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Hao D, Jiang Y, Wang P, Mao L. A meta-analysis supporting the superiority of staged carotid artery stenting and coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with concurrent severe coronary and carotid artery stenosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38665. [PMID: 38968471 PMCID: PMC11224895 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study sought to ascertain whether a staged approach involving carotid artery stenting (CAS) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) holds superiority over the synchronous (Syn) strategy of CAS or carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and CABG in patients necessitating combined revascularization for concurrent carotid and coronary artery disease. METHOD Studies were identified through 3 databases: PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. Statistical significance was defined as a P value of less than .05 for all analyses, conducted using STATA version 12.0. RESULTS In the comparison between staged versus Syn CAS and CABG for patients with concomitant severe coronary and carotid stenosis, 4 studies were analyzed. The staged procedure was associated with a lower rate of 30-day stroke (OR = 8.329, 95% CI = 1.017-69.229, P = .048) compared to Syn CAS and CABG. In the comparison between staged CAS and CABG versus Syn CEA and CABG for patients with concomitant severe coronary and carotid stenosis, 5 studies were examined. The staged CAS and CABG procedure was associated with a lower rate of mortality (OR = 2.046, 95% CI = 1.304-3.210, P = .002) compared to Syn CEA and CABG. CONCLUSION The Syn CAS and CABG was linked to a higher risk of peri-operative stroke compared to staged CAS and CABG. Additionally, patients undergoing staged CAS and CABG exhibited a significantly decreased risk of 30-day mortality compared to Syn CEA and CABG. Future randomized trials or prospective cohorts are essential to confirm and validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hao
- Department of Geriatrics, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Yunshan Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Peijian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Limei Mao
- Department of Geriatrics, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, China
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Yu S, Chaney MA. Combined Coronary and Carotid Artery Disease: What to Operate on First? Or Both at the Same Time? J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2024; 38:1417-1422. [PMID: 37839940 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2023.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sherman Yu
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Mark A Chaney
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
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Golukhova E, Sigaev I, Keren M, Slivneva I, Berdibekov B, Sheikina N, Kozlova O, Arakelyan V, Volkovskaya I, Zavalikhina T, Avakova S. Early and Long-Term Results of Simultaneous and Staged Revascularization of Coronary and Carotid Arteries. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2024; 31:210-224. [PMID: 38651405 PMCID: PMC11036243 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology31020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carotid artery disease is prevalent among patients with coronary heart disease. The concomitant severe lesions in the carotid and coronary arteries may necessitate either simultaneous or staged revascularization involving coronary bypass and carotid endarterectomy. However, there is presently a lack of consensus on the optimal choice of surgical treatment tactics for patients with significant stenoses in both carotid and coronary arteries. The aim of the current study was to compare the 30-day and long-term outcomes of coronary and carotid artery revascularization surgery based on the simultaneous or staged surgical tactics. MATERIAL AND METHODS This single-center retrospective study involved 192 patients with concurrent coronary artery disease and carotid artery stenosis ≥ 70%, of whom 106 patients underwent simultaneous intervention (CABG + CEA) and 86 patients underwent staged CABG/CEA. The mean time between stages ranged from 1 to 4 months (mean 1.88 ± 0.9 months). The endpoints included death from any cause, non-fatal stroke, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) (death + non-fatal MI + non-fatal stroke) within 30 days after the last intervention and in the long-term follow-up period (median follow-up-6 years). RESULTS The 30-day all-cause mortality, incidence of postoperative non-fatal MI, non-fatal stroke, and MACEs did not exhibit differences between the groups after single-stage and staged interventions. However, the overall risk of postoperative complications (adjusted for the risk of any complication per patient) (OR 2.214, 95% CI 1.048-4.674, p = 0.035), as well as the duration of ventilatory support (p = 0.004), was elevated in the group after simultaneous interventions compared with the staged intervention group. This difference did not result in an increased incidence of death and MACEs in the group after simultaneous interventions. In the long-term follow-up period, there were no significant differences observed when comparing simultaneous or staged surgical tactics in terms of overall survival (54.9% and 62.6% in Groups 1 and 2, respectively, P log-rank = 0.068), non-fatal stroke-free survival (45.6% and 33.6% in Groups 1 and 2, respectively, P log-rank = 0.364), non-fatal MI-survival (57.6% and 73.5% in Groups 1 and 2, respectively, P log-rank = 0.169), and MACE-free survival (7.1% and 30.2% in Groups 1 and 2, respectively, P log-rank = 0.060). The risk factors associated with an unfavorable outcome included age, smoking, BMI, LV EF, and atherosclerosis of the lower extremity arteries. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed no significant difference in the impact of simultaneous CABG + CEA or staged CABG/CEA on the incidence of death, stroke, MI, and MACEs over a 30-day and long-term follow-up period. Although the immediate results indicated an increased risk of a complicated course (attributable to overall complications) and more prolonged ventilation after simultaneous CABG + CEA compared with staged CABG/CEA, this did not lead to an increase in fatal complications. Therefore, the implementation of either tactic is considered eligible and appropriate following a thorough operative risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Milena Keren
- A.N. Bakulev National Medical Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (E.G.); (I.S.); (B.B.); (N.S.); (O.K.); (V.A.); (I.V.); (T.Z.); (S.A.)
| | - Inessa Slivneva
- A.N. Bakulev National Medical Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (E.G.); (I.S.); (B.B.); (N.S.); (O.K.); (V.A.); (I.V.); (T.Z.); (S.A.)
