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Spaniol M, Danielsson H. A meta-analysis of the executive function components inhibition, shifting, and attention in intellectual disabilities. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2022; 66:9-31. [PMID: 34498787 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Executive function is a concept for higher-order cognitive functions, which have the role of controller and modulator of cognitive abilities. The consensus in the literature is that people with an intellectual disability perform significantly lower on executive function tasks than groups matched on chronological age. The comparison with groups matched on mental age is less clear. Therefore, the objective of this meta-analysis was to investigate to what extent executive function is impaired in people with intellectual disability compared with a typically developing control group matched on mental age. It was also investigated if the executive function component and intellectual disability aetiology moderated the effect. METHODS Eligibility criteria were participants with intellectual disability (IQ ≤ 75) without a dual diagnosis; a comparison group matched on mental age; executive function outcome reported in a group comparison study design with n ≥ 10. Working memory tasks and ratings of executive function were not included. The literature search yielded 6637 potentially interesting articles. Twenty-six studies (with 99 effect sizes) including 1395 participants were included in the quantitative synthesis. RESULTS A multilevel random-effects meta-analysis found that people with intellectual disability performed statistically significantly lower than the mental age-matched group on the executive function tasks, g = -0.34, 95% confidence interval = [-0.53, -0.16]. However, the heterogeneity between effect sizes was large. The intellectual disability aetiology moderator was significant, but it only reduced the heterogeneity marginally. CONCLUSION The overall conclusion is that individuals with an intellectual disability have more problems with executive function tasks than mental age-matched controls. Limitations are the large unexplained variance and the remarkably high number (69) of different tests that were used, which make more detailed conclusions problematic. This meta-analysis implies that future studies need to be of better quality, to have higher power, and to a higher degree use the same executive function tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Spaniol
- Cognitive Science, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne and Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - H Danielsson
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Swedish Institute for Disability Research, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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2
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Li K, Jiang Y, Gong Y, Zhao W, Zhao Z, Liu X, Kendrick KM, Zhu C, Becker B. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy-informed neurofeedback: regional-specific modulation of lateral orbitofrontal activation and cognitive flexibility. NEUROPHOTONICS 2019; 6:025011. [PMID: 31930153 PMCID: PMC6951484 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.6.2.025011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive flexibility and reward processing critically rely on the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Dysregulations in these domains and orbitofrontal activation have been reported in major psychiatric disorders. Hemodynamic brain imaging-informed neurofeedback allows regional-specific control over brain activation and thus may represent an innovative intervention to regulate orbitofrontal dysfunctions. Against this background the present proof-of-concept study evaluates the feasibility and behavioral relevance of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)-assisted neurofeedback training of the lateral orbitofrontal cortex (lOFC). In a randomized sham-controlled between-subject design, 60 healthy participants have undergone four subsequent runs of training to enhance the lOFC activation. Training-induced changes in the lOFC, attentional set-shifting performance, and reward experience have served as primary outcomes. Feedback from the target channel significantly increases the regional-specific lOFC activation over the four training runs in comparison with sham neurofeedback. The real-time OFC neurofeedback group demonstrates a trend for faster responses during the set-shifting relative to the sham neurofeedback group. Within the real-time OFC neurofeedback group, stronger training-induced lOFC increases are associated with higher reward experience. The present results demonstrate that fNIRS-informed neurofeedback allows regional-specific regulation of lOFC activation and may have the potential to modulate the associated behavioral domains. As such fNIRS-informed neurofeedback may represent a promising strategy to regulate OFC dysfunctions in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshuang Li
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Chengdu, China
| | - Yihan Jiang
- Beijing Normal University, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing, China
| | - Yilong Gong
- Beijing Normal University, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing, China
| | - Weihua Zhao
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiying Zhao
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Chengdu, China
| | - Keith M. Kendrick
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Chengdu, China
| | - Chaozhe Zhu
- Beijing Normal University, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing, China
- Beijing Normal University, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- Beijing Normal University, Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Benjamin Becker
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Chengdu, China
