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Şahintürk S, Yıldırım E. Effects of tDCS on emotion recognition and brain oscillations. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38855946 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2024.2364403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emotion recognition, the ability to interpret the emotional state of individuals by looking at their facial expressions, is essential for healthy social interactions and communication. There is limited research on the effects of tDCS on emotion recognition in the literature. This study aimed to investigate the effects of anodal stimulation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), a key region for emotion recognition from facial expressions, on emotion recognition and brain oscillations. METHOD A single-blind randomized-controlled study was conducted with 54 healthy participants. Before and after brain stimulation emotion recognition tasks were administered and resting-state EEG were recorded. The changes in task performances and brain oscillations were analyzed using repeated-measures two-way ANOVA analysis. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the emotion recognition tasks between groups in pre-post measurements. The changes in delta, theta, alpha, beta and gamma frequency bands in the frontal, temporal, and posterio-occipital regions, which were determined as regions of interest in resting state EEG data before and after tDCS, were compared between groups. The results showed that there was a significant difference between groups only in delta frequency before and after tDCS in the frontal and temporal regions. While an increase in delta activity was observed in the experimental group in the frontal and temporal regions, a decrease was observed in the control group. CONCLUSIONS The tDCS may not have improved emotion recognition because it may not have had the desired effect on the vmPFC, which is in the lower part of the prefrontal lobe. The changes in EEG frequencies observed section tDCS may be similar to those seen in some pathological processes, which could explain the lack of improvement in emotion recognition. Future studies to be carried out for better understand this effect are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saliha Şahintürk
- The Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA) fiNCAN Laboratory, Istanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Erol Yıldırım
- The Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA) fiNCAN Laboratory, Istanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Psychology, Istanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, Türkiye
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Farshad M, Artemenko C, Cipora K, Svaldi J, Schroeder PA. Regional specificity of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation effects on spatial-numerical associations: Comparison of four stimulation sites. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25304. [PMID: 38361404 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Neuromodulation with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is an increasingly popular research tool to experimentally manipulate cortical areas and probe their causal involvements in behavior, but its replicability and regional specificity are not clear. This registered report investigated cathodal tDCS effects on spatial-numerical associations (i.e., the SNARC effect), the numerical distance effect (NDE), and inhibitory control (i.e., stop-signal reaction time; SSRT). Healthy adults (N = 160) were randomly assigned to one of five groups to receive sham tDCS or 1 mA cathodal tDCS to one of four stimulation sites (left/right prefrontal cortex [PFC], left/right posterior parietal cortex) with extracephalic return. We replicated that cathodal tDCS over the left PFC reduced the SNARC effect compared to sham tDCS and to tDCS over the left parietal cortex. However, neither NDE nor SSRT were modulated in the main analyses. Post hoc contrasts and exploratory analyses showed that cathodal tDCS over the right PFC had a time-dependent effect by delayed practice-related improvements in SSRT. Math anxiety moderated changes in the NDE in the groups receiving tDCS to the right parietal cortex. With few exceptions, the replicability and regional specificity of tDCS effects on behavior were weak and partially moderated by individual differences. Future research needs to characterize the parameter settings for effective neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Farshad
- Department of Psychology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christina Artemenko
- Department of Psychology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- LEAD Research Network, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Cipora
- Department of Psychology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- LEAD Research Network, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Centre for Mathematical Cognition, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Jennifer Svaldi
- Department of Psychology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Toth AJ, Harvey C, Gullane H, Kelly N, Bruton A, Campbell MJ. The effect of bipolar bihemispheric tDCS on executive function and working memory abilities. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1275878. [PMID: 38235279 PMCID: PMC10791995 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1275878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cognitive functioning is central to the ability to learn, problem solve, remember, and use information in a rapid and accurate manner and cognitive abilities are fundamental for communication, autonomy, and quality of life. Transcranial electric stimulation (tES) is a very promising tool shown to improve various motor and cognitive functions. When applied as a direct current stimulus (transcranial direct current stimulation; tDCS) over the dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex (DLPFC), this form of neurostimulation has mixed results regarding its ability to slow cognitive deterioration and potentially enhance cognitive functioning, requiring further investigation. This study set out to comprehensively investigate the effect that anodal and cathodal bipolar bihemispheric tDCS have on executive function and working memory abilities. Methods 72 healthy young adults were recruited, and each participant was randomly allocated to either a control group (CON), a placebo group (SHAM) or one of two neurostimulation groups (Anodal; A-STIM and Cathodal; C-STIM). All participants undertook cognitive tests (Stroop & N Back) before and after a 30-minute stimulation/ sham/ control protocol. Results Overall, our results add further evidence that tDCS may not be as efficacious for enhancing cognitive functioning as it has been shown to be for enhancing motor learning when applied over M1. We also provide evidence that the effect of neurostimulation on cognitive functioning may be moderated by sex, with males demonstrating a benefit from both anodal and cathodal stimulation when considering performance on simple attention trial types within the Stroop task. Discussion Considering this finding, we propose a new avenue for tDCS research, that the potential that sex may moderate the efficacy of neurostimulation on cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Toth
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Lero Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Cliodhna Harvey
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Hannah Gullane
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Niall Kelly
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Adam Bruton
- Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. Campbell
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- The Science Foundation Ireland Center for Software Research, Lero Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Xu P, Wang S, Yang Y, Guragai B, Zhang Q, Zhang J, Jin Z, Li L. cTBS to Right DLPFC Modulates Physiological Correlates of Conflict Processing: Evidence from a Stroop task. Brain Topogr 2024; 37:37-51. [PMID: 37880501 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-023-01015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Conflict typically occurs when goal-directed processing competes with more automatic responses. Though previous studies have highlighted the importance of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (rDLPFC) in conflict processing, its causal role remains unclear. In the current study, the behavioral experiment, the continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS), and the electroencephalography (EEG) were combined to explore the effects of behavioral performance and physiological correlates during conflict processing, after the cTBS over the rDLPFC and vertex (the control condition). Twenty-six healthy participants performed the Stroop task which included congruent and incongruent trials. Although the cTBS did not induce significant changes in the behavioral performance, the cTBS over the rDLPFC reduced the Stroop effects of conflict monitoring-related frontal-central N2 component and theta oscillation, and conflict resolution-related parieto-occipital alpha oscillation, compared to the vertex stimulation. Moreover, a significant hemispheric difference in alpha oscillation was exploratively observed after the cTBS over the rDLPFC. Interestingly, we found the rDLPFC stimulation resulted in significantly reduced Stroop effects of theta and gamma oscillation after response, which may reflect the adjustment of cognitive control for the next trial. In conclusion, our study not only demonstrated the critical involvement of the rDLPFC in conflict monitoring, conflict resolution processing, and conflict adaptation but also revealed the electrophysiological mechanism of conflict processing mediated by the rDLPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xu
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Song Wang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Yulu Yang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Bishal Guragai
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Qiuzhu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Junjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Zhenlan Jin
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Ling Li
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.