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Fong KY, Yeo S, Luo H, Kofidis T, Teoh KLK, Kang GS. Stroke prevention strategies for cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. ANZ J Surg 2024; 94:522-535. [PMID: 38529814 DOI: 10.1111/ans.18947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is a much-feared complication of cardiac surgery, but existing literature on preventive strategies is fragmented. Hence, a systematic review and meta-analysis of stroke prevention strategies for cardiac surgery was conducted. METHODS An electronic literature search was conducted to retrieve randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating perioperative interventions for cardiac surgery, with stroke as an outcome. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to generate risk ratios (RRs), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), and forest plots. Descriptive analysis and synthesis of literature was conducted for interventions not amenable to meta-analysis, focusing on risks of stroke, myocardial infarction and study-defined major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). RESULTS Fifty-six RCTs (61 894 patients) were retrieved. Many included trials were underpowered to detect differences in stroke risk. Among pharmacological therapies, only preoperative amiodarone was shown to reduce stroke risk in one trial. Concomitant left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) significantly reduced stroke risk (RR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.36-0.84, P = 0.006) in patients with preoperative atrial fibrillation, and there was no difference in on-pump versus off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) (RR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.64-1.37, P = 0.735). Much controversy exists in literature on the timing of carotid endarterectomy relative to CABG in patients with severe carotid stenosis. The use of preoperative remote ischemic preconditioning was not found to reduce rates of stroke or MACE. CONCLUSION This review presents a comprehensive synthesis of existing interventions for stroke prevention in cardiac surgery, and identifies gaps in research which may benefit from future, large-scale RCTs. LAAC should be considered to reduce stroke incidence in patients with preoperative atrial fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khi Yung Fong
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Selvie Yeo
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Haidong Luo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, National University Heart Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Theodoros Kofidis
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, National University Heart Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kristine L K Teoh
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, National University Heart Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Giap Swee Kang
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, National University Heart Centre, Singapore, Singapore
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Umar MF, Bellamy SE, Ahmad M, Mirza M, Sitara A, Benz M, Ameen AA. Staged Versus Concomitant Carotid Endarterectomy and Aortic Valve Replacement: A Case Report and Literature Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e49773. [PMID: 38161544 PMCID: PMC10757739 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a common complication of cardiac surgery, and carotid artery stenosis is an established risk factor for stroke. Therefore, patients with carotid artery stenosis who are undergoing cardiac surgery require proper management of the former either simultaneously or before cardiac surgery. We present a challenging case of a 67-year-old male patient who presented with generalized weakness, severe aortic stenosis, and significant bilateral carotid artery stenosis. The coexistence of these findings sparked a debate about whether to perform a carotid endarterectomy first or an aortic valve replacement. Moreover, a past history of percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass grafts made the decision more challenging. Multiple approaches have been employed for the management of coexisting carotid artery stenosis with cardiac surgery; however, no definitive guidelines exist, especially for surgeries other than coronary artery bypass grafts or where the carotid stenosis is bilateral and severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Faiq Umar
- Internal Medicine, Mayo Hospital, Lahore, PAK
- Cardiology, Jersey City Medical Center, Jersey City, USA
| | | | - Muhammad Ahmad
- Internal Medicine, Jersey City Medical Center, Jersey City, USA
| | - Muhammad Mirza
- Internal Medicine, Jersey City Medical Center, Jersey City, USA
| | - Ayesham Sitara
- Internal Medicine, Jersey City Medical Center, Jersey City, USA
| | - Michael Benz
- Interventional Cardiology, Jersey City Medical Center, Jersey City, USA
- Cardiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, USA
- Cardiology, Christ Hospital, Jersey City, USA
| | - Abdul A Ameen
- Cardiology, Jersey City Medical Center, Jersey City, USA
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Penton A, Lin J, Kolde G, DeJong M, Blecha M. Investigation of Combined Carotid Endarterectomy and Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Outcomes and Adverse Event Risk Factors in the Vascular Quality Initiative. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2023; 57:884-900. [PMID: 37303074 PMCID: PMC10756645 DOI: 10.1177/15385744231183741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate outcomes of simultaneous CEA and CABG utilizing the Vascular Quality Initiative (VQI). Additionally, we seek to investigate risks for both perioperative and long-term mortality and adverse neurological outcomes. METHODS All carotid endarterectomies in the VQI between January 2003 and May 2022 were queried. We identified 171,816 CEA in the database. We extracted 2 cohorts from these CEA. The first group was patients who underwent simultaneous carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and coronary artery bypass (CABG) (N = 3137). The second group encompassed patients who underwent CABG or percutaneous coronary artery angioplasty/stent within 5 years of ultimately undergoing CEA (N = 27,387). We investigated the following outcomes in a multivariable fashion: 1. Risks for mortality in long term follow-up for both cohorts combined; 2. Risks for ischemic event in the cerebral hemisphere ipsilateral to the CEA site after index hospital admission in follow up for both cohorts combined. Tertiary outcomes are also investigated in