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Shakil M, Rutherford MD. Religious labels and food preferences, but not country of origin, support opposing face aftereffects. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 247:104328. [PMID: 38838493 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Face templates can be experimentally manipulated, and category-contingent aftereffects suggest discrete templates across social groups. We tested whether 1) explicit religious labels, 2) food preferences, and 3) country of origin would support religion-contingent aftereffects across Christians and Muslims face sets. While viewing face images, ninety-three participants heard audio that stated either 1) a character's religious identity, 2) preferred food, or 3) country of origin. Participants viewed contracted Christian faces and expanded Muslim faces during the training phase. To measure adaptation, before and after the training phases, participants selected the face out of a pair of expanded and contracted Christian or Muslim faces that they found more attractive. Contingent aftereffects were found in the religious explicit (t(30) = 2.49, p = 0.02, Cohen's d = 0.58) and food conditions (t(30) = -3.77, p < 0.01, Cohen's d = -0.82), but not the country condition (t(30) = 1.64, p = 0.11, Cohen's d = 0.31). This suggests that religious labels and food preferences create socially meaningful groups, but country of origin does not. This is evidence of an impact of social categorization on visual processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheen Shakil
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - M D Rutherford
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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2
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Warren CV, Kroll CF, Kopp B. Dopaminergic and norepinephrinergic modulation of endogenous event-related potentials: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 151:105221. [PMID: 37150485 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Event-related potentials (ERPs) represent the cortical processing of sensory, motor or cognitive functions invoked by particular events or stimuli. A current theory posits that the catecholaminergic neurotransmitters dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) modulate a number of endogenous ERPs during various cognitive processes. This manuscript aims to evaluate a leading neurotransmitter hypothesis with a systematic overview and meta-analysis of pharmacologic DA and NE manipulation of specific ERPs in healthy subjects during executive function. Specifically, the frontally-distributed P3a, N2, and Ne/ERN (or error-related negativity) are supposedly modulated primarily by DA, whereas the parietally-distributed P3b is thought to be modulated by NE. Based on preceding research, we refer to this distinction between frontally-distributed DA-sensitive and parietally-distributed NE-sensitive ERP components as the Extended Neurobiological Polich (ENP) hypothesis. Our systematic review and meta-analysis indicate that this distinction is too simplistic and many factors interact with DA and NE to influence these specific ERPs. These may include genetic factors, the specific cognitive processes engaged, or elements of study design, i.e. session or sequence effects or data-analysis strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire V Warren
- Charlotte Fresenius Hochschule, Alte Rabenstraße 32, 20148 Hamburg, Germany; Professorship for Clinical Psychology, Helmut-Schmidt University/ Bundeswehr University Hamburg, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Charlotte F Kroll
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Minderbroedersberg 4-6. P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, MD, 6200, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Kopp
- Clinic für Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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3
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Cocquyt EM, Depuydt E, Santens P, van Mierlo P, Duyck W, Szmalec A, De Letter M. Effects of Healthy Aging and Gender on the Electrophysiological Correlates of Semantic Sentence Comprehension: The Development of Dutch Normative Data. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2023; 66:1694-1717. [PMID: 37093923 DOI: 10.1044/2023_jslhr-22-00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The clinical use of event-related potentials in patients with language disorders is increasingly acknowledged. For this purpose, normative data should be available. Within this context, healthy aging and gender effects on the electrophysiological correlates of semantic sentence comprehension were investigated. METHOD One hundred and ten healthy subjects (55 men and 55 women), divided among three age groups (young, middle aged, and elderly), performed a semantic sentence congruity task in the visual modality during electroencephalographic recording. RESULTS The early visual complex was affected by increasing age as shown by smaller P2 amplitudes in the elderly compared to the young. Moreover, the N400 effect in the elderly was smaller than in the young and was delayed compared to latency measures in both middle-aged and young subjects. The topography of age-related amplitude changes of the N400 effect appeared to be gender specific. The late positive complex effect was increased at frontal electrode sites from middle age on, but this was not statistically significant. No gender effects were detected regarding the early P1, N1, and P2, or the late positive complex effect. CONCLUSION Especially aging effects were found during semantic sentence comprehension, and this from the level of perceptual processing on. Normative data are now available for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Depuydt
- Medical Image and Signal Processing Group, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Belgium
| | | | - Pieter van Mierlo
- Medical Image and Signal Processing Group, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Wouter Duyck
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Szmalec
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Miet De Letter
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
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4
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Lippolis M, Müllensiefen D, Frieler K, Matarrelli B, Vuust P, Cassibba R, Brattico E. Learning to play a musical instrument in the middle school is associated with superior audiovisual working memory and fluid intelligence: A cross-sectional behavioral study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:982704. [PMID: 36312139 PMCID: PMC9610841 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.982704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Music training, in all its forms, is known to have an impact on behavior both in childhood and even in aging. In the delicate life period of transition from childhood to adulthood, music training might have a special role for behavioral and cognitive maturation. Among the several kinds of music training programs implemented in the educational communities, we focused on instrumental training incorporated in the public middle school curriculum in Italy that includes both individual, group and collective (orchestral) lessons several times a week. At three middle schools, we tested 285 preadolescent children (aged 10–14 years) with a test and questionnaire battery including adaptive tests for visuo-spatial working memory skills (with the Jack and Jill test), fluid intelligence (with a matrix reasoning test) and music-related perceptual and memory abilities (with listening tests). Of these children, 163 belonged to a music curriculum within the school and 122 to a standard curriculum. Significant differences between students of the music and standard curricula were found in both perceptual and cognitive domains, even when controlling for pre-existing individual differences in musical sophistication. The music children attending the third and last grade of middle school had better performance and showed the largest advantage compared to the control group on both audiovisual working memory and fluid intelligence. Furthermore, some gender differences were found for several tests and across groups in favor of females. The present results indicate that learning to play a musical instrument as part of the middle school curriculum represents a resource for preadolescent education. Even though the current evidence is not sufficient to establish the causality of the found effects, it can still guide future research evaluation with longitudinal data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Lippolis
- Department of Teaching of Musical, Visual and Corporal Expression, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Mariangela Lippolis,
| | - Daniel Müllensiefen
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Frieler
- Department of Methodology, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Benedetta Matarrelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Music in the Brain (MIB), The Royal Academy of Music Aarhus and Aalborg, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Education, Psychology, and Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Peter Vuust
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Music in the Brain (MIB), The Royal Academy of Music Aarhus and Aalborg, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rosalinda Cassibba
- Department of Education, Psychology, and Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Elvira Brattico
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Music in the Brain (MIB), The Royal Academy of Music Aarhus and Aalborg, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Education, Psychology, and Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Elvira Brattico,
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5
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Cautionary Observations Concerning the Introduction of Psychophysiological Biomarkers into Neuropsychiatric Practice. PSYCHIATRY INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/psychiatryint3020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of statistical learning technologies with large databases of psychophysiological data has appropriately generated enthusiastic interest in future clinical applicability. It is argued here that this enthusiasm should be tempered with the understanding that significant obstacles must be overcome before the systematic introduction of psychophysiological measures into neuropsychiatric practice becomes possible. The objective of this study is to identify challenges to this effort. The nonspecificity of psychophysiological measures complicates their use in diagnosis. Low test-retest reliability complicates use in longitudinal assessment, and quantitative psychophysiological measures can normalize in response to placebo intervention. Ten cautionary observations are introduced and, in some instances, possible directions for remediation are suggested.