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Laskov O, Biačková N, Stuchlíková Z, Kostýlková L, Klírová M. Inhibitory Control in Young Healthy Adults - a tDCS Study. Physiol Res 2023; 72:633-644. [PMID: 38015762 PMCID: PMC10751056 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.935066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory control plays a role in the behavior selection and detection of conflicts. Defects in inhibitory control are an integral part of many neuropsychiatric disorders and the possibilities of influencing it are the subject of active study. Studies have shown and confirmed the activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during the Stroop task and other tests involving response inhibition. Non-invasive brain stimulation is an emerging and actively developing group of methods used in cognitive research. In the present study, we used non-invasive, painless, and delicate transcranial direct stimulation (tDCS) for the study of inhibitory control, and to explore the effect of impulsivity on response inhibition ability in young healthy participants. We conducted a cross-over study with cross-hemispheric application of 2 mA tDCS with electrodes placed on the right - cathode, and left - anode - DLPFC. Participants performed a classic Stroop test before and after stimulation. Impulsivity was measured via the personal impulsiveness questionnaire. There was no significant difference in interference score alteration between active and sham stimulations, anodal and sham tDCS both induced slight improvement in Stroop test results. Individual impulsivity in healthy participants showed no influence on their results. Our study adds to the picture and helps to deepen knowledge about the impact of different stimulation parameters on cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Laskov
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
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Christian P, Kapetaniou GE, Soutschek A. Causal roles of prefrontal and temporo-parietal theta oscillations for inequity aversion. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2023; 18:nsad061. [PMID: 37930808 PMCID: PMC10642380 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The right temporo-parietal junction (rTPJ) and the right lateral prefrontal cortex (rLPFC) are known to play prominent roles in human social behaviour. However, it remains unknown which brain rhythms in these regions contribute to trading-off fairness norms against selfish interests as well as whether the influence of these oscillations depends on whether fairness violations are advantageous or disadvantageous for a decision maker. To answer these questions, we used non-invasive transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) to determine which brain rhythms in rTPJ and rLPFC are causally involved in moderating aversion to advantageous and disadvantageous inequity. Our results show that theta oscillations in rTPJ strengthen the aversion to unequal splits, which is statistically mediated by the rTPJ's role for perspective taking. In contrast, theta tACS over rLPFC enhanced the preference for outcome-maximizing unequal choices more strongly for disadvantageous compared to advantageous outcome distributions. Taken together, we provide evidence that neural oscillations in rTPJ and rLPFC have distinct causal roles in implementing inequity aversion, which can be explained by their involvement in distinct psychological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Christian
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Department of Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Georgia E Kapetaniou
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Department of Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Soutschek
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Department of Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Kuwamizu R, Yamazaki Y, Aoike N, Hiraga T, Hata T, Yassa MA, Soya H. Pupil dynamics during very light exercise predict benefits to prefrontal cognition. Neuroimage 2023; 277:120244. [PMID: 37353097 PMCID: PMC10788147 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise, even stress-free very-light-intensity exercise such as yoga and very slow running, can have beneficial effects on executive function, possibly by potentiating prefrontal cortical activity. However, the exact mechanisms underlying this potentiation have not been identified. Evidence from studies using pupillometry demonstrates that pupil changes track the real-time dynamics of activity linked to arousal and attention, including neural circuits from the locus coeruleus to the cortex. This makes it possible to examine whether pupil-linked brain dynamics induced during very-light-intensity exercise mediate benefits to prefrontal executive function in healthy young adults. In this experiment, pupil diameter was measured during 10 min of very-light-intensity exercise (30% V˙o2peak). A Stroop task was used to assess executive function before and after exercise. Prefrontal cortical activation during the task was assessed using multichannel functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). We observed that very-light-intensity exercise significantly elicited pupil dilation, reduction of Stroop interference, and task-related left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation compared with the resting-control condition. The magnitude of change in pupil dilation predicted the magnitude of improvement in Stroop performance. In addition, causal mediation analysis showed that pupil dilation during very-light-intensity exercise robustly determined subsequent enhancement of Stroop performance. This finding supports our hypothesis that the pupil-linked mechanisms, which may be tied to locus coeruleus activation, are a potential mechanism by which very light exercise enhances prefrontal cortex activation and executive function. It also suggests that pupillometry may be a useful tool to interpret the beneficial impact of exercise on boosting cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Kuwamizu
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan; Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yudai Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan; Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan
| | - Naoki Aoike
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan; Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan
| | - Taichi Hiraga
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Hata
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan
| | - Michael A Yassa
- Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan; Department of Neurobiology and Behavior and Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92679-3800, USA
| | - Hideaki Soya
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan; Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan.
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Holczer A, Vékony T, Klivényi P, Must A. Frontal two-electrode transcranial direct current stimulation protocols may not affect performance on a combined flanker Go/No-Go task. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11901. [PMID: 37488206 PMCID: PMC10366169 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39161-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been tested to modulate cognitive control or response inhibition using various electrode montages. However, electrode montages and current polarities have not been systematically compared when examining tDCS effects on cognitive control and response inhibition. In this randomized, sham-controlled study, 38 healthy volunteers were randomly grouped into receiving one session of sham, anodal, and cathodal each in an electrode montage that targeted either the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) or the fronto-medial (FM) region. Participants performed a combined flanker Go/No-Go task during stimulation. No effect of tDCS was found in the DLPFC and FM groups neither using anodal nor cathodal stimulation. No major adverse effects of tDCS were identified using either montage or stimulation type and the two groups did not differ in terms of the reported sensations. The present study suggests that single-session tDCS delivered in two two-electrode montages might not affect cognitive control or response inhibition, despite using widely popular stimulation parameters. This is in line with the heterogeneous findings in the field and calls for further systematic research to exclude less reliable methods from those with more pronounced effects, identify the determinants of responsiveness, and develop optimal ways to utilize this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienn Holczer
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Teodóra Vékony
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, 95 Boulevard Pinel, 69500, Bron, France
| | - Péter Klivényi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anita Must
- Chronos Systems on behalf of WCG Clinical Endpoint Solutions, Budapest, Hungary
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Abdollahzade Z, Hadian MR, Khanmohammadi R, Talebian S. Efficacy of stretching exercises versus transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on task performance, kinematic and electroencephalography (EEG) spectrum in subjects with slump posture: a study protocol. Trials 2023; 24:351. [PMID: 37221565 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07359-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Slump sitting is a common posture in workplaces. There is limited evidence that poor posture impacts the mental state. This study aims to investigate whether slump posture results in more mental fatigue during computer typing, compared with normal posture and also to compare the effectiveness of stretching exercises with tDCS in fatigue monitoring. METHODS The sample size for this study is set at 36 participants with slump posture and 36 participants with normal posture. In the first step, to find out the differences between normal and poor posture, they will be asked to perform the typewriting task for 60 min. During the first and last 3 min of typing, mental fatigue as the primary outcome using EEG signals and further measures including kinematic behavior of neck, visual analog fatigue scale, and musculoskeletal discomfort will be assessed. Post-experiment task performance will be calculated based on typing speed and typing errors. In the next step, to compare the effect of tDCS and stretching exercises on the outcome measures, the slump posture group will receive these interventions in two separate sessions before the typing task. DISCUSSION With the assumption of showing significant differences in terms of outcome measures between slump and normal posture groups and also by showing the possible changes of the measures, by using either tDCS as a central modality or stretching exercises as a peripheral modality; the findings may provide evidence to indicate that poor posture has adverse effect on mental state and to introduce the effective method to overcome mental fatigue and promote work productivity. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered on the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials on 21 September 2022, IRCT Identifier: IRCT20161026030516N2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Abdollahzade