the manuscript. RESULTS On multivariable analysis, patients undergoing simultaneous combined CEA and CABG had equivalent long-term survival to patients who underwent coronary revascularization within 5 years of ultimately undergoing CEA. Five-year survival is noted to be 84.5% vs 86% with a Cox regression non-significant P-value (.203). Significant multivariable risks for reduced long term survival (P < .03 for all) included: advancing age (HR 2.48/year); smoking history (HR 1.26); Diabetes (HR 1.33); history of CHF (HR 1.66); history of COPD (HR 1.54); baseline renal insufficiency at the time of surgery (HR 1.30); anemia (HR1.64); lack of preoperative aspirin (HR 1.12); and lack of preoperative statin (HR 1.32); lack of patch placement at CEA site (HR 1.16); perioperative MI (HR 2.04); perioperative CHF (1.66); perioperative dysrhythmia (HR 1.36); cerebral reperfusion injury (HR 2.23); perioperative ischemic neurological event (HR 2.48); and lack of statin at discharge (HR 2.04). Amongst patients with documented neurological status in follow up, combined CEA and CABG had over 99% freedom from ischemic cerebral event ipsilateral to the CEA site after discharge. CONCLUSIONS Combined CEA and CABG provides excellent long-term mortality prevention in patients with co-existing severe coronary and carotid atherosclerosis. Simultaneous CEA and CABG provides equivalent stroke prevention and long-term survival to both a cohort of patients undergoing coronary revascularization within 5 years of CEA and patients undergoing isolated CEA or CABG in the literature. The two most impactful modifiable risk factors towards long-term stroke and mortality prevention for patients undergoing simultaneous CEA-CABG are patch placement at CEA site and adherence to statin medication therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Penton
- Department of Sugery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Jonathan Lin
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Grant Kolde
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Matthew DeJong
- Department of Sugery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Matthew Blecha
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Maywood, IL, USA
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Antuševas A, Aladaitis A, Velička L, Černevičiūtė R, Gimžauskaitė A, Bernotaitė E, Inčiūra D. Outcomes of simultaneous carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass grafting: A single centre experience. Vascular 2023; 31:914-921. [PMID: 35491987 DOI: 10.1177/17085381221098281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stroke following a coronary artery bypass surgery is a well-known complication often predisposed by carotid artery disease. Perioperative risk of stroke after on-pump cardiac surgery can overall affect 2% of patients. Patients with 80-99% unilateral carotid artery stenosis carry a 4% risk of stroke. Significant carotid artery stenosis is present in 3-10% of patients who are candidates for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Those patients might be considered for either simultaneous or staged carotid endarterectomy and CABG to reduce the risk of stroke and death. The purpose of this study was to evaluate preoperative and intraoperative risk factors for myocardial infarction (MI), stroke and death and assess complications occurring during the early postoperative period after simultaneous CABG/CAE procedure. METHODS A single centre retrospective analysis of 134 patients from 2015 to 2019 who underwent simultaneous CABG/CEA was performed. At the same period, a total of 2827 CABG were performed, of which 4.7% were simultaneous interventions. We excluded staged CEA/CABG procedures, off-pump CABG and urgent CABG patients. All patients included in the study met the criteria for elective CABG for triple-vessel or left main trunk symptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD) with asymptomatic >70% carotid stenosis or symptomatic ipsilateral >50% carotid stenosis regardless of the degree of contralateral carotid artery stenosis. Patient demographics, comorbidities and operative details were reviewed. The primary endpoint was to assess the intraoperative and 30-day risk of stroke and death after simultaneous CEA/CABG procedure. RESULTS Simultaneous CEA/CABG is effective procedure that can be performed in high-risk symptomatic patients with acceptable results. Predictors of postoperative stroke were smoking (P = 0.011), history of MI (P = 0.046), history of CABG (P = 0.013), and history of stroke/TIA (P = 0.005). Significant risk factors for adverse major postoperative complications after simultaneous CEA/CABG procedure were cardiac arrhythmia (AF or AFL) (P = 0.045), previous MI (P < 0.001), and smoking (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Synchronous CEA/CABG procedure can be performed with acceptable results in patients having a high risk of stroke, septuagenarians and older.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandras Antuševas
- Clinic of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Adomas Aladaitis
- Clinic of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Linas Velička
- Clinic of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Agnė Gimžauskaitė
- Clinic of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Emilija Bernotaitė
- Clinic of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Donatas Inčiūra
- Clinic of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Tsukagoshi J, Yokoyama Y, Fujisaki T, Takagi H, Shirasu T, Kuno T. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the treatment strategies for coronary artery bypass graft patients with concomitant carotid artery atherosclerotic disease. J Vasc Surg 2023; 78:1083-1094.e8. [PMID: 37257673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2023.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stroke is one of the devastating complications after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). Underlying carotid artery atherosclerotic disease is reported to be an independent risk factor. The optimal treatment strategy for these patients remains under debate. METHODS We aimed to perform a network meta-analysis to evaluate the safety and efficacy of additional carotid interventions for patients with concomitant carotid artery atherosclerotic disease who require CABG by comparing perioperative adverse event rates. All articles through February 2022 were searched using MEDLINE and EMBASE to identify studies that investigated outcomes of CABG only as well as additional staged vs combined carotid interventions by both carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid artery stenting (CAS). RESULTS Two randomized controlled trials and 23 observational studies were included, yielding a total of 32,473 patients who underwent combined CEA and CABG (n = 20,204), CEA and staged CABG (n = 6882), CABG and staged CEA (n = 340), CAS and CABG regardless of timing and sequences (n = 1224), and CABG only (n = 3823). No strategy showed a significant advantage over CABG only in all perioperative outcomes. CEA and staged CABG was associated with the lowest perioperative stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA) rate, significantly lower compared with CAS and CABG (odds ratio [OR], 0.