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6
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Campos-Arteaga G, Araneda A, Ruiz S, Rodríguez E, Sitaram R. Classifying brain states and pupillary responses associated with the processing of old and new information. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 176:129-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Nudelman MF, Portugal LCL, Mocaiber I, David IA, Rodolpho BS, Pereira MG, de Oliveira L. Long-Term Influence of Incidental Emotions on the Emotional Judgment of Neutral Faces. Front Psychol 2022; 12:772916. [PMID: 35069355 PMCID: PMC8773088 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.772916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Evidence indicates that the processing of facial stimuli may be influenced by incidental factors, and these influences are particularly powerful when facial expressions are ambiguous, such as neutral faces. However, limited research investigated whether emotional contextual information presented in a preceding and unrelated experiment could be pervasively carried over to another experiment to modulate neutral face processing. Objective: The present study aims to investigate whether an emotional text presented in a first experiment could generate negative emotion toward neutral faces in a second experiment unrelated to the previous experiment. Methods: Ninety-nine students (all women) were randomly assigned to read and evaluate a negative text (negative context) or a neutral text (neutral text) in the first experiment. In the subsequent second experiment, the participants performed the following two tasks: (1) an attentional task in which neutral faces were presented as distractors and (2) a task involving the emotional judgment of neutral faces. Results: The results show that compared to the neutral context, in the negative context, the participants rated more faces as negative. No significant result was found in the attentional task. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that incidental emotional information available in a previous experiment can increase participants’ propensity to interpret neutral faces as more negative when emotional information is directly evaluated. Therefore, the present study adds important evidence to the literature suggesting that our behavior and actions are modulated by previous information in an incidental or low perceived way similar to what occurs in everyday life, thereby modulating our judgments and emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta F Nudelman
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Behaviour, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Liana C L Portugal
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Behaviour, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Biomedical Center, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Izabela Mocaiber
- Laboratory of Cognitive Psychophysiology, Department of Natural Sciences, Institute of Humanities and Health, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio das Ostras, Brazil
| | - Isabel A David
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Behaviour, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Beatriz S Rodolpho
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Behaviour, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Mirtes G Pereira
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Behaviour, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Leticia de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Behaviour, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
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8
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Hansen T, Zaichkowsky J, de Jong A. Are women always better able to recognize faces? The unveiling role of exposure time. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257741. [PMID: 34710131 PMCID: PMC8553055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A longer exposure time generally improves individuals’ ability to recognize faces. The current research investigates whether this effect varies between genders and whether it is influenced by the gender of the exposed faces. Based on a set of four experimental studies, we advance our knowledge of face recognition, gender, gender distribution of exposed faces, and exposure time in three main ways. First, the results reveal that women are more likely than men to suffer from a decrease in face recognition ability due to a lower exposure time. Second, the findings show that when exposure time is short (vs. long) women recognize a larger proportion of same gender faces and also recognize a larger proportion of same gender faces as compared with the proportion of same gender faces recognized by men. Third, findings reveal that when individuals are only exposed to same gender faces, women recognize more faces than men regardless whether exposure time is short, or long. In short, the findings of this research suggest that insight into the interplay between gender and exposure time length is critical to appropriately determine human beings’ ability to recognize faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Hansen
- Department of Marketing, Copenhagen Business School, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Ad de Jong
- Department of Marketing, Copenhagen Business School, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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9
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Conflict-Related Brain Activity after Individualized Cognitive Training in Preschoolers from Poor Homes. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-021-00223-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Hansbrough TK, Lord RG, Schyns B, Foti RJ, Liden RC, Acton BP. Do you remember? Rater memory systems and leadership measurement. THE LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2020.101455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Sharif L, Marusak HA, Peters C, Elrahal F, Rabinak CA. Trustworthiness and electrocortical processing of emotionally ambiguous faces in student police officers. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2021; 307:111237. [PMID: 33338977 PMCID: PMC7819151 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Perceptions of emotional facial expressions and trustworthiness of others guides behavior and has considerable implications for individuals who work in fields that require rapid decision making, such as law enforcement. This is particularly complicated for more ambiguous expressions, such as 'neutral' faces. We examined behavioral and electrocortical responses to facial expressions in 22 student police officers (18 males; 23.2 ± 3.63 years). Participants completed an emotional face appraisal task that involved viewing three expressions (fearful, neutral, happy) and were asked to identify the emotion and rate the trustworthiness of each face. The late positive potential (LPP), an event-related potential that tracks emotional intensity and/or salience of a stimulus, was measured during the task. Overall, participants rated neutral faces similarly to fearful faces and responded fastest to these expressions. Neutral faces also elicited a robust late LPP response that did not differ from LPP to fearful or happy faces, and there was substantial individual variation in trustworthiness ratings for neutral faces. Together, 'neutral' facial expressions elicited similar trustworthiness ratings to negatively-valenced stimuli. Brain and behavioral responses to neutral faces also varied across student officers; thus, encounters with ambiguous faces in the field may promote increased perceived threat in some officers, which may have real-world consequences (e.g., decision to shoot, risk of psychopathology).
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Affiliation(s)
- Limi Sharif
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Hilary A Marusak
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, United States; Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute for Child and Family Development, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Craig Peters
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Farrah Elrahal
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Christine A Rabinak
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, United States; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, United States; Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute for Child and Family Development, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, United States; Translational Neuroscience Program, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, United States.
