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Nam O, Musiał S, Demulder M, McKenzie C, Dowle A, Dowson M, Barrett J, Blaza JN, Engel BD, Mackinder LCM. A protein blueprint of the diatom CO 2-fixing organelle. Cell 2024:S0092-8674(24)01073-0. [PMID: 39368476 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024]
Abstract
Diatoms are central to the global carbon cycle. At the heart of diatom carbon fixation is an overlooked organelle called the pyrenoid, where concentrated CO2 is delivered to densely packed Rubisco. Diatom pyrenoids fix approximately one-fifth of global CO2, but the protein composition of this organelle is largely unknown. Using fluorescence protein tagging and affinity purification-mass spectrometry, we generate a high-confidence spatially defined protein-protein interaction network for the diatom pyrenoid. Within our pyrenoid interaction network are 10 proteins with previously unknown functions. We show that six of these form a shell that encapsulates the Rubisco matrix and is critical for pyrenoid structural integrity, shape, and function. Although not conserved at a sequence or structural level, the diatom pyrenoid shares some architectural similarities to prokaryotic carboxysomes. Collectively, our results support the convergent evolution of pyrenoids across the two main plastid lineages and uncover a major structural and functional component of global CO2 fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onyou Nam
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK; Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Sabina Musiał
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK; Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Manon Demulder
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Caroline McKenzie
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK; Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Adam Dowle
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Matthew Dowson
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK; Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - James Barrett
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK; Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - James N Blaza
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Benjamin D Engel
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Luke C M Mackinder
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK; Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
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2
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Freyria NJ, de Oliveira TC, Chovatia M, Johnson J, Kuo A, Lipzen A, Barry KW, Grigoriev IV, Lovejoy C. Stress responses in an Arctic microalga (Pelagophyceae) following sudden salinity change revealed by gene expression analysis. Commun Biol 2024; 7:1084. [PMID: 39232195 PMCID: PMC11375080 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06765-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Marine microbes that have for eons been adapted to stable salinity regimes are confronted with sudden decreases in salinity in the Arctic Ocean. The episodic freshening is increasing due to climate change with melting multi-year sea-ice and glaciers, greater inflows from rivers, and increased precipitation. To investigate algal responses to lowered salinity, we analyzed the responses and acclimatation over 24 h in a non-model Arctic marine alga (pelagophyte CCMP2097) following transfer to realistic lower salinities. Using RNA-seq transcriptomics, here we show rapid differentially expressed genes related to stress oxidative responses, proteins involved in the photosystem and circadian clock, and those affecting lipids and inorganic ions. After 24 h the pelagophyte adjusted to the lower salinity seen in the overexpression of genes associated with freezing resistance, cold adaptation, and salt tolerance. Overall, a suite of ancient widespread pathways is recruited enabling the species to adjust to the stress of rapid salinity change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastasia J Freyria
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste. Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada.
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
- Québec Océan, Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
| | - Thais C de Oliveira
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre d'Étude de la Forêt, Faculté de Foresterie, de Géographie et de Génomique, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Mansi Chovatia
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Johnson
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Alan Kuo
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Anna Lipzen
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kerrie W Barry
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Igor V Grigoriev
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Connie Lovejoy
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
- Québec Océan, Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
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3
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Findinier J, Joubert LM, Schmid MF, Malkovskiy A, Chiu W, Burlacot A, Grossman AR. Dramatic Changes in Mitochondrial Subcellular Location and Morphology Accompany Activation of the CO 2 Concentrating Mechanism. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.25.586705. [PMID: 38585955 PMCID: PMC10996633 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.25.586705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic changes in intracellular ultrastructure can be critical for the ability of organisms to acclimate to environmental conditions. Microalgae, which are responsible for ~50% of global photosynthesis, compartmentalize their