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.36-0.76) as well as CABG and staged CEA (OR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.23-0.74), but was also associated with the highest perioperative mortality (OR, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.67-3.85, vs CAS and CABG) and myocardial infarction rate (OR, 3.70 [95% CI, 1.16-12.5] and OR, 2.50 [95% CI, 1.35-4.55] vs CAS and CABG, vs combined CEA and CABG, respectively). CONCLUSIONS CEA and staged CABG are associated with low perioperative stroke/transient ischemic attack rates with a tradeoff of higher mortality and myocardial infarction rate. No strategy showed a significant advantage over the CABG-only strategy in all perioperative outcomes, outlining the importance of a tailored approach and determining proper indications for carotid intervention in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Tsukagoshi
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Yujiro Yokoyama
- Department of Surgery, St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, PA
| | - Tomohiro Fujisaki
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Morningside and West, New York, NY; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hisato Takagi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shizuoka Medical Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takuro Shirasu
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Kuno
- Department of Cardiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.
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Modugno P, Picone V, Centritto EM, Calvo E, Canosa C, Piancone F, Testa N, Camposarcone N, Castellano G, Astore P, Di Martino L, Di Iusto F, De Filippo CM, Massetti M. Combined Treatment With Carotid Endoarterectomy and Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Single-Institutional Experience in 222 Patients. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2022; 56:566-570. [PMID: 35499500 PMCID: PMC10233500 DOI: 10.1177/15385744221094148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Carotid atherosclerotic disease is a known independent risk factor of post operative stroke after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The best management of concomitant coronary artery disease and carotid artery disease remains debated. Current strategies include simultaneous carotid endoarterectomy (CEA) and CABG, staged CEA followed by CABG, staged CABG followed by CEA, staged transfemoral carotid artery stenting (TF-CAS) followed by CABG, simultaneous TF-CAS and CABG and transcarotid artery stenting. METHODS We report our experience based on a cohort of 222 patients undergoing combined CEA and CABG surgery who come to our observation from 2004 to 2020. All patients with >70% carotid stenosis and severe multivessel or common truncal coronary artery disease underwent combined CEA and CABG surgery at our instituion. 30% of patients had previously remote neurological symptoms or a cerebral CT-scan with ischemic lesions. Patients with carotid stenosis >70%, either asymptomatic or symptomatic, underwent CT-scan without contrast media to assess ischemic brain injury, and in some cases, if necessary, CT-angiography of the neck and intracranial vessels. RESULTS The overall perioperative mortality rate was 4.1% (9/222 patients). Two patients (.9%) had periprocedural ipsilateral transient ischemic attack (TIA) which completely resolved by the second postoperative day. Two patients (.9%) had an ipsilateral stroke, while 7 patients (3.2%) had a stroke of the controlateral brain hemisphere. Two patients (.9%) patients were affected by periprocedural coma caused by cerebral hypoperfusion due to perioperative heart failure. There were no statistically significant differences between patients in Extracorporeal Circulation (ECC) and Off-pump patients in the onset of perioperative stroke. CONCLUSION Our experience reported that combined surgical treatment of CEA and CABG, possibly Off-Pump, is a feasible treatment procedure, able to minimize the risk of post-operative stroke and cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Modugno
- Vascular Surgery Unit, Gemelli Molise Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Campobasso,
Italy
- Intensive Care Unit, Gemelli Molise Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Campobasso,
Italy
| | - Veronica Picone
- Vascular Surgery Unit, Gemelli Molise Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Campobasso,
Italy
| | - Enrico Maria Centritto
- Vascular Surgery Unit, Gemelli Molise Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Campobasso,
Italy
| | - Eugenio Calvo
- Cardiac Surgery Unit, Gemelli Molise Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Campobasso,
Italy
| | - Carlo Canosa
- Cardiac Surgery Unit, Gemelli Molise Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Campobasso,
Italy
| | - Felice Piancone
- Cardiac Surgery Unit, Gemelli Molise Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Campobasso,
Italy
| | - Nicola Testa
- Cardiac Surgery Unit, Gemelli Molise Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Campobasso,
Italy
| | - Nicola Camposarcone
- Intensive Care Unit, Gemelli Molise Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Campobasso,
Italy
| | - Gaetano Castellano
- Intensive Care Unit, Gemelli Molise Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Campobasso,
Italy
| | - Pasquale Astore
- Intensive Care Unit, Gemelli Molise Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Campobasso,
Italy
| | - Luigi Di Martino
- Intensive Care Unit, Gemelli Molise Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Campobasso,
Italy
| | - Fabrizio Di Iusto
- Cardiac Surgery Unit, Gemelli Molise Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Campobasso,
Italy
| | - Carlo Maria De Filippo
- Cardiac Surgery Unit, Gemelli Molise Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Campobasso,
Italy
| | - Massimo Massetti
- Cardiac Surgery Unit, Gemelli Molise Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Campobasso,
Italy