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Hadian
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Roya Khanmohammadi
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Talebian
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Mahesan D, Antonenko D, Flöel A, Fischer R. Modulation of the executive control network by anodal tDCS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex improves task shielding in dual tasking. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6177. [PMID: 37061588 PMCID: PMC10105771 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Task shielding is an important executive control demand in dual-task performance enabling the segregation of stimulus-response translation processes in each task to minimize between-task interference. Although neuroimaging studies have shown activity in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) during various multitasking performances, the specific role of dlPFC in task shielding, and whether non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) may facilitate task shielding remains unclear. We therefore applied a single-blind, crossover sham-controlled design in which 34 participants performed a dual-task experiment with either anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (atDCS, 1 mA, 20 min) or sham tDCS (1 mA, 30 s) over left dlPFC. Task shielding was assessed by the backward-crosstalk effect, indicating the extent of between-task interference in dual tasks. Between-task interference was largest at high temporal overlap between tasks, i.e., at short stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA). Most importantly, in these conditions of highest multitasking demands, atDCS compared to sham stimulation significantly reduced between-task interference in error rates. These findings extend previous neuroimaging evidence and support modulation of successful task shielding through a conventional tDCS setup with anodal electrode over the left dlPFC. Moreover, our results demonstrate that NIBS can improve shielding of the prioritized task processing, especially in conditions of highest vulnerability to between-task interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devu Mahesan
- Department of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Franz-Mehring-Strasse 47, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Daria Antonenko
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Agnes Flöel
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Standort Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rico Fischer
- Department of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Franz-Mehring-Strasse 47, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
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Barham H, Büyükgök D, Aksu S, Soyata AZ, Bulut G, Eskicioğlu G, Baral Kulaksızoğlu I. Evidence for modulation of planning and working memory capacities by transcranial direct current stimulation in a sample of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurosci Lett 2022; 790:136883. [PMID: 36152744 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that affects up to 2.8% of the adult population. Albeit pharmacological and behavioral therapies alleviate some core symptoms of ADHD, they do not avail cognitive dysfunction adequately. Executive dysfunction has been considered to have a principal role in ADHD and has previously been linked to activity alterations in the prefrontal cortex. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that may modulate prefrontal cortex activity and induce neuroplasticity, with preliminary results in ADHD. The aim of the present study is to assess the effect of repeated tDCS on measures of executive functions in adults with ADHD. METHOD In this randomized double-blind sham-controlled study, 22 adults with ADHD were allocated into two groups and were administered five consecutive sessions of 2 mA active/sham tDCS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (right anodal/left cathodal). A neuropsychological test battery was administered before the first session and immediately after the last session. RESULTS The maximum number of digits and the total number of correct trials in the Digit Span Backward test increased in the active group (p = 0.017). The total move score in the Tower of London test decreased (p = 0.033), suggesting better planning ability. However, no significant differences were observed on Stroop Test and Trail Making Test after tDCS. DISCUSSION The present study corroborates the modulating effects of tDCS on planning and working memory in a small group of adults with ADHD. Our results highlighted that cognitive functions are modulable using tDCS in adults with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huzeyfe Barham
- Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Psychiatry Clinic, Moodist Psychiatry and Neurology Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Deniz Büyükgök
- Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serkan Aksu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey; Department of Physiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | - Gamze Bulut
- Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gaye Eskicioğlu
- Department of Psychology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Işın Baral Kulaksızoğlu
- Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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12
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Groove rhythm stimulates prefrontal cortex function in groove enjoyers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7377. [PMID: 35513415 PMCID: PMC9072545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11324-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing a groove rhythm (GR), which creates the sensation of wanting to move to the music, can also create feelings of pleasure and arousal in people, and it may enhance cognitive performance, as does exercise, by stimulating the prefrontal cortex. Here, we examined the hypothesis that GR enhances executive function (EF) by acting on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (l-DLPFC) while also considering individual differences in psychological responses. Fifty-one participants underwent two conditions: 3 min of listening to GR or a white-noise metronome. Before and after listening, participants performed the Stroop task and were monitored for l-DLPFC activity with functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Our results show that GR enhanced EF and l-DLPFC activity in participants who felt a greater groove sensation and a more feeling clear-headed after listening to GR. Further, these psychological responses predict the impact of GR on l-DLPFC activity and EF, suggesting that GR enhances EF via l-DLPFC activity when the psychological response to GR is enhanced.
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13
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Takahashi K, Yotsumoto Y. Testing the Reproducibility of the Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: Failure to Modulate Beauty Perception by Brain Stimulation. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:767344. [PMID: 35250512 PMCID: PMC8894197 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.767344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been recognized as a promising tool for investigating the causal relationship between specific brain areas of interest and behavior. However, the reproducibility of previous tDCS studies is often questioned because of failures in replication. This study focused on the effects of tDCS on one cognitive domain: beauty perception. To date, the modulation of beauty perception by tDCS has been shown in two studies: Cattaneo et al. (2014) and Nakamura and Kawabata (2015). Here, we aimed at replicating their studies and investigating the effects of tDCS on beauty perception using the following parameters: (1) cathodal stimulation over the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) (Nakamura and Kawabata, 2015); (2) anodal stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (lDLPFC) (Cattaneo et al., 2014). We also performed a more focal stimulation targeting the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) to determine the optimal stimulation site for modulating beauty perception (3). Participants rated the subjectively-perceived beauty of the images before and after the tDCS administration. We divided images into four clusters according to the obtained scores in our preliminary study and examined changes in beauty ratings in each image cluster separately to exclude factors, such as stimuli attributions that may reduce tDCS effects. The results showed no strong effects of tDCS with the same parameters as in previous studies on beauty rating scores in any image cluster. Likewise, anodal stimulation over the OFC did not result in a change in rating scores. In contrast to previous studies, the current study did not corroborate the effects of tDCS on beauty perception. Our findings provide evidence regarding the recent reproducibility issue of tDCS effects and suggest the possible inflation of its effects on cognitive domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuri Takahashi
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Neuropsychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- *Correspondence: Kuri Takahashi,
| | - Yuko Yotsumoto
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Ownby RL, Kim J. Computer-Delivered Cognitive Training and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Patients With HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder: A Randomized Trial. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:766311. [PMID: 34867291 PMCID: PMC8634723 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.766311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: HIV infection is associated with impaired cognition, and as individuals grow older, they may also experience age-related changes in mental abilities. Previous studies have shown that computer-based cognitive training (CCT) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may be useful in improving cognition in older persons. This study evaluated the acceptability of CCT and tDCS to older adults with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder, and assessed their impact on reaction time, attention, and psychomotor speed. Methods: In a single-blind randomized study, 46 individuals with HIV-associated mild neurocognitive disorder completed neuropsychological assessments and six 20-min training sessions to which they had been randomly assigned to one of the following conditions: (1) CCT with active tDCS; (2) CCT with sham tDCS, or (3) watching educational videos with sham tDCS. Immediately after training and again 1 month later, participants completed follow-up assessments. Outcomes were evaluated via repeated measures mixed effects models. Results: Participant ratings of the intervention were positive. Effects on reaction time were not significant, but measures of attention and psychomotor speed suggested positive effects of the intervention. Conclusion: Both CCT and tDCS were highly acceptable to older persons with HIV infection. CCT and tDCS may improve cognitive in affected individuals. Clinical Trial Registration: [www.ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier [NCT03440840].