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12
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Kochhann R, Beber BC, Ferreira P, Holz MR, Ruschel R, de Pádua AC, Godinho CDC, Izquierdo I, Chaves MLF. The effect of intentionality on verbal memory assessment over days. Dement Neuropsychol 2020; 14:366-371. [PMID: 33354289 PMCID: PMC7735048 DOI: 10.1590/1980-57642020dn14-040006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Intentionality to remember is associated with better performances in episodic memory retrieval. The practice effect has better performance in memory retrieval. However, little is known about the effect of intentionality on memory over days and the influence of age, gender, and level of education on it as well as on practice effect. Objectives: To verify the effect of intentionality and practice effect on memory performance over days, using an ecological approach. Methods: One hundred and twenty subjects from 18 to 81 years of age and free of psychiatric and neurological disorders were evaluated. They were randomized into a “testing effect group” and a “intentionality group” and then were asked to read a text on the FIFA World Cup. The “intentionality group” was instructed to pay careful attention to the text because they would answer a questionnaire with 10 factual items from the text after 2 and 7 days. The “testing effect group” had the same procedure at the same time as the first group but were not instructed about the intentionality, and answered the questionnaire immediately after reading the text. Results: Memory performance was better 2 days after the exposure session than 7 days later in the “intentionality group”. On the other hand, there was no difference in memory performance from the “testing effect group” 2 and 7 days later. Conclusions: Intention to recall may enhance memory over a short period of days, while retaining similar amount of information over days to what was acquired immediately after text exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Kochhann
- Dementia Clinic, Neurology Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Research Projects Office, Hospital Moinhos de Vento - Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Costa Beber
- Dementia Clinic, Neurology Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre - Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Ferreira
- Dementia Clinic, Neurology Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul - Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maila Rossato Holz
- Dementia Clinic, Neurology Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul - Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Analuiza Camozzato de Pádua
- Dementia Clinic, Neurology Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre - Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cláudia da Cunha Godinho
- Dementia Clinic, Neurology Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Iván Izquierdo
- Dementia Clinic, Neurology Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul - Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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13
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Reifegerste J, Estabrooke IV, Russell LE, Veríssimo J, Johari K, Wilmarth B, Pagan FL, Moussa C, Ullman MT. Can sex influence the neurocognition of language? Evidence from Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia 2020; 148:107633. [PMID: 32971096 PMCID: PMC8613481 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), which involves basal ganglia degeneration, affects language as well as motor function. However, which aspects of language are impaired in PD and under what circumstances remains unclear. We examined whether lexical and grammatical aspects of language are differentially affected in PD, and whether this dissociation is moderated by sex as well as the degree of basal ganglia degeneration. Our predictions were based on the declarative/procedural model of language. The model posits that grammatical composition, including in regular inflection, depends importantly on left basal ganglia procedural memory circuits, whereas irregular and other lexicalized forms are memorized in declarative memory. Since females tend to show declarative memory advantages as compared to males, the model further posits that females should tend to rely on this system for regulars, which can be stored as lexicalized chunks. We tested non-demented male and female PD patients and healthy control participants on the intensively studied paradigm of English regular and irregular past-tense production. Mixed-effects regression revealed PD deficits only at regular inflection, only in male patients. The degree of left basal ganglia degeneration, as reflected by right-side hypokinesia, predicted only regular inflection, and only in male patients. Left-side hypokinesia did not show this pattern. Past-tense frequency effects suggested that the female patients retrieved regular as well as irregular past-tense forms from declarative memory, whereas the males retrieved only irregulars. Sensitivity analyses showed that the pattern of findings was robust. The results, which are consistent with the declarative/procedural model, suggest a grammatical deficit in PD due to left basal ganglia degeneration, with a relative sparing of lexical retrieval. Female patients appear to compensate for this deficit by relying on chunks stored in declarative memory. More generally, the study elucidates the neurocognition of inflectional morphology and provides evidence that sex can influence how language is computed in the mind and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Reifegerste
- Department of Psychology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany; Brain and Language Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA; Potsdam Research Institute for Multilingualism, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Ivy V Estabrooke
- Brain and Language Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA; Center for Science and Technology Policy, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lauren E Russell
- Brain and Language Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - João Veríssimo
- Department of Linguistics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Karim Johari
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Barbara Wilmarth
- Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Fernando L Pagan
- Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Charbel Moussa
- Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michael T Ullman
- Brain and Language Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
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14
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Theofilidis A, Karakasi MV, Kevrekidis DP, Pavlidis P, Sofologi M, Trypsiannis G, Nimatoudis J. Gender Differences in Short-term Memory Related to Music Genres. Neuroscience 2020; 448:266-271. [PMID: 32891706 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present research was to examine whether different music settings could influence one's cognitive function - particularly memory. The examined sample consisted of 168 college students with a male:female ratio of 1:2.2. The participants were asked to complete a short-term memory test regarding word recollection while exposed to auditory stimuli. They were divided into three groups, each experiencing very different auditory stimuli (classical music; heavy metal music; no music). The results indicated that gender (as a single parameter) played a significant role in the recall process, with female subjects achieving significantly higher scores than males (p-value = 0.006). Music as an external stimulus was also found to affect the recall process significantly (0.02 < p < 0.04). Gender did not present any statistically significant association with specific music genres although, based on the limitations of this study, findings are in need of further exploration. The results of the present study may direct forthcoming research to address this issue further by examining additional variables as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Theofilidis
- 3rd University Department of Psychiatry, AHEPA University General Hospital - Department of Mental Health, Aristotle University - Faculty of Medicine, GR 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Maria-Valeria Karakasi
- 3rd University Department of Psychiatry, AHEPA University General Hospital - Department of Mental Health, Aristotle University - Faculty of Medicine, GR 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Laboratory of Forensic Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace - School of Medicine, GR 68100 Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Dimitrios-Phaedon Kevrekidis
- Laboratory of Forensic Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace - School of Medicine, GR 68100 Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Pavlos Pavlidis
- Laboratory of Forensic Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace - School of Medicine, GR 68100 Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Maria Sofologi
- 3rd University Department of Psychiatry, AHEPA University General Hospital - Department of Mental Health, Aristotle University - Faculty of Medicine, GR 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Grigorios Trypsiannis