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3
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Schmitt LM, Shaffer RC, Hessl D, Erickson C. Executive Function in Fragile X Syndrome: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2019; 9:E15. [PMID: 30654486 PMCID: PMC6356760 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive function (EF) supports goal-directed behavior and includes key aspects such as working memory, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, attention, processing speed, and planning. Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the leading inherited monogenic cause of intellectual disability and is phenotypically characterized by EF deficits beyond what is expected given general cognitive impairments. Yet, a systematic review of behavioral studies using performance-based measures is needed to provide a summary of EF deficits across domains in males and females with FXS, discuss clinical and biological correlates of these EF deficits, identify critical limitations in available research, and offer suggestions for future studies in this area. Ultimately, this review aims to advance our understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to EF in FXS and to inform the development of outcome measures of EF and identification of new treatment targets in FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Schmitt
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | - Rebecca C Shaffer
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
| | - David Hessl
- MIND Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Craig Erickson
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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4
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Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited form of intellectual disability, and is the leading single-gene cause of autism spectrum disorders. It is due to a loss of the fragile X mental retardation protein, which leads to molecular, behavioral, and cognitive deficits in these patients. Improvements in our understanding of its pathophysiology have led to the development of numerous targeted treatments in FXS as highlighted by metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists and gamma-Aminobutyric acid receptor modulators. This review will summarize relevant pre-clinical data and results from clinical trials in human subjects with FXS. It will also highlight upcoming studies and future directions for clinical trials as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ligsay
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
- University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Randi J Hagerman
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Randi J Hagerman, Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California, Davis Medical Center, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA. E-mail:
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5
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Beas BS, Setlow B, Bizon JL. Effects of acute administration of the GABA(B) receptor agonist baclofen on behavioral flexibility in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:2787-97. [PMID: 27256354 PMCID: PMC4919234 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4321-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The ability to adjust response strategies when faced with changes in the environment is critical for normal adaptive behavior. Such behavioral flexibility is compromised by experimental disruption of cortical GABAergic signaling, as well as in conditions such as schizophrenia and normal aging that are characterized by cortical hyperexcitability. The current studies were designed to determine whether stimulation of GABAergic signaling using the GABA(B) receptor agonist baclofen can facilitate behavioral flexibility. METHODS Male Fischer 344 rats were trained in a set-shifting task in which they learned to discriminate between two response levers to obtain a food reward. Correct levers were signaled in accordance with two distinct response rules (rule 1: correct lever signaled by a cue light; rule 2: correct lever signaled by its left/right position). The order of rule presentation varied, but they were always presented sequentially, with the trials and errors to reach criterion performance on the second (set shift) rule providing the measure of behavioral flexibility. Experiments determined the effects of the GABA(B) receptor agonist baclofen (intraperitoneal, 0, 1.0, 2.5, and 4.0 mg/kg) administered acutely before the shift to the second rule. RESULTS Baclofen enhanced set-shifting performance. Control experiments demonstrated that this enhancement was not simply due to improved discrimination learning, nor was it due to impaired recall of the initial discrimination rule. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that baclofen can facilitate behavioral flexibility, suggesting that GABA(B) receptor agonists may have utility for treating behavioral dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Sofia Beas
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Barry Setlow
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL,Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Jennifer L. Bizon
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL,Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