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Lanza G, Orso M, Alba G, Bevilacqua S, Capoccia L, Cappelli A, Carrafiello G, Cernetti C, Diomedi M, Dorigo W, Faggioli G, Giannace V, Giannandrea D, Giannetta M, Lanza J, Lessiani G, Marone EM, Mazzaccaro D, Migliacci R, Nano G, Pagliariccio G, Petruzzellis M, Plutino A, Pomatto S, Pulli R, Reale N, Santalucia P, Sirignano P, Ticozzelli G, Vacirca A, Visco E. Guideline on carotid surgery for stroke prevention: updates from the Italian Society of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. A trend towards personalized medicine. THE JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY 2022; 63:471-491. [PMID: 35848869 DOI: 10.23736/s0021-9509.22.12368-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This guideline (GL) on carotid surgery as updating of "Stroke: Italian guidelines for Prevention and Treatment" of the ISO-SPREAD Italian Stroke Organization-Group, has recently been published in the National Guideline System and shared with the Italian Society of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery (SICVE) and other Scientific Societies and Patient's Association. METHODS GRADE-SIGN version, AGREE quality of reporting checklist. Clinical questions formulated according to the PICO model. Recommendations developed based on clinical questions by a multidisciplinary experts' panel and patients' representatives. Systematic reviews performed for each PICO question. Considered judgements filled by assessing the evidence level, direction, and strength of the recommendations. RESULTS The panel provided indications and recommendations for appropriate, comprehensive, and individualized management of patients with carotid stenosis. Diagnostic and therapeutic processes of the best medical therapy, carotid endarterectomy (CEA), carotid stenting (CAS) according to the evidences and the judged opinions were included. Symptomatic carotid stenosis in elective and emergency, asymptomatic carotid stenosis, association with ischemic heart disease, preoperative diagnostics, types of anesthesia, monitoring in case of CEA, CEA techniques, comparison between CEA and CAS, post-surgical carotid restenosis, and medical therapy are the main topics, even with analysis of uncertainty areas for risk-benefit assessments in the individual patient (personalized medicine [PM]). CONCLUSIONS This GL updates on the main recommendations for the most appropriate diagnostic and medical-surgical management of patients with atherosclerotic carotid artery stenosis to prevent ischemic stroke. This GL also provides useful elements for the application of PM in good clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Lanza
- Department of Vascular Surgery, IRCCS MultiMedica, Castellanza Hospital, Castellanza, Varese, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Orso
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Umbria and Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Alba
- Unit of Vascular Surgery, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Sergio Bevilacqua
- Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Resuscitation, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Capoccia
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Umberto I Polyclinic Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cappelli
- Unit of Vascular Surgery, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Carrafiello
- Department of Radiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Cernetti
- Department of Cardiology and Hemodynamics, San Giacomo Apostolo Hospital, Castelfranco Veneto, Treviso, Italy
- Cardiology and Hemodynamics Unit, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy
| | - Marina Diomedi
- Stroke Unit, Tor Vergata Polyclinic Hospital, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Dorigo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Careggi Polyclinic Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gianluca Faggioli
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Alma Mater Studiorum University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vanni Giannace
- Unit of Vascular Surgery, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - David Giannandrea
- Department of Neurology, USL Umbria 1, Hospitals of Gubbio, Gualdo Tadino and Città di Castello, Perugia, Italy
| | - Matteo Giannetta
- Department of Vascular Surgery, IRCCS San Donato Hospitals, San Donato Polyclinic Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Jessica Lanza
- Department of Vascular Surgery, IRCCS San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy -
| | - Gianfranco Lessiani
- Unit of Vascular Medicine and Diagnostics, Department of Internal Medicine, Villa Serena Hospital, Città Sant'Angelo, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Enrico M Marone
- Vascular Surgery, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniela Mazzaccaro
- Department of Vascular Surgery, IRCCS San Donato Hospitals, San Donato Polyclinic Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Rino Migliacci
- Department of Internal Medicine, Valdichiana S. Margherita Hospital, USL Toscana Sud-Est, Cortona, Arezzo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Nano
- Department of Vascular Surgery, IRCCS San Donato Hospitals, San Donato Polyclinic Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Pagliariccio
- Department of Emergency Vascular Surgery, Ospedali Riuniti University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Plutino
- Stroke Unit, Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord, Ancona, Italy
| | - Sara Pomatto
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Polyclinic Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Raffaele Pulli
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | - Pasqualino Sirignano
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Umberto I Polyclinic Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Ticozzelli
- First Department of Anesthesia and Resuscitation, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Vacirca
- Unit of Vascular Surgery, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), IRCSS Sant'Orsola Polyclinic Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Emanuele Visco
- Department of Cardiology and Hemodynamics, San Giacomo Apostolo Hospital, Castelfranco Veneto, Treviso, Italy
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11
