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Yang T, Hu Y, Chen S, Li L, Cao X, Yuan J, Shu F, Jiang Z, Qian S, Zhu X, Wei C, Wei R, Yan M, Li C, Yin X, Lu Q. Correction to: YY1 inactivated transcription co-regulator PGC-1α to promote mitochondrial dysfunction of early diabetic nephropathy-associated tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:2787-2792. [PMID: 37115478 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-023-09802-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The development of diabetic nephropathy (DN) could be promoted by the occurrence of tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF), which has a close relationship with mitochondrial dysfunction of renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs). As a key regulator of metabolic homeostasis, Yin Yang 1 (YY1) plays an important role not only in regulating the fibrosis process but also in maintaining the mitochondrial function of pancreatic β-cells. However, it was not clear whether YY1 participated in maintaining mitochondrial function of RTECs in early DN-associated TIF. In this study, we dynamically detected mitochondrial functions and protein expression of YY1 in db/db mice and high glucose (HG)-cultured HK-2 cells. Our results showed that comparing with the occurrence of TIF, the emergence of mitochondrial dysfunction of RTECs was an earlier even, besides the up-regulated and nuclear translocated YY1. Correlation analysis showed YY1 expressions were negatively associated with PGC-1α in vitro and in vivo. Further mechanism research demonstrated the formation of mTOR-YY1 heterodimer induced by HG up-regulated YY1, the nuclear translocation of which inactivated PGC-1α by binding to the PGC-1α promoter. Overexpression of YY1 induced mitochondrial dysfunctions in normal glucose-cultured HK-2 cells and 8-weeks-old db/m mice. While, dysfunctional mitochondria induced by HG could be improved by knockdown of YY1. Finally, downregulation of YY1 could retard the progression of TIF by preventing mitochondrial functions, resulting in the improvement of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in early DN. These findings suggested that YY1 was a novel regulator of mitochondrial function of RTECs and contributed to the occurrence of early DN-associated TIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Yinlu Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Shangxiu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Lin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Xinyun Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Jiayu Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Fanglin Shu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Hangzhou Lin'an District, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Sitong Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Xia Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Chujing Wei
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Rui Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Meng Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Chenlin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Xiaoxing Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, NO. 209. Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qian Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, NO. 209. Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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Role of Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins in the Cancer-Immune Landscape. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065086. [PMID: 36982162 PMCID: PMC10049280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains the second leading cause of death, accounting for approximately 20% of all fatalities. Evolving cancer cells and a dysregulated immune system create complex tumor environments that fuel tumor growth, metastasis, and resistance. Over the past decades, significant progress in deciphering cancer cell behavior and recognizing the immune system as a hallmark of tumorigenesis has been achieved. However, the underlying mechanisms controlling the evolving cancer-immune landscape remain mostly unexplored. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonuclear proteins (hnRNP), a highly conserved family of RNA-binding proteins, have vital roles in critical cellular processes, including transcription, post-transcriptional modifications, and translation. Dysregulation of hnRNP is a critical contributor to cancer development and resistance. HnRNP contribute to the diversity of tumor and immune-associated aberrant proteomes by controlling alternative splicing and translation. They can also promote cancer-associated gene expression by regulating transcription factors, binding to DNA directly, or promoting chromatin remodeling. HnRNP are emerging as newly recognized mRNA readers. Here, we review the roles of hnRNP as regulators of the cancer-immune landscape. Dissecting the molecular functions of hnRNP will provide a better understanding of cancer-immune biology and will impact the development of new approaches to control and treat cancer.
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Padinharayil H, Rai V, George A. Mitochondrial Metabolism in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: From Mechanism-Based Perspectives to Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:1070. [PMID: 36831413 PMCID: PMC9954550 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the fourteenth most common malignancy, is a major contributor to cancer-related death with the utmost case fatality rate among all malignancies. Functional mitochondria, regardless of their complex ecosystem relative to normal cells, are essential in PDAC progression. Tumor cells' potential to produce ATP as energy, despite retaining the redox potential optimum, and allocating materials for biosynthetic activities that are crucial for cell growth, survival, and proliferation, are assisted by mitochondria. The polyclonal tumor cells with different metabolic profiles may add to carcinogenesis through inter-metabolic coupling. Cancer cells frequently possess alterations in the mitochondrial genome, although they do not hinder metabolism; alternatively, they change bioenergetics. This can further impart retrograde signaling, educate cell signaling, epigenetic modifications, chromatin structures, and transcription machinery, and ultimately satisfy cancer cellular and nuclear demands. To maximize the tumor microenvironment (TME), tumor cells remodel nearby stromal cells and extracellular matrix. These changes initiate polyclonality, which is crucial for growth, stress response, and metastasis. Here, we evaluate all the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways drawn by mitochondria in carcinogenesis, emphasizing the perspectives of mitochondrial metabolism in PDAC progression and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiza Padinharayil
- Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur 680005, Kerala, India
| | - Vikrant Rai
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
| | - Alex George
- Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur 680005, Kerala, India
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Solar M, Grayck MR, McCarthy WC, Zheng L, Lacayo OA, Sherlock LG, Zhou R, Orlicky DJ, Wright CJ. Absence of IκBβ/NFκB signaling does not attenuate acetaminophen-induced hepatic injury. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022:10.1002/ar.25126. [PMID: 36426684 PMCID: PMC10209348 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol [APAP]) toxicity is a common cause of acute liver failure. Innate immune signaling and specifically NFκB activation play a complex role in mediating the hepatic response to toxic APAP exposures. While inflammatory innate immune responses contribute to APAP-induced injury, these same pathways play a role in regeneration and repair. Previous studies have shown that attenuating IκBβ/NFκB signaling downstream of TLR4 activation can limit injury, but whether this pathway contributes to APAP-induced hepatic injury is unknown. We hypothesized that the absence of IκBβ/NFκB signaling in the setting of toxic APAP exposure would attenuate APAP-induced hepatic injury. To test this, we exposed adult male WT and IκBβ-/- mice to APAP (280 mg/kg, IP) and evaluated liver histology at early (2-24 hr) and late (48-72 hr) time points. Furthermore, we interrogated the hepatic expression of NFκB inflammatory (Cxcl1, Tnf, Il1b, Il6, Ptgs2, and Ccl2), anti-inflammatory (Il10, Tnfaip3, and Nfkbia), and Nrf2/antioxidant (Gclc, Hmox, and Nqo1) target genes previously demonstrated to play a role in APAP-induced injury. Conflicting with our hypothesis, we found that hepatic injury was similar in WT and IκBβ-/- mice. Acutely, the induced expression of some target genes was similar in WT and IκBβ-/- mice (Tnfaip3, Nfkbia, and Gclc), while others were either not induced (Cxcl1, Tnf, Ptgs2, and Il10) or significantly attenuated (Ccl2) in IκBβ-/- mice. At later time points, APAP-induced hepatic expression of Il1b, Il6, and Gclc was significantly attenuated in IκBβ-/- mice. Based on these findings, the therapeutic potential of targeting IκBβ/NFκB signaling to treat toxic APAP-induced hepatic injury is likely limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mack Solar
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Maya R. Grayck
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - William C. McCarthy
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Lijun Zheng
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Oscar A. Lacayo
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Laura G. Sherlock
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Ruby Zhou
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - David J. Orlicky
- Dept of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Clyde J. Wright
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
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Emerging roles of hnRNP A2B1 in cancer and inflammation. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 221:1077-1092. [PMID: 36113587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) are a group of RNA-binding proteins with important roles in multiple aspects of nucleic acid metabolism, including the packaging of nascent transcripts, alternative splicing, transactivation of gene expression, and regulation of protein translation. As a core component of the hnRNP complex in mammalian cells, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2B1 (hnRNP A2B1) participates in and coordinates various molecular events. Given its regulatory role in inflammation and cancer progression, hnRNP A2B1 has become a novel player in immune response, inflammation, and cancer development. Concomitant with these new roles, a surprising number of mechanisms deemed to regulate hnRNP A2B1 functions have been identified, including post-translational modifications, changes in subcellular localization, direct interactions with multiple DNAs, RNAs, and proteins or the formation of complexes with them, which have gradually made hnRNP A2B1 a molecular target for multiple drugs. In light of the rising interest in the intersection between cancer and inflammation, this review will focus on recent knowledge of the biological roles of hnRNP A2B1 in cancer, immune response, and inflammation.
