RESULTS There was a significant increase of 27% ( p = 0.03) in the positive perception that vascular surgery includes a diverse range of procedures and subspecialties. Attendees reported a 27% significant increase ( p = 0.02) in the perception that vascular surgery had a wide array of opportunity for academic/research work. Finally, there was an 18% decrease ( p = 0.03) in the negative perception that vascular surgery is somehow female-unfriendly or discriminatory against females. There was also a significant rise in both interest (33%) and understanding (73%) of vascular surgery. CONCLUSIONS A one-day conference can significantly impact students' perception especially when there is a lack of exposure within the undergraduate curriculum. This course helped to increase positive perception and dispute negative misconceptions about the speciality. The simulation workshops held at this conference increased students' confidence and awareness of relevant surgical skills. This conference provided a unique experience that positively impacted and inspired students and thus served as an important supplement to core medical curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aasim Murtaza
- 1 Department of Medicine, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Amal Thomas
- 1 Department of Medicine, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Harry Spiers
- 1 Department of Medicine, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Moneet Gill
- 1 Department of Medicine, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Shaurya Aggarwal
- 1 Department of Medicine, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Turki
- 2 Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - David Zargaran
- 3 Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Factors at medical school influencing students' decisions to pursue a career in ophthalmology. Eye (Lond) 2018; 32:1005-1007. [PMID: 29398698 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-018-0025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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17
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Peel JK, Schlachta CM, Alkhamesi NA. A systematic review of the factors affecting choice of surgery as a career. Can J Surg 2018; 61:58-67. [PMID: 29368678 PMCID: PMC5785290 DOI: 10.1503/cjs.008217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interest in surgical careers among medical students has declined over the past decade. Multiple explanations have been offered for why top students are deterred or rejected from surgical programs, though no consensus has emerged. METHODS We conducted a review of the literature to better characterize what factors affect the pursuit of a surgical career. We searched PubMed and EMBASE and performed additional reference checks. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and Newcastle-Ottawa Education scores were used to evaluate the included data. RESULTS Our search identified 122 full-text, primary articles. Analysis of this evidence identified 3 core concepts that impact surgical career decision-making: gender, features of surgical education, and student "fit" in the culture of surgery. CONCLUSION Real and perceived gender discrimination has deterred female medical students from entering surgical careers. In addition, limited exposure to surgery during medical school and differences between student and surgeon personality traits and values may deter students from entering surgical careers. We suggest that deliberate and visible effort to include women and early-career medical students in surgical settings may enhance their interest in carreers in surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K. Peel
- From the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (Peel); and Canadian Surgical Technologies and Advanced Robotics (CSTAR), London Health Sciences Centre and Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont. (Schlachta, Alkhamesi)
| | - Christopher M. Schlachta
- From the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (Peel); and Canadian Surgical Technologies and Advanced Robotics (CSTAR), London Health Sciences Centre and Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont. (Schlachta, Alkhamesi)
| | - Nawar A. Alkhamesi
- From the Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (Peel); and Canadian Surgical Technologies and Advanced Robotics (CSTAR), London Health Sciences Centre and Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont. (Schlachta, Alkhamesi)
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18
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Bartlett J. Addressing the recruitment shortfall in surgery - How do we inspire the next generation? Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2017; 25:30-32. [PMID: 29321919 PMCID: PMC5751997 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2017.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
•Application rates to surgery by medical students have declined in recent years.•More hands-on experience, information and mentorship is needed in medical schools.•Within surgery, gendered stereotyping of roles and environments must be challenged.•Reform of the current systems of outcome reporting is necessary.
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Georgakarakos E, Georgiadis GS, Christopoulos DC, Lazarides MK. Vascular Educational Needs in the “Real World” and Teaching of Vascular Surgery in Medical Schools. Angiology 2016; 68:93-95. [DOI: 10.1177/0003319716651753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Efstratios Georgakarakos
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - George S. Georgiadis
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | | | - Miltos K. Lazarides
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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Lajos P, Negrete A, Ravin R, Marin M, Faries P. A survey of 0 + 5 vascular surgery residency candidates: Perceptions of an applicant pool. Vascular 2016; 24:610-620. [DOI: 10.1177/1708538116629590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Applications to integrated (0 + 5) vascular surgery residencies have increased, while total applications have stayed relatively constant. This survey sought to document the perceptions of 0 + 5 vascular surgery applicants. Methods Academic faculty conducted interviews for 0 + 5 residency match at an academic medical center in preparation for the National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) Main Residency Match. Applicant pool (n = 20) perceptions were determined with surveys. Participation was anonymous and voluntary. Results Nineteen interviewees (26.3% female: 73.7% male), age (26.8 ± 2.6 years) responded (95% response rate). Of 19 respondents, 68% became interested in vascular surgery in their third year with 53% becoming aware of 0 + 5 programs in their third year. All respondents identified a vascular surgery attending at their institution as significant mentors. Forty-seven percent identified their mentor during their third year of medical school. All respondents felt that 0 + 5 training would prepare them adequately for the workforce and board certification exams. Almost all (89%) had plans to seek jobs immediately upon completion of residency. Conclusion Applicants remained positive about their planned training and career paths. Attending vascular surgeons were identified as the strongest mentors, yet most students decided only in their third and fourth years to pursue 0 + 5 residencies. Educational debt remains a concern, and there may be consideration for a concerted effort to recruit potential candidates sooner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lajos
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Alejandro Negrete
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Reid Ravin
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Michael Marin
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Peter Faries
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, USA
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Batista P, Abai B, Salvatore D, DiMuzio P. The first assessment of operative logs for traditional vascular fellowship track versus integrated vascular training programs. J Vasc Surg 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2015.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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