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Liu D, Xing Z, Huang J, Schwieter JW, Liu H. Genetic bases of language control in bilinguals: Evidence from an EEG study. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:3624-3643. [PMID: 37051723 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have debated whether the ability for bilinguals to mentally control their languages is a consequence of their experiences switching between languages or whether it is a specific, yet highly-adaptive, cognitive ability. The current study investigates how variations in the language-related gene FOXP2 and executive function-related genes COMT, BDNF, and Kibra/WWC1 affect bilingual language control during two phases of speech production, namely the language schema phase (i.e., the selection of one language or another) and lexical response phase (i.e., utterance of the target). Chinese-English bilinguals (N = 119) participated in a picture-naming task involving cued language switches. Statistical analyses showed that both genes significantly influenced language control on neural coding and behavioral performance. Specifically, FOXP2 rs1456031 showed a wide-ranging effect on language control, including RTs, F(2, 113) = 4.00, FDR p = .036, and neural coding across three-time phases (N2a: F(2, 113) = 4.96, FDR p = .014; N2b: F(2, 113) = 4.30, FDR p = .028, LPC: F(2, 113) = 2.82, FDR p = .060), while the COMT rs4818 (ts >2.69, FDR ps < .05), BDNF rs6265 (Fs >5.31, FDR ps < .05), and Kibra/WWC1 rs17070145 (ts > -3.29, FDR ps < .05) polymorphisms influenced two-time phases (N2a and N2b). Time-resolved correlation analyses revealed that the relationship between neural coding and cognitive performance is modulated by genetic variations in all four genes. In all, these findings suggest that bilingual language control is shaped by an individual's experience switching between languages and their inherent genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxue Liu
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zehui Xing
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian, China
| | - Junjun Huang
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian, China
| | - John W Schwieter
- Language Acquisition, Multilingualism, and Cognition Laboratory / Bilingualism Matters @ Laurier, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
- Department of Linguistics and Languages, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian, China
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Palaniyappan L. Dissecting the neurobiology of linguistic disorganisation and impoverishment in schizophrenia. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 129:47-60. [PMID: 34507903 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia provides a quintessential disease model of how disturbances in the molecular mechanisms of neurodevelopment lead to disruptions in the emergence of cognition. The central and often persistent feature of this illness is the disorganisation and impoverishment of language and related expressive behaviours. Though clinically more prominent, the periodic perceptual distortions characterised as psychosis are non-specific and often episodic. While several insights into psychosis have been gained based on study of the dopaminergic system, the mechanistic basis of linguistic disorganisation and impoverishment is still elusive. Key findings from cellular to systems-level studies highlight the role of ubiquitous, inhibitory processes in language production. Dysregulation of these processes at critical time periods, in key brain areas, provides a surprisingly parsimonious account of linguistic disorganisation and impoverishment in schizophrenia. This review links the notion of excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) imbalance at cortical microcircuits to the expression of language behaviour characteristic of schizophrenia, through the building blocks of neurochemistry, neurophysiology, and neurocognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Palaniyappan
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Robarts Research Institute,University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Sanjuán J, Castro-Martínez XH, García-Martí G, González-Fernández J, Sanz-Requena R, Haro JM, Meana JJ, Martí-Bonmatí L, Nacher J, Sebastiá-Ortega N, Gilabert-Juan J, Moltó MD. FOXP2 expression and gray matter density in the male brains of patients with schizophrenia. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:1403-1411. [PMID: 32734433 PMCID: PMC8286223 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00339-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Common genetic variants of FOXP2 may contribute to schizophrenia vulnerability, but controversial results have been reported for this proposal. Here we evaluated the potential impact of the common FOXP2 rs2396753 polymorphism in schizophrenia. It was previously reported to be part of a risk haplotype for this disease and to have significant effects on gray matter concentration in the patients. We undertook the first examination into whether rs2396753 affects the brain expression of FOXP2 and a replication study of earlier neuroimaging findings of the influence of this genetic variant on brain structure. FOXP2 expression levels were measured in postmortem prefrontal cortex samples of 84 male subjects (48 patients and 36 controls) from the CIBERSAM Brain and the Stanley Foundation Array Collections. High-resolution anatomical magnetic resonance imaging was performed on 79 male subjects (61 patients, 18 controls) using optimized voxel-based morphometry. We found differences in FOXP2 expression and brain morphometry depending on the rs2396753, relating low FOXP2 mRNA levels with reduction of gray matter density. We detected an interaction between rs2396753 and the clinical groups, showing that heterozygous patients for this polymorphism have gray matter density decrease and low FOXP2 expression comparing with the heterozygous controls. This study shows the importance of independent replication of neuroimaging genetic studies of FOXP2 as a candidate gene in schizophrenia. Furthermore, our results suggest that the FOXP2 rs2396753 affects mRNA levels, thus providing new knowledge about its significance as a potential susceptibility polymorphism in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Sanjuán
