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Parrotta L, Tanwar UK, Aloisi I, Sobieszczuk-Nowicka E, Arasimowicz-Jelonek M, Del Duca S. Plant Transglutaminases: New Insights in Biochemistry, Genetics, and Physiology. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091529. [PMID: 35563835 PMCID: PMC9105555 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGases) are calcium-dependent enzymes that catalyse an acyl-transfer reaction between primary amino groups and protein-bound Gln residues. They are widely distributed in nature, being found in vertebrates, invertebrates, microorganisms, and plants. TGases and their functionality have been less studied in plants than humans and animals. TGases are distributed in all plant organs, such as leaves, tubers, roots, flowers, buds, pollen, and various cell compartments, including chloroplasts, the cytoplasm, and the cell wall. Recent molecular, physiological, and biochemical evidence pointing to the role of TGases in plant biology and the mechanisms in which they are involved allows us to consider their role in processes such as photosynthesis, plant fertilisation, responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, and leaf senescence. In the present paper, an in-depth description of the biochemical characteristics and a bioinformatics comparison of plant TGases is provided. We also present the phylogenetic relationship, gene structure, and sequence alignment of TGase proteins in various plant species, not described elsewhere. Currently, our knowledge of these proteins in plants is still insufficient. Further research with the aim of identifying and describing the regulatory components of these enzymes and the processes regulated by them is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Parrotta
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.P.); (I.A.)
- Interdepartmental Centre for Agri-Food Industrial Research, University of Bologna, Via Quinto Bucci 336, 47521 Cesena, Italy
| | - Umesh Kumar Tanwar
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (U.K.T.); (E.S.-N.)
| | - Iris Aloisi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.P.); (I.A.)
| | - Ewa Sobieszczuk-Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (U.K.T.); (E.S.-N.)
| | - Magdalena Arasimowicz-Jelonek
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Stefano Del Duca
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.P.); (I.A.)
- Interdepartmental Centre for Agri-Food Industrial Research, University of Bologna, Via Quinto Bucci 336, 47521 Cesena, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Navakoudis E, Kotzabasis K. Polyamines: Α bioenergetic smart switch for plant protection and development. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 270:153618. [PMID: 35051689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The present review highlights the bioenergetic role of polyamines in plant protection and development and proposes a universal model for describing polyamine-mediated stress responses. Any stress condition induces an excitation pressure on photosystem II by reforming the photosynthetic apparatus. To control this phenomenon, polyamines act directly on the molecular structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus as well as on the components of the chemiosmotic proton-motive force (ΔpH/Δψ), thus regulating photochemical (qP) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of energy. The review presents the mechanistic characteristics that underline the key role of polyamines in the structure, function, and bioenergetics of the photosynthetic apparatus upon light adaptation and/or under stress conditions. By following this mechanism, it is feasible to make stress-sensitive plants to be tolerant by simply altering their polyamine composition (especially the ratio of putrescine to spermine), either chemically or by light regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Navakoudis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, 70013, Heraklion, Greece; Department of Chemical Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, 3603, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Kiriakos Kotzabasis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, 70013, Heraklion, Greece.
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Mazur R, Mostowska A, Kowalewska Ł. How to Measure Grana - Ultrastructural Features of Thylakoid Membranes of Plant Chloroplasts. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:756009. [PMID: 34691132 PMCID: PMC8527009 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.756009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Granum is a basic structural unit of the thylakoid membrane network of plant chloroplasts. It is composed of multiple flattened membranes forming a stacked arrangement of a cylindrical shape. Grana membranes are composed of lipids and tightly packed pigment-protein complexes whose primary role is the catalysis of photosynthetic light reactions. These membranes are highly dynamic structures capable of adapting to changing environmental conditions by fine-tuning photochemical efficiency, manifested by the structural reorganization of grana stacks. Due to a nanometer length scale of the structural granum features, the application of high-resolution electron microscopic techniques is essential for a detailed analysis of the granum architecture. This mini-review overviews recent approaches to quantitative grana structure analyses from electron microscopy data, highlighting the basic manual measurements and semi-automated workflows. We outline and define structural parameters used by different authors, for instance, granum height and diameter, thylakoid thickness, end-membrane length, Stacking Repeat Distance, and Granum Lateral Irregularity. This article also presents insights into efficient and effective measurements of grana stacks visualized on 2D micrographs. The information on how to correctly interpret obtained data, taking into account the 3D nature of grana stacks projected onto 2D space of electron micrograph, is also given. Grana ultrastructural observations reveal key features of this intriguing membrane arrangement, broadening our knowledge of the thylakoid network's remarkable plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Mazur
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Mostowska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łucja Kowalewska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Shu S, Tang Y, Zhou X, Jahan MS, Sun J, Wang Y, Guo S. Physiological mechanism of transglutaminase-mediated improvement in salt tolerance of cucumber seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 156:333-344. [PMID: 32998100 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase (TGase) is inextricably associated with plant growth and development. However, the mechanism by which TGase enhances salt tolerance of higher plants under salt stress is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of NaCl stress and exogenous o-phenanthroline (o-Phen, a metalloprotease inhibitor) on TGase activity, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, carbohydrates contents, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging system, and endogenous polyamines (PAs) contents of salt-sensitive 'Jinyou No. 4' and salt-tolerant 'Inbred Line 9930' cucumber. Salt stress significantly inhibited plant growth of the two cultivars, as well as hindered carbohydrates transport, which was more evident in the salt-sensitive cultivar. TGase activity and expression, ROS scavenging capacity, and bound PAs content were up-regulated by salt stress to some extent, which was more distinct in the salt-tolerant cucumber cultivar. However, o-Phen treatment significantly inhibited TGase expression, and further decreased plant growth and the actual photochemical efficiency of photosystem II in the two cultivars. In addition, application of o-Phen significantly decreased endogenous PAs content in leaves of 'Jinyou No. 4' and 'Inbred Line 9930' seedlings by 9.60% and 42.32% under NaCl stress, respectively. These results suggested that high activity of TGase increases the salt stress tolerance of cucumber plants by increasing endogenous PAs content and ROS scavenging capacity, and promoting carbon assimilation and photosynthetic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Shu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Suqian Academy of Protected Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Suqian, 223800, China
| | - Yuanyuan Tang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xinpeng Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mohammad Shan Jahan
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jin Sun
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Suqian Academy of Protected Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Suqian, 223800, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shirong Guo
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Suqian Academy of Protected Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Suqian, 223800, China.
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Zhong M, Wang Y, Shu S, Sun J, Guo S. Ectopic expression of CsTGase enhances salt tolerance by regulating polyamine biosynthesis, antioxidant activities and Na +/K + homeostasis in transgenic tobacco. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 296:110492. [PMID: 32540011 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGases), mediators of the transamidation of specific proteins by polyamines (PA), play critical roles in PA metabolism in animals, but their functions and regulatory mechanisms are largely unknown in plants. In this study, we demonstrated that TGase from cucumber played a protective role in the regulation of PA metabolism under salt stress. The expression of TGase was induced by salt stress in cucumber. Ectopic overexpression of cucumber TGase in tobacco conferred enhanced tolerance to salt stress based on both external symptoms and membrane integrity. Overexpression lines maintained high levels of PAs under salt stress, suggesting that PAs played a vital role in TGase-induced salt tolerance. In contrast, the levels of Na+ content in the wild-type (WT) plants increased, while they decreased in the overexpression plants. The expression levels of several genes related to ion exchange enhanced, and the Na+/K+ ratio decreased by increased TGase activity under salt stress. The activities of the proton-pump ATPase (H+-ATPase), vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) and vacuolar H+-pyrophosphatase (PPase) were higher in the overexpression lines than in WT plants under salt stress. Moreover, the malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 contents were significantly lower in the overexpression lines than in WT plants, accompanied by increased antioxidant enzyme activity. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that TGase plays protective roles in response to salt stress, which may promote plant survival by regulating PA metabolism and the Na+/K+ balance under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Agriculture Technology Extension Station of Jingsu Province, Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210036, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Sheng Shu
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Suqian Academy of Protected Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Suqian, 223800, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Suqian Academy of Protected Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Suqian, 223800, China
| | - Shirong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Suqian Academy of Protected Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Suqian, 223800, China.