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Rotschafer SE, Marshak S, Cramer KS. Deletion of Fmr1 alters function and synaptic inputs in the auditory brainstem. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117266. [PMID: 25679778 PMCID: PMC4332492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), a neurodevelopmental disorder, is the most prevalent single-gene cause of autism spectrum disorder. Autism has been associated with impaired auditory processing, abnormalities in the auditory brainstem response (ABR), and reduced cell number and size in the auditory brainstem nuclei. FXS is characterized by elevated cortical responses to sound stimuli, with some evidence for aberrant ABRs. Here, we assessed ABRs and auditory brainstem anatomy in Fmr1-/- mice, an animal model of FXS. We found that Fmr1-/- mice showed elevated response thresholds to both click and tone stimuli. Amplitudes of ABR responses were reduced in Fmr1-/- mice for early peaks of the ABR. The growth of the peak I response with sound intensity was less steep in mutants that in wild type mice. In contrast, amplitudes and response growth in peaks IV and V did not differ between these groups. We did not observe differences in peak latencies or in interpeak latencies. Cell size was reduced in Fmr1-/- mice in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) and in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB). We quantified levels of inhibitory and excitatory synaptic inputs in these nuclei using markers for presynaptic proteins. We measured VGAT and VGLUT immunolabeling in VCN, MNTB, and the lateral superior olive (LSO). VGAT expression in MNTB was significantly greater in the Fmr1-/- mouse than in wild type mice. Together, these observations demonstrate that FXS affects peripheral and central aspects of hearing and alters the balance of excitation and inhibition in the auditory brainstem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Rotschafer
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, United States of America
| | - Sonya Marshak
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, United States of America
| | - Karina S. Cramer
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Oh A, Vidal J, Taylor MJ, Pang EW. Neuromagnetic correlates of intra- and extra-dimensional set-shifting. Brain Cogn 2014; 86:90-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Quintero AI, Beaton EA, Harvey DJ, Ross JL, Simon TJ. Common and specific impairments in attention functioning in girls with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion, fragile X or Turner syndromes. J Neurodev Disord 2014; 6:5. [PMID: 24628892 PMCID: PMC3995552 DOI: 10.1186/1866-1955-6-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS), fragile X syndrome (FXS), and Turner syndrome (TS) are complex and variable developmental syndromes caused by different genetic abnormalities; yet, they share similar cognitive impairments in the domains of numbers, space, and time. The atypical development of foundational neural networks that underpin the attentional system is thought to result in further impairments in higher-order cognitive functions. The current study investigates whether children with similar higher-order cognitive impairments but different genetic disorders also show similar impairments in alerting, orienting, and executive control of attention. Methods Girls with 22q11.2DS, FXS, or TS and typically developing (TD) girls, aged 7 to 15 years, completed an attention network test, a flanker task with alerting and orienting cues. Exploration of reaction times and accuracy allowed us to test for potential commonalities in attentional functioning in alerting, orienting, and executive control. Linear regression models were used to test whether the predictors of group and chronological age were able to predict differences in attention indices. Results Girls with 22q11.2DS, FXS, or TS demonstrated unimpaired function of the alerting system and impaired function of the executive control system. Diagnosis-specific impairments were found such that girls with FXS made more errors and had a reduced orienting index, while girls with 22q11.2DS showed specific age-related deficits in the executive control system. Conclusions These results suggest that the control but not the implementation of attention is selectively impaired in girls with 22q11.2DS, TS or FXS. Additionally, the age effect on executive control in girls with 22q11.2DS implies a possible altered developmental trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea I Quintero
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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9
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Giesbrecht CJ, Thornton AE, Hall-Patch C, Maan EJ, Côté HCF, Money DM, Murray M, Pick N. Select neurocognitive impairment in HIV-infected women: associations with HIV viral load, hepatitis C virus, and depression, but not leukocyte telomere length. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89556. [PMID: 24595021 PMCID: PMC3942358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Through implementation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) remarkable gains have been achieved in the management of HIV infection; nonetheless, the neurocognitive consequences of infection remain a pivotal concern in the cART era. Research has often employed norm-referenced neuropsychological scores, derived from healthy populations (excluding many seronegative individuals at high risk for HIV infection), to characterize impairments in predominately male HIV-infected populations. METHODS Using matched-group methodology, we assessed 81 HIV-seropositive (HIV+) women with established neuropsychological measures validated for detection of HIV-related impairments, as well as additional detailed tests of executive function and decision-making from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). RESULTS On validated tests, the HIV+ women exhibited impairments that were limited to significantly slower information processing speed when compared with 45 HIV-seronegative (HIV-) women with very similar demographic backgrounds and illness comorbidities. Additionally, select executive impairments in shifting attention (i.e., reversal learning) and in decision-making quality were revealed in HIV+ participants. Modifiers of neurocognition in HIV-infected women included detectable HIV plasma viral load, active hepatitis C virus co-infection, and self-reported depression symptoms. In contrast, leukocyte telomere length (LTL), a marker of cellular aging, did not significantly differ between HIV+ and HIV- women, nor was LTL associated with overall neurocognition in the HIV+ group. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that well-managed HIV infection may entail a more circumscribed neurocognitive deficit pattern than that reported in many norm-referenced studies, and that common comorbidities make a secondary contribution to HIV-related neurocognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantelle J. Giesbrecht