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond L. Ownby
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
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15
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Chen Y, Lu X, Yu P, Zeng L, Ye H, Shi Q, Guo W. Modulating the Activity of the VMPFC With tDCS Alters the Social Framing Effect. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:677006. [PMID: 34512282 PMCID: PMC8426551 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.677006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous experimental studies have replicated the social framing effect-the observation that people’s decisions related to economic benefits and feelings depend on the method of presentation. Previous neuroimaging studies have shown that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) plays a part in the influence of framing and how individuals think about the feelings of others. Based on this, we used transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to modulate neuronal activity in the VMPFC to determine the likelihood of a direct association between VMPFC activity and the social framing effect. Subsequently, in three stimulation treatments, we assessed the presence of the social framing effect, as demonstrated by a disparity between harm degree and help degree. The findings revealed a social framing effect in the participants in the control group and the sham treatment but no social framing effect in the participants in the anodal or cathodal treatments. Furthermore, sex differences were observed in the sham treatment’s social framing effect, whereas no sex differences were observed in the anodal or cathodal treatments. The participants tended to harm the victim after receiving anodal or cathodal tDCS over the VMPFC and did not change their helping behaviour in any stimulations. Consequently, a clear causal link between the behaviour of the VMPFC and the social framing effect was found in the present research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyou Chen
- Center for Economic Behavior and Decision-Making, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou, China.,School of Economics, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinbo Lu
- School of Economics, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Center for Economic Behavior and Decision-Making, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou, China.,School of Economics, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lulu Zeng
- Center for Economic Behavior and Decision-Making, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou, China.,School of Economics, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hang Ye
- Center for Economic Behavior and Decision-Making, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou, China.,School of Economics, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Shi
- School of Information Management and Artificial Intelligence, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenmin Guo
- Center for Economic Behavior and Decision-Making, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou, China.,School of Economics, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou, China
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16
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He F, Li Y, Li C, Fan L, Liu T, Wang J. Repeated anodal high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in mild cognitive impairment patients increased regional homogeneity in multiple brain regions. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256100. [PMID: 34388179 PMCID: PMC8363005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can improve cognitive function. However, it is not clear how high-definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) regulates the cognitive function and its neural mechanism, especially in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This study aimed to examine whether HD-tDCS can modulate cognitive function in individuals with MCI and to determine whether the potential variety is related to spontaneous brain activity changes recorded by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). Forty-three individuals with MCI were randomly assigned to receive either 10 HD-tDCS sessions or 10 sham sessions to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (L-DLPFC). The fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) and the regional homogeneity (ReHo) was computed using rs-fMRI data from all participants. The results showed that the fALFF and ReHo values changed in multiple areas following HD-tDCS. Brain regions with significant decreases in fALFF values include the Insula R, Precuneus R, Thalamus L, and Parietal Sup R, while the Temporal Inf R, Fusiform L, Occipital Sup L, Calcarine R, and Angular R showed significantly increased in their fALFF values. The brain regions with significant increases in ReHo values include the Temporal Inf R, Putamen L, Frontal Mid L, Precentral R, Frontal Sup Medial L, Frontal Sup R, and Precentral L. We found that HD-tDCS can alter the intensity and synchrony of brain activity, and our results indicate that fALFF and ReHo analysis are sensitive indicators for the detection of HD-tDCS during spontaneous brain activity. Interestingly, HD-tDCS increases the ReHo values of multiple brain regions, which may be related to the underlying mechanism of its clinical effects, these may also be related to a potential compensation mechanism involving the mobilization of more regions to complete a function following a functional decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangmei He
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Neuro-informatics and Rehabilitation Engineering of Ministry of Civil Affairs, and Institute of Health and Rehabilitation Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Youjun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Neuro-informatics and Rehabilitation Engineering of Ministry of Civil Affairs, and Institute of Health and Rehabilitation Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Chenxi Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Neuro-informatics and Rehabilitation Engineering of Ministry of Civil Affairs, and Institute of Health and Rehabilitation Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Liming Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Neuro-informatics and Rehabilitation Engineering of Ministry of Civil Affairs, and Institute of Health and Rehabilitation Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Tian Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Neuro-informatics and Rehabilitation Engineering of Ministry of Civil Affairs, and Institute of Health and Rehabilitation Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (JW); (TL)
| | - Jue Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Neuro-informatics and Rehabilitation Engineering of Ministry of Civil Affairs, and Institute of Health and Rehabilitation Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (JW); (TL)
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17
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Damen TGE. The Stroop Task Influences Product Evaluations. Front Psychol 2021; 12:688048. [PMID: 34335404 PMCID: PMC8319242 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.688048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive conflict is considered to represent a psychologically negative signal. Indeed, a recent publication showed that cognitive conflict emerging from the Stroop task influences evaluations for neutral shapes that had become associated with conflict and non-conflict, respectively. Building on these findings, the present research investigates the degree to which Stroop conflict influences evaluations of actual products. In an experimental study, participants performed a Stroop task in which they responded to conflict trials (e.g., the word red presented in a blue font) as well as non-conflict trials (e.g., the word red presented in a red font). Participants were also presented with two pictures featuring bottled water brands: One brand was consistently presented after non-conflict trials; the other brand was consistently presented after conflict trials. When participants evaluated the products, the results showed they rated the product associated with Stroop conflict less favorably than the product associated with non-conflict; however, this effect only emerged when participants were thirsty. When participants were not thirsty, no differences emerged. The present findings add to the literature on cognitive conflict and negativity, suggesting that Stroop conflict can influence product evaluations when those products are goal relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom G E Damen
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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18
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Friehs MA, Frings C, Hartwigsen G. Effects of single-session transcranial direct current stimulation on reactive response inhibition. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 128:749-765. [PMID: 34271027 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is widely used to explore the role of various cortical regions for reactive response inhibition. In recent years, tDCS studies reported polarity-, time- and stimulation-site dependent effects on response inhibition. Given the large parameter space in which study designs, tDCS procedures and task procedures can differ, it is crucial to systematically explore the existing tDCS literature to increase the current understanding of potential modulatory effects and limitations of different approaches. We performed a systematic review on the modulatory effects of tDCS on response inhibition as measured by the Stop-Signal Task. The final dataset shows a large variation in methodology and heterogeneous effects of tDCS on performance. The most consistent result across studies is a performance enhancement due to anodal tDCS over the right prefrontal cortex. Partially sub-optimal choices in study design, methodology and lacking consistency in reporting procedures may impede valid conclusions and obscured the effects of tDCS on response inhibition in some previous studies. Finally, we outline future directions and areas to improve research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Frings
- Trier University, Department of Cognitive Psychology and Methodology, Trier, Germany
| | - Gesa Hartwigsen
- Lise Meitner Research Group Cognition and Plasticity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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19
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Kuwamizu R, Suwabe K, Damrongthai C, Fukuie T, Ochi G, Hyodo K, Hiraga T, Nagano-Saito A, Soya H. Spontaneous Eye Blink Rate Connects Missing Link between Aerobic Fitness and Cognition. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1425-1433. [PMID: 33433152 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Higher aerobic fitness, a physiological marker of habitual physical activity, is likely to predict higher executive function based on the prefrontal cortex (PFC), according to current cross-sectional studies. The exact biological link between the brain and the brawn remains unclear, but the brain dopaminergic system, which acts as a driving force for physical activity and exercise, can be hypothesized to connect the missing link above. Recently, spontaneous eye blink rate (sEBR) was proposed and has been used as a potential, noninvasive marker of brain dopaminergic activity in the neuroscience field. To address the hypothesis above, we sought to determine whether sEBR is a mediator of the association between executive function and aerobic fitness. METHODS Thirty-five healthy young males (18-24 yr old) had their sEBR measured while staring at a fixation cross while at rest. They underwent an aerobic fitness assessment using a graded exercise test to exhaustion and performed a color-word Stroop task as an index of executive function. Stroop task-related cortical activation in the left dorsolateral PFC (l-DLPFC) was monitored using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS Correlation analyses revealed significant correlations among higher aerobic fitness, less Stroop interference, and higher sEBR. Moreover, mediation analyses showed that sEBR significantly mediated the association between aerobic fitness and Stroop interference. In addition, higher sEBR was correlated with higher neural efficiency of the l-DLPFC (i.e., executive function was high, and the corresponding l-DLPFC activation was relatively low). CONCLUSION These results indicate that the sEBR mediates the association between aerobic fitness and executive function through prefrontal neural efficiency, which clearly supports the hypothesis that brain dopaminergic function works to connect, at least in part, the missing link between aerobic fitness and executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Kuwamizu
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JAPAN
| | | | | | - Takemune Fukuie
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JAPAN
| | | | - Kazuki Hyodo
- Physical Fitness Research Institute, Meiji Yasuda Life Foundation of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, JAPAN
| | - Taichi Hiraga