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6
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Zhong M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Shu S, Sun J, Guo S. Overexpression of Transglutaminase from Cucumber in Tobacco Increases Salt Tolerance through Regulation of Photosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E894. [PMID: 30791389 PMCID: PMC6413182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase (TGase) is a regulator of posttranslational modification of protein that provides physiological protection against diverse environmental stresses in plants. Nonetheless, the mechanisms of TGase-mediated salt tolerance remain largely unknown. Here, we found that the transcription of cucumber TGase (CsTGase) was induced in response to light and during leaf development, and the CsTGase protein was expressed in the chloroplast and the cell wall. The overexpression of the CsTGase gene effectively ameliorated salt-induced photoinhibition in tobacco plants, increased the levels of chloroplast polyamines (PAs) and enhanced the abundance of D1 and D2 proteins. TGase also induced the expression of photosynthesis related genes and remodeling of thylakoids under normal conditions. However, salt stress treatment reduced the photosynthesis rate, PSII and PSI related genes expression, D1 and D2 proteins in wild-type (WT) plants, while these effects were alleviated in CsTGase overexpression plants. Taken together, our results indicate that TGase-dependent PA signaling protects the proteins of thylakoids, which plays a critical role in plant response to salt stress. Thus, overexpression of TGase may be an effective strategy for enhancing resistance to salt stress of salt-sensitive crops in agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yuemei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Sheng Shu
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- Suqian Academy of Protected Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Suqian 223800, China.
| | - Shirong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- Suqian Academy of Protected Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Suqian 223800, China.
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7
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Zhong M, Wang Y, Hou K, Shu S, Sun J, Guo S. TGase positively regulates photosynthesis via activation of Calvin cycle enzymes in tomato. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:92. [PMID: 31645950 PMCID: PMC6804539 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0173-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGases), which are widespread cross-linking enzymes in plants, play key roles in photosynthesis and abiotic/biotic stress responses; however, evidence concerning the genetics underlying how TGase improves the capability of photosynthesis and the mechanism of TGase-mediated photosynthesis are not clear in this crop species. In this study, we clarified the function of TGase in the regulation of photosynthesis in tomato by comparing wild-type (WT) plants, tgase mutants generated by the CRISPR/Cas9 system and TGase-overexpressing (TGaseOE) plants. Our results showed that increasing the transcript level of TGase resulted in an enhanced net photosynthetic rate (Pn), whereas the tgase mutants presented significantly inhibited Pns and CO2 assimilation compared with the WT. Although the total RuBisCO activity was not affected by TGase, the initial and activation status of RuBisCO and the activity of RuBisCO activase (RCA) and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) in TGaseOE plants were significantly higher than that in WT plants. Except for RuBisCO small subunit (RbcS), the transcription levels of Benson-Calvin cycle-related genes were positively related to the endogenous TGase activity. Furthermore, TGaseOE plants had higher protein levels of RuBisCO large subunit (RbcL) and RCA than did WT plants and showed a reduced redox status by enhancing the activity of dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and glutathione reductase (GR), which was compromised in TGase-deficient plants. Overall, TGase positively regulated photosynthesis by maintaining the activation states of the Benson-Calvin cycle and inducing changes in cellular redox homeostasis in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Kun Hou
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng Shu
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
- Suqian Academy of Protected Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 223800 Suqian, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
- Suqian Academy of Protected Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 223800 Suqian, China
| | - Shirong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
- Suqian Academy of Protected Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 223800 Suqian, China
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Li L, Gu W, Li J, Li C, Xie T, Qu D, Meng Y, Li C, Wei S. Exogenously applied spermidine alleviates photosynthetic inhibition under drought stress in maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings associated with changes in endogenous polyamines and phytohormones. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 129:35-55. [PMID: 29793181 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress (DS) is a major environmental factor limiting plant growth and crop productivity worldwide. It has been established that exogenous spermidine (Spd) stimulates plant tolerance to DS. The effects of exogenous Spd on plant growth, photosynthetic performance, and chloroplast ultrastructure as well as changes in endogenous polyamines (PAs) and phytohormones were investigate in DS-resistant (Xianyu 335) and DS-sensitive (Fenghe 1) maize seedlings under well-watered and DS treatments. Exogenous Spd alleviated the stress-induced reduction in growth, photosynthetic pigment content, photosynthesis rate (Pn) and photochemical quenching (qP) parameters, including the maximum photochemistry efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv/Fm), PSII operating efficiency (ФPSII), and qP coefficient. Exogenous Spd further enhanced stress-induced elevation in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and the de-epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle (DEPS). Microscopic analysis revealed that seedlings displayed a more ordered arrangement of chloroplast ultrastructure upon Spd application during DS. Exogenous Spd increased the endogenous PA concentrations in the stressed plants. Additionally, exogenous Spd increased indoleacetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR) and gibberellin A3 (GA3) and decreased salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonate (JA) concentrations under DS. These results indicate that exogenous Spd can alleviate the growth inhibition and damage to the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus caused by DS and that this alleviation may be associated with changes in endogenous PAs and phytohormones. This study contributes to advances in the knowledge of Spd-induced drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Li
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wanrong Gu
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Congfeng Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 10081, China
| | - Tenglong Xie
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Danyang Qu
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yao Meng
- Heilongjiang Academy of Land Reclamation Sciences, Harbin, 150038, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Caifeng Li
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shi Wei
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China.
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Ioannidis NE, Malliarakis D, Torné JM, Santos M, Kotzabasis K. The Over-expression of the Plastidial Transglutaminase from Maize in Arabidopsis Increases the Activation Threshold of Photoprotection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:635. [PMID: 27242838 PMCID: PMC4861818 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plastidial transglutaminase is one of the most promising enzymes in chloroplast bioenergetics due to its link with polyamine pathways and the cross talk with signals such as Ca(2+) and GTP. Here, we show the effect of the increase of transglutaminase activity in Arabidopsis by using genetic transformation techniques. These lines fulfill their biological cycle normally (normal growth in soil, production of viable seeds) and show a relatively mild increase in transglutaminase activity (127%). These overexpressors of transglutaminase (OE TGase) have an extended stroma thylakoid network (71% higher number of PSIIβ centers), similar chlorophyll content (-4%), higher linear electron flow (+13%), and higher threshold of photoprotection activation (∼100%). On the other hand OE TGase showed a reduced maximum photochemistry of PSII (-6.5%), a smaller antenna per photosystem II (-25%), a lower photoprotective "energization" quenching or qE (-77% at 490 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1)) due to a higher threshold of qE activation and slightly lower light induced proton motive force (-17%). The role of the polyamines and of the transglutaminase in the regulation of chemiosmosis and photoprotection in chloroplasts is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Josep M. Torné
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Center for Research in Agricultural GenomicsBarcelona, Spain
| | - Mireya Santos
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Center for Research in Agricultural GenomicsBarcelona, Spain
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10
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Stefanov M, Yotsova E, Rashkov G, Ivanova K, Markovska Y, Apostolova EL. Effects of salinity on the photosynthetic apparatus of two Paulownia lines. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 101:54-59. [PMID: 26854407 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The effects of soil salinity on the functional activity of photosynthetic apparatus and pigment composition of two Paulownia lines (Paulownia tomentosa x fortunei and Paulownia elongata x elongata) were investigated. PAM chlorophyll fluorescence measurements revealed that salinity leads to: (i) an increase of the photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) and the linear electron transport rate (ETR) in both lines of Paulownia, while the maximum quantum yield of the primary photochemistry of PSII in the dark adapted state (Fv/Fm) was unaffected; (ii) improved the efficiency of the photochemical energy conversion (ФPSII); (iii) an impact on the chlorophyll fluorescence decrease ratio (RFd), which correlates to the net CO2 assimilation rate; (iv) an impact on [Formula: see text] reoxidation. The analysis of the kinetics of P700(+) reduction upon turning off far-red irradiation revealed that salinization lead to a delay of the cyclic electron transport around PSI in both studied lines as the effect on this process is more pronounced in P. tomentosa x fortunei than in (in comparison with) P. elongata x elongata. The present experimental results suggested high salt tolerance of the studied lines Paulownia, but P. tomentosa x fortunei is more tolerant to salinity than P. elongata x elongata. Molecular mechanisms involved in the Paulownia response to the soil salinity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Stefanov
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad.G. Bonchev Str. 21, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Ekaterina Yotsova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad.G. Bonchev Str. 21, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Georgi Rashkov
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad.G. Bonchev Str. 21, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Katya Ivanova
- Faculty of Biology, University of Sofia, 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Yuliana Markovska
- Faculty of Biology, University of Sofia, 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Emilia L Apostolova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad.G. Bonchev Str. 21, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria.