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain.,Unit of Psychiatry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Xochitl Helga Castro-Martínez
- Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Laboratorio de Genómica de Enfermedades Psiquiátricas y Neurodegenerativas, INMEGEN, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gracián García-Martí
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain.,Biomedical Engineering Unit / Radiology Department, Quirónsalud Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Roberto Sanz-Requena
- Biomedical Engineering Unit / Radiology Department, Quirónsalud Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Josep María Haro
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain.,Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Javier Meana
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Luis Martí-Bonmatí
- Biomedical Engineering Unit / Radiology Department, Quirónsalud Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Nacher
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain.,INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Neurobiology Unit, Cell Biology Department, Interdisciplinary Research Structure for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Noelia Sebastiá-Ortega
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Gilabert-Juan
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain. .,INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, Valencia, Spain. .,Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain. .,Neurobiology Unit, Cell Biology Department, Interdisciplinary Research Structure for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain. .,Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - María Dolores Moltó
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain. .,INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, Valencia, Spain. .,Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain. .,Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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Vandervert L, Moe K. The cerebellum-driven social basis of mathematics: implications for one-on-one tutoring of children with mathematics learning disabilities. CEREBELLUM & ATAXIAS 2021; 8:13. [PMID: 33971983 PMCID: PMC8112041 DOI: 10.1186/s40673-021-00136-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to argue that the patterns of sequence control over kinematics (movements) and dynamics (forces) which evolved in phonological processing in inner speech during the evolution of the social-cognitive capacities behind stone-tool making that led to the emergence of Homo sapiens are homologous to the social cerebellum's capacity to learn patterns of sequence within language that we refer to as mathematics. It is argued that this evolution (1) selected toward a social cognitive cerebellum which arose from the arduous, repetitive precision patterns of knapping (stone shaping) and (2) that over a period of a million-plus years was selected from mentalizing toward the kinematics and dynamics as observed and modeled in Theory of Mind (ToM) of more experienced stone knappers. It is concluded that components of this socially-induced autobiographical knowledge, namely, (1) segmenting events, (2) sequencing events, and (3) sequencing event clusters, all at various levels of abstraction, can inform optimum approaches to one-on-one tutoring of children with mathematical learning disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimberly Moe
- Dept. of Education, Adjunct, Whitworth University, Spokane, USA.
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Vandervert L. The prominent role of the cerebellum in the social learning of the phonological loop in working memory: How language was adaptively built from cerebellar inner speech required during stone-tool making. AIMS Neurosci 2020; 7:333-343. [PMID: 32995491 PMCID: PMC7519967 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on advances in cerebellum research as to its cognitive, social, and language contributions to working memory, the purpose of this article is to describe new support for the prominent involvement of cerebellar internal models in the adaptive selection of language. Within this context it has been proposed that (1) cerebellar internal models of inner speech during stone-tool making accelerated the adaptive evolution of new cause-and-effect sequences of precision stone-tool knapping requirements, and (2) that these evolving cerebellar internal models coded (i.e., learned in corticonuclear microcomplexes) such cause-and-effect sequences as phonological counterparts and, these, when sent to the cerebral cortex, became new phonological working memory. This article describes newer supportive research findings on (1) the cerebellum's role in silent speech in working memory, and (2) recent findings on genetic aspects (FOXP2) of the role of silent speech in language evolution. It is concluded that within overall cerebro-cerebellar evolution, without the evolution of cerebellar coding of stone-tool making sequences of primitive working memory (beginning approximately 1.7 million years ago) language would not have evolved in the subsequent evolution of Homo sapiens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry Vandervert
- American Nonlinear Systems, 1529 W. Courtland Ave. Spokane, WA 99205, USA