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YY1 inactivated transcription co-regulator PGC-1α to promote mitochondrial dysfunction of early diabetic nephropathy-associated tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Cell Biol Toxicol 2022:10.1007/s10565-022-09711-7. [PMID: 35445903 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-022-09711-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The development of diabetic nephropathy (DN) could be promoted by the occurrence of tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF), which had a closely relationship with mitochondrial dysfunction of renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs). As a key regulator of metabolic homeostasis, Yin Yang 1 (YY1) played an important role not only in regulating fibrosis process, but also in maintaining mitochondrial function of pancreatic β cells. However, it was not clear whether YY1 participated in maintaining mitochondrial function of RTECs in early DN-associated TIF. In this study, we dynamically detected mitochondrial functions and protein expression of YY1 in db/db mice and high glucose (HG)-cultured HK-2 cells. Our results showed that comparing with the occurrence of TIF, the emergence of mitochondrial dysfunction of RTECs was an earlier even, besides the up-regulated and nuclear translocated YY1. Correlation analysis showed YY1 expressions were negatively associated with PGC-1α in vitro and in vivo. Further mechanism research demonstrated the formation of mTOR-YY1 heterodimer induced by HG upregulated YY1, the nuclear translocation of which inactivated PGC-1α by binding to the PGC-1α promoter. Overexpression of YY1 induced mitochondrial dysfunctions in normal glucose cultured HK-2 cells and 8-week-old db/m mice. While, dysfunctional mitochondria induced by HG could be improved by knockdown of YY1. Finally, downregulation of YY1 could retard the progression of TIF by preventing mitochondrial functions, resulting in the improvement of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in early DN. These findings suggested that YY1 was a novel regulator of mitochondrial function of RTECs and contributed to the occurrence of early DN-associated TIF .
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7
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Salazar C, Barros M, Elorza AA, Ruiz LM. Dynamic Distribution of HIG2A between the Mitochondria and the Nucleus in Response to Hypoxia and Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010389. [PMID: 35008815 PMCID: PMC8745331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial respiratory supercomplex formation requires HIG2A protein, which also has been associated with cell proliferation and cell survival under hypoxia. HIG2A protein localizes in mitochondria and nucleus. DNA methylation and mRNA expression of the HIGD2A gene show significant alterations in several cancers, suggesting a role for HIG2A in cancer biology. The present work aims to understand the dynamics of the HIG2A subcellular localization under cellular stress. We found that HIG2A protein levels increase under oxidative stress. H2O2 shifts HIG2A localization to the mitochondria, while rotenone shifts it to the nucleus. HIG2A protein colocalized at a higher level in the nucleus concerning the mitochondrial network under normoxia and hypoxia (2% O2). Hypoxia (2% O2) significantly increases HIG2A nuclear colocalization in C2C12 cells. In HEK293 cells, chemical hypoxia with CoCl2 (>1% O2) and FCCP mitochondrial uncoupling, the HIG2A protein decreased its nuclear localization and shifted to the mitochondria. This suggests that the HIG2A distribution pattern between the mitochondria and the nucleus depends on stress and cell type. HIG2A protein expression levels increase under cellular stresses such as hypoxia and oxidative stress. Its dynamic distribution between mitochondria and the nucleus in response to stress factors suggests a new communication system between the mitochondria and the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Salazar
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile;
| | - Miriam Barros
- Confocal Microscopy Laboratory, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile;
| | - Alvaro A. Elorza
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile;
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Millennium Institute in Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Lina María Ruiz
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile;
- Correspondence:
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Song J, Wang D, Quan R, Liu J. Seneca Valley virus 3C pro degrades heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 to facilitate viral replication. Virulence 2021; 12:3125-3136. [PMID: 34923914 PMCID: PMC8923066 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.2014681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Seneca Valley virus (SVV) is a recently-identified important pathogen that is closely related to idiopathic vesicular disease in swine. Infection of SVV has been shown to induce a variety of cellular factors and their activations are essential for viral replication, but whether heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1) involved in SVV replication is unknown. The cytoplasmic redistribution of hnRNP A1 is considered to play an important role in the virus life cycle. Here, we demonstrated that SVV infection can promote redistribution of the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling RNA-binding protein hnRNP A1 to the cytoplasm from the nucleus, whereas hnRNP A1 remained mainly in the nucleus of mock-infected cells. siRNA-mediated knockdown of the gene encoding hnRNP A1 attenuated viral replication as evidenced by decreased viral protein expression and virus production, whereas its overexpression enhanced replication. Moreover, infection with SVV induced the degradation of hnRNP A1, and viral 3 C protease (3 Cpro) was found to be responsible for its degradation and translocation. Further studies demonstrated that 3 Cpro induced hnRNP A1 degradation through its protease activity, via the proteasome pathway. This degradation could be attenuated by a proteasome inhibitor (MG132) and inactivation of the conserved catalytic box in 3 Cpro. Taken together, these results presented here reveal that SVV 3 C protease targets cellular hnRNP A1 for its degradation and translocation, which is utilized by SVV to aid viral replication, thereby highlighting the control potential of strategies for infection of SVV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangwei Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Quan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jue Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Petri BJ, Piell KM, South Whitt GC, Wilt AE, Poulton CC, Lehman NL, Clem BF, Nystoriak MA, Wysoczynski M, Klinge CM. HNRNPA2B1 regulates tamoxifen- and fulvestrant-sensitivity and hallmarks of endocrine resistance in breast cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2021; 518:152-168. [PMID: 34273466 PMCID: PMC8358706 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite new combination therapies improving survival of breast cancer patients with estrogen receptor α (ER+) tumors, the molecular mechanisms for endocrine-resistant disease remain unresolved. Previously we demonstrated that expression of the RNA binding protein and N6-methyladenosine (m6A) reader HNRNPA2B1 (A2B1) is higher in LCC9 and LY2 tamoxifen (TAM)-resistant ERα breast cancer cells relative to parental TAM-sensitive MCF-7 cells. Here we report that A2B1 protein expression is higher in breast tumors than paired normal breast tissue. Modest stable overexpression of A2B1 in MCF-7 cells (MCF-7-A2B1 cells) resulted in TAM- and fulvestrant- resistance whereas knockdown of A2B1 in LCC9 and LY2 cells restored TAM and fulvestrant, endocrine-sensitivity. MCF-7-A2B1 cells gained hallmarks of TAM-resistant metastatic behavior: increased migration and invasion, clonogenicity, and soft agar colony size, which were attenuated by A2B1 knockdown in MCF-7-A2B1 and the TAM-resistant LCC9 and LY2 cells. MCF-7-A2B1, LCC9, and LY2 cells have a higher proportion of CD44+/CD24-/low cancer stem cells (CSC) compared to MCF-7 cells. MCF-7-A2B1 cells have increased ERα and reduced miR-222-3p that targets ERα. Like LCC9 cells, MCF-7-A2B1 have activated AKT and MAPK that depend on A2B1 expression and are growth inhibited by inhibitors of these pathways. These data support that targeting A2B1 could provide a complimentary therapeutic approach to reduce acquired endocrine resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda J Petri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Kellianne M Piell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Gordon C South Whitt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Ali E Wilt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Claire C Poulton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Norman L Lehman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Brian F Clem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Matthew A Nystoriak
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Marcin Wysoczynski
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Carolyn M Klinge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