- Laboratory of Medical Statistics, Democritus University of Thrace - School of Medicine, GR 68100 Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - John Nimatoudis
- 3rd University Department of Psychiatry, AHEPA University General Hospital - Department of Mental Health, Aristotle University - Faculty of Medicine, GR 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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15
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Different patterns of cortical activity in females and males during spatial long-term memory. Neuroimage 2019; 199:626-634. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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16
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Spets DS, Slotnick SD. Similar patterns of cortical activity in females and males during item memory. Brain Cogn 2019; 135:103581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2019.103581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Thielen H, Verleysen G, Huybrechts S, Lafosse C, Gillebert CR. Flemish Normative Data for the Buschke Selective Reminding Test. Psychol Belg 2019; 59:58-77. [PMID: 31328011 PMCID: PMC6625541 DOI: 10.5334/pb.486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to provide normative data for a Flemish version of the Buschke Selective Reminding Test (SRT). The SRT allows for the simultaneous analysis of several components of verbal memory, such as short and long term retrieval. The Flemish SRT was administered to 3257 neurologically healthy adults (1627 men and 1630 women, age range = 18-94 years). Effects of age, sex and education on SRT performance were assessed. Results indicate that SRT performance decreased with age and that this decline accelerated in men compared to women. Furthermore, an effect of education was found favoring participants who completed a higher education. Normative data quantified through percentile ranks and stratified by age, sex and education level are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Thielen
- Brain and Cognition, KU Leuven, Leuven, BE
| | - G. Verleysen
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ugent, Gent, BE
| | - S. Huybrechts
- Department Clinical Neuropsychology, RevArte Rehabilitation Hospital, Edegem, BE
| | - C. Lafosse
- Department Clinical Neuropsychology, RevArte Rehabilitation Hospital, Edegem, BE
- Department of Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, BE
- Department of Applied Psychology, Thomas More University College, BE
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18
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Sex related biases for attending to object color versus object position are reflected in reaction time and accuracy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210272. [PMID: 30625223 PMCID: PMC6326485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Processing of visual features related to objects and space relations occurs within separate cortical streams that interact with selective attention. Such separation has implications for cognitive development because the perception of ‘what’ and ‘where’ provide a neural foundation for the development of aspects of higher cognition. Thus, a small attentional bias in early development for attending to one aspect over the other might influence subsequent higher cognitive processing in tasks involving object recognition and space relations. We examined 134 men and women for evidence of an inherent sex-related bias for attending to basic perceptual features related to object discrimination versus object position. Each stimulus consisted of a circle located in one of 9 positions within a surrounding frame. Circles were one of three shades of blue or red. These stimuli were used in a match-to-sample paradigm where participants were required to match circles on the basis of color or spatial position. The first stimulus appeared in the center of the screen for 400 msec and the matching stimulus subsequently appeared for 400 msec oriented 5 degrees to the right or left of center. The same stimuli were used to test the perception of color and position, with order of testing counterbalanced across participants. Results showed significantly longer reaction times in females compared with males, with better accuracy to discriminate color when that color was tested before position. Males showed better accuracy when object position was tested before color discrimination. A second experiment employed the same procedure, but enhanced selective attention by adding an endogenous cue that predicted the right or left location for the appearance of the matching stimulus. This manipulation greatly attenuated the sex differences in reaction time and accuracy compared to Experiment 1, suggesting that the sex-related attentional biases are strongly coupled to bottom-up processing. Overall, the sex related attentional biases toward processing object characteristics versus object position location suggest a differential manifestation of biased competition between the weighted systems of dorsal and ventral stream processing. Results are discussed with how a developmental bias in the processing objects versus space relations may contribute to adult cognitive sex differences in humans and animals.
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19
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Wong M, Castro-Alonso JC, Ayres P, Paas F. Investigating gender and spatial measurements in instructional animation research. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Aslanyan EV, Kiroy VN, Bakhtin OM, Minyaeva NR, Lazurenko DM, Tambiev AE. Gender Differences in Spontaneous and Evoked Activities of the Human Brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0362119717040041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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MacLeod CA, Donaldson DI. Investigating the Functional Utility of the Left Parietal ERP Old/New Effect: Brain Activity Predicts within But Not between Participant Variance in Episodic Recollection. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:580. [PMID: 29259551 PMCID: PMC5723330 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A success story within neuroimaging has been the discovery of distinct neural correlates of episodic retrieval, providing insight into the processes that support memory for past life events. Here we focus on one commonly reported neural correlate, the left parietal old/new effect, a positive going modulation seen in event-related potential (ERP) data that is widely considered to index episodic recollection. Substantial evidence links changes in the size of the left parietal effect to changes in remembering, but the precise functional utility of the effect remains unclear. Here, using forced choice recognition of verbal stimuli, we present a novel population level test of the hypothesis that the magnitude of the left parietal effect correlates with memory performance. We recorded ERPs during old/new recognition, source accuracy and Remember/Know/Guess tasks in two large samples of healthy young adults, and successfully replicated existing within participant modulations of the magnitude of the left parietal effect with recollection. Critically, however, both datasets also show that across participants the magnitude of the left parietal effect does not correlate with behavioral measures of memory – including both subjective and objective estimates of recollection. We conclude that in these tasks, and across this healthy young adult population, the generators of the left parietal ERP effect do not index performance as expected. Taken together, these novel findings provide important constraints on the functional interpretation of the left parietal effect, suggesting that between group differences in the magnitude of old/new effects cannot always safely be used to infer differences in recollection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A MacLeod
- Dementia Services Development Centre Wales, School of Healthcare Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - David I Donaldson
- Psychological Imaging Laboratory, Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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22
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Tay PKC, Yang H. Angry faces are more resistant to forgetting than are happy faces: directed forgetting effects on the identity of emotional faces. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2017.1323907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter K. C. Tay
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hwajin Yang
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
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23