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11
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Mellidou I, Moschou PN, Ioannidis NE, Pankou C, Gėmes K, Valassakis C, Andronis EA, Beris D, Haralampidis K, Roussis A, Karamanoli A, Matsi T, Kotzabasis K, Constantinidou HI, Roubelakis-Angelakis KA. Silencing S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine Decarboxylase (SAMDC) in Nicotiana tabacum Points at a Polyamine-Dependent Trade-Off between Growth and Tolerance Responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:379. [PMID: 27064210 PMCID: PMC4814703 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) are nitrogenous molecules that are indispensable for cell viability and with an agreed-on role in the modulation of stress responses. Tobacco plants with downregulated SAMDC (AS-SAMDC) exhibit reduced PAs synthesis but normal levels of PA catabolism. We used AS-SAMDC to increase our understanding on the role of PAs in stress responses. Surprisingly, at control conditions AS-SAMDC plants showed increased biomass and altered developmental characteristics, such as increased height and leaf number. On the contrary, during salt stress AS-SAMDC plants showed reduced vigor when compared to the WT. During salt stress, the AS-SAMDC plants although showing compensatory readjustments of the antioxidant machinery and of photosynthetic apparatus, they failed to sustain their vigor. AS-SAMDC sensitivity was accompanied by inability to effectively control H2O2 levels and concentrations of monovalent and divalent cations. In accordance with these findings, we suggest that PAs may regulate the trade-off between growth and tolerance responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifigeneia Mellidou
- Department of Crop Production, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of ThessalonikiThessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiotis N. Moschou
- Department of Plant Biology and Linnean Center of Plant Sciences, Uppsala BioCentrum, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Chryssa Pankou
- Department of Crop Production, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of ThessalonikiThessaloniki, Greece
| | - Katalin Gėmes
- Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of SciencesSzeged, Hungary
| | | | | | - Despoina Beris
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthens, Greece
| | - Kosmas Haralampidis
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthens, Greece
| | - Andreas Roussis
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Karamanoli
- Department of Crop Production, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of ThessalonikiThessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodora Matsi
- Department of Crop Production, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of ThessalonikiThessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Helen-Isis Constantinidou
- Department of Crop Production, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of ThessalonikiThessaloniki, Greece
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12
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Atanasov KE, Barboza-Barquero L, Tiburcio AF, Alcázar R. Genome Wide Association Mapping for the Tolerance to the Polyamine Oxidase Inhibitor Guazatine in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:401. [PMID: 27092150 PMCID: PMC4820465 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Guazatine is a potent inhibitor of polyamine oxidase (PAO) activity. In agriculture, guazatine is used as non-systemic contact fungicide efficient in the protection of cereals and citrus fruits against disease. The composition of guazatine is complex, mainly constituted by a mixture of synthetic guanidated polyamines (polyaminoguanidines). Here, we have studied the effects from exposure to guazatine in the weed Arabidopsis thaliana. We report that micromolar concentrations of guazatine are sufficient to inhibit growth of Arabidopsis seedlings and induce chlorosis, whereas germination is barely affected. We observed the occurrence of quantitative variation in the response to guazatine between 107 randomly chosen Arabidopsis accessions. This enabled us to undertake genome-wide association (GWA) mapping that identified a locus on chromosome one associated with guazatine tolerance. CHLOROPHYLLASE 1 (CLH1) within this locus was studied as candidate gene, together with its paralog (CLH2). The analysis of independent clh1-2, clh1-3, clh2-3, clh2-2, and double clh1-2 clh2-3 mutant alleles indicated that CLH1 and/or CLH2 loss-of-function or expression down-regulation promote guazatine tolerance in Arabidopsis. We report a natural mechanism by which Arabidopsis populations can overcome toxicity by the fungicide guazatine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostadin E. Atanasov
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Natural Products, Plant Biology and Soil Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Barboza-Barquero
- Centro para Investigaciones en Granos y Semillas, Universidad de Costa RicaSan José, Costa Rica
| | - Antonio F. Tiburcio
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Natural Products, Plant Biology and Soil Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Rubén Alcázar
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Natural Products, Plant Biology and Soil Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Rubén Alcázar
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Yang Y, Yu L, Wang L, Guo S. Bottle gourd rootstock-grafting promotes photosynthesis by regulating the stomata and non-stomata performances in leaves of watermelon seedlings under NaCl stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 186-187:50-58. [PMID: 26368284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we found that the amelioration of photosynthetic capacity by bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria Standl.) rootstock in watermelon seedlings (Citrullus lanatus [Thunb.] Mansf.) with salt treatment might be closely related to the enzymes in Calvin cycle such as ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) (Yang et al., 2012). We confirmed this and showed more details in this study that improved photosynthesis of watermelon plants by bottle gourd rootstock was associated with the decreased stomata resistance and the increased photochemical activity and photosynthetic metabolism with or without 100mM NaCl stress for 3 days. The analysis of gas exchange parameters showed that self-grafted plants suffered serious non-stomatal limitation to photosynthesis under salt stress while rootstock-grafted plants were mainly affected by stomata limitation in stress conditions. Further, results showed that NaCl stress markedly reduced the chlorophyll content, damaged the structure of photosynthetic apparatus, and inhibited photochemical activity and CO2 assimilation in self-grafted plants. In contrast, rootstock-grafting increased the chlorophyll content, especially chlorophyll b, and minimized the harmful effects on photosystem II (PSII) reaction center and the thylakoids structure induced by NaCl stress. Furthermore, rootstock-grafting enhanced the content and activity of Rubisco and thus elevated carbon fixation in the leaves of watermelon scions under salt stress. The gene expressions of enzymes related to ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration were also up-regulated by rootstock and this probably guaranteed the sufficient supply of RuBP for the operation of Calvin cycle in watermelon scions under salt stress. Thus, bottle gourd rootstock promoted photosynthesis by the activation of stomatal and non-stomatal abilities, especially the regulation of a variety of photosynthetic enzymes, including Rubisco in grafted watermelon plants under NaCl stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China.
| | - Li Yu
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; Horticulture Research Institute, Shanghai Academy Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Technology, Shanghai 201403, PR China.