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Mitochondrial Metabolism in Carcinogenesis and Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133311. [PMID: 34282749 PMCID: PMC8269082 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Reprogramming metabolism is a hallmark of cancer. Warburg’s effect, defined as increased aerobic glycolysis at the expense of mitochondrial respiration in cancer cells, opened new avenues of research in the field of cancer. Later findings, however, have revealed that mitochondria remain functional and that they actively contribute to metabolic plasticity of cancer cells. Understanding the mechanisms by which mitochondrial metabolism controls tumor initiation and progression is necessary to better characterize the onset of carcinogenesis. These studies may ultimately lead to the design of novel anti-cancer strategies targeting mitochondrial functions. Abstract Carcinogenesis is a multi-step process that refers to transformation of a normal cell into a tumoral neoplastic cell. The mechanisms that promote tumor initiation, promotion and progression are varied, complex and remain to be understood. Studies have highlighted the involvement of oncogenic mutations, genomic instability and epigenetic alterations as well as metabolic reprogramming, in different processes of oncogenesis. However, the underlying mechanisms still have to be clarified. Mitochondria are central organelles at the crossroad of various energetic metabolisms. In addition to their pivotal roles in bioenergetic metabolism, they control redox homeostasis, biosynthesis of macromolecules and apoptotic signals, all of which are linked to carcinogenesis. In the present review, we discuss how mitochondria contribute to the initiation of carcinogenesis through gene mutations and production of oncometabolites, and how they promote tumor progression through the control of metabolic reprogramming and mitochondrial dynamics. Finally, we present mitochondrial metabolism as a promising target for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Angireddy R, Chowdhury AR, Zielonka J, Ruthel G, Kalyanaraman B, Avadhani NG. Alcohol-induced CYP2E1, mitochondrial dynamics and retrograde signaling in human hepatic 3D organoids. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 159:1-14. [PMID: 32738395 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol toxicity is a significant health problem with ~3 million estimated deaths per year globally. Alcohol is metabolized to the toxic metabolite, acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase or CYP2E1 in the hepatic tissue, and also induces reactive oxygen species (ROS), which together play a pivotal role in cell and tissue damage. Our previous studies with COS-7 cells transduced with unique human CYP2E1 variants that mostly localize to either microsomes or mitochondria revealed that mitochondrially-localized CYP2E1 drives alcohol toxicity through the generation of higher levels of ROS, which has a consequent effect on cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) and mitochondrial oxidative function. Alcohol treatment of human hepatocyte cell line, HepaRG, in monolayer cultures increased ROS, affected CcO activity/stability, and induced mitophagy. Alcohol treatment of 3D organoids of HepaRG cells induced higher levels of CYP2E1 mRNA and activated mitochondrial stress-induced retrograde signaling, and also induced markers of hepatic steatosis. Knock down of CYP2E1 mRNA using specific shRNA, FK506, a Calcineurin inhibitor, and Mdivi-1, a DRP1 inhibitor, ameliorated alcohol-induced mitochondrial retrograde signaling, and hepatic steatosis. These results for the first time present a mechanistic link between CYP2E1 function and alcohol mediated mitochondrial dysfunction, retrograde signaling, and activation of hepatic steatosis in a 3D organoid system that closely recapitulates the in vivo liver response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Angireddy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce Street, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Anindya Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce Street, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jacek Zielonka
- Department of Biophysics and, Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Gordon Ruthel
- Department of Pathobiology, Veterinary Center for Imaging, Hill Pavilion, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Balaraman Kalyanaraman
- Department of Biophysics and, Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Narayan G Avadhani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce Street, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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12
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Angireddy R, Kazmi HR, Srinivasan S, Sun L, Iqbal J, Fuchs SY, Guha M, Kijima T, Yuen T, Zaidi M, Avadhani NG. Cytochrome c oxidase dysfunction enhances phagocytic function and osteoclast formation in macrophages. FASEB J 2019; 33:9167-9181. [PMID: 31063702 PMCID: PMC6662975 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900010rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondria-to-nucleus retrograde signaling (MtRS) pathway aids in cellular adaptation to stress. We earlier reported that the Ca2+- and calcineurin-dependent MtRS induces macrophage differentiation to bone-resorbing osteoclasts. However, mechanisms through which macrophages sense and respond to cellular stress remain unclear. Here, we induced mitochondrial stress in macrophages by knockdown (KD) of subunits IVi1 or Vb of cytochrome c oxidase (CcO). Whereas both IVi1 and Vb KD impair CcO activity, IVi1 KD cells produced higher levels of cellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species with increased glycolysis. Additionally, IVi1 KD induced the activation of MtRS factors NF-κB, NFAT2, and C/EBPδ as well as inflammatory cytokines, NOS 2, increased phagocytic activity, and a greater osteoclast differentiation potential at suboptimal RANK-L concentrations. The osteoclastogenesis in IVi1 KD cells was reversed fully with an IL-6 inhibitor LMT-28, whereas there was minimal rescue of the enhanced phagocytosis in these cells. In agreement with our findings in cultured macrophages, primary bone marrow-derived macrophages from MPV17-/- mice, a model for mitochondrial dysfunction, also showed higher propensity for osteoclast formation. This is the first report showing that CcO dysfunction affects inflammatory pathways, phagocytic function, and osteoclastogenesis.-Angireddy, R., Kazmi, H. R., Srinivasan, S., Sun, L., Iqbal, J., Fuchs, S. Y., Guha, M., Kijima, T., Yuen, T., Zaidi, M., Avadhani, N. G. Cytochrome c oxidase dysfunction enhances phagocytic function and osteoclast formation in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Angireddy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hasan Raza Kazmi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Satish Srinivasan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Li Sun
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jameel Iqbal
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Serge Y. Fuchs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Manti Guha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Takashi Kijima
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tony Yuen
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mone Zaidi
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Narayan G. Avadhani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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13
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Kang H, Kim H, Lee S, Youn H, Youn B. Role of Metabolic Reprogramming in Epithelial⁻Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20082042. [PMID: 31027222 PMCID: PMC6514888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20082042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is thought to be an essential step for cancer metastasis. Tumor cells undergo EMT in response to a diverse range of extra- and intracellular stimulants. Recently, it was reported that metabolic shifts control EMT progression and induce tumor aggressiveness. In this review, we summarize the involvement of altered glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolic enzyme expression and the underlying molecular mechanisms in EMT induction in tumor cells. Moreover, we propose that metabolic regulation through gene-specific or pharmacological inhibition may suppress EMT and this treatment strategy may be applied to prevent tumor progression and improve anti-tumor therapeutic efficacy. This review presents evidence for the importance of metabolic changes in tumor progression and emphasizes the need for further studies to better understand tumor metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunkoo Kang
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Sungmin Lee
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - HyeSook Youn
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea.
| | - BuHyun Youn
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
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14
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Mitochondrial Retrograde Signalling and Metabolic Alterations in the Tumour Microenvironment. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030275. [PMID: 30909478 PMCID: PMC6468901 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This review explores the molecular mechanisms that may be responsible for mitochondrial retrograde signalling related metabolic reprogramming in cancer and host cells in the tumour microenvironment and provides a summary of recent updates with regard to the functional modulation of diverse cells in the tumour microenvironment.