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Ji L, Cao X, Xu B. Sex differences of hemispheric lateralization for faces and Chinese characters in early perceptual processing. Neurosci Lett 2016; 635:77-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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Lamb YN, McKay NS, Singh SS, Waldie KE, Kirk IJ. Catechol-O-methyltransferase val(158)met Polymorphism Interacts with Sex to Affect Face Recognition Ability. Front Psychol 2016; 7:965. [PMID: 27445927 PMCID: PMC4921451 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) val158met polymorphism affects the breakdown of synaptic dopamine. Consequently, this polymorphism has been associated with a variety of neurophysiological and behavioral outcomes. Some of the effects have been found to be sex-specific and it appears estrogen may act to down-regulate the activity of the COMT enzyme. The dopaminergic system has been implicated in face recognition, a form of cognition for which a female advantage has typically been reported. This study aimed to investigate potential joint effects of sex and COMT genotype on face recognition. A sample of 142 university students was genotyped and assessed using the Faces I subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale - Third Edition (WMS-III). A significant two-way interaction between sex and COMT genotype on face recognition performance was found. Of the male participants, COMT val homozygotes and heterozygotes had significantly lower scores than met homozygotes. Scores did not differ between genotypes for female participants. While male val homozygotes had significantly lower scores than female val homozygotes, no sex differences were observed in the heterozygotes and met homozygotes. This study contributes to the accumulating literature documenting sex-specific effects of the COMT polymorphism by demonstrating a COMT-sex interaction for face recognition, and is consistent with a role for dopamine in face recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette N Lamb
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicole S McKay
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shrimal S Singh
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karen E Waldie
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ian J Kirk
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
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25
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Harris DA, Ciaramitaro VM. Interdependent Mechanisms for Processing Gender and Emotion: The Special Status of Angry Male Faces. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1046. [PMID: 27471482 PMCID: PMC4943965 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
While some models of how various attributes of a face are processed have posited that face features, invariant physical cues such as gender or ethnicity as well as variant social cues such as emotion, may be processed independently (e.g., Bruce and Young, 1986), other models suggest a more distributed representation and interdependent processing (e.g., Haxby et al., 2000). Here, we use a contingent adaptation paradigm to investigate if mechanisms for processing the gender and emotion of a face are interdependent and symmetric across the happy–angry emotional continuum and regardless of the gender of the face. We simultaneously adapted participants to angry female faces and happy male faces (Experiment 1) or to happy female faces and angry male faces (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, we found evidence for contingent adaptation, with simultaneous aftereffects in opposite directions: male faces were biased toward angry while female faces were biased toward happy. Interestingly, in the complementary Experiment 2, we did not find evidence for contingent adaptation, with both male and female faces biased toward angry. Our results highlight that evidence for contingent adaptation and the underlying interdependent face processing mechanisms that would allow for contingent adaptation may only be evident for certain combinations of face features. Such limits may be especially important in the case of social cues given how maladaptive it may be to stop responding to threatening information, with male angry faces considered to be the most threatening. The underlying neuronal mechanisms that could account for such asymmetric effects in contingent adaptation remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Harris
- Developmental and Brain Sciences Program, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston MA, USA
| | - Vivian M Ciaramitaro
- Developmental and Brain Sciences Program, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston MA, USA
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26
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Dal Monte O, Piva M, Morris JA, Chang SWC. Live interaction distinctively shapes social gaze dynamics in rhesus macaques. J Neurophysiol 2016; 116:1626-1643. [PMID: 27486105 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00442.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic interaction of gaze between individuals is a hallmark of social cognition. However, very few studies have examined social gaze dynamics after mutual eye contact during real-time interactions. We used a highly quantifiable paradigm to assess social gaze dynamics between pairs of monkeys and modeled these dynamics using an exponential decay function to investigate sustained attention after mutual eye contact. When monkeys were interacting with real partners compared with static images and movies of the same monkeys, we found a significant increase in the proportion of fixations to the eyes and a smaller dispersion of fixations around the eyes, indicating enhanced focal attention to the eye region. Notably, dominance and familiarity between the interacting pairs induced separable components of gaze dynamics that were unique to live interactions. Gaze dynamics of dominant monkeys after mutual eye contact were associated with a greater number of fixations to the eyes, whereas those of familiar pairs were associated with a faster rate of decrease in this eye-directed attention. Our findings endorse the notion that certain key aspects of social cognition are only captured during interactive social contexts and dependent on the elapsed time relative to socially meaningful events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Dal Monte
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | - Matthew Piva
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jason A Morris
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Steve W C Chang
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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27
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Siedlecki KL. Spatial Visualization Ability Mediates the Male Advantage in Spatial and Visual Episodic Memory. JOURNAL OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Individuals between the ages of 18 and 94 (N = 326) completed a battery of episodic memory tasks, as well as several measures of spatial visualization. A female advantage in verbal episodic memory and a male advantage in spatial and visual episodic memory were observed. Mediation analyses provided evidence that performance on spatial visualization tasks greatly influences the magnitude of the effect for sex differences among the different episodic memory constructs. In particular, the spatial visualization construct fully mediated the relationship between sex and episodic spatial memory performance. Further, when spatial visualization was included as a mediator in the model the relationship between sex and episodic verbal memory increased, and the relationship between sex and episodic visual memory reversed, such that women scored higher than men.
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28
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Zhang Y, Wei B, Zhao P, Zheng M, Zhang L. Gender differences in memory processing of female facial attractiveness: evidence from event-related potentials. Neurocase 2016; 22:317-23. [PMID: 26928269 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2016.1151532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
High rates of agreement in the judgment of facial attractiveness suggest universal principles of beauty. This study investigated gender differences in recognition memory processing of female facial attractiveness. Thirty-four Chinese heterosexual participants (17 females, 17 males) aged 18-24 years (mean age 21.63 ± 1.51 years) participated in the experiment which used event-related potentials (ERPs) based on a study-test paradigm. The behavioral data results showed that both men and women had significantly higher accuracy rates for attractive faces than for unattractive faces, but men reacted faster to unattractive faces. Gender differences on ERPs showed that attractive faces elicited larger early components such as P1, N170, and P2 in men than in women. The results indicated that the effects of recognition bias during memory processing modulated by female facial attractiveness are greater for men than women. Behavioral and ERP evidences indicate that men and women differ in their attentional adhesion to attractive female faces; different mating-related motives may guide the selective processing of attractive men and women. These findings establish a contribution of gender differences on female facial attractiveness during memory processing from an evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- a Academy of Educational Science , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China.,b School of Educational Science , Mianyang Normal University , Mianyang , China