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- British Columbia Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Allen E. Thornton
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- British Columbia Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Clare Hall-Patch
- Oak Tree Clinic, BC Women's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- CIHR Emerging Team in HIV Therapy and Aging (CARMA), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Evelyn J. Maan
- Oak Tree Clinic, BC Women's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- CIHR Emerging Team in HIV Therapy and Aging (CARMA), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hélène C. F. Côté
- CIHR Emerging Team in HIV Therapy and Aging (CARMA), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Women's Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Deborah M. Money
- Oak Tree Clinic, BC Women's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- CIHR Emerging Team in HIV Therapy and Aging (CARMA), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Women's Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Melanie Murray
- Oak Tree Clinic, BC Women's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- CIHR Emerging Team in HIV Therapy and Aging (CARMA), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Women's Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Neora Pick
- Oak Tree Clinic, BC Women's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- CIHR Emerging Team in HIV Therapy and Aging (CARMA), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Women's Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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van der Molen MJW, Stam CJ, van der Molen MW. Resting-state EEG oscillatory dynamics in fragile X syndrome: abnormal functional connectivity and brain network organization. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88451. [PMID: 24523898 PMCID: PMC3921158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruptions in functional connectivity and dysfunctional brain networks are considered to be a neurological hallmark of neurodevelopmental disorders. Despite the vast literature on functional brain connectivity in typical brain development, surprisingly few attempts have been made to characterize brain network integrity in neurodevelopmental disorders. Here we used resting-state EEG to characterize functional brain connectivity and brain network organization in eight males with fragile X syndrome (FXS) and 12 healthy male controls. Functional connectivity was calculated based on the phase lag index (PLI), a non-linear synchronization index that is less sensitive to the effects of volume conduction. Brain network organization was assessed with graph theoretical analysis. A decrease in global functional connectivity was observed in FXS males for upper alpha and beta frequency bands. For theta oscillations, we found increased connectivity in long-range (fronto-posterior) and short-range (frontal-frontal and posterior-posterior) clusters. Graph theoretical analysis yielded evidence of increased path length in the theta band, suggesting that information transfer between brain regions is particularly impaired for theta oscillations in FXS. These findings are discussed in terms of aberrant maturation of neuronal oscillatory dynamics, resulting in an imbalance in excitatory and inhibitory neuronal circuit activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melle J. W. van der Molen
- Institute of Psychology, Developmental Psychology Unit, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition. Leiden, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Cornelis J. Stam
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maurits W. van der Molen
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Cognitive Science Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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King BH, de Lacy N, Siegel M. Psychiatric assessment of severe presentations in autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2014; 23:1-14. [PMID: 24231163 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Children with autism spectrum and related disorders and intellectual disability are not protected from the experience of psychiatric illnesses. Many factors can contribute to exacerbation of existing behavioral symptoms or to the emergence of new psychiatric problems. The psychiatric assessment must thus take into account a range of possible etiologic or contributory factors. The approach outlined in this article highlights the value of assessing 4 broad domains, including diagnostic (genetic) factors, medical considerations, developmental influences, and environmental factors. Examples of how the consideration of each of these domains may inform the diagnostic formulation are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan H King
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Seattle Children's Autism Center, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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12