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15
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Guha M, Srinivasan S, Johnson FB, Ruthel G, Guja K, Garcia-Diaz M, Kaufman BA, Glineburg MR, Fang J, Nakagawa H, Basha J, Kundu T, Avadhani NG. hnRNPA2 mediated acetylation reduces telomere length in response to mitochondrial dysfunction. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206897. [PMID: 30427907 PMCID: PMC6241121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres protect against chromosomal damage. Accelerated telomere loss has been associated with premature aging syndromes such as Werner's syndrome and Dyskeratosis Congenita, while, progressive telomere loss activates a DNA damage response leading to chromosomal instability, typically observed in cancer cells and senescent cells. Therefore, identifying mechanisms of telomere length maintenance is critical for understanding human pathologies. In this paper we demonstrate that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a causal role in telomere shortening. Furthermore, hnRNPA2, a mitochondrial stress responsive lysine acetyltransferase (KAT) acetylates telomere histone H4at lysine 8 of (H4K8) and this acetylation is associated with telomere attrition. Cells containing dysfunctional mitochondria have higher telomere H4K8 acetylation and shorter telomeres independent of cell proliferation rates. Ectopic expression of KAT mutant hnRNPA2 rescued telomere length possibly due to impaired H4K8 acetylation coupled with inability to activate telomerase expression. The phenotypic outcome of telomere shortening in immortalized cells included chromosomal instability (end-fusions) and telomerase activation, typical of an oncogenic transformation; while in non-telomerase expressing fibroblasts, mitochondrial dysfunction induced-telomere attrition resulted in senescence. Our findings provide a mechanistic association between dysfunctional mitochondria and telomere loss and therefore describe a novel epigenetic signal for telomere length maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manti Guha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Satish Srinivasan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - F. Bradley Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Gordon Ruthel
- Penn Vet Imaging Core, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Kip Guja
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Miguel Garcia-Diaz
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Brett A. Kaufman
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburg, Pittsburgh, PA United States of America
| | - M. Rebecca Glineburg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - JiKang Fang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Jeelan Basha
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, India
| | - Tapas Kundu
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, India
| | - Narayan G. Avadhani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Mathavarajah S, O'Day DH, Huber RJ. Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses: Connecting Calcium Signalling through Calmodulin. Cells 2018; 7:cells7110188. [PMID: 30380624 PMCID: PMC6262527 DOI: 10.3390/cells7110188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the increased focus on the role of calcium in the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs, also known as Batten disease), links between calcium signalling and the proteins associated with the disease remain to be identified. A central protein in calcium signalling is calmodulin (CaM), which regulates many of the same cellular processes affected in the NCLs. In this study, we show that 11 of the 13 NCL proteins contain putative CaM-binding domains (CaMBDs). Many of the missense mutations documented from NCL patients overlap with the predicted CaMBDs and are often key residues of those domains. The two NCL proteins lacking such domains, CLN7 and CLN11, share a commonality in undergoing proteolytic processing by cathepsin L, which contains a putative CaMBD. Since CaM appears to have both direct and indirect roles in the NCLs, targeting it may be a valid therapeutic approach for treating the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danton H O'Day
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
| | - Robert J Huber
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada.
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17
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Kasai S, Yamazaki H, Tanji K, Engler MJ, Matsumiya T, Itoh K. Role of the ISR-ATF4 pathway and its cross talk with Nrf2 in mitochondrial quality control. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2018; 64:1-12. [PMID: 30705506 PMCID: PMC6348405 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.18-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent investigations have clarified the importance of mitochondria in various age-related degenerative diseases, including late-onset Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Although mitochondrial disturbances can be involved in every step of disease progression, several observations have demonstrated that a subtle mitochondrial functional disturbance is observed preceding the actual appearance of pathophysiological alterations and can be the target of early therapeutic intervention. The signals from damaged mitochondria are transferred to the nucleus, leading to the altered expression of nuclear-encoded genes, which includes mitochondrial proteins (i.e., mitochondrial retrograde signaling). Mitochondrial retrograde signaling improves mitochondrial perturbation (i.e., mitohormesis) and is considered a homeostatic stress response against intrinsic (ex. aging or pathological mutations) and extrinsic (ex. chemicals and pathogens) stimuli. There are several branches of the mitochondrial retrograde signaling, including mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRMT), but recent observations increasingly show the importance of the ISR-ATF4 pathway in mitochondrial retrograde signaling. Furthermore, Nrf2, a master regulator of the oxidative stress response, interacts with ATF4 and cooperatively upregulates a battery of antioxidant and antiapoptotic genes while repressing the ATF4-mediated proapoptotic gene, CHOP. In this review article, we summarized the upstream and downstream mechanisms of ATF4 activation during mitochondrial stresses and disturbances and discuss therapeutic intervention against degenerative diseases by using Nrf2 activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Kasai
- Department of Stress Response Science, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yamazaki
- Department of Stress Response Science, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kunikazu Tanji
- Department of Neuropathology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Máté János Engler
- Department of Stress Response Science, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Tomoh Matsumiya
- Department of Vascular Biology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Ken Itoh
- Department of Stress Response Science, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
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18
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Pei L, Wallace DC. Mitochondrial Etiology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:722-730. [PMID: 29290371 PMCID: PMC5891364 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The brain has the highest mitochondrial energy demand of any organ. Therefore, subtle changes in mitochondrial energy production will preferentially affect the brain. Considerable biochemical evidence has accumulated revealing mitochondrial defects associated with neuropsychiatric diseases. Moreover, the mitochondrial genome encompasses over a thousand nuclear DNA genes plus hundreds to thousands of copies of the maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Therefore, partial defects in either the nuclear DNA or mtDNA genes or combinations of the two can be sufficient to cause neuropsychiatric disorders. Inherited and acquired mtDNA mutations have recently been associated with autism spectrum disorder, which parallels previous evidence of mtDNA variation in other neurological diseases. Therefore, mitochondrial dysfunction may be central to the etiology of a wide spectrum of neurological diseases. The mitochondria and the nucleus communicate to coordinate energy production and utilization, providing the potential for therapeutics by manipulating nuclear regulation of mitochondrial gene expression.