| | - Bin Wei
- b School of Educational Science , Mianyang Normal University , Mianyang , China
| | - Peiqiong Zhao
- a Academy of Educational Science , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Minxiao Zheng
- a Academy of Educational Science , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Lili Zhang
- a Academy of Educational Science , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
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29
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Kamarajan C, Pandey AK, Chorlian DB, Manz N, Stimus AT, Bauer LO, Hesselbrock VM, Schuckit MA, Kuperman S, Kramer J, Porjesz B. Reward processing deficits and impulsivity in high-risk offspring of alcoholics: A study of event-related potentials during a monetary gambling task. Int J Psychophysiol 2015; 98:182-200. [PMID: 26388585 PMCID: PMC4898464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals at high risk to develop alcoholism often manifest neurocognitive deficits as well as increased impulsivity. The goal of the present study is to elucidate reward processing deficits, externalizing disorders, and impulsivity as elicited by electrophysiological, clinical and behavioral measures in subjects at high risk for alcoholism from families densely affected by alcoholism in the context of brain maturation across age groups and gender. METHODS Event-related potentials (ERPs) and current source density (CSD) during a monetary gambling task (MGT) were measured in 12-25 year old offspring (N=1864) of families in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) Prospective study; the high risk (HR, N=1569) subjects were from families densely affected with alcoholism and the low risk (LR, N=295) subjects were from community families. Externalizing disorders and impulsivity scores were also compared between LR and HR groups. RESULTS HR offspring from older (16-25 years) male and younger (12-15 years) female subgroups showed lower P3 amplitude than LR subjects. The amplitude decrement was most prominent in HR males during the loss condition. Overall, P3 amplitude increase at anterior sites and decrease at posterior areas were seen in older compared to younger subjects, suggesting frontalization during brain maturation. The HR subgroups also exhibited hypofrontality manifested as weaker CSD activity during both loss and gain conditions at frontal regions. Further, the HR subjects had higher impulsivity scores and increased prevalence of externalizing disorders. P3 amplitudes during the gain condition were negatively correlated with impulsivity scores. CONCLUSIONS Older male and younger female HR offspring, compared to their LR counterparts, manifested reward processing deficits as indexed by lower P3 amplitude and weaker CSD activity, along with higher prevalence of externalizing disorders and higher impulsivity scores. SIGNIFICANCE Reward related P3 is a valuable measure reflecting neurocognitive dysfunction in subjects at risk for alcoholism, as well as to characterize reward processing and brain maturation across gender and age group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Niklas Manz
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | - Lance O Bauer
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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30
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Fulton EK, Bulluck M, Hertzog C. Orienting to face expression during encoding improves men's recognition of own gender faces. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2015; 161:18-24. [PMID: 26295282 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear why women have superior episodic memory of faces, but the benefit may be partially the result of women engaging in superior processing of facial expressions. Therefore, we hypothesized that orienting instructions to attend to facial expression at encoding would significantly improve men's memory of faces and possibly reduce gender differences. We directed 203 college students (122 women) to study 120 faces under instructions to orient to either the person's gender or their emotional expression. They later took a recognition test of these faces by either judging whether they had previously studied the same person or that person with the exact same expression; the latter test evaluated recollection of specific facial details. Orienting to facial expressions during encoding significantly improved men's recognition of own-gender faces and eliminated the advantage that women had for male faces under gender orienting instructions. Although gender differences in spontaneous strategy use when orienting to faces cannot fully account for gender differences in face recognition, orienting men to facial expression during encoding is one way to significantly improve their episodic memory for male faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika K Fulton
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 654 Cherry St., Atlanta, GA 30332-0170, United States.
| | - Megan Bulluck
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 654 Cherry St., Atlanta, GA 30332-0170, United States.
| | - Christopher Hertzog
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 654 Cherry St., Atlanta, GA 30332-0170, United States.
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31
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Wiggert N, Wilhelm FH, Derntl B, Blechert J. Gender differences in experiential and facial reactivity to approval and disapproval during emotional social interactions. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1372. [PMID: 26441747 PMCID: PMC4585028 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Negative social evaluations represent social threats and elicit negative emotions such as anger or fear. Positive social evaluations, by contrast, may increase self-esteem and generate positive emotions such as happiness and pride. Gender differences are likely to shape both the perception and expression of positive and negative social evaluations. Yet, current knowledge is limited by a reliance on studies that used static images of individual expressers with limited external validity. Furthermore, only few studies considered gender differences on both the expresser and perceiver side. The present study approached these limitations by utilizing a naturalistic stimulus set displaying nine males and nine females (expressers) delivering social evaluative sentences to 32 female and 26 male participants (perceivers). Perceivers watched 30 positive, 30 negative, and 30 neutral messages while facial electromyography (EMG) was continuously recorded and subjective ratings were obtained. Results indicated that men expressing positive evaluations elicited stronger EMG responses in both perceiver genders. Arousal was rated higher when positive evaluations were expressed by the opposite gender. Thus, gender differences need to be more explicitly considered in research of social cognition and affective science using naturalistic social stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Wiggert
- Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg Salzburg, Austria
| | - Frank H Wilhelm
- Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg Salzburg, Austria
| | - Birgit Derntl
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University Aachen, Germany ; Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich Aachen Research Alliance Aachen, Germany ; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich Jülich, Germany ; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jens Blechert
- Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg Salzburg, Austria ; Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg Salzburg, Austria
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32
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Choi D, Egashira Y, Takakura J, Motoi M, Nishimura T, Watanuki S. Gender difference in N170 elicited under oddball task. J Physiol Anthropol 2015; 34:7. [PMID: 25857755 PMCID: PMC4358327 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-015-0045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some studies have reported gender differences in N170, a face-selective event-related potential (ERP) component. This study investigated gender differences in N170 elicited under oddball paradigm in order to clarify the effect of task demand on gender differences in early facial processing. FINDINGS Twelve males and 10 females discriminated targets (emotional faces) from non-targets (emotionally neutral faces) under an oddball paradigm, pressing a button as quickly as possible in response to the target. Clear N170 was elicited in response to target and non-target stimuli in both males and females. However, females showed more negative amplitude of N170 in response to target compared with non-target, while males did not show different N170 responses between target and non-target. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest that females have a characteristic of allocating attention at an early stage when responding to faces actively (target) compared to viewing faces passively (non-target). This supports previous findings suggesting that task demand is an important factor in gender differences in N170.