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JAPAN
| | - Atsuko Nagano-Saito
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JAPAN
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20
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Friehs MA, Greene C, Pastötter B. Transcranial direct current stimulation over the left anterior temporal lobe during memory retrieval differentially affects true and false recognition in the DRM task. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:4609-4620. [PMID: 34076917 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a form of non-invasive brain stimulation that has been used to modulate human brain activity and cognition. One area which has not yet been extensively explored using tDCS is the generation of false memories. In this study, we combined the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) task with stimulation of the left anterior temporal lobe (ATL) during retrieval. This area has been shown to be involved in semantic processing in general and retrieval of false memories in the DRM paradigm in particular. During stimulation, 0.7 mA were applied via a 9 cm² electrode over the left ATL, with the 35 cm² return electrode placed over the left deltoid. We contrasted the effects of cathodal, anodal, and sham stimulation, which were applied in the recognition phase of the experiment on a sample of 78 volunteers. Results showed impaired recognition of true memories after both anodal and cathodal stimulation in comparison to sham stimulation, suggesting a reduced signal-to-noise ratio. In addition, the results revealed enhanced false recognition of concept lure items during cathodal stimulation compared to anodal stimulation, indicating a polarity-dependent impact of tDCS on false memories in the DRM task. The pathway by which tDCS modulated false recognition remains unclear: stimulation may have changed the activation of irrelevant lures or affected the weighting and monitoring of lure activations. Nevertheless, these results are a first step towards using brain stimulation to decrease false memories. Practical implications of the findings for real-life settings, for example, in the courtroom, need to be addressed in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ciara Greene
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bernhard Pastötter
- Department of Cognitive Psychology and Methodology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
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21
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McDonald KR, Pearson JM, Huettel SA. Dorsolateral and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex track distinct properties of dynamic social behavior. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 15:383-393. [PMID: 32382757 PMCID: PMC7308662 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how humans make competitive decisions in complex environments is a key goal of decision neuroscience. Typical experimental paradigms constrain behavioral complexity (e.g. choices in discrete-play games), and thus, the underlying neural mechanisms of dynamic social interactions remain incompletely understood. Here, we collected fMRI data while humans played a competitive real-time video game against both human and computer opponents, and then, we used Bayesian non-parametric methods to link behavior to neural mechanisms. Two key cognitive processes characterized behavior in our task: (i) the coupling of one’s actions to another’s actions (i.e. opponent sensitivity) and (ii) the advantageous timing of a given strategic action. We found that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex displayed selective activation when the subject’s actions were highly sensitive to the opponent’s actions, whereas activation in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex increased proportionally to the advantageous timing of actions to defeat one’s opponent. Moreover, the temporoparietal junction tracked both of these behavioral quantities as well as opponent social identity, indicating a more general role in monitoring other social agents. These results suggest that brain regions that are frequently implicated in social cognition and value-based decision-making also contribute to the strategic tracking of the value of social actions in dynamic, multi-agent contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey R McDonald
- Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - John M Pearson
- Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Scott A Huettel
- Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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22
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Parris BA, Wadsley MG, Arabaci G, Hasshim N, Augustinova M, Ferrand L. The effect of high-frequency rTMS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on the resolution of response, semantic and task conflict in the colour-word Stroop task. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:1241-1252. [PMID: 33608822 PMCID: PMC8036200 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02237-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous work investigating the effect of rTMS of left Dorso-Lateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) on Stroop task performance reports no changes to the Stroop effect but reduced reaction times on both congruent and incongruent trials relative to sham stimulation; an effect attributed to an enhanced attentional (or task) set for colour classification. The present study tested this account by investigating whether, relative to vertex stimulation, rTMS of the left DLPFC modifies task conflict, a form of conflict that arises when task sets for colour classification and word reading compete, given that this particular type of conflict would be reduced by an enhanced task set for colour classification. Furthermore, the present study included measures of other forms of conflict present in the Stroop task (response and semantic conflict), the potential effects on which would have been hidden in previous studies employing only incongruent and congruent stimuli. Our data showed that left DLPFC stimulation had no effect on the magnitude of task conflict, nor did it affect response, semantic or overall conflict (where the null is supported by sensitive Bayes Factors in most cases). However, consistent with previous research left DLPFC stimulation had the general effect of reducing reaction times. We, therefore, show for the first time that relative to real vertex stimulation left DLPFC stimulation does not modify Stroop interference. Alternative accounts of the role of the left DLPFC in Stroop task performance in which it either modifies response thresholds or facilitates responding by keeping the correct response keys active in working memory are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Parris
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK.
| | - Michael G Wadsley
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Gizem Arabaci
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Nabil Hasshim
- School of Applied Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Ludovic Ferrand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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23
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Wolkenstein L, Rombold-Bruehl F, Bingmann T, Sommer A, Kanske P, Plewnia C. Challenging control over emotions in borderline personality disorder - a tDCS study. Neuropsychologia 2021; 156:107850. [PMID: 33812945 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficient cognitive control (CC) over emotional distraction is a central characteristic of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Reduced activation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) has been linked to this deficit. This study investigates whether it is possible to ameliorate CC deficits via anodal tDCS over the left dlPFC in BPD. Furthermore, we investigate whether the extent of CC impairment influences how well one responds to tDCS. METHODS The effect of a single-session tDCS (1 mA for 20 min, reference electrode on the contralateral mastoid bone) to the left dlPFC (F3) on the CC of patients with BPD (N = 20) and healthy control participants (HCs, N = 20) was examined in a double-blinded, balanced randomized, sham-controlled crossover trial. A delayed response working memory task with negative, neutral and positive pictures presented during the delay period was conducted to assess CC. Stimulation was applied simultaneously with the task. RESULTS Negative pictures caused prolonged response times as compared to a control condition in patients with BPD and HCs. Anodal tDCS to the left dlPFC did not significantly reduce this interference effect in the overall sample. Further analyses showed, however, that participants with impaired CC profited the most from anodal tDCS. In the subgroup of participants who actually showed an interference effect we found the expected significant amelioration of CC under tDCS. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that anodal tDCS applied to the left dlPFC improves deficient CC. Thereby, base-level performance moderates tDCS effects. Hence, tDCS might be suitable to support behavioral trainings to enhance CC specifically in people whose impairments in CC are comparably high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Wolkenstein
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany; Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Felicitas Rombold-Bruehl
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Germany
| | - Tiffany Bingmann
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anja Sommer
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Neurophysiology & Interventional Neuropsychiatry, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Kanske
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; Department of Social Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Plewnia
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Neurophysiology & Interventional Neuropsychiatry, University of Tübingen, Germany
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Machado S, Travassos B, Teixeira DS, Rodrigues F, Cid L, Monteiro D. Could tDCS Be a Potential Performance-Enhancing Tool for Acute Neurocognitive Modulation in eSports? A Perspective Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073678. [PMID: 33916018 PMCID: PMC8037790 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Competitive sports involve physical and cognitive skills. In traditional sports, there is a greater dependence on the development and performance of both motor and cognitive skills, unlike electronic sports (eSports), which depend much more on neurocognitive skills for success. However, little is known about neurocognitive functions and effective strategies designed to develop and optimize neurocognitive performance in eSports athletes. One such strategy is transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), characterized as a weak electric current applied on the scalp to induce prolonged changes in cortical excitability. Therefore, our objective is to propose anodal (a)-tDCS as a performance-enhancing tool for neurocognitive functions in eSports. In this manuscript, we discussed the neurocognitive processes that underlie exceptionally skilled performances in eSports and how tDCS could be used for acute modulation of these processes in eSports. Based on the results from tDCS studies in healthy people, professional athletes, and video game players, it seems that tDCS is applied over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) as a potential performance-enhancing tool for neurocognition in eSports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Machado
- Laboratory of Physical Activity Neuroscience, Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program, Salgado de Oliveira University, Niterói 24456-570, Brazil;
- Department of Sports Science, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal;
- Laboratory of Physical Activity Neuroscience, Neurodiversity Institute, Queimados 26325-020, Brazil
| | - Bruno Travassos
- Department of Sports Science, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal;
- Research Center in Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-558 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, 1495-433 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Diogo S. Teixeira
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Research Center in Sport, Physical Education, and Exercise and Health (CIDEFES), (CIDEFES), 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filipe Rodrigues
- Sport Science School of Rio Maior, ESDRM-IPSantarém, 2040-413 Rio Maio, Portugal;
- Life Quality Research Center (CIEQV), 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Luis Cid
- Research Center in Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-558 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Sport Science School of Rio Maior, ESDRM-IPSantarém, 2040-413 Rio Maio, Portugal;
| | - Diogo Monteiro
- Research Center in Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-558 Vila Real, Portugal;
- ESECS, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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25