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19
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Guha M, Srinivasan S, Raman P, Jiang Y, Kaufman BA, Taylor D, Dong D, Chakrabarti R, Picard M, Carstens RP, Kijima Y, Feldman M, Avadhani NG. Aggressive triple negative breast cancers have unique molecular signature on the basis of mitochondrial genetic and functional defects. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:1060-1071. [PMID: 29309924 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. Patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBCs), a highly aggressive tumor subtype, have a particularly poor prognosis. Multiple reports demonstrate that altered content of the multicopy mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) in primary breast tumors correlates with poor prognosis. We earlier reported that mtDNA copy number reduction in breast cancer cell lines induces an epithelial-mesenchymal transition associated with metastasis. However, it is unknown whether the breast tumor subtypes (TNBC, Luminal and HER2+) differ in the nature and amount of mitochondrial defects and if mitochondrial defects can be used as a marker to identify tumors at risk for metastasis. By analyzing human primary tumors, cell lines and the TCGA dataset, we demonstrate a high degree of variability in mitochondrial defects among the tumor subtypes and TNBCs, in particular, exhibit higher frequency of mitochondrial defects, including reduced mtDNA content, mtDNA sequence imbalance (mtRNR1:ND4), impaired mitochondrial respiration and metabolic switch to glycolysis which is associated with tumorigenicity. We identified that genes involved in maintenance of mitochondrial structural and functional integrity are differentially expressed in TNBCs compared to non-TNBC tumors. Furthermore, we identified a subset of TNBC tumors that contain lower expression of epithelial splicing regulatory protein (ESRP)-1, typical of metastasizing cells. The overall impact of our findings reported here is that mitochondrial heterogeneity among TNBCs can be used to identify TNBC patients at risk of metastasis and the altered metabolism and metabolic genes can be targeted to improve chemotherapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manti Guha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
| | - Satish Srinivasan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Pichai Raman
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA; Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA
| | - Yuefu Jiang
- Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brett A Kaufman
- Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Deanne Taylor
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA; Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA
| | - Dawei Dong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Rumela Chakrabarti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Martin Picard
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Russ P Carstens
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Yuko Kijima
- Kagoshima University, Department of Digestive, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima City 890-8544, Japan
| | - Mike Feldman
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Narayan G Avadhani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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20
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Singh B, Modica-Napolitano JS, Singh KK. Defining the momiome: Promiscuous information transfer by mobile mitochondria and the mitochondrial genome. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 47:1-17. [PMID: 28502611 PMCID: PMC5681893 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are complex intracellular organelles that have long been identified as the powerhouses of eukaryotic cells because of the central role they play in oxidative metabolism. A resurgence of interest in the study of mitochondria during the past decade has revealed that mitochondria also play key roles in cell signaling, proliferation, cell metabolism and cell death, and that genetic and/or metabolic alterations in mitochondria contribute to a number of diseases, including cancer. Mitochondria have been identified as signaling organelles, capable of mediating bidirectional intracellular information transfer: anterograde (from nucleus to mitochondria) and retrograde (from mitochondria to nucleus). More recently, evidence is now building that the role of mitochondria extends to intercellular communication as well, and that the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) and even whole mitochondria are indeed mobile and can mediate information transfer between cells. We define this promiscuous information transfer function of mitochondria and mtDNA as "momiome" to include all mobile functions of mitochondria and the mitochondrial genome. Herein, we review the "momiome" and explore its role in cancer development, progression, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupendra Singh
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Keshav K Singh
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Center for Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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21
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Guerra F, Guaragnella N, Arbini AA, Bucci C, Giannattasio S, Moro L. Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Novel Potential Driver of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Cancer. Front Oncol 2017; 7:295. [PMID: 29250487 PMCID: PMC5716985 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) allows epithelial cancer cells to assume mesenchymal features, endowing them with enhanced motility and invasiveness, thus enabling cancer dissemination and metastatic spread. The induction of EMT is orchestrated by EMT-inducing transcription factors that switch on the expression of “mesenchymal” genes and switch off the expression of “epithelial” genes. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of cancer and has been associated with progression to a metastatic and drug-resistant phenotype. The mechanistic link between metastasis and mitochondrial dysfunction is gradually emerging. The discovery that mitochondrial dysfunction owing to deregulated mitophagy, depletion of the mitochondrial genome (mitochondrial DNA) or mutations in Krebs’ cycle enzymes, such as succinate dehydrogenase, fumarate hydratase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase, activate the EMT gene signature has provided evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction and EMT are interconnected. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on the role of different types of mitochondrial dysfunction in inducing EMT in cancer cells. We place emphasis on recent advances in the identification of signaling components in the mito-nuclear communication network initiated by dysfunctional mitochondria that promote cellular remodeling and EMT activation in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Guerra
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Guaragnella
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Arnaldo A Arbini
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Cecilia Bucci
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Sergio Giannattasio
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Loredana Moro
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
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22
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Srinivasan S, Guha M, Kashina A, Avadhani NG. Mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial dynamics-The cancer connection. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2017; 1858:602-614. [PMID: 28104365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of many diseases. The retrograde signaling initiated by dysfunctional mitochondria can bring about global changes in gene expression that alters cell morphology and function. Typically, this is attributed to disruption of important mitochondrial functions, such as ATP production, integration of metabolism, calcium homeostasis and regulation of apoptosis. Recent studies showed that in addition to these factors, mitochondrial dynamics might play an important role in stress signaling. Normal mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles whose size, shape and network are controlled by cell physiology. Defective mitochondrial dynamics play important roles in human diseases. Mitochondrial DNA defects and defective mitochondrial function have been reported in many cancers. Recent studies show that increased mitochondrial fission is a pro-tumorigenic phenotype. In this paper, we have explored the current understanding of the role of mitochondrial dynamics in pathologies. We present new data on mitochondrial dynamics and dysfunction to illustrate a causal link between mitochondrial DNA defects, excessive fission, mitochondrial retrograde signaling and cancer progression. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Mitochondria in Cancer, edited by Giuseppe Gasparre, Rodrigue Rossignol and Pierre Sonveaux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Srinivasan
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, #189E, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Manti Guha
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, #189E, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Anna Kashina
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, #189E, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Narayan G Avadhani
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, #189E, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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23
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Vlahakis A, Lopez Muniozguren N, Powers T. Calcium channel regulator Mid1 links TORC2-mediated changes in mitochondrial respiration to autophagy. J Cell Biol 2016; 215:779-788. [PMID: 27899413 PMCID: PMC5166500 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201605030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process that recycles cytoplasmic contents and is crucial for cell survival during stress. The target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase regulates autophagy as part of two distinct protein complexes, TORC1 and TORC2. TORC1 negatively regulates autophagy according to nitrogen availability. In contrast, TORC2 functions as a positive regulator of autophagy during amino acid starvation, via its target kinase Ypk1, by repressing the activity of the calcium-dependent phosphatase calcineurin and promoting the general amino acid control (GAAC) response. Precisely how TORC2-Ypk1 signaling regulates calcineurin within this pathway remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that activation of calcineurin requires Mid1, an endoplasmic reticulum-localized calcium channel regulatory protein implicated in the oxidative stress response. We find that normal mitochondrial respiration is perturbed in TORC2-Ypk1-deficient cells, which results in the accumulation of mitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species that signal to Mid1 to activate calcineurin, thereby inhibiting the GAAC response and autophagy. These findings describe a novel pathway involving TORC2, mitochondrial oxidative stress, and calcium homeostasis for autophagy regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadne Vlahakis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Nerea Lopez Muniozguren
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Ted Powers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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24
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HnRNPA2 is a novel histone acetyltransferase that mediates mitochondrial stress-induced nuclear gene expression. Cell Discov 2016; 2:16045. [PMID: 27990297 PMCID: PMC5148442 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2016.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced mitochondrial DNA copy number, mitochondrial DNA mutations or disruption of
electron transfer chain complexes induce mitochondria-to-nucleus retrograde signaling,
which induces global change in nuclear gene expression ultimately contributing to various
human pathologies including cancer. Recent studies suggest that these mitochondrial
changes cause transcriptional reprogramming of nuclear genes although the mechanism of
this cross talk remains unclear. Here, we provide evidence that mitochondria-to-nucleus
retrograde signaling regulates chromatin acetylation and alters nuclear gene expression
through the heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein A2 (hnRNAP2). These processes are reversed
when mitochondrial DNA content is restored to near normal cell levels. We show that the
mitochondrial stress-induced transcription coactivator hnRNAP2 acetylates Lys 8 of H4
through an intrinsic histone lysine acetyltransferase (KAT) activity with Arg 48 and Arg
50 of hnRNAP2 being essential for acetyl-CoA binding and acetyltransferase activity. H4K8
acetylation at the mitochondrial stress-responsive promoters by hnRNAP2 is essential for
transcriptional activation. We found that the previously described mitochondria-to-nucleus
retrograde signaling-mediated transformation of C2C12 cells caused an increased expression
of genes involved in various oncogenic processes, which is retarded in hnRNAP2 silenced or
hnRNAP2 KAT mutant cells. Taken together, these data show that altered gene expression by
mitochondria-to-nucleus retrograde signaling involves a novel hnRNAP2-dependent epigenetic
mechanism that may have a role in cancer and other pathologies.