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33
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Tiberghien G, Martin C, Baudouin JY, Franck N, Guillaume F, Huron C. Face recognition in schizophrenia: do individual and average ROCs tell the same story? Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2015; 20:14-30. [PMID: 25223545 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2014.955171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many studies have shown that recollection process is impaired in patients with schizophrenia, whereas familiarity is generally spared. However, in these studies, the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) presented is average ROC likely to mask individual differences. METHODS In the present study using a face-recognition task, we computed the individual ROC of patients with schizophrenia and control participants. Each group was divided into two subgroups on the basis of the type of recognition processes implemented: recognition based on familiarity only and recognition based on familiarity and recollection. RESULTS The recognition performance of the schizophrenia patients was below that of the control participants only when recognition was based solely on familiarity. For the familiarity-alone patients, the score obtained on the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) was correlated with the variance of the old-face familiarity. For the familiarity-recollection patients, the score obtained on the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) was correlated with the decision criterion and with the old-face recollection probability. CONCLUSIONS These results show that one cannot ascribe the impaired recognition observed in patients with schizophrenia to a recollection deficit alone. These results show that individual ROC can be used to distinguish between subtypes of schizophrenia and could serve as a basis for setting up specific cognitive remediation therapy for individuals with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Tiberghien
- a Laboratory Language, Brain and Cognition (CNRS) , Claude Bernard University , Lyon , France
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Tiedt HO, Beier KM, Lueschow A, Pauls A, Weber JE. A different pattern of lateralised brain activity during processing of loved faces in men and women: A MEG study. Biol Psychol 2014; 103:255-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Seçer I, Yılmazoğulları Y. Are attentional resources a mediator for sex differences in memory? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 51:117-22. [DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilmiye Seçer
- Department of Psychology; Eastern Mediterranean University; Famagusta North Cyprus
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Stonehouse W. Does consumption of LC omega-3 PUFA enhance cognitive performance in healthy school-aged children and throughout adulthood? Evidence from clinical trials. Nutrients 2014; 6:2730-58. [PMID: 25054550 PMCID: PMC4113767 DOI: 10.3390/nu6072730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain (LC) omega-3 PUFA derived from marine sources may play an important role in cognitive performance throughout all life stages. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the dominant omega-3 in the brain, is a major component of neuronal cell membranes and affects various neurological pathways and processess. Despite its critical role in brain function, human’s capacity to synthesize DHA de novo is limited and its consumption through the diet is important. However, many individuals do not or rarely consume seafood. The aim of this review is to critically evaluate the current evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCT) in healthy school-aged children, younger and older adults to determine whether consumption of LC omega-3 PUFA improves cognitive performance and to make recommendations for future research. Current evidence suggests that consumption of LC omega-3 PUFA, particularly DHA, may enhance cognitive performance relating to learning, cognitive development, memory and speed of performing cognitive tasks. Those who habitually consume diets low in DHA, children with low literacy ability and malnourished and older adults with age-related cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment seem to benefit most. However, study design limitations in many RCTs hamper firm conclusions. The measurement of a uniform biomarker, e.g., % DHA in red blood cells, is essential to establish baseline DHA-status, to determine targets for cognitive performance and to facilitate dosage recommendations. It is recommended that future studies be at least 16 weeks in duration, account for potential interaction effects of gender, age and apolipoprotein E genotype, include vegan/vegetarian populations, include measures of speed of cognitive performance and include brain imaging technologies as supportive information on working mechanisms of LC omega-3 PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Welma Stonehouse
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, P.O. Box 10041, Adelaide BC, South Australia 5000, Australia.
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MacLeod CA, Donaldson DI. PRKCA polymorphism changes the neural basis of episodic remembering in healthy individuals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98018. [PMID: 24842701 PMCID: PMC4026476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Everyday functioning relies on episodic memory, the conscious retrieval of past experiences, but this crucial cognitive ability declines severely with aging and disease. Vulnerability to memory decline varies across individuals however, producing differences in the time course and severity of memory problems that complicate attempts at diagnosis and treatment. Here we identify a key source of variability, by examining gene dependent changes in the neural basis of episodic remembering in healthy adults, targeting seven polymorphisms previously linked to memory. Scalp recorded Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) were measured while participants remembered words, using an item recognition task that requires discrimination between studied and unstudied stimuli. Significant differences were found as a consequence of a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) in just one of the tested genes, PRKCA (rs8074995). Participants with the common G/G variant exhibited left parietal old/new effects, which are typically seen in word recognition studies, reflecting recollection-based remembering. During the same stage of memory retrieval participants carrying a rarer A variant exhibited an atypical pattern of brain activity, a topographically dissociable frontally-distributed old/new effect, even though behavioural performance did not differ between groups. Results replicated in a second independent sample of participants. These findings demonstrate that the PRKCA genotype is important in determining how episodic memories are retrieved, opening a new route towards understanding individual differences in memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A. MacLeod
- Institute of Medical and Social Care Research, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - David I. Donaldson
- Psychology, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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Hannon B. Are there gender differences in the cognitive components of adult reading comprehension? LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Task demand influences relationships among sex, clustering strategy, and recall: 16-word versus 9-word list learning tests. Cogn Behav Neurol 2014; 26:78-84. [PMID: 23812171 DOI: 10.1097/wnn.0b013e31829de450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We compared the relationships among sex, clustering strategy, and recall across different task demands using the 16-word California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition (CVLT-II) and the 9-word Philadelphia (repeatable) Verbal Learning Test (PrVLT). BACKGROUND Women generally score higher than men on verbal memory tasks, possibly because women tend to use semantic clustering. This sex difference has been established via word-list learning tests such as the CVLT-II. METHODS In a retrospective between-group study, we compared how 2 separate groups of cognitively healthy older adults performed on a longer and a shorter verbal learning test. The group completing the CVLT-II had 36 women and 26 men; the group completing the PrVLT had 27 women and 21 men. RESULTS Overall, multiple regression analyses revealed that semantic clustering was significantly associated with total recall on both tests' lists (P<0.001). Sex differences in recall and semantic clustering diminished with the shorter PrVLT word list. CONCLUSIONS Semantic clustering uniquely influenced recall on both the longer and shorter word lists. However, serial clustering and sex influenced recall depending on the length of the word list (ie, the task demand). These findings suggest a complex nonlinear relationship among verbal memory, clustering strategies, and task demand.
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Verdichevski M, Steeves JK. Own-age and own-sex biases in recognition of aged faces. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2013; 144:418-23. [PMID: 24018098 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It is surprising how easily we are able to recognize people whom we have not seen in many years, somehow compensating for the aging-related facial changes that occurred. We measured the limits of the ability to recognize faces across the lifespan by young versus old men and women. Images of five males and five females at young and middle ages were morphed in 10% increments to create aged face images across the lifespan. Fifty-eight participants (28 females) judged whether pairs of photographs were of the same or different identity. Women outperformed men for female faces, exhibiting a sex difference and own-sex bias. Additionally, older participants showed an own-age bias and outperformed their younger counterparts with older stimuli. It appears that the recognition of faces is affected by the own-age and own-sex biases, potentially allowing us to remember some people better than others, thus mediating our interaction with the world.