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Perrotta D, Bianco V, Berchicci M, Quinzi F, Perri RL. Anodal tDCS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reduces Stroop errors. A comparison of different tasks and designs. Behav Brain Res 2021; 405:113215. [PMID: 33662440 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, we evaluated the possibility to induce changes in the inhibitory control through non-invasive excitatory stimulation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). To this aim, different montages of the transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) were adopted in three separate experiments, wherein different cognitive tasks were performed before and after the stimulation. In the first experiment, participants performed a visual Go/no-go task, and a bilateral anodic or sham stimulation was provided over the scalp area corresponding to the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). In the second experiment, the IFG was stimulated unilaterally over the right hemisphere, and participants performed a Stroop task combined with a concurrent n-back task, which was aimed at overloading PFC activity. Since no behavioral effects of tDCS were observed in both experiments, we conducted a third experiment with different montage and paradigm. Stimulation was provided bilaterally over the dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) in the context of a classic Stroop task: results indicated that anodal stimulation favored a reduction of errors. Present findings suggest that the bihemispheric stimulation of the DLPFC might be effective to increase inhibition in healthy subjects, and that this effect might be mediated by the implementation of sustained attention, as predicted by the attentional account of the inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valentina Bianco
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Languages and Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Marika Berchicci
- Dept. of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Quinzi
- Dept. of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Rinaldo Livio Perri
- University "Niccolò Cusano", Italy; Dept. of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
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Baumann S, Mareš T, Albrecht J, Anders M, Vochosková K, Hill M, Bulant J, Yamamotová A, Štastný O, Novák T, Holanová P, Lambertová A, Papežová H. Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Treatment for Anorexia Nervosa. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:717255. [PMID: 34690831 PMCID: PMC8526853 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.717255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a life-threatening illness with poor treatment outcomes. Although transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a promising non-invasive brain stimulation method, its effect in patients with AN remains unclear. Objective: This study investigated changes in maladaptive eating behavior, body mass index (BMI), and depression after 10 sessions of anodal tDCS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Methods: In this double-blind, randomized controlled trial, 43 inpatients with AN were divided to receive either active (n = 22) or sham (n = 21) tDCS over the left DLPFC (anode F3/cathode Fp2, 2 mA for 30 min). All patients filled the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (ZUNG), and their BMI was measured. These values were obtained repeatedly in four stages: (1) before tDCS treatment, (2) after tDCS treatment, (3) in the follow-up after 2 weeks, and (4) in the follow-up after 4 weeks. Results: Primary outcomes (EDE-Q) based on the ANOVA results do not show any between-group differences either after the active part of the study or in the follow-up. Secondary analysis reveals a reduction in some items of EDE-Q. Compared with sham tDCS, active tDCS significantly improved self-evaluation based on body shape (p < 0.05) and significantly decreased the need of excessive control over calorie intake (p < 0.05) in the 4-week follow-up. However, the results do not survive multiple comparison correction. In both sham and active groups, the BMI values improved, albeit not significantly. Conclusion: We did not observe a significant effect of tDCS over the left DLPFC on complex psychopathology and weight recovery in patients with AN. tDCS reduced the need to follow specific dietary rules and improved body image evaluation in patients with AN. Tests with a larger sample and different positions of electrodes are needed. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT03273205.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvie Baumann
- Department of Psychotherapy, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tadeáš Mareš
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jakub Albrecht
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Anders
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kristýna Vochosková
- Department of Psychotherapy, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Hill
- Department of Steroid Hormones and Proteohormones, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Josef Bulant
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Steroid Hormones and Proteohormones, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Anna Yamamotová
- Department of Physiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ota Štastný
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Novák
- Department of Psychotherapy, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petra Holanová
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Alena Lambertová
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Hana Papežová
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
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Westwood SJ, Radua J, Rubia K. Noninvasive brain stimulation in children and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2021; 46:E14-E33. [PMID: 33009906 PMCID: PMC7955851 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.190179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) or transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) could provide treatment alternatives to stimulant medication for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), given some evidence for improvements in cognition and clinical symptoms. However, despite a lack of solid evidence for their use, rTMS and tDCS are already offered clinically and commercially in ADHD. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to critically appraise rTMS and tDCS studies in ADHD to inform good research and clinical practice. METHODS A systematic search (up to February 2019) identified 18 studies (rTMS 4, tDCS 14; 311 children and adults with ADHD) stimulating mainly the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). We included 12 anodal tDCS studies (232 children and adults with ADHD) in 3 random-effects meta-analyses of cognitive measures of attention, inhibition and processing speed. RESULTS The review of rTMS and tDCS showed positive effects in some functions but not others, and little evidence for clinical improvement. The meta-analyses of 1 to 5 sessions of anodal tDCS over mainly the left or bilateral dlPFC showed trend-level improvements in inhibition and processing speed, but not in attention. LIMITATIONS Heterogeneity in stimulation parameters, patient age and outcome measures limited the interpretation of findings. CONCLUSION The review and meta-analysis showed limited evidence that 1 to 5 sessions of rTMS and tDCS, mostly of the dlPFC, improved clinical or cognitive measures of ADHD. These findings did not support using rTMS or tDCS of the dlPFC as an alternative neurotherapy for ADHD as yet. Larger, multi-session stimulation studies identifying more optimal sites and stimulation parameters in combination with cognitive training could achieve larger effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Westwood
- From the Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (Westwood, Rubia); the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain (Radua); the Mental Health Research Networking Centre (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Radua); the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18A, Stockholm, Sweden (Radua); and the Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom (Radua)
| | - Joaquim Radua
- From the Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (Westwood, Rubia); the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain (Radua); the Mental Health Research Networking Centre (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Radua); the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18A, Stockholm, Sweden (Radua); and the Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom (Radua)
| | - Katya Rubia
- From the Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (Westwood, Rubia); the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain (Radua); the Mental Health Research Networking Centre (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Radua); the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18A, Stockholm, Sweden (Radua); and the Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom (Radua)
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Friehs MA, Klaus J, Singh T, Frings C, Hartwigsen G. Perturbation of the right prefrontal cortex disrupts interference control. Neuroimage 2020; 222:117279. [PMID: 32828926 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Resolving cognitive interference is central for successful everyday cognition and behavior. The Stroop task is a classical measure of cognitive interference. In this task, participants have to resolve interference on a trial-by-trial basis and performance is also influenced by the trial history, as reflected in sequence effects. Previous neuroimaging studies have associated the left and right prefrontal cortex with successful performance in the Stroop task. Yet, the causal relevance of both regions for interference processing remains largely unclear. We probed the functional relevance of the left and right prefrontal cortex for interference control. In three sessions, 25 healthy participants received online repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and sham stimulation over the vertex. During each session, participants completed a verbal-response Stroop task. Relative to sham rTMS and rTMS over the left prefrontal cortex, rTMS over the right prefrontal cortex selectively disrupted the Stroop sequence effect (i.e., the congruency sequence effect; CSE). This effect was specific to sequential modulations of interference since rTMS did not affect the Stroop performance in the ongoing trial. Our results demonstrate the functional relevance of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for the processing of interference control. This finding points towards process-specific lateralization within the prefrontal cortex. The observed process- and site-specific TMS effect provides new insights into the neurophysiological underpinnings of Stroop task performance and more general, the role of the prefrontal cortex in the processing of interference control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian A Friehs
- Department of Cognitive Psychology and Methodology, Trier University, Germany.
| | - Jana Klaus
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Tarini Singh
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Halle University, Germany
| | - Christian Frings
- Department of Cognitive Psychology and Methodology, Trier University, Germany
| | - Gesa Hartwigsen
- Lise Meitner Research Group Cognition and Plasticity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Germany
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tDCS as a treatment for anxiety and related cognitive deficits. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 158:172-177. [PMID: 33129848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anxiety is characterized by psychological, physiological, and cognitive complaints. Current treatments have significant limitations, and often overlook any potential benefits to common cognitive symptoms, notably attention and executive function issues. The current study aimed to investigate the use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on both common anxiety symptoms and executive function abilities in a college aged sample. METHOD As this is one of the first large scale anxiety studies utilizing tDCS, participants were given a single session of tDCS (anodal, cathodal, or sham) for 20 min at 2 mA over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (lDLPFC). Participants also completed a series of self-reported anxiety measures and measures of executive functioning (Rey-O Copy and Wisconsin Card Sorting Task). RESULTS While there were no differences in anxiety between tDCS groups, a trend was noted demonstrating better performance on Rey-O Copy for the cathodal group. Anxiety increased pre to post for all groups. CONCLUSION Overall, results suggest that while anodal stimulation of the lDLPFC may benefit cognitive abilities for this population, targeting psychological symptoms of anxiety likely requires stimulation over other cortex, possibly right DLPFC. Further, the use of tDCS, whether active or sham, may be distressing to patients.