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Li Z, Ni C, Xia C, Jaw J, Wang Y, Cao Y, Xu M, Guo X. Calcineurin/nuclear factor-κB signaling mediates isoflurane-induced hippocampal neuroinflammation and subsequent cognitive impairment in aged rats. Mol Med Rep 2016; 15:201-209. [PMID: 27909728 PMCID: PMC5355741 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that inhaled anesthetics induce neuroinflammation and facilitate postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in aged individuals; however, the mechanisms by which they mediate these effects remain elusive. Inhalation of the isoflurane anesthetic leads to opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Therefore, mitochondrial retrograde signaling, which is an adaptive mechanism that facilitates the transmission of signals from dysfunctional mitochondria to the nucleus to activate target gene expression, may be activated during isoflurane inhalation. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the role of mitochondrial retrograde signaling in isoflurane-induced hippocampal neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in aged rats. As calcineurin (CaN) serves an important role in the initiation of mitochondrial retrograde signaling, and nuclear factor-κB (NF‑κB) is involved in CaN signaling, their effects on isoflurane‑induced hippocampal neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment were investigated. Reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial membrane potential fluorescence staining, western blotting, colorimetric analysis, ELISA, immunofluorescence and the Morris water maze test were used in the present study. The results indicate that isoflurane induced hippocampal mitochondrial dysfunction and activated CaN, which subsequently lead to the putative activation of NF‑κB. These resulted in the elevation of interleukin‑1β (IL‑1β) expression (a typical marker of neuroinflammation), and was associated with cognitive impairment in aged rats. In addition, CaN and NF‑κB inhibition attenuated isoflurane-induced neuroinflammation and subsequent cognitive impairment. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrate the role of mitochondrial retrograde signaling and associated protein factors in inhaled anesthetic-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. These protein factors may therefore present promising therapeutic targets for the prevention of POCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Ni
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Chun Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Joey Jaw
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Yiyun Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Mao Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyang Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
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Herman S, Fischer A, Presumey J, Hoffmann M, Koenders MI, Escriou V, Apparailly F, Steiner G. Inhibition of Inflammation and Bone Erosion by RNA Interference-Mediated Silencing of Heterogeneous Nuclear RNP A2/B1 in Two Experimental Models of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:2536-46. [DOI: 10.1002/art.39223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jessy Presumey
- INSERM, U844, University Hospital of Montpellier and University of Montpellier I; Montpellier France
| | | | | | - Virginie Escriou
- INSERM, U1022, CNRS, UMR8151, Paris Descartes University, and Chimie ParisTech; Paris France
| | - Florence Apparailly
- INSERM, U844, University Hospital of Montpellier and University of Montpellier I; Montpellier France
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27
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Arnould T, Michel S, Renard P. Mitochondria Retrograde Signaling and the UPR mt: Where Are We in Mammals? Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:18224-51. [PMID: 26258774 PMCID: PMC4581242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160818224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial unfolded protein response is a form of retrograde signaling that contributes to ensuring the maintenance of quality control of mitochondria, allowing functional integrity of the mitochondrial proteome. When misfolded proteins or unassembled complexes accumulate beyond the folding capacity, it leads to alteration of proteostasis, damages, and organelle/cell dysfunction. Extensively studied for the ER, it was recently reported that this kind of signaling for mitochondrion would also be able to communicate with the nucleus in response to impaired proteostasis. The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) is activated in response to different types and levels of stress, especially in conditions where unfolded or misfolded mitochondrial proteins accumulate and aggregate. A specific UPRmt could thus be initiated to boost folding and degradation capacity in response to unfolded and aggregated protein accumulation. Although first described in mammals, the UPRmt was mainly studied in Caenorhabditis elegans, and accumulating evidence suggests that mechanisms triggered in response to a UPRmt might be different in C. elegans and mammals. In this review, we discuss and integrate recent data from the literature to address whether the UPRmt is relevant to mitochondrial homeostasis in mammals and to analyze the putative role of integrated stress response (ISR) activation in response to the inhibition of mtDNA expression and/or accumulation of mitochondrial mis/unfolded proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Arnould
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Sébastien Michel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Patricia Renard
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
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28
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Guha M, Srinivasan S, Koenigstein A, Zaidi M, Avadhani NG. Enhanced osteoclastogenesis by mitochondrial retrograde signaling through transcriptional activation of the cathepsin K gene. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1364:52-61. [PMID: 25800988 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has emerged as an important factor in wide ranging human pathologies. We have previously defined a retrograde signaling pathway that originates from dysfunctional mitochondria (Mt-RS) and causes a global nuclear transcriptional reprograming as its end point. Mitochondrial dysfunction causing disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential and consequent increase in cytosolic calcium [Ca(2) ](c) activates calcineurin and the transcription factors NF-κB, NFAT, CREB, and C/EBPδ. In macrophages, this signaling complements receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastic differentiation. Here, we show that the Mt-RS activated transcriptional coactivator heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein A2 (hnRNP A2) is induced by hypoxia in murine macrophages. We demonstrate that the cathepsin K gene (Ctsk), one of the key genes upregulated during osteoclast differentiation, is transcriptionally activated by Mt-RS factors. HnRNP A2 acts as a coactivator with nuclear transcription factors, cRel, and C/EBPδ for Ctsk promoter activation under hypoxic conditions. Notably, our study shows that hypoxia-induced activation of the stress target factors mediates effects similar to that of RANKL with regard to Ctsk activation. We therefore suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of Mt-RS, induced by various pathophysiologic conditions, is a potential risk factor for osteoclastogenesis and bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manti Guha
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Satish Srinivasan
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alexander Koenigstein
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mone Zaidi
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Narayan G Avadhani
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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29
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Mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer chemoresistance. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 92:62-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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30
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Horan MP, Cooper DN. The emergence of the mitochondrial genome as a partial regulator of nuclear function is providing new insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying age-related complex disease. Hum Genet 2013; 133:435-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1402-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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31
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Guha M, Srinivasan S, Ruthel G, Kashina AK, Carstens RP, Mendoza A, Khanna C, Van Winkle T, Avadhani NG. Mitochondrial retrograde signaling induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and generates breast cancer stem cells. Oncogene 2013; 33:5238-50. [PMID: 24186204 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic breast tumors undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which renders them resistant to therapies targeted to the primary cancers. The mechanistic link between mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) reduction, often seen in breast cancer patients, and EMT is unknown. We demonstrate that reducing mtDNA content in human mammary epithelial cells (hMECs) activates Calcineurin (Cn)-dependent mitochondrial retrograde signaling pathway, which induces EMT-like reprogramming to fibroblastic morphology, loss of cell polarity, contact inhibition and acquired migratory and invasive phenotype. Notably, mtDNA reduction generates breast cancer stem cells. In addition to retrograde signaling markers, there is an induction of mesenchymal genes but loss of epithelial markers in these cells. The changes are reversed by either restoring the mtDNA content or knockdown of CnAα mRNA, indicating the causal role of retrograde signaling in EMT. Our results point to a new therapeutic strategy for metastatic breast cancers targeted to the mitochondrial retrograde signaling pathway for abrogating EMT and attenuating cancer stem cells, which evade conventional therapies. We report a novel regulatory mechanism by which low mtDNA content generates EMT and cancer stem cells in hMECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guha