| | - Liping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Shirong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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14
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Malliarakis D, Tsiavos T, Ioannidis NE, Kotzabasis K. Spermine and lutein quench chlorophyll fluorescence in isolated PSII antenna complexes. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 183:108-13. [PMID: 26121079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Non photochemical quenching is a spontaneous mechanism that protects plants and algae from photodamage. In the last two decades, carotenoids through the xanthophylls cycle have been proposed to play a key role in quenching of chlorophyll. More recently, the involvement of endogenous polyamines in energy-dependent component of non photochemical quenching has been suggested by several research groups. In the present contribution, the combined effect of spermine and the xanthophylls, zeaxanthin and lutein on the fluorescence of antenna complexes of photosystem II was tested in vitro. Lutein caused significant quenching on trimeric and monomeric antenna complexes, whereas zeaxanthin under our experimental conditions had negligible effect. Spermine has been shown to allow fluorescence quenching to be induced in isolated antenna in the absence of ΔpH and to accelerate quenching formation. The simultaneous treatment of spermine and lutein maximizes quenching even at relatively low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Malliarakis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Theodoros Tsiavos
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Nikolaos E Ioannidis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Kiriakos Kotzabasis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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15
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Tsiavos T, Ioannidis NE, Tsortos A, Gizeli E, Kotzabasis K. Spermine is a potent modulator of proton transport through LHCII. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 177:44-50. [PMID: 25659334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of spermine on proton transport across large unilamellar liposomes containing incorporated complexes of the PSII antenna has been studied with the application of a pH-sensitive dye entrapped inside the vesicles. Both monomeric LHCbs and trimeric LHCII increased the permeability of proteoliposomes to protons when in a partly aggregated state within the lipid membrane. We have previously shown that a spermine-induced conformational change in LHCII results in its aggregation and ultimately in the enhancement of excitation energy as heat (qE). In this paper, spermine-induced aggregation of LHCII was found to facilitate proton transport across the proteoliposomes, indicating that a second protective mechanism (other than qE) might exist and might be regulated in vivo by polyamines when photosynthesis is saturated in excess light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Tsiavos
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Nikolaos E Ioannidis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Achilleas Tsortos
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Electra Gizeli
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Kiriakos Kotzabasis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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16
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Sobieszczuk-Nowicka E, Zmienko A, Samelak-Czajka A, Łuczak M, Pietrowska-Borek M, Iorio R, Del Duca S, Figlerowicz M, Legocka J. Dark-induced senescence of barley leaves involves activation of plastid transglutaminases. Amino Acids 2015; 47:825-38. [PMID: 25583605 PMCID: PMC4361728 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1912-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminases (E.C. 2.3.2.13) catalyze the post-translational modification of proteins by establishing ε-(γ-glutamyl) lysine isopeptide bonds and by the covalent conjugation of polyamines to endo-glutamyl residues of proteins. In light of the confirmed role of transglutaminases in animal cell apoptosis and only limited information on the role of these enzymes in plant senescence, we decided to investigate the activity of chloroplast transglutaminases (ChlTGases) and the fate of chloroplast-associated polyamines in Hordeum vulgare L. 'Nagrad' leaves, where the senescence process was induced by darkness (day 0) and continued until chloroplast degradation (day 12). Using an anti-TGase antibody, we detected on a subcellular level, the ChlTGases that were associated with destacked/degraded thylakoid membranes, and beginning on day 5, were also found in the stroma. Colorimetric and radiometric assays revealed during senescence an increase in ChlTGases enzymatic activity. The MS/MS identification of plastid proteins conjugated with exogenous polyamines had shown that the ChlTGases are engaged in the post-translational modification of proteins involved in photosystem organization, stress response, and oxidation processes. We also computationally identified the cDNA of Hv-Png1-like, a barley homologue of the Arabidopsis AtPng1 gene. Its mRNA level was raised from days 3 to 10, indicating that transcriptional regulation controls the activity of barley ChlTGases. Together, the presented results deepen our knowledge of the mechanisms of the events happened in dark-induced senescence of barley leaves that might be activation of plastid transglutaminases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sobieszczuk-Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University of Poznań, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland,
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17
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Campos N, Torné JM, Bleda MJ, Manich A, Urreta I, Montalbán IA, Castañón S, Moncalean P, Santos M. Proteomic and transcriptomic analysis of rice tranglutaminase and chloroplast-related proteins. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 229:142-153. [PMID: 25443841 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The recently cloned rice transglutaminase gene (tgo) is the second plant transglutaminase identified to date (Campos et al. Plant Sci. 205-206 (2013) 97-110). Similarly to its counterpart in maize (tgz), this rice TGase was localized in the chloroplast, although in this case not exclusively. To further characterise plastidial tgo functionality, proteomic and transcriptomic studies were carried out to identify possible TGO-related proteins. Some LHCII antenna proteins were identified as TGO related using an in vitro proteomic approach, as well as ATPase and some PSII core proteins by mass spectrometry. To study the relationship between TGO and other plastidial proteins, a transcriptomic in vivo Dynamic Array (Fluidigm™) was used to analyse the mRNA expression of 30 plastidial genes with respect to that of tgo, in rice plants subjected to different periods of continuous illumination. The results indicated a gene-dependent tendency in the expression pattern that was related to tgo expression and to the illumination cycle. For certain genes, including tgo, significant differences between treatments, principally at the initiation and/or at the end of the illumination period, connected with the day/night cycling of gene expression, were observed. The tgo expression was especially related to plastidial proteins involved in photoprotection and the thylakoid electrochemical gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Campos
- Molecular Genetics Department, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics: CRAG (Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - J M Torné
- Molecular Genetics Department, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics: CRAG (Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M J Bleda
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia IQAC, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - A Manich
- Department of Chemical and Surfactants Technology, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia IQAC, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - I Urreta
- Biotechnology Department, Neiker-Tecnalia, Arkaute, Vitoria, Campus Agroalimentario de Arkaute, Aptdo.46, E-01080 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Araba, Spain.
| | - I A Montalbán
- Biotechnology Department, Neiker-Tecnalia, Arkaute, Campus Agroalimentario de Arkaute Apto 46, E-01080, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Araba, Spain.
| | - S Castañón
- Biotechnology Department, Neiker-Tecnalia, Arkaute, Campus Agroalimentario de Arkaute, Aptdo.46, E-01080 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Araba, Spain.
| | - P Moncalean
- Biotechnology Department, Neiker-Tecnalia, Arkaute, Campus Agroalimentario de Arkaute, Apto 46, E-01080 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Araba, Spain.
| | - M Santos
- Molecular Genetics Department, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics: CRAG (Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
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18
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Yaakoubi H, Hamdani S, Bekalé L, Carpentier R. Protective action of spermine and spermidine against photoinhibition of photosystem I in isolated thylakoid membranes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112893. [PMID: 25420109 PMCID: PMC4242612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The photo-stability of photosystem I (PSI) is of high importance for the photosynthetic processes. For this reason, we studied the protective action of two biogenic polyamines (PAs) spermine (Spm) and spermidine (Spd) on PSI activity in isolated thylakoid membranes subjected to photoinhibition. Our results show that pre-loading thylakoid membranes with Spm and Spd reduced considerably the inhibition of O2 uptake rates, P700 photooxidation and the accumulation of superoxide anions (O2(-)) induced by light stress. Spm seems to be more effective than Spd in preserving PSI photo-stability. The correlation of the extent of PSI protection, photosystem II (PSII) inhibition and O2(-) generation with increasing Spm doses revealed that PSI photo-protection is assumed by two mechanisms depending on the PAs concentration. Given their antioxidant character, PAs scavenge directly the O2(-) generated in thylakoid membranes at physiological concentration (1 mM). However, for non-physiological concentration, the ability of PAs to protect PSI is due to their inhibitory effect on PSII electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hnia Yaakoubi
- Groupe de Recherche en Biologie-Végétale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Saber Hamdani
- Groupe de Recherche en Biologie-Végétale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Laurent Bekalé
- Groupe de Recherche en Biologie-Végétale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Robert Carpentier
- Groupe de Recherche en Biologie-Végétale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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19
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Pribil M, Labs M, Leister D. Structure and dynamics of thylakoids in land plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1955-72. [PMID: 24622954 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Thylakoids of land plants have a bipartite structure, consisting of cylindrical grana stacks, made of membranous discs piled one on top of the other, and stroma lamellae which are helically wound around the cylinders. Protein complexes predominantly located in the stroma lamellae and grana end membranes are either bulky [photosystem I (PSI) and the chloroplast ATP synthase (cpATPase)] or are involved in cyclic electron flow [the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) and PGRL1-PGR5 heterodimers], whereas photosystem II (PSII) and its light-harvesting complex (LHCII) are found in the appressed membranes of the granum. Stacking of grana is thought to be due to adhesion between Lhcb proteins (LHCII or CP26) located in opposed thylakoid membranes. The grana margins contain oligomers of CURT1 proteins, which appear to control the size and number of grana discs in a dosage- and phosphorylation-dependent manner. Depending on light conditions, thylakoid membranes undergo dynamic structural changes that involve alterations in granum diameter and height, vertical unstacking of grana, and swelling of the thylakoid lumen. This plasticity is realized predominantly by reorganization of the supramolecular structure of protein complexes within grana stacks and by changes in multiprotein complex composition between appressed and non-appressed membrane domains. Reversible phosphorylation of LHC proteins (LHCPs) and PSII components appears to initiate most of the underlying regulatory mechanisms. An update on the roles of lipids, proteins, and protein complexes, as well as possible trafficking mechanisms, during thylakoid biogenesis and the de-etiolation process complements this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Pribil
- Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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20
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Del Duca S, Serafini-Fracassini D, Cai G. Senescence and programmed cell death in plants: polyamine action mediated by transglutaminase. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:120. [PMID: 24778637 PMCID: PMC3985020 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Research on polyamines (PAs) in plants laps a long way of about 50 years and many roles have been discovered for these aliphatic cations. PAs regulate cell division, differentiation, organogenesis, reproduction, dormancy-break and senescence, homeostatic adjustments in response to external stimuli and stresses. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms of their multiple activities are still matter of research. PAs are present in free and bound forms and interact with several important cell molecules; some of these interactions may occur by covalent linkages catalyzed by transglutaminase (TGase), giving rise to "cationization" or cross-links among specific proteins. Senescence and programmed cell death (PCD) can be delayed by PAs; in order to re-interpret some of these effects and to obtain new insights into their molecular mechanisms, their conjugation has been revised here. The TGase-mediated interactions between proteins and PAs are the main target of this review. After an introduction on the characteristics of this enzyme, on its catalysis and role in PCD in animals, the plant senescence and PCD models in which TGase has been studied, are presented: the corolla of naturally senescing or excised flowers, the leaves senescing, either excised or not, the pollen during self-incompatible pollination, the hypersensitive response and the tuber storage parenchyma during dormancy release. In all the models examined, TGase appears to be involved by a similar molecular mechanism as described during apoptosis in animal cells, even though several substrates are different. Its effect is probably related to the type of PCD, but mostly to the substrate to be modified in order to achieve the specific PCD program. As a cross-linker of PAs and proteins, TGase is an important factor involved in multiple, sometimes controversial, roles of PAs during senescence and PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Del Duca
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (Botany), University of BolognaBologna, Italy
| | | | - Giampiero Cai
- Department of Life Sciences, University of SienaSiena, Italy
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21
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Sobieszczuk-Nowicka E, Legocka J. Plastid-associated polyamines: their role in differentiation, structure, functioning, stress response and senescence. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2014; 16:297-305. [PMID: 23889994 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines are low-molecular weight biogenic amines. They are a specific group of cell growth and development regulators. In the past decade biochemical, molecular and genetic studies have contributed much to a better understanding of the biological role of polyamines in the plant cell. Substantial evidence has also been added to our understanding of the role of polyamines in plastid development. In developing chloroplasts, polyamines serve as a nitrogen source for protein and chlorophyll synthesis. In chloroplast structure, thylakoid proteins linked to polyamines belong mainly to antenna proteins of light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein complexes. The fact that LHCII oligomeric forms are much more intensely labelled by polyamines, in comparison to monomeric forms, suggests that polyamines participate in oligomer stabilisation. In plastid metabolism, polyamines modulate effectiveness of photosynthesis. The role of polyamines in mature chloroplasts is also related to the photo-adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus to low and high light intensity and its response to environmental stress. The occurrence of polyamines and enzymes participating in their metabolism at every stage of plastid development indicates that polyamines play a role in plastid differentiation, structure, functioning and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sobieszczuk-Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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22
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Unnep R, Zsiros O, Solymosi K, Kovács L, Lambrev PH, Tóth T, Schweins R, Posselt D, Székely NK, Rosta L, Nagy G, Garab G. The ultrastructure and flexibility of thylakoid membranes in leaves and isolated chloroplasts as revealed by small-angle neutron scattering. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2014; 1837:1572-80. [PMID: 24508217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We studied the periodicity of the multilamellar membrane system of granal chloroplasts in different isolated plant thylakoid membranes, using different suspension media, as well as on different detached leaves and isolated protoplasts-using small-angle neutron scattering. Freshly isolated thylakoid membranes suspended in isotonic or hypertonic media, containing sorbitol supplemented with cations, displayed Bragg peaks typically between 0.019 and 0.023Å(-1), corresponding to spatially and statistically averaged repeat distance values of about 275-330 Å⁻¹. Similar data obtained earlier led us in previous work to propose an origin from the periodicity of stroma thylakoid membranes. However, detached leaves, of eleven different species, infiltrated with or soaked in D2O in dim laboratory light or transpired with D2O prior to measurements, exhibited considerably smaller repeat distances, typically between 210 and 230 Å⁻¹, ruling out a stromal membrane origin. Similar values were obtained on isolated tobacco and spinach protoplasts. When NaCl was used as osmoticum, the Bragg peaks of isolated thylakoid membranes almost coincided with those in the same batch of leaves and the repeat distances were very close to the electron microscopically determined values in the grana. Although neutron scattering and electron microscopy yield somewhat different values, which is not fully understood, we can conclude that small-angle neutron scattering is a suitable technique to study the periodic organization of granal thylakoid membranes in intact leaves under physiological conditions and with a time resolution of minutes or shorter. We also show here, for the first time on leaves, that the periodicity of thylakoid membranes in situ responds dynamically to moderately strong illumination. This article is part of a special issue entitled: photosynthesis research for sustainability: keys to produce clean energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Unnep
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - O Zsiros
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 521, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
| | - K Solymosi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Eötvös University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - L Kovács
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 521, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
| | - P H Lambrev
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 521, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
| | - T Tóth
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 521, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
| | - R Schweins
- Institut Laue-Langevin, BP 156, F-38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - D Posselt
- IMFUFA, Department of Science, Systems and Models, Roskilde University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - N K Székely
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - L Rosta
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - G Nagy
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary; Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - G Garab
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 521, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary.
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Amin AA, Gharib FA, Abouziena HF, Dawood MG. Role of indole-3-butyric acid or/and putrescine in improving productivity of chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.) plants. Pak J Biol Sci 2013; 16:1894-903. [PMID: 24517004 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2013.1894.1903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The response of chickpea (Cicer arientinum L. cv. Giza 3) to treatment with two plant growth regulators putrescine (Put) and Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at 25, 50 and 100 mg L(-1) applied either alone or in combinations was studied. Spraying of Put and IBA either individually or in combination significantly increased the plant height, number and dry weight of branches, leaves and pods/plant and leaf area/plant at the two growth stages. Total photosynthetic pigments in fresh leaves were significantly promoted as a result of application of Put or IBA. Generally, application of Put and/or IBA at 100 mg L(-1) produced the highest numbers of pods which resulted in substantially the highest seed yield. Put and IBA increased the seed yield by 21.3 and 19.2%, respectively, while the combination of Put at 100 mgL(-1) and IBA at 50 mgL(-1) increased it by 27.4%. Greatest increases in straw and biological yield/fed (38.3 and 30.4%, respectively) were noted with the combination treatment of IBA 100 mg L(-1) plus Put at 100 mg L(-1). Put and IBA significantly increased the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, total soluble sugars and total free amino acids in chickpea seeds over control, but the effects were less marked than those of their combination. This response was greater following treatment with IBA than with Put. It could be conclude that spraying Put or/and IBA on chickpea plants have promotion effects on the seeds yield criteria which have promising potential as sources of low-cost protein and minerals for possible use as food/feed supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Amin
- Department of Botany, National Research Centre, Cairo, 126221, Egypt
| | - F A Gharib
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt
| | - H F Abouziena
- Department of Botany, National Research Centre, Cairo, 126221, Egypt
| | - Mona G Dawood
- Department of Botany, National Research Centre, Cairo, 126221, Egypt
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Morphological, physiological, and structural responses of two species of artemisia to NaCl stress. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:309808. [PMID: 24235883 PMCID: PMC3819946 DOI: 10.1155/2013/309808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of salt stress on Artemisia scoparia and A. vulgaris “Variegate” were examined. A. scoparia leaves became withered under NaCl treatment, whereas A. vulgaris “Variegate” leaves were not remarkably affected. Chlorophyll content decreased in both species, with a higher reduction in A. scoparia. Contents of proline, MDA, soluble carbohydrate, and Na+ increased in both species under salt stress, but A. vulgaris “Variegate” had higher level of proline and soluble carbohydrate and lower level of MDA and Na+. The ratios of K+/Na+, Ca2+/Na+, and Mg2+/Na+ in A. vulgaris “Variegate” under NaCl stress were higher. Moreover, A. vulgaris “Variegate” had higher transport selectivity of K+/Na+ from root to stem, stem to middle mature leaves, and upper newly developed leaves than A. scoparia under NaCl stress. A. vulgaris “Variegate” chloroplast maintained its morphological integrity under NaCl stress, whereas A. scoparia chloroplast lost integrity. The results indicated that A. scoparia is more sensitive to salt stress than A. vulgaris “Variegate.” Salt tolerance is mainly related to the ability of regulating osmotic pressure through the accumulation of soluble carbohydrates and proline, and the gradient distribution of K+ between roots and leaves was also contributed to osmotic pressure adjustment and improvement of plant salt tolerance.