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Peng C, Yang YF, Zhao Y, Yang XY. Staged Versus Synchronous Carotid Endarterectomy and Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Ann Vasc Surg 2022; 86:428-439. [PMID: 35700906 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2022.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are several treatment options for patients with concomitant carotid and coronary artery disease, and it is difficult to identify an optimal treatment strategy that has consensus. Here, we performed a meta-analysis to compare the early and long-term outcomes of staged and synchronous carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass grafting approaches. METHODS We performed a meta-analysis that compared staged and synchronous carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass grafting approaches between July 1976 and September 2021. PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched for related articles. RESULTS Nineteen studies were identified with a total of 39,269 and 30,066 patients in the synchronous and staged groups, respectively. Early mortality was lower in the staged group than in the synchronous group (odds ratio OR 1.256, 95% confidence interval CI 1.006-1.569, P= P < 0.05, I2 = 54.5%), and stroke rates were significantly higher in the synchronous group (OR 1.356, 95% CI 1.232-1.493, P < 0.05, I2 = 33.3%). The rate of myocardial ischemia was significantly higher in the staged group than in the synchronous group (OR 0.757, 95% CI 0.635-0.903, P < 0.05, I2 = 51.5%), and this meta-analysis also showed a significantly higher risk of transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) in the synchronous group (OR 1.335, 95% CI 1.055-1.688, P < 0.05, I2 = 0.00%). The secondary outcomes, including the rate of reoperation, were significantly lower for the staged procedure than for the synchronous procedure (OR 1.177, 95% CI 1.052-1.318, P < 0.05, I2 = 4.2%), and the rate of wound infection was significantly higher in the synchronous group than in the staged group (OR 0.457, 95% CI 0.403-0.519, P < 0.05, I2 = 0.0%). There was no significant difference in the rate of cardiac arrhythmia between the two groups (OR 0.544, 95% CI 0.265-1.117, P > 0.05, I2 = 12.7%). There was also no statistical significance in the long-term results regarding the incidence of stroke, myocardial ischemia, and mortality between the synchronous and staged groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Patients treated with the synchronous approach had a significantly higher risk of early mortality, stroke, TIA, wound infection, and reoperation and a lower risk of myocardial ischemia than those treated with the staged approach. There was no significant difference in the long-term results between the 2 groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi-Fan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin-Yu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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12
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Goranov G, Tokmakova M, Nikolov P. Survival and Prognostic Factors After Carotid Artery Stenting in Patients with Concomitant Coronary Disease. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.7194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: The aim of the study was to analyze the prognostic factors in patients after carotid artery stenting (CAS).
METHODS: In 329 patients after CAS, the median survival (MS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated for a follow-up period of 2–101 months. All patients underwent coronary angiography before carotid stenting and, if indicated, coronary revascularization. Four groups of factors were analyzed: Carotid disease, coronary artery disease (CAD), underlying cardiac pathology, and concomitant diseases.
RESULTS: MS in all patients was 86 months, OS at 1, 3, 5, and 9 years was - 94%, 85%, 73%, and 51%, respectively. Event free survival was 85 months. Log Rank-Mantel-Cox analysis demonstrated significantly reduced MS in 21 tested factors, most of them related to CAD. Two-step multifactorial Cox regression analysis defined only 7 of them as independent prognostic factors for the survival of patients after CAS: Left main stenosis, complete revascularization, late myocardial infarction, stroke, age over 70 years, valvular disease, and carotid score.
CONCLUSION: Survival of patients after CAS is limited mainly by CAD and underlying cardiac pathology. Staged revascularization treatment strategy may improve the prognosis and survival of patients with both carotid and coronary disease.
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13
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Hess NR, Killic A, Serna-Gallegos DR, Navid F, Wang Y, Thoma F, Sultan I. Effect of untreated carotid artery stenosis at the time of isolated coronary artery bypass grafting. JTCVS OPEN 2021; 7:182-190. [PMID: 36003738 PMCID: PMC9390650 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjon.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Severe carotid artery stenosis (sCAS) is frequently discovered at the time of evaluation for coronary arterial revascularization. However, there has been controversy regarding the optimal management of sCAS. This study evaluated the potential effects of untreated sCAS at time of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in contemporary practice. Methods This was a retrospective study from a multihospital healthcare system including patients undergoing isolated CABG between 2011 and 2018. Patients were stratified by the presence of sCAS (≥80% stenosis) in at least 1 carotid artery. Perioperative and 5-year stroke were compared, and multivariable analysis was used to identify risk-adjusted predictors of stroke and mortality. Results A total of 5475 patients were included, 459 (8.4%) with sCAS and 5016 (91.6%) without sCAS. Patients with sCAS experienced more frequent perioperative stroke (4.4% vs 1.2%; P < .001), with most attributable to ischemic or embolic etiologies. The median duration of follow-up was 4.6 years (interquartile range, 3.0-6.5 years). One-year and 5-year survival were both lower in patients with sCAS (P < .001). In multivariable analysis, sCAS was associated with increased risk-adjusted hazard for both mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.60; P = .030) and stroke (HR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.20-2.59; P = .004). The strongest risk-adjusted predictor for stroke was a previous history of stroke (HR, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.77-3.55; P < .001). Conclusions This contemporary analysis of CABG procedures reveals that concurrent sCAS continues to confer a significant stroke risk, especially in those with history of previous stroke. Although whether sCAS lesions are responsible for most strokes is unclear, they likely serve as a surrogate for other stroke risk factors.