- Department of Animal Biology and Marie Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - S Srinivasan
- Department of Animal Biology and Marie Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - G Ruthel
- Penn Vet Imaging Core, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A K Kashina
- Department of Animal Biology and Marie Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R P Carstens
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A Mendoza
- Tumor and Metastasis Biology Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - C Khanna
- Tumor and Metastasis Biology Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - T Van Winkle
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - N G Avadhani
- Department of Animal Biology and Marie Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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32
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Guha M, Avadhani NG. Mitochondrial retrograde signaling at the crossroads of tumor bioenergetics, genetics and epigenetics. Mitochondrion 2013; 13:577-91. [PMID: 24004957 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a central role not only in energy production but also in the integration of metabolic pathways as well as signals for apoptosis and autophagy. It is becoming increasingly apparent that mitochondria in mammalian cells play critical roles in the initiation and propagation of various signaling cascades. In particular, mitochondrial metabolic and respiratory states and status on mitochondrial genetic instability are communicated to the nucleus as an adaptive response through retrograde signaling. Each mammalian cell contains multiple copies of the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA). A reduction in mtDNA copy number has been reported in various human pathological conditions such as diabetes, obesity, neurodegenerative disorders, aging and cancer. Reduction in mtDNA copy number disrupts mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) resulting in dysfunctional mitochondria. Dysfunctional mitochondria trigger retrograde signaling and communicate their changing metabolic and functional state to the nucleus as an adaptive response resulting in an altered nuclear gene expression profile and altered cell physiology and morphology. In this review, we provide an overview of the various modes of mitochondrial retrograde signaling focusing particularly on the Ca(2+)/Calcineurin mediated retrograde signaling. We discuss the contribution of the key factors of the pathway such as Calcineurin, IGF1 receptor, Akt kinase and HnRNPA2 in the propagation of signaling and their role in modulating genetic and epigenetic changes favoring cellular reprogramming towards tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manti Guha
- Department of Animal Biology and the Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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33
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HNRNPA1 interacts with a 5'-flanking distal element of interleukin-6 and upregulates its basal transcription. Genes Immun 2013; 14:479-86. [PMID: 23985572 PMCID: PMC3855448 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2013.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an important pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in many autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. We have shown previously that a region from −5307 to −5202 bp upstream of the IL-6 transcriptional start site is responsible for basal IL-6 gene expression and that there were DNA binding proteins involved from EMSA and transient expression experiments. Here we have combined surface plasmon resonance technology with mass spectrometry analysis and identified nuclear proteins bound to this region. HNRNPA1 and HNRNPA2B1 were found consistently. EMSA supershift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the involvement of HNRNPA1, but not HNRNPA2B1. Knocking down HNRNPA1 expression by siRNA resulted in reduced IL-6 transcriptional activity as assessed from transfection experiments using reporter constructs, mRNA and protein measurements. Overexpression of HNRNPA1 cDNA increased IL-6 mRNA expression. This regulation was dependent on the presence of the sequence from −5307 to −5202 bp of the IL-6 gene. Thus, HNRNPA1 is a novel transcriptional regulator of IL-6 expression, acting via the 5′ flanking sequence of the gene.
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34
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Zhang F, Pracheil T, Thornton J, Liu Z. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Is a Candidate Signaling Molecule in the Mitochondria-to-Nucleus Retrograde Response Pathway. Genes (Basel) 2013; 4:86-100. [PMID: 24605246 PMCID: PMC3899953 DOI: 10.3390/genes4010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular communication from the mitochondria to the nucleus is achieved via the retrograde response. In budding yeast, the retrograde response, also known as the RTG pathway, is regulated positively by Rtg1, Rtg2, Rtg3 and Grr1 and negatively by Mks1, Lst8 and two 14-3-3 proteins, Bmh1/2. Activation of retrograde signaling leads to activation of Rtg1/3, two basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factors. Rtg1/3 activation requires Rtg2, a cytoplasmic protein with an N-terminal adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding domain belonging to the actin/Hsp70/sugar kinase superfamily. The critical regulatory step of the retrograde response is the interaction between Rtg2 and Mks1. Rtg2 binds to and inactivates Mks1, allowing for activation of Rtg1/3 and the RTG pathway. When the pathway is inactive, Mks1 has dissociated from Rtg2 and bound to Bmh1/2, preventing activation of Rtg1/3. What signals association or disassociation of Mks1 and Rtg2 is unknown. Here, we show that ATP at physiological concentrations dissociates Mks1 from Rtg2 in a highly cooperative fashion. We report that ATP-mediated dissociation of Mks1 from Rtg2 is conserved in two other fungal species, K. lactis and K. waltii. Activation of Rtg1/3 upregulates expression of genes encoding enzymes catalyzing the first three reactions of the Krebs cycle, which is coupled to ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation. Therefore, we propose that the retrograde response is an ATP homeostasis pathway coupling ATP production with ATP-mediated repression of the retrograde response by releasing Mks1 from Rtg2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; E-Mails: (F.Z.); (J.T.)
| | - Tammy Pracheil
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Drive, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Janet Thornton
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; E-Mails: (F.Z.); (J.T.)
| | - Zhengchang Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Drive, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-504-280-6314; Fax: +1-504-280-6121
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Abstract
Contrary to conventional wisdom, functional mitochondria are essential for the cancer cell. Although mutations in mitochondrial genes are common in cancer cells, they do not inactivate mitochondrial energy metabolism but rather alter the mitochondrial bioenergetic and biosynthetic state. These states communicate with the nucleus through mitochondrial 'retrograde signalling' to modulate signal transduction pathways, transcriptional circuits and chromatin structure to meet the perceived mitochondrial and nuclear requirements of the cancer cell. Cancer cells then reprogramme adjacent stromal cells to optimize the cancer cell environment. These alterations activate out-of-context programmes that are important in development, stress response, wound healing and nutritional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C Wallace
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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36
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Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase-deficient gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) demonstrate unique pathological and clinical features, including the absence of activating mutations of KIT and PDGFRA, and primary resistance to imatinib. They arise exclusively in the stomach and account for 5-7.5% of all adult stomach GISTs and the great majority of these tumors in childhood. Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) overexpression has been associated with wild-type and pediatric GISTs. We propose that IGF1R overexpression is a feature of succinate dehydrogenase-deficient GISTs as a group. We assessed succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit B (SDHB) and IGF1R expression by immunohistochemistry in eight known succinate dehydrogenase-deficient GISTs, three GISTs arising in the setting of neurofibromatosis type 1 syndrome and 40 unselected GISTs. Selected KIT and PDGFRA exons were amplified and sequenced from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor samples. All eight succinate dehydrogenase-deficient tumors were wild-type for KIT and PDGFRA, succinate dehydrogenase B negative and demonstrated IGF1R overexpression. The three neurofibromatosis-related tumors were succinate dehydrogenase B positive and IGF1R negative. Of the 40 unselected upper GISTs, five were wild-type for KIT and PDGFRA in the selected exons. Two of the wild-type GISTs were succinate dehydrogenase B negative and showed IGF1R overexpression and three were succinate dehydrogenase B positive and IGF1R negative. We conclude that IGF1R overexpression is a feature of succinate dehydrogenase deficient GIST as a group, rather than pediatric or wild-type GIST per se. Therefore, IGF1R inhibition represents a potential rational therapeutic approach in this recently recognized subgroup of GIST.