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Campos N, Castañón S, Urreta I, Santos M, Torné JM. Rice transglutaminase gene: Identification, protein expression, functionality, light dependence and specific cell location. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 205-206:97-110. [PMID: 23498867 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGases), that catalyze post-translational modification of proteins, are scarcely known in plants. As part of a project to characterize transglutaminase genes in new plant species, the identification and characterization of a TGase in rice is presented. Using differential primers, a cDNA (tgo) of 1767bp from genomic rice DNA amplification was obtained. The primers were designed from the rice DNA sequence relatively homologous to the gene encoding active maize chloroplast TGase. Amino acid sequence of the deduced rice TGase protein (TGO) indicated that it contains the enzyme catalytic triad (Cys-His-Asp), three repeats, myristoylation domains and a leucine zipper motif. The TGO recombinant protein was characterized, showing specific activity regulation, and indicating that tgo encoded for an authentic TGase. Substrate preference and Ca(2+) dependent activity were also detected. In the rice plant TGO protein was immunolocalized in the grana chloroplasts, in protein vesicles near them, and in the bulliform cells. Immunoblot analyses, tgo mRNA expression, and TGase activity indicated that TGO expression in rice was light dependent and regulated by the illumination period. This work increases significantly our plant TGase understanding. Its functional role in rice, which is a good model system for C3 plants, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Campos
- Molecular Genetics Department, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics: CRAG (Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
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Cui W, Yang X, Fang Y, Zhou S, Liu S, Du G, Du K, Chen J, Tao G, Zhou Z. Discovery of two transglutaminases derived from same zymogen for the Streptomyces hygroscopicus and analysis of their formation processes. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:1711-1717. [PMID: 23355183 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transglutaminase (TGase) is secreted as a zymogen (Pro-TGase) and is then processed by removal of its N-terminal region through exogenous proteolytic activity. In this study it was discovered that the Pro-TGase from Streptomyces hygroscopicus was also activated by its TGase (processed through exogenous proteolytic activity), resulting in a different active form. RESULTS The two TGases exhibited different ionic strengths, hydrophobicities, Km values and stabilities. Circular dichroism spectral analysis showed that the two enzymes had non-identical secondary structures, while liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis indicated that they differed in molecular mass by 111 Da. The formation of the TGase activated from Pro-TGase by TGase was delayed compared with that of TGase processed through exogenous proteolytic activity. Furthermore, it was found that the TGase activated from Pro-TGase by TGase did not activate Pro-TGase. CONCLUSION Two TGases derived from the same zymogen from S. hygroscopicus were discovered. These two active forms of TGase may be due to different activation processes: one of them is catalysed by its own active TGase, while the other is activated by an exogenous protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Cui
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
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Shu S, Guo SR, Sun J, Yuan LY. Effects of salt stress on the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus in Cucumis sativus and its protection by exogenous putrescine. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2012; 146:285-96. [PMID: 22452600 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
With the objective to clarify the physiological significance of polyamines (PAs) in the photosynthetic apparatus, the present study investigated the effects of salt stress with and without foliar application of putrescine (Put) on the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus in cucumber. Salt stress at 75 mM NaCl for 7 days resulted in a severe reduction of photosynthesis. The fast chlorophyll afluorescence transient analysis showed that salt stress inhibited the maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (F(v)/F(m)), mainly due to damage at the receptor side of PSII. In addition, salt stress decreased the density of active reaction centers and the structure performance. The microscopic analysis revealed that salt stress-induced destruction of the chloroplast envelope and increased the number of plastoglobuli along with aberrations in thylakoid membranes. Besides, salt stress caused a decrease in the content of endogenous PAs, conjugated and bound forms of spermidine and spermine in particular, in thylakoid membranes. However, applications of 8 mM Put alleviated the salt stress-mediated decrease in net photosynthetic rates (Pn) and actual efficiency of PSII(Φ(PSII)). Put increased PAs in thylakoid membranes and overcame the damaging effects of salt stress on the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus in salt-stressed plant leaves. Put application to control plants neither increased PAs in thylakoid membranes nor affected photosynthesis. These results indicate that PAs in chloroplasts play crucial roles in protecting the thylakoid membranes against the deleterious influences of salt stress. In addition, the present results point to the probability that the salt-induced dysfunction of photosynthesis is largely attributable to the loss of PAs in the photosynthetic apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Shu
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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Ioannidis NE, Lopera O, Santos M, Torné JM, Kotzabasis K. Role of plastid transglutaminase in LHCII polyamination and thylakoid electron and proton flow. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41979. [PMID: 22870182 PMCID: PMC3411467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminases function as biological glues in animal cells, plant cells and microbes. In energy producing organelles such as chloroplasts the presence of transglutaminases was recently confirmed. Furthermore, a plastidial transglutaminase has been cloned from maize and the first plants overexpressing tgz are available (Nicotiana tabacum TGZ OE). Our hypothesis is that the overexpression of plastidal transglutaminase will alter photosynthesis via increased polyamination of the antenna of photosystem II. We have used standard analytical tools to separate the antenna from photosystem II in wild type and modified plants, 6 specific antibodies against LHCbs to confirm their presence and sensitive HPLC method to quantify the polyamination level of these proteins. We report that bound spermidine and spermine were significantly increased (∼80%) in overexpressors. Moreover, we used recent advances in in vivo probing to study simultaneously the proton and electron circuit of thylakoids. Under physiological conditions overexpressors show a 3-fold higher sensitivity of the antenna down regulation loop (qE) to the elicitor (luminal protons) which is estimated as the ΔpH component of thylakoidal proton motive force. In addition, photosystem (hyper-PSIIα) with an exceptionally high antenna (large absorption cross section), accumulate in transglutaminase over expressers doubling the rate constant of light energy utilization (Kα) and promoting thylakoid membrane stacking. Polyamination of antenna proteins is a previously unrecognized mechanism for the modulation of the size (antenna absorption cross section) and sensitivity of photosystem II to down regulation. Future research will reveal which peptides and which residues of the antenna are responsible for such effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos E. Ioannidis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Departament de Genètica Molecular, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CRAG (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Lopera
- Departament de Genètica Molecular, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CRAG (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireya Santos
- Departament de Genètica Molecular, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CRAG (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M. Torné
- Departament de Genètica Molecular, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CRAG (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kiriakos Kotzabasis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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29
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Rumak I, Mazur R, Gieczewska K, Kozioł-Lipińska J, Kierdaszuk B, Michalski WP, Shiell BJ, Venema JH, Vredenberg WJ, Mostowska A, Garstka M. Correlation between spatial (3D) structure of pea and bean thylakoid membranes and arrangement of chlorophyll-protein complexes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:72. [PMID: 22631450 PMCID: PMC3499227 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thylakoid system in plant chloroplasts is organized into two distinct domains: grana arranged in stacks of appressed membranes and non-appressed membranes consisting of stroma thylakoids and margins of granal stacks. It is argued that the reason for the development of appressed membranes in plants is that their photosynthetic apparatus need to cope with and survive ever-changing environmental conditions. It is not known however, why different plant species have different arrangements of grana within their chloroplasts. It is important to elucidate whether a different arrangement and distribution of appressed and non-appressed thylakoids in chloroplasts are linked with different qualitative and/or quantitative organization of chlorophyll-protein (CP) complexes in the thylakoid membranes and whether this arrangement influences the photosynthetic efficiency. RESULTS Our results from TEM and in situ CLSM strongly indicate the existence of different arrangements of pea and bean thylakoid membranes. In pea, larger appressed thylakoids are regularly arranged within chloroplasts as uniformly distributed red fluorescent bodies, while irregular appressed thylakoid membranes within bean chloroplasts correspond to smaller and less distinguished fluorescent areas in CLSM images. 3D models of pea chloroplasts show a distinct spatial separation of stacked thylakoids from stromal spaces whereas spatial division of stroma and thylakoid areas in bean chloroplasts are more complex. Structural differences influenced the PSII photochemistry, however without significant changes in photosynthetic efficiency. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of chlorophyll-protein complexes as well as spectroscopic investigations indicated a similar proportion between PSI and PSII core complexes in pea and bean thylakoids, but higher abundance of LHCII antenna in pea ones. Furthermore, distinct differences in size and arrangements of LHCII-PSII and LHCI-PSI supercomplexes between species are suggested. CONCLUSIONS Based on proteomic and spectroscopic investigations we postulate that the differences in the chloroplast structure between the analyzed species are a consequence of quantitative proportions between the individual CP complexes and its arrangement inside membranes. Such a structure of membranes induced the formation of large stacked domains in pea, or smaller heterogeneous regions in bean thylakoids. Presented 3D models of chloroplasts showed that stacked areas are noticeably irregular with variable thickness, merging with each other and not always parallel to each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Rumak