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14
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AbuRahma AF, Avgerinos ED, Chang RW, Darling RC, Duncan AA, Forbes TL, Malas MB, Perler BA, Powell RJ, Rockman CB, Zhou W. The Society for Vascular Surgery implementation document for management of extracranial cerebrovascular disease. J Vasc Surg 2021; 75:26S-98S. [PMID: 34153349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2021.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali F AbuRahma
- Department of Surgery, West Virginia University-Charleston Division, Charleston, WV.
| | - Efthymios D Avgerinos
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hearrt & Vascular Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Robert W Chang
- Vascular Surgery, Permanente Medical Group, San Francisco, Calif
| | | | - Audra A Duncan
- Division of Vascular & Endovascular Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas L Forbes
- Division of Vascular & Endovascular Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mahmoud B Malas
- Vascular & Endovascular Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Bruce Alan Perler
- Division of Vascular Surgery & Endovascular Therapy, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Md
| | | | - Caron B Rockman
- Division of Vascular Surgery, New York University Langone, New York, NY
| | - Wei Zhou
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz
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15
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Almenoff M, Garrett HE. Evaluation of Staged TCAR and Cardiac Surgery or Structural Heart Intervention. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2021; 55:702-705. [PMID: 34013803 DOI: 10.1177/15385744211017704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The optimal treatment strategy for patients with concomitant carotid and cardiac disease remains controversial. Transcarotid artery revascularization stenting with reversed flow protection (TCAR) has achieved results equivalent to carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in high risk patients. METHODS A retrospective review of all patients at a single center who received staged TCAR prior to cardiac intervention was performed. RESULTS 37 patients underwent 42 TCAR procedures prior to cardiac intervention (25 requiring open cardiac surgery and 12 requiring percutaneous intervention). There were no myocardial or neurological complications following TCAR prior to cardiac intervention. Three patients (8%) developed a neck hematoma which required evacuation. CONCLUSION A staged approach to combined carotid and cardiac pathology with TCAR prior to cardiac intervention appears to be a safe and effective strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Almenoff
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Tennessee-Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - H Edward Garrett
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Tennessee-Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
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16
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Kandimalla J, Hussain Z, Piriyawat P, Rodriguez G, Maud A, Khatri R, Cruz-Flores S, Vellipuram AR. Stroke Rates Following Surgical Versus Percutaneous Revascularization for Ischemic Heart Disease. Curr Cardiol Rep 2021; 23:45. [PMID: 33721116 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-021-01471-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Coronary revascularization is a commonly performed major procedure in the hospitals. Stroke is one of the dreaded complications after coronary revascularization procedures. The focus of this review is to understand the stroke risk in percutaneous cutaneous intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) procedures. RECENT FINDINGS Available data show that PCI offers less procedural stroke risk compared to CABG although the survival benefits of CABG are better in certain scenarios. Innovative advancements in techniques, pre-procedural optimum medical therapy (OMT), intraoperative neuro-monitoring, and multidisciplinary post procedural care are the few strategies in early detection and reduce stroke risk. Despite several innovations and strategies, it is evident that there is not enough data available to make concrete conclusions related to stroke risk after coronary revascularization, which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jithendhar Kandimalla
- Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Zain Hussain
- Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Paisith Piriyawat
- Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Gustavo Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Alberto Maud
- Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Rakesh Khatri
- Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Salvador Cruz-Flores
- Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Anantha R Vellipuram
- Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA.