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30
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Asymmetric Contributions of the Fronto-Parietal Network to Emotional Conflict in the Word–Face Interference Task. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12101701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The fronto-parietal network is involved in top-down and bottom-up processes necessary to achieve cognitive control. We investigated the role of asymmetric enhancement of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (lDLPFC) and right posterior parietal cortex (rPPC) in cognitive control under conditions of emotional conflict arising from emotional distractors. The effects of anodal tDCS over the lDLPFC/cathodal over the rPPC and the effects of anodal tDCS over the rPPC/cathodal over the lDLPFC were compared to sham tDCS in a double-blind design. The findings showed that anodal stimulation over the lDLPFC reduced interference from emotional distractors, but only when participants had already gained experience with the task. In contrast, having already performed the task only eliminated facilitation effects for positive stimuli. Importantly, anodal stimulation of the rPPC did not affect distractors’ interference. Therefore, the present findings indicate that the lDLPFC plays a crucial role in implementing top-down control to resolve emotional conflict, but that experience with the task is necessary to reveal this role.
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31
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Friehs MA, Dechant M, Vedress S, Frings C, Mandryk RL. Effective Gamification of the Stop-Signal Task: Two Controlled Laboratory Experiments. JMIR Serious Games 2020; 8:e17810. [PMID: 32897233 PMCID: PMC7509611 DOI: 10.2196/17810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A lack of ability to inhibit prepotent responses, or more generally a lack of impulse control, is associated with several disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and schizophrenia as well as general damage to the prefrontal cortex. A stop-signal task (SST) is a reliable and established measure of response inhibition. However, using the SST as an objective assessment in diagnostic or research-focused settings places significant stress on participants as the task itself requires concentration and cognitive effort and is not particularly engaging. This can lead to decreased motivation to follow task instructions and poor data quality, which can affect assessment efficacy and might increase drop-out rates. Gamification—the application of game-based elements in nongame settings—has shown to improve engaged attention to a cognitive task, thus increasing participant motivation and data quality. Objective This study aims to design a gamified SST that improves participants’ engagement and validate this gamified SST against a standard SST. Methods We described the design of our gamified SST and reported on 2 separate studies that aim to validate the gamified SST relative to a standard SST. In study 1, a within-subject design was used to compare the performance of the SST and a stop-signal game (SSG). In study 2, we added eye tracking to the procedure to determine if overt attention was affected and aimed to replicate the findings from study 1 in a between-subjects design. Furthermore, in both studies, flow and motivational experiences were measured. Results In contrast, the behavioral performance was comparable between the tasks (P<.87; BF01=2.87), and the experience of flow and intrinsic motivation were rated higher in the SSG group, although this difference was not significant. Conclusions Overall, our findings provide evidence that the gamification of SST is possible and that the SSG is enjoyed more. Thus, when participant engagement is critical, we recommend using the SSG instead of the SST.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Dechant
- Human-Computer-Interaction Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Sarah Vedress
- Human-Computer-Interaction Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Christian Frings
- Department of Cognitive Psychology and Methodology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Regan Lee Mandryk
- Human-Computer-Interaction Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Martínez-Pérez V, Campoy G, Palmero LB, Fuentes LJ. Examining the Dorsolateral and Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Involvement in the Self-Attention Network: A Randomized, Sham-Controlled, Parallel Group, Double-Blind, and Multichannel HD-tDCS Study. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:683. [PMID: 32760241 PMCID: PMC7371986 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Attention and perception are strongly biased toward information about oneself compared to information about others. The self-attention network, an integrative theoretical framework for understanding the self-prioritization effects (SPE), proposes that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), and the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) are the two nodes responsible for the preferential processing of self-related stimuli, which interact with the attentional control network (associated with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, DLPFC), responsible for processing other-related stimuli. So far, neuroimaging studies have provided considerable correlational evidence supporting the self-attention network. Objective Here we went beyond correlational evidence by manipulating cortical activity using high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS), a non-invasive brain stimulation method. We assessed whether anodal and cathodal stimulation of the VMPFC or the DLPFC modulates the processing of self- and other-related stimuli. Methods We used an associative unbiased learning procedure, the so-called shape-label matching task, to assess the SPE in a sample of N = 90. We accomplished to overcome different methodological weaknesses of previous studies using different multichannel montages for excitatory and inhibitory effects over both the VMPFC and the DLPFC. Results We found no effect of shape association for non-matching pairs, whereas there was an effect of shape association in the matching condition. Performance (reaction times and accuracy) was better for the self association than for the other two associations, and performance for the friend association was better than for the stranger association. Thus, we replicated the SPE with behavioral data. At the neural level, none of the stimulation succeeded to modulate the magnitude of the SPE effect. Conclusion We discuss the implications of these findings, in particular why cognitive modeling theories about SPEs should favor an epiphenomenal rather than a causal link between VMPFC/DLPFC and the impact of personal significance stimuli on perception.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillermo Campoy
- Department of Basic Psychology and Methodology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Lucía B Palmero
- Department of Basic Psychology and Methodology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis J Fuentes
- Department of Basic Psychology and Methodology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Goh HT, Connolly K, Hardy J, McCain K, Walker-Batson D. Single session of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex increased dual-task gait speed in chronic stroke: A pilot study. Gait Posture 2020; 78:1-5. [PMID: 32146157 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with stroke often experience difficulty in dual-task walking and are prone to falling when walking and talking. Previous studies in other populations have suggested that non-invasive brain stimulation could enhance dual-task gait performance by stimulating dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) or supplementary motor area (SMA). It was unclear if the benefits of brain stimulation would be observed in individuals with stroke. RESEARCH QUESTION Would single-session 5 Hz rTMS applied to DLPFC or SMA improve dual-task gait performance in individuals with stroke? METHODS This single group repeated measure study included fifteen individuals with left chronic stroke (mean age = 58 years). Participants received 5 Hz rTMS to either DLPFC, SMA, or M1 of the left lesioned hemisphere across three different sessions. Single- and dual-task gait speed was assessed before and after rTMS with the dualtask gait being walking and counting backward by 3 s. RESULTS We observed that rTMS to left DLPFC resulted in a greater increase in dual-task gait speed, but not single-task gait speed, compared to the other two stimulation sites (M1 and SMA) but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.06). Five out of fifteen participants demonstrated a clinically significant improvement in dual-task gait speed (> 0.1 m/s) after rTMS to DLPFC. SIGNIFICANCES The results suggest that DLPFC could be a potential treatment target to improve dual-task gait performance in persons with chronic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ting Goh
- School of Physical Therapy, Texas Woman's University, Dallas Texas 75235 United States.