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw, PL-02-096, Poland
| | - Radosław Mazur
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw, PL-02-096, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gieczewska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw, PL-02-096, Poland
| | - Joanna Kozioł-Lipińska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw, PL-02-096, Poland
| | - Borys Kierdaszuk
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 93, Warsaw, PL-02-089, Poland
| | - Wojtek P Michalski
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Livestock Industries, 5 Portarlington Road Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Brian J Shiell
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Livestock Industries, 5 Portarlington Road Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Jan Henk Venema
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies (CEES), University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, Groningen, 9700 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Wim J Vredenberg
- Department of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Agnieszka Mostowska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw, PL-02-096, Poland
| | - Maciej Garstka
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw, PL-02-096, Poland
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Tsiavos T, Ioannidis NE, Kotzabasis K. Polyamines induce aggregation of LHC II and quenching of fluorescence in vitro. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1817:735-43. [PMID: 22285699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 12/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Dissipation of excess excitation energy within the light-harvesting complex of Photosystem II (LHC II) is a main process in plants, which is measured as the non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence or qE. We showed in previous works that polyamines stimulate qE in higher plants in vivo and in eukaryotic algae in vitro. In the present contribution we have tested whether polyamines can stimulate quenching in trimeric LHC II and monomeric light-harvesting complex b proteins from higher plants. The tetramine spermine was the most potent quencher and induced aggregation of LHC II trimers, due to its highly cationic character. Two transients are evident at 100 μM and 350 μM for the fluorescence and absorbance signals of LHC II respectively. On the basis of observations within this work, some links between polyamines and the activation of qE in vivo is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Tsiavos
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, GR-71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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31
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Nevo R, Charuvi D, Tsabari O, Reich Z. Composition, architecture and dynamics of the photosynthetic apparatus in higher plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 70:157-76. [PMID: 22449050 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04876.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The process of oxygenic photosynthesis enabled and still sustains aerobic life on Earth. The most elaborate form of the apparatus that carries out the primary steps of this vital process is the one present in higher plants. Here, we review the overall composition and supramolecular organization of this apparatus, as well as the complex architecture of the lamellar system within which it is harbored. Along the way, we refer to the genetic, biochemical, spectroscopic and, in particular, microscopic studies that have been employed to elucidate the structure and working of this remarkable molecular energy conversion device. As an example of the highly dynamic nature of the apparatus, we discuss the molecular and structural events that enable it to maintain high photosynthetic yields under fluctuating light conditions. We conclude the review with a summary of the hypotheses made over the years about the driving forces that underlie the partition of the lamellar system of higher plants and certain green algae into appressed and non-appressed membrane domains and the segregation of the photosynthetic protein complexes within these domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinat Nevo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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32
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Ioannidis NE, Tsiavos T, Kotzabasis K. Chemical Bonding of Chlorophylls and Plant Aminic Axial Ligands Impact Harvesting of Visible Light and Quenching of Fluorescence. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 88:98-106. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.01003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Adam Z, Charuvi D, Tsabari O, Knopf RR, Reich Z. Biogenesis of thylakoid networks in angiosperms: knowns and unknowns. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 76:221-34. [PMID: 20859754 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-010-9693-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic life on Earth depends on oxygenic photosynthesis. This fundamentally important process is carried out within an elaborate membranous system, called the thylakoid network. In angiosperms, thylakoid networks are constructed almost from scratch by an intricate, light-dependent process in which lipids, proteins, and small organic molecules are assembled into morphologically and functionally differentiated, three-dimensional lamellar structures. In this review, we summarize the major events that occur during this complex, largely elusive process, concentrating on those that are directly involved in network formation and potentiation and highlighting gaps in our knowledge, which, as hinted by the title, are substantial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach Adam
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.
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Ioannidis NE, Sfichi-Duke L, Kotzabasis K. Polyamines stimulate non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll a fluorescence in Scenedesmus obliquus. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2011; 107:169-75. [PMID: 21302030 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-010-9617-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) are small metabolites that are produced and oxidized in chloroplasts with an obscure mode of action. Recently, we showed that qE is stimulated by PAs in higher plants (Nicotiana tabacum) and in genetically modified plants with elevated thylakoid-associated PAs (Ioannidis and Kotzabasis Biochim Biophys Acta 1767:1371-1382, 2007; Ioannidis et al. Biochim Biophys Acta 1787:1215-1222, 2009). Here, we investigated further their quenching properties both in vivo in green algae and in vitro is isolated LHCII. In vivo spermine up-regulates NPQ in Scenedesums obliquus about 30%. In vitro putrescine--the obligatory metabolic precursor of PAs--has a marginal quenching effect, while spermidine and spermine exhibit strong quenching abilities in isolated LHCII up to 40%. Based on available 3D models of LHCII we report a special cavity of about 600 Å(3) and a near-by larger pocket in the trimeric LHCII that could be of importance for the stimulation of qE by amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos E Ioannidis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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35
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Carvajal P, Gibert J, Campos N, Lopera O, Barberà E, Torné JM, Santos M. Activity of maize transglutaminase overexpressed in Escherichia coli inclusion bodies: an alternative to protein refolding. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:232-40. [PMID: 21312370 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGases) catalyze protein post-translational modification by ε-(γ-glutamyl) links and covalent polyamine conjugation. In plants, this enzyme is poorly characterized and only the maize plastidial TGase gene (tgz) has been cloned. The tgz gene (Patent WWO03102128) had been subcloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli cells, and the recombinant protein (TGZp) was present mainly in inclusion bodies (IB) fraction. In this work, after overexpression of TGZ15p and SDS-PAGE IB fraction analysis, bands about 65 and 56 kDa were obtained. Western blot, alkylation and MALDI-TOF/TOF analyses indicated that the 56 kDa band corresponded to a truncated sequence from the native TGZ15p (expected MW 65 kDa), by elimination of a chloroplast signal peptide fragment during expression processing. So that large-scale protein production and protein crystallization can be applied, we characterized the TGZ15p enzyme activity in the IB protein fraction, with and without refolding. Results indicate that it presented the biochemical characteristics of other described TGases, showing a certain plant-substrate preference. Solubilization of the IB fraction with Triton X-100 as nondenaturing detergent yielded active TGZ without the need for refolding, giving activity values comparable to those of the refolded protein, indicating that this is a valuable, faster way to obtain TGZ active protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Carvajal