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Andrea S, Jacena LM, Patrick A, Rawi N, Tasleem C, John O, Randi H, David H. Electrocortical changes associated with minocycline treatment in fragile X syndrome. J Psychopharmacol 2013; 27:956-63. [PMID: 23981511 PMCID: PMC4962861 DOI: 10.1177/0269881113494105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Minocycline normalizes synaptic connections and behavior in the knockout mouse model of fragile X syndrome (FXS). Human-targeted treatment trials with minocycline have shown benefits in behavioral measures and parent reports. Event-related potentials (ERPs) may provide a sensitive method of monitoring treatment response and changes in coordinated brain activity. Measurement of electrocortical changes due to minocycline was done in a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover treatment trial in children with FXS. Children with FXS (Meanage 10.5 years) were randomized to minocycline or placebo treatment for 3 months then changed to the other treatment for 3 months. The minocycline dosage ranged from 25-100 mg daily, based on weight. Twelve individuals with FXS (eight male, four female) completed ERP studies using a passive auditory oddball paradigm. Current source density (CSD) and ERP analysis at baseline showed high-amplitude, long-latency components over temporal regions. After 3 months of treatment with minocycline, the temporal N1 and P2 amplitudes were significantly reduced compared with placebo. There was a significant amplitude increase of the central P2 component on minocycline. Electrocortical habituation to auditory stimuli improved with minocycline treatment. Our study demonstrated improvements of the ERP in children with FXS treated with minocycline, and the potential feasibility and sensitivity of ERPs as a cognitive biomarker in FXS treatment trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schneider Andrea
- MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Leigh Mary Jacena
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Adams Patrick
- MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | | | - Chechi Tasleem
- MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Olichney John
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Hagerman Randi
- MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Hessl David
- MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
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Huang HS, Burns AJ, Nonneman RJ, Baker LK, Riddick NV, Nikolova VD, Riday TT, Yashiro K, Philpot BD, Moy SS. Behavioral deficits in an Angelman syndrome model: effects of genetic background and age. Behav Brain Res 2013; 243:79-90. [PMID: 23295389 PMCID: PMC3629944 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Angelman syndrome (AS) is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder associated with disruption of maternally inherited UBE3A (ubiquitin protein ligase E3A) expression. At the present time, there is no effective treatment for AS. Mouse lines with loss of maternal Ube3a (Ube3a(m-/p+)) recapitulate multiple aspects of the clinical AS profile, including impaired motor coordination, learning deficits, and seizures. Thus, these genetic mouse models could serve as behavioral screens for preclinical efficacy testing, a critical component of drug discovery for AS intervention. However, the severity and consistency of abnormal phenotypes reported in Ube3a(m-/p+) mice can vary, dependent upon age and background strain, which is problematic for the detection of beneficial drug effects. As part of an ongoing AS drug discovery initiative, we characterized Ube3a(m-/p+) mice on either a 129S7/SvEvBrd-Hprt(b-m2) (129) or C57BL/6J (B6) background across a range of functional domains and ages to identify reproducible and sufficiently large phenotypes suitable for screening therapeutic compounds. The results from the study showed that Ube3a(m-/p+) mice have significant deficits in acquisition and reversal learning in the Morris water maze. The findings also demonstrated that Ube3a(m-/p+) mice exhibit motor impairment in a rotarod task, hypoactivity, reduced rearing and marble-burying, and deficient fear conditioning. Overall, these profiles of abnormal phenotypes can provide behavioral targets for evaluating effects of novel therapeutic strategies relevant to AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Sung Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Andrew J. Burns
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Randal J. Nonneman
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lorinda K. Baker
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Natallia V. Riddick
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Viktoriya D. Nikolova
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Thorfinn T. Riday
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Koji Yashiro
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Benjamin D. Philpot
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sheryl S. Moy
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Neurobehavioural evidence for the involvement of the FMR1 gene in female carriers of fragile X syndrome. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:522-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Down syndrome is the most common form of intellectual disability and results from one of the most complex genetic perturbations that is compatible with survival, trisomy 21. The study of brain dysfunction in this disorder has largely been based on a gene discovery approach, but we are now moving into an era of functional genome exploration, in which the effects of individual genes are being studied alongside the effects of deregulated non-coding genetic elements and epigenetic influences. Also, new data from functional neuroimaging studies are challenging our views of the cognitive phenotypes associated with Down syndrome and their pathophysiological correlates. These advances hold promise for the development of treatments for intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Dierssen
- Genes and Disease Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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