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Shen Y, Jin S, Lin C, Shen J, Hong Z, Xue S, Guo D. Safety of different carotid artery revascularization strategies in the coronary artery bypass graft population: study protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1605. [PMID: 33437804 PMCID: PMC7791227 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-4451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concomitant significant carotid artery occlusive diseases (CAOD) increase the risk of perioperative stroke and death in patients who undergo coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). Although several surgical strategies can be used in the management of such patients, controversy still surrounds which is the best option for CABG patients with accompanying CAOD. METHODS Literature searches will be conducted covering articles published in PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and Embase between January 1989 and December 2019. Search results will be limited to articles published in English. Six surgical strategies using carotid endarterectomy (CEA) or carotid artery stenting (CAS) with different timings (i.e., before, after, or combined with CABG) will be evaluated. Randomized controlled trials and non-randomized studies comparing these strategies will be included. The quality of studies will be critically appraised using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool or ROBINS-I tool. Since CEA and CAS have comparable effectiveness for the treatment of significant CAOD, we will integrate direct and indirect evidence using network meta-analysis (NMA) to create hierarchies of the six surgical strategies based on their perioperative safety. The primary outcomes will be the probability of perioperative stroke and the probability of perioperative death. Additionally, we will analyze the probability of perioperative myocardial infarction (MI) as a secondary outcome. Pairwise meta-analyses and Bayesian network meta-analyses will be performed for all related outcome measures. Subgroup analyses, sensitivity analyses, and network meta-regression will be conducted to assess the robustness of the findings. DISCUSSION This NMA will summarize the direct and indirect evidence of perioperative safety with the aim of providing a ranking of the various surgical strategies. The results of this meta-analysis will provide useful information on optimal surgical management of CABG patients with concomitant significant CAOD. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER PROSPERO CRD42020162611.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Institute of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shasha Jin
- Information and Technology Center of Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
| | - Changpo Lin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Institute of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfei Shen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery of Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
| | - Zhenghua Hong
- Department of Orthopedics of Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
| | - Song Xue
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Institute of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daqiao Guo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Institute of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Manthey S, Spears J, Goldberg S. Coexisting Coronary and Carotid Artery Disease - Which Technique and in Which Order? Case Report and Review of Literature. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-CARDIOLOGY 2020; 14:1179546820951797. [PMID: 32922112 PMCID: PMC7457702 DOI: 10.1177/1179546820951797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Coexisting carotid artery stenosis and coronary artery disease is common and
there is currently no consensus in treatment guidelines on the timing, sequence
and methods of revascularization. We report a case of a patient with symptomatic
triple vessel coronary artery disease as well as asymptomatic severe right
internal carotid artery stenosis. Our patient underwent myocardial
revascularization first, because she presented with unstable angina and was
asymptomatic neurologically. This article summarizes current literature about
the approach to carotid and coronary artery revascularization and addresses the
decision-making process regarding the timing and sequence of
revascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Manthey
- Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jenna Spears
- Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sheldon Goldberg
- Department of Cardiology, Pennsylvania Hospital, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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19
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Paraskevas KI. Carotid endarterectomy is not indicated for most patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass grafting. J Vasc Surg 2020; 72:768. [PMID: 32711914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2020.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kosmas I Paraskevas
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Central Clinic of Athens, Athens, Greece
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20
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Carotid endarterectomy with concomitant distal endovascular intervention is associated with increased rates of stroke and death. J Vasc Surg 2020; 73:960-967.e1. [PMID: 32707384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2020.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) with concomitant distal endovascular intervention (CEA+D) is infrequently necessary but has often been used as a salvage maneuver when complications occur during CEA. The present study aimed to determine whether preoperative risk factors associated with CEA requiring CEA+D exist and to evaluate the outcomes compared with isolated CEA. METHODS The Vascular Quality Initiative CEA registry was used to identify patients who had undergone CEA or CEA+D for asymptomatic or symptomatic carotid stenosis from 2013 to 2019. Data regarding distal intervention included whether angioplasty or stenting of the distal internal carotid artery (ICA) and/or bifurcation had been required. However, information regarding the indication or whether the intervention had been planned was not included. The χ2 test and analysis of variance were used to evaluate the categorical and continuous perioperative variables. Variables with P < .20 on univariate analysis were included in the multivariable analysis to assess for preoperative predictors of the need for CEA+D and the association with perioperative stroke. RESULTS From 2013 to 2019, 327 CEA+D cases were identified and compared with 105,192 isolated CEA cases. The CEA+D patients were more likely to have undergone previous ipsilateral CEA (CEA, 1.8%; CEA+D, 4.9%; P < .01) and contralateral ICA occlusion (CEA, 4.6%; CEA+D, 11.0%; P < .01) but were less likely to have had ipsilateral stenosis ≥70% (CEA, 88.3%; CEA+D, 80.6%; P < .01). The preoperative factors associated with the need for CEA+D on multivariable analysis included previous peripheral vascular intervention, American Society of Anesthesiologists class ≥4, contralateral ICA occlusion, low-volume surgeon, and previous ipsilateral CEA. CEA+D was associated with significantly increased rates of stroke in both asymptomatic (CEA+D, 3.9%; CEA, 0.9%; P < .01) and symptomatic (CEA+D, 9.4%; CEA, 1.9%; P < .01) patients. CEA+D was associated with decreased rates of 30-day survival in both asymptomatic (CEA+D, 98.3%; CEA, 99.4%; P = .02) and symptomatic (CEA+D, 94.8%; CEA, 99.1%; P < .01) cohorts. On multivariable analysis, CEA+D remained significantly associated with stroke (odds ratio, 3.17; 95% confidence interval, 1.80-5.60; P < .01). Other factors significantly associated with perioperative stroke included procedure length >135 minutes, diabetes, hypertension, shunt for indication, symptomatic status, previous ipsilateral CEA, contralateral ICA occlusion, urgent or emergent procedure, intravenous medications for hemodynamic instability, and re-exploration at the initial operation. CONCLUSIONS Although markers of more significant cardiovascular disease burden were associated with the use of CEA+D, their power to predict CEA+D use was limited. In cases in which CEA+D was used, CEA+D was associated with significantly greater rates of perioperative stroke and mortality compared with isolated CEA for both asymptomatic and symptomatic patients, which could be useful for framing the expected outcomes after these procedures.
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