- Dept. of Molecular Genetics, Centre de Recerca Agrigenomica CRAG (CSIC-IRTA-UAB), Jordi Girona Salgado 18-24, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Villar-Piqué A, Sabaté R, Lopera O, Gibert J, Torne JM, Santos M, Ventura S. Amyloid-like protein inclusions in tobacco transgenic plants. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13625. [PMID: 21049018 PMCID: PMC2964307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of insoluble protein deposits in human tissues is linked to the onset of more than 40 different disorders, ranging from dementia to diabetes. In these diseases, the proteins usually self-assemble into ordered β-sheet enriched aggregates known as amyloid fibrils. Here we study the structure of the inclusions formed by maize transglutaminase (TGZ) in the chloroplasts of tobacco transplastomic plants and demonstrate that they have an amyloid-like nature. Together with the evidence of amyloid structures in bacteria and fungi our data argue that amyloid formation is likely a ubiquitous process occurring across the different kingdoms of life. The discovery of amyloid conformations inside inclusions of genetically modified plants might have implications regarding their use for human applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Villar-Piqué
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Raimon Sabaté
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Oriol Lopera
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB, Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Gibert
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB, Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Torne
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB, Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireya Santos
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB, Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Ventura
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Campos A, Carvajal-Vallejos PK, Villalobos E, Franco CF, Almeida AM, Coelho AV, Torné JM, Santos M. Characterisation of Zea mays L. plastidial transglutaminase: interactions with thylakoid membrane proteins. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2010; 12:708-16. [PMID: 20701693 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast transglutaminase (chlTGase) activity is considered to play a significant role in response to a light stimulus and photo-adaptation of plants, but its precise function in the chloroplast is unclear. The characterisation, at the proteomic level, of the chlTGase interaction with thylakoid proteins and demonstration of its association with photosystem II (PSII) protein complexes was accomplished with experiments using maize thylakoid protein extracts. By means of a specific antibody designed against the C-terminal sequence of the maize TGase gene product, different chlTGase forms were immunodetected in thylakoid membrane extracts from three different stages of maize chloroplast differentiation. These bands co-localised with those of lhcb 1, 2 and 3 antenna proteins. The most significant, a 58 kDa form present in mature chloroplasts, was characterised using biochemical and proteomic approaches. Sequential fractionation of thylakoid proteins from light-induced mature chloroplasts showed that the 58 kDa form was associated with the thylakoid membrane, behaving as a soluble or peripheral membrane protein. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis discriminated, for the first time, the 58-kDa band in two different forms, probably corresponding to the two different TGase cDNAs previously cloned. Electrophoretic separation of thylakoid proteins in native gels, followed by LC-MS mass spectrometry identification of protein complexes indicated that maize chlTGase forms part of a specific PSII protein complex, which includes LHCII, ATPase and pSbS proteins. The results are discussed in relation to the interaction between these proteins and the suggested role of the enzyme in thylakoid membrane organisation and photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Campos
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
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Jantaro S, Pothipongsa A, Khanthasuwan S, Incharoensakdi A. Short-term UV-B and UV-C radiations preferentially decrease spermidine contents and arginine decarboxylase transcript levels of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Curr Microbiol 2010; 62:420-6. [PMID: 20680281 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-010-9724-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the short term effect of ultraviolet (UV) radiations on changes in pigments and polyamine contents, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 cells after exposure to UV-radiation were extracted by dimethylformamide and perchloric acid for pigments and polyamines determination, respectively. Cell growth was slightly decreased after 1 h exposure to UV-A and UV-B radiations. UV-C had little effect on cell growth despite the decrease of photosynthetic rate by about 18%. UV-A and UV-B decreased the contents of chlorophyll a and carotenoids whereas UV-C decreased chlorophyll a but had no effect on carotenoids. Spermidine contents were unaffected by UV-A, in contrast to the reduction of 25 and 50% by UV-B and UV-C, respectively. All three types of UV-radiation particularly reduced perchloric acid-insoluble spermidine. Importantly, putrescine and spermine which accounted for less than 1% of intracellular polyamines were increased by about three- to eight-fold by UV-B and UV-C, respectively. The changes in polyamines contents by UV-B and UV-C were consistent with the changes in transcript levels of arginine decarboxylase mRNA, but not with the protein levels. The decrease in the transcripts of adc2 but not adc1 was observed with UV-B and UV-C treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saowarath Jantaro
- Laboratory of Cyanobacterial Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Ortigosa SM, Díaz-Vivancos P, Clemente-Moreno MJ, Pintó-Marijuan M, Fleck I, Veramendi J, Santos M, Hernandez JA, Torné JM. Oxidative stress induced in tobacco leaves by chloroplast over-expression of maize plastidial transglutaminase. PLANTA 2010; 232:593-605. [PMID: 20480177 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-010-1185-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
As part of a project aiming to characterize the role of maize plastidial transglutaminase (chlTGZ) in the plant chloroplast, this paper presents results on stress induced by continuous chlTGZ over-expression in transplastomic tobacco leaves. Thylakoid remodelling induced by chlTGZ over-expression in young leaves of tobacco chloroplasts has already been reported (Ioannidis et al. in Biochem Biophys Acta 1787:1215-1222, 2009). In the present work, we determined the induced alterations in the photosynthetic apparatus, in the chloroplast ultrastructure, and, particularly, the activation of oxidative and antioxidative metabolism pathways, regarding ageing and functionality of the tobacco transformed plants. The results revealed that photochemistry impairment and oxidative stress increased with transplastomic leaf age. The decrease in pigment levels in the transformed leaves was accompanied by an increase in H(2)O(2) and lipid peroxidation. The rise in H(2)O(2) correlated with a decrease in catalase activity, whereas there was an increase in peroxidase activity. In addition, chlTGZ over-expression lead to a drop in reduced glutathione, while Fe-superoxide dismutase activity was higher in transformed than in wild-type leaves. Together with the induced oxidative stress, the over-expressed chlTGZ protein accumulated progressively in chloroplast inclusion bodies. These traits were accompanied by thylakoid scattering, membrane degradation and reduction of thylakoid interconnections. Consequently, the electron transport between photosystems decrease in the old leaves. In spite of these alterations, transplastomic plants can be maintained and reproduced in vitro. These results are discussed in line with chlTGZ involvement in chloroplast functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana M Ortigosa
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
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Serafini-Fracassini D, Di Sandro A, Del Duca S. Spermine delays leaf senescence in Lactuca sativa and prevents the decay of chloroplast photosystems. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2010; 48:602-11. [PMID: 20381367 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Aliphatic polyamines (PAs) are involved in the delay or prevention of plant senescence, but the molecular mechanism is not clarified. The hypothesis is put forward that one of the mechanisms by which PAs modulate leaf senescence and chlorophyll stabilisation could be due to their modification of chlorophyll-bound proteins, catalysed by transglutaminase (TGase, R-glutaminylpeptide-amine gamma-glutamyltransferase; E.C. 2.3.2.13). The retardation of leaf senescence of Lactuca sativa L. by spermine (Spm) was examined during induced cell death using leaf discs, or during the normal developmental senescence of leaves. Over 3 days, in leaf discs, Spm caused a delay of chlorophyll (Chl) decay, an increase of endogenous TGase activity, and a three-fold increase in chlorophyll content when supplied together with exogenous TGase. Spm was conjugated, via TGase, mainly to 22-30 kDa proteins. Long-term experiments over 5 days showed a general decrease in all three parameters with or without Spm. When leaves remained on the plants, Spm-sprayed leaves showed an increase in free Spm 1 h after spraying, mainly in the young leaves, whereas over longer periods (15 days) there was an increase in perchloric acid-soluble and -insoluble Spm metabolites. In senescing leaves, Spm prevented degradation of chlorophyll b and some proteins, and increased TGase activity, producing more PA-protein conjugates. Spm was translocated to chloroplasts and bound mainly onto fractions enriched in PSII, but also those enriched in PSI, whose light-harvesting complexes (LHC) sub-fractions contained TGase. Spm was conjugated by TGase mainly to LHCII, more markedly in the light. Immunodetection of TGase revealed multiple proteins in young leaves, possibly representing different TGase isoforms when TGase activity was high, whereas in already senescent leaves, when its activity decreased, one high-molecular-mass band was found, possibly because of enzyme polymerisation. Spm thus protected senescing Lactuca leaves from the decay of their chloroplast photosystem complexes. The senescence-delaying effects of Spm could be mediated by TGase, as TGase was re-activated to the level in young leaves following Spm treatment.
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