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Uddén J, Hultén A, Bendtz K, Mineroff Z, Kucera KS, Vino A, Fedorenko E, Hagoort P, Fisher SE. Toward Robust Functional Neuroimaging Genetics of Cognition. J Neurosci 2019; 39:8778-8787. [PMID: 31570534 PMCID: PMC6820208 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0888-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A commonly held assumption in cognitive neuroscience is that, because measures of human brain function are closer to underlying biology than distal indices of behavior/cognition, they hold more promise for uncovering genetic pathways. Supporting this view is an influential fMRI-based study of sentence reading/listening by Pinel et al. (2012), who reported that common DNA variants in specific candidate genes were associated with altered neural activation in language-related regions of healthy individuals that carried them. In particular, different single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of FOXP2 correlated with variation in task-based activation in left inferior frontal and precentral gyri, whereas a SNP at the KIAA0319/TTRAP/THEM2 locus was associated with variable functional asymmetry of the superior temporal sulcus. Here, we directly test each claim using a closely matched neuroimaging genetics approach in independent cohorts comprising 427 participants, four times larger than the original study of 94 participants. Despite demonstrating power to detect associations with substantially smaller effect sizes than those of the original report, we do not replicate any of the reported associations. Moreover, formal Bayesian analyses reveal substantial to strong evidence in support of the null hypothesis (no effect). We highlight key aspects of the original investigation, common to functional neuroimaging genetics studies, which could have yielded elevated false-positive rates. Genetic accounts of individual differences in cognitive functional neuroimaging are likely to be as complex as behavioral/cognitive tests, involving many common genetic variants, each of tiny effect. Reliable identification of true biological signals requires large sample sizes, power calculations, and validation in independent cohorts with equivalent paradigms.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A pervasive idea in neuroscience is that neuroimaging-based measures of brain function, being closer to underlying neurobiology, are more amenable for uncovering links to genetics. This is a core assumption of prominent studies that associate common DNA variants with altered activations in task-based fMRI, despite using samples (10-100 people) that lack power for detecting the tiny effect sizes typical of genetically complex traits. Here, we test central findings from one of the most influential prior studies. Using matching paradigms and substantially larger samples, coupled to power calculations and formal Bayesian statistics, our data strongly refute the original findings. We demonstrate that neuroimaging genetics with task-based fMRI should be subject to the same rigorous standards as studies of other complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Uddén
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands, 6525 XD,
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands, 6500 HE
- Department of Linguistics
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Sweden, SE-106 91
| | - Annika Hultén
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands, 6525 XD
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands, 6500 HE
| | - Katarina Bendtz
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Sweden, SE-106 91
| | - Zachary Mineroff
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, MA 02139-4307
| | - Katerina S Kucera
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands, 6525 XD
| | - Arianna Vino
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands, 6525 XD
| | - Evelina Fedorenko
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, MA 02139-4307
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, MA 02139, and
- Psychiatry Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts MA 02144
| | - Peter Hagoort
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands, 6525 XD
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands, 6500 HE
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands, 6525 XD,
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands, 6500 HE
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Geva S, Fernyhough C. A Penny for Your Thoughts: Children's Inner Speech and Its Neuro-Development. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1708. [PMID: 31474897 PMCID: PMC6702515 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inner speech emerges in early childhood, in parallel with the maturation of the dorsal language stream. To date, the developmental relations between these two processes have not been examined. We review evidence that the dorsal language stream has a role in supporting the psychological phenomenon of inner speech, before considering pediatric studies of the dorsal stream's anatomical development and evidence for its emerging functional roles. We examine possible causal accounts of the relations between these two developmental processes and consider their implications for phylogenetic theories about the evolution of inner speech and the accounts of the ontogenetic relations between language and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Geva
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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No association between common genetic variation in FOXP2 and language impairment in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2019; 271:590-597. [PMID: 30554107 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The FOXP2 gene is hypothesised to be involved in schizophrenia by affecting speech and language development. Associations between common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in FOXP2 and language have been inconsistent. We tested five previously associated SNPs for association with language in the Western Australian Family Study of Schizophrenia (n = 709, including n = 333 with schizophrenia/spectrum disorder) and found no significant associations. When we included all common FOXP2 variants, one SNP (rs2189008) was nominally associated with language. This is the most comprehensive analysis to date and indicates that common variants in FOXP2 do not play a major role in speech and language development in a clinical family sample.
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