| | - Kendall Connolly
- School of Physical Therapy, Texas Woman's University, Dallas Texas 75235 United States
| | - Jenna Hardy
- School of Physical Therapy, Texas Woman's University, Dallas Texas 75235 United States
| | - Karen McCain
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas Texas 75235 United States
| | - Delaina Walker-Batson
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Texas Woman's University, Denton Texas 76204 United States; The Stroke Center-Dallas, Dallas Texas 75235 United States
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Mainz V, Britz S, Forster SD, Drüke B, Gauggel S. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Has No Specific Effect on Self-referential Processes. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:56. [PMID: 32218726 PMCID: PMC7078362 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The processing of self-referential information can be influenced by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). The present randomized controlled study investigated whether similar effects can be elicited through the application of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) regarding the "self-serving bias" (SSB) and the "mnemic neglect effect" (MNE). Seventy-five healthy males (M age = 25; SD = 4.3) were investigated in a between-groups design with random assignment by applying anodal, cathodal, or sham tDCS to the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). After stimulation, the participants judged if 80 personality traits (40 positive, 40 negative) were self-descriptive or not. Finally, the participants had to recall the previously presented adjectives. All three stimulation groups showed the expected SSB and MNE. Still, and contrary to our hypotheses, tDCS revealed neither a significant interaction effect between groups and valence concerning the number of chosen self-referential traits (F (2,72) = 1.36, p = 0.26,η G 2 = 0.02) nor an interaction effect between groups, valence, and self-reference concerning the percentage of recalled words (F (2,71) = 0.69, p = 0.50,η G 2 = 0.01). However, a post hoc inspection of effect sizes revealed that less negative traits were indicated as self-referential in the anodal compared to the cathodal group (ES: -0.59; CI: -1.16 to -0.03). Moreover, the participants showed-regardless of self-reference and type of stimulation-a better recall with tDCS in comparison to sham stimulation. Our results indicate that tDCS of the mPFC in healthy young men has no influence on the SSB and the MNE. However, tDCS seems to improve memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Mainz
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Baumert A, Buchholz N, Zinkernagel A, Clarke P, MacLeod C, Osinsky R, Schmitt M. Causal underpinnings of working memory and Stroop interference control: Testing the effects of anodal and cathodal tDCS over the left DLPFC. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 20:34-48. [PMID: 31183619 PMCID: PMC7012981 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-019-00726-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
By means of transcranial direct current stimulation applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, we investigated the causal role of increased or decreased excitability of this brain region for two facets of executive functions: working memory and Stroop interference control. We tested 1) whether anodal tDCS of the left DLPFC enhances working memory 15 minutes after termination of stimulation and in the absence of direct task practice under stimulation; 2) whether anodal tDCS of the left DLPFC enhances interference control, as evidenced by Stroop performance and Stroop sequence effects; and 3) whether cathodal tDCS leads to compromised executive functioning compared to anodal stimulation. In a between-subject design with 88 healthy psychology students, we compared the impact of anodal and cathodal stimulation against a sham condition, on performance on a Stroop task (during active stimulation) and on an n-back task (completed 15 minutes after active stimulation ended). We found significantly enhanced accuracy in the n-back task after anodal stimulation compared with sham, as well as speeded reactions in the Stroop tasks independent of trial type. By contrast, we found no modulation of Stroop interference effects or Stroop sequence effects. No inhibitory effects of cathodal stimulation were observed. These results support the causal role of the left DLPFC in working memory but lend no support to its involvement in Stroop interference control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Baumert
- Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Kurt-Schumacher-Str. 10, 53113, Bonn, Germany.
- School of Education, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Nita Buchholz
- Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Axel Zinkernagel
- Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Patrick Clarke
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Colin MacLeod
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Roman Osinsky
- Department of Psychology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Manfred Schmitt
- Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
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Schroeder PA, Artemenko C, Cipora K, Svaldi J. Regional specificity of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) effects on spatial-numerical associations: Comparison of four stimulation sites. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:655-667. [PMID: 31785042 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Based on a theory of impulsive and reflective human behavior, we test the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) targeting either prefrontal or parietal cortex in either hemisphere. In a confirmatory registered report, cathodal tDCS is administered to conceptually reproduce tDCS modulations of implicit spatial-numerical associations, numerical distance effects, and response inhibition. Those cognitive operations are hypothesized to draw on left prefrontal, parietal, and right prefrontal activations, respectively, thereby susceptible to inhibitory, cathodal tDCS across those regions. Vice versa, the mutual regional and behavioral specificity of tDCS effects on these behavioral indices is examined and expected to produce double dissociations. In a mixed within-subjects (baseline, during tDCS, post-tDCS) and between-subjects (target electrode: left/right prefrontal cortex/posterior parietal cortex, or sham tDCS) design, we collect (a) confirmatory data on the robustness of cathodal tDCS effects on three behavioral effects and (b) differential data on the specificity of regional targets in male and female human participants. Results will provide crucial tests of theories of cortical organization implied by implicit associations and explicit regulation, which can direct future brain stimulation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina Artemenko
- Department of Psychology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,LEAD Research Network, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Cipora
- Department of Psychology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,LEAD Research Network, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Svaldi
- Department of Psychology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Cathodal tDCS increases stop-signal reaction time. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 19:1129-1142. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-019-00740-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Potential impact of bifrontal transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) on the semantic Stroop effect and its resting-state EEG correlates. Neurophysiol Clin 2019; 49:243-248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Electrify your Game! Anodal tDCS Increases the Resistance to Head Fakes in Basketball. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-019-00133-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Voss M, Ehring T, Wolkenstein L. Does Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Affect Post-stressor Intrusive Memories and Rumination? An Experimental Analogue Study. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-018-9976-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Schäfer S, Frings C. Searching for the inner self: evidence against a direct dependence of the self-prioritization effect on the ventro-medial prefrontal cortex. Exp Brain Res 2018; 237:247-256. [PMID: 30382323 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5413-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The processing of self-referential material is supposed to be located in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and in particular in the ventro-medial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC). A reliable method to assess effects of self-relevance is the so-called matching paradigm in which the prioritization of newly learned self-associations in comparison to non-self-relevant associations can be measured. To assess the connection of activation in the VMPFC and self-referential processing, we measured the self-prioritization effect (SPE) before and after experimentally manipulating activation in the VMPFC. We applied either excitatory or inhibitory stimulation to the VMPFC via transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). In a sample of N = 65 healthy adults, we found a significant SPE before and after both types of stimulation and, remarkably, no systematic change of the SPE due to the stimulation. These results are evidential against a direct dependence of the SPE from activation in the VMPFC, indicating either that the SPE differs from other, more elaborate self-effects, and thereby is processed in different brain areas, or that the connection of SPE and VMPFC is correlational rather than causal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Schäfer
- Department of Cognitive Psychology and Statistics, University of Trier, 54286, Trier, Germany.
| | - Christian Frings
- Department of Cognitive Psychology and Statistics, University of Trier, 54286, Trier, Germany
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Got chocolate? Bilateral prefrontal cortex stimulation augments chocolate consumption. Appetite 2018; 131:28-35. [PMID: 30171915 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the mechanisms behind exerting self-control may reveal why health behaviors are resistant to change. Activity in the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) plays a role in self-control processes and may be modulated using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). OBJECTIVE In this early phase behavioral research study, we investigated whether anodal stimulation over the rIFG with cathodal stimulation over the left IFG (versus sham) reduced chocolate consumption. METHODS Twenty-three healthy females (ages 18-35) completed two tDCS sessions (2.0 mA vs. sham; order counterbalanced) in a within-subject, double-blind, randomized design with a 4-week washout. Participants were self-reported "chocolate cravers" and restrained eaters. Self-report assessments on disinhibited eating were completed at intake. Delay discounting and inhibitory control were assessed at the remaining visits. During stimulation, participants completed an inhibitory control training task (chocolate go/no-go task) and were randomized to the chocolate no-go condition (inhibit all responses to chocolate cues) or the control condition (inhibit responses to chocolate cues on half the trials). Following stimulation, participants completed a 15-min chocolate "taste test" with chocolate rating forms. Afterwards, staff measured the remaining chocolate to determine total consumption. RESULTS Contrary to our hypotheses, active tDCS significantly increased chocolate consumption vs. sham (mean = 43.2 vs. 32.2, p=0.005) in both task conditions, but had no effect on chocolate ratings (ps > 0.05). Higher delay discounting and self-reported disinhibited eating predicted greater consumption (ps < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest widespread activation of the prefrontal cortex may reduce the ability to resist chocolate. Our data highlights important methodological considerations for conducting tDCS studies to target health behaviors.
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