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Tang W, Chowdhury AR, Guha M, Huang L, Van Winkle T, Rustgi AK, Avadhani NG. Silencing of IkBβ mRNA causes disruption of mitochondrial retrograde signaling and suppression of tumor growth in vivo. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:1762-8. [PMID: 22637744 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of studies show that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion and attendant activation of retrograde signaling induces tumor progression. We have reported previously that activation of a novel nuclear factor-Kappa B pathway is critical for the propagation of mitochondrial retrograde signaling, which induces both phenotypic and morphological changes in C2C12 myoblasts and A549 lung carcinoma cells. In this study, we investigated the role of stress-induced nuclear factor-Kappa B in tumor progression in xenotransplanted mice. We used a retroviral system for the inducible expression of small interfering RNA against IkBα and IkBβ mRNAs. Expression of small interfering RNA against IkBβ markedly impaired tumor growth and invasive ability of mtDNA-depleted C2C12 myoblasts and also thwarted anchorage-independent growth of the cells. Knockdown of IkBα mRNA, however, did not have any modulatory effect in this cell system. Moreover, expression of small interfering RNA against IkBβ reduced the expression of marker genes for retrograde signaling and tumor growth in xenografts of mtDNA-depleted cells. Our findings demonstrate that IkBβ is a master regulator of mitochondrial retrograde signaling pathway and that the retrograde signaling plays a role in tumor growth in vivo. In this regard, IkBβ supports the tumorigenic potential of mtDNA-depleted C2C12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weigang Tang
- Department of Animal Biology and Marie Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,USA
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38
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Formentini L, Sánchez-Aragó M, Sánchez-Cenizo L, Cuezva JM. The mitochondrial ATPase inhibitory factor 1 triggers a ROS-mediated retrograde prosurvival and proliferative response. Mol Cell 2012; 45:731-42. [PMID: 22342343 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings indicate that prevalent human carcinomas overexpress the mitochondrial ATPase Inhibitory Factor 1 (IF1). Overexpression of IF1 inhibits the synthase activity of the mitochondrial H(+)-ATP synthase and plays a crucial role in metabolic adaptation of cancer cells to enhanced aerobic glycolysis. Herein, we demonstrate that IF1 overexpression in colon cancer cells triggers mitochondrial hyperpolarization and the subsequent production of superoxide radical, a reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are required to promote the transcriptional activation of the NFκB pathway via phosphorylation-dependent IκBα degradation. Activation of NFκB results in a cellular adaptive response that includes proliferation and Bcl-xL mediated resistance to drug-induced cell death. Quenching the mitochondrial production of ROS prevents the activation of NFκB and abolishes the IF1-mediated cellular adaptive response. Overall, our findings provide evidence linking the activity of a mitochondrial protein with retrograde signaling to the nucleus to promote cellular proliferation and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Formentini
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Higuchi M. Roles of Mitochondrial DNA Changes on Cancer Initiation and Progression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 1. [PMID: 24319697 DOI: 10.4172/2324-9293.1000e109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Higuchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock Arkansas, USA
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40
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Robinson MA, Baumgardner JE, Otto CM. Oxygen-dependent regulation of nitric oxide production by inducible nitric oxide synthase. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1952-65. [PMID: 21958548 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) catalyzes the reaction that converts the substrates O(2) and l-arginine to the products nitric oxide (NO) and l-citrulline. Macrophages, and many other cell types, upregulate and express iNOS primarily in response to inflammatory stimuli. Physiological and pathophysiological oxygen tension can regulate NO production by iNOS at multiple levels, including transcriptional, translational, posttranslational, enzyme dimerization, cofactor availability, and substrate dependence. Cell culture techniques that emphasize control of cellular PO(2), and measurement of NO or its stable products, have been used by several investigators for in vitro study of the O(2) dependence of NO production at one or more of these levels. In most cell types, prior or concurrent exposure to cytokines or other inflammatory stimuli is required for the upregulation of iNOS mRNA and protein by hypoxia. Important transcription factors that target the iNOS promoter in hypoxia include hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and/or nuclear factor κB. In contrast to the upregulation of iNOS by hypoxia, in most cell types NO production is reduced by hypoxia. Recent work suggests a prominent role for O(2) substrate dependence in the short-term regulation of iNOS-mediated NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A Robinson
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6010, USA
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41
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Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2 participates in the replication of Japanese encephalitis virus through an interaction with viral proteins and RNA. J Virol 2011; 85:10976-88. [PMID: 21865391 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00846-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that is kept in a zoonotic transmission cycle between pigs and mosquitoes. JEV causes infection of the central nervous system with a high mortality rate in dead-end hosts, including humans. Many studies have suggested that the flavivirus core protein is not only a component of nucleocapsids but also an important pathogenic determinant. In this study, we identified heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2 (hnRNP A2) as a binding partner of the JEV core protein by pulldown purification and mass spectrometry. Reciprocal coimmunoprecipitation analyses in transfected and infected cells confirmed a specific interaction between the JEV core protein and hnRNP A2. Expression of the JEV core protein induced cytoplasmic retention of hnRNP A2 in JEV subgenomic replicon cells. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of hnRNP A2 resulted in a 90% reduction of viral RNA replication in cells infected with JEV, and the reduction was cancelled by the expression of an siRNA-resistant hnRNP A2 mutant. In addition to the core protein, hnRNP A2 also associated with JEV nonstructural protein 5, which has both methyltransferase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activities, and with the 5'-untranslated region of the negative-sense JEV RNA. During one-step growth, synthesis of both positive- and negative-strand JEV RNAs was delayed by the knockdown of hnRNP A2. These results suggest that hnRNP A2 plays an important role in the replication of JEV RNA through the interaction with viral proteins and RNA.
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Le Pennec S, Mirebeau-Prunier D, Boutet-Bouzamondo N, Jacques C, Guillotin D, Lauret E, Houlgatte R, Malthièry Y, Savagner F. Nitric oxide and calcium participate in the fine regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis in follicular thyroid carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:18229-39. [PMID: 21454643 PMCID: PMC3093895 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.217521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1 family (i.e. PGC-1α, PGC-1β, and the PGC-1-related coactivator (PRC)) are key regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis and function. These regulators serve as mediators between environmental or endogenous signals and the transcriptional machinery governing mitochondrial biogenesis. The FTC-133 and RO82 W-1 follicular thyroid carcinoma cell lines, which present significantly different numbers of mitochondria, metabolic mechanisms, and expression levels of PRC and PGC-1α, may employ retrograde signaling in response to respiratory dysfunction. Nitric oxide (NO) and calcium have been hypothesized to participate in this activity. We investigated the effects of the S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine-NO donor, on the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and cellular metabolic functions in FTC-133 and RO82 W-1 cells by measuring lactate dehydrogenase and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activities. We studied the action of ionomycin and 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid-acetoxymethyl ester (BAPTA/AM) (i.e. a calcium ionophore and a cytosolic calcium chelator) on whole genome expression and mitochondrial biogenesis in RO82 W-1 cells. COX activity and the dynamics of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial networks were analyzed in regard to calcium-modulating treatments. In the FTC-133 and RO82 W-1 cells, the mitochondrial biogenesis induced by NO was mainly related to PRC expression as a retrograde mitochondrial signaling. Ionomycin diminished COX activity and negatively regulated PRC-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis in RO82 W-1 cells, whereas BAPTA/AM produced the opposite effects with a reorganization of the mitochondrial network. This is the first demonstration that NO and calcium regulate mitochondrial biogenesis through the PRC pathway in thyroid cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Delphine Mirebeau-Prunier
- From INSERM UMR694
- Université d'Angers, and
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, F-49033 Angers, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Rémi Houlgatte
- INSERM UMR915, l'Institut du Thorax, F-44007 Nantes, France, and
- Université de Nantes, F-44035 Nantes, France
| | - Yves Malthièry
- From INSERM UMR694
- Université d'Angers, and
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, F-49033 Angers, France
| | - Frédérique Savagner
- From INSERM UMR694
- Université d'Angers, and
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, F-49033 Angers, France
- INSERM UMR915, l'Institut du Thorax, F-44007 Nantes, France, and
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