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Grysman A, Hudson JA. Gender differences in autobiographical memory: Developmental and methodological considerations. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Herlitz A, Lovén J. Sex differences and the own-gender bias in face recognition: A meta-analytic review. VISUAL COGNITION 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2013.823140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Stonehouse W, Conlon CA, Podd J, Hill SR, Minihane AM, Haskell C, Kennedy D. DHA supplementation improved both memory and reaction time in healthy young adults: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97:1134-43. [PMID: 23515006 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.053371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is important for brain function, and its status is dependent on dietary intakes. Therefore, individuals who consume diets low in omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids may cognitively benefit from DHA supplementation. Sex and apolipoprotein E genotype (APOE) affect cognition and may modulate the response to DHA supplementation. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether a DHA supplement improves cognitive performance in healthy young adults and whether sex and APOE modulate the response. DESIGN Healthy adults (n = 176; age range: 18-45 y; nonsmoking and with a low intake of DHA) completed a 6-mo randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind intervention in which they consumed 1.16 g DHA/d or a placebo. Cognitive performance was assessed by using a computerized cognitive test battery. For all tests, z scores were calculated and clustered into cognitive domains as follows: episodic and working memory, attention, reaction time (RT) of episodic and working memory, and attention and processing speed. ANCOVA was conducted with sex and APOE as independent variables. RESULTS RTs of episodic and working memory improved with DHA compared with placebo [mean difference (95% CI): -0.18 SD (-0.33, -0.03 SD) (P = 0.02) and -0.36 SD (-0.58, -0.14 SD) (P = 0.002), respectively]. Sex × treatment interactions occurred for episodic memory (P = 0.006) and the RT of working memory (P = 0.03). Compared with the placebo, DHA improved episodic memory in women [0.28 SD (0.08, 0.48 SD); P = 0.006] and RTs of working memory in men [-0.60 SD (-0.95, -0.25 SD); P = 0.001]. APOE did not affect cognitive function, but there were some indications of APOE × sex × treatment interactions. CONCLUSIONS DHA supplementation improved memory and the RT of memory in healthy, young adults whose habitual diets were low in DHA. The response was modulated by sex. This trial was registered at the New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (http://www.anzctr.org.au/default.aspx) as ACTRN12610000212055.
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Affiliation(s)
- Welma Stonehouse
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Wolff N, Kemter K, Schweinberger SR, Wiese H. What drives social in-group biases in face recognition memory? ERP evidence from the own-gender bias. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2013; 9:580-90. [PMID: 23474824 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that memory is more accurate for own-relative to other-race faces (own-race bias), which has been suggested to result from larger perceptual expertise for own-race faces. Previous studies also demonstrated better memory for own-relative to other-gender faces, which is less likely to result from differences in perceptual expertise, and rather may be related to social in-group vs out-group categorization. We examined neural correlates of the own-gender bias using event-related potentials (ERP). In a recognition memory experiment, both female and male participants remembered faces of their respective own gender more accurately compared with other-gender faces. ERPs during learning yielded significant differences between the subsequent memory effects (subsequently remembered - subsequently forgotten) for own-gender compared with other-gender faces in the occipito-temporal P2 and the central N200, whereas neither later subsequent memory effects nor ERP old/new effects at test reflected a neural correlate of the own-gender bias. We conclude that the own-gender bias is mainly related to study phase processes, which is in line with sociocognitive accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Wolff
- DFG Research Unit Person Perception, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Leutragraben 1, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Abstract
Research has shown females' advantage in face memory, but few studies have used emotional faces as stimuli. In addition, it is unclear whether gender difference in memory for faces is mediated by individual factors especially associated with emotion. This study examined gender difference in recognition memory for neutral and emotional faces and whether arousal predisposition, emotion reappraisal, and emotion suppression can play a mediation role. Females (N=48) and males (N=45) viewed and memorised neutral, happy, and angry faces, and then took an immediate recognition test. The findings are: (1) Females outperformed males in recognition memory for happy faces, but not for neutral and negative faces. (2) Gender difference in recognition memory (including recollection and familiarity) was not mediated by arousal predisposition and emotion regulation. (3) Females had an own-sex bias in that they outperformed males with regard to recognition memory only for female faces, but not for male faces. The findings suggest that females' advantage is mediated by valence of face emotionality but not by arousal predisposition and emotion regulation, thus extending the literature by demonstrating the boundary condition for occurrence of females' advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- a Department of Psychology , Central University of Finance and Economics , Beijing , China
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Glaser E, Mendrek A, Germain M, Lakis N, Lavoie ME. Sex differences in memory of emotional images: A behavioral and electrophysiological investigation. Int J Psychophysiol 2012; 85:17-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Toepel U, Knebel JF, Hudry J, le Coutre J, Murray MM. Gender and weight shape brain dynamics during food viewing. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36778. [PMID: 22590605 PMCID: PMC3349646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemodynamic imaging results have associated both gender and body weight to variation in brain responses to food-related information. However, the spatio-temporal brain dynamics of gender-related and weight-wise modulations in food discrimination still remain to be elucidated. We analyzed visual evoked potentials (VEPs) while normal-weighted men (n = 12) and women (n = 12) categorized photographs of energy-dense foods and non-food kitchen utensils. VEP analyses showed that food categorization is influenced by gender as early as 170 ms after image onset. Moreover, the female VEP pattern to food categorization co-varied with participants' body weight. Estimations of the neural generator activity over the time interval of VEP modulations (i.e. by means of a distributed linear inverse solution [LAURA]) revealed alterations in prefrontal and temporo-parietal source activity as a function of image category and participants' gender. However, only neural source activity for female responses during food viewing was negatively correlated with body-mass index (BMI) over the respective time interval. Women showed decreased neural source activity particularly in ventral prefrontal brain regions when viewing food, but not non-food objects, while no such associations were apparent in male responses to food and non-food viewing. Our study thus indicates that gender influences are already apparent during initial stages of food-related object categorization, with small variations in body weight modulating electrophysiological responses especially in women and in brain areas implicated in food reward valuation and intake control. These findings extend recent reports on prefrontal reward and control circuit responsiveness to food cues and the potential role of this reactivity pattern in the susceptibility to weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Toepel
- The Functional Electrical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Vaudois University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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I like you but I don't know why: Objective facial resemblance to significant others influences snap judgments. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mendrek A, Stip E. Sexual dimorphism in schizophrenia: is there a need for gender-based protocols? Expert Rev Neurother 2011; 11:951-9. [PMID: 21721913 DOI: 10.1586/ern.11.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gender differences have been reported in various aspects of schizophrenia, including its epidemiology, clinical course and the response to antipsychotic medications. Over the past few years the authors have been investigating sex differences in brain function in individuals with schizophrenia and have found an intriguing disturbance of normal sexual dimorphism during emotional and cognitive processing. These results can be partly accounted for by altered levels of sex steroid hormones (i.e., estrogen and testosterone) in patients. A handful of clinical research groups have tried low doses of estrogen, testosterone or their precursors as adjunct therapies to the currently available antipsychotic medications in women and men with schizophrenia. The results have been promising, but further investigation is warranted. In the future, new more specific steroidal compounds will be developed and we will see more studies examining sex differences in the brain, behavior and mental health problems. This research will help to identify individuals who may benefit greatest from adjunct hormonal therapies and will further our understanding of the etiology of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Mendrek
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Centre de recherche Fernand-Seguin, 7331 Hochelaga, Montreal (QC), H1N 3V2, Canada.
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Wang L, Bastiaansen M, Yang Y, Hagoort P. The influence of information structure on the depth of semantic processing: How focus and pitch accent determine the size of the N400 effect. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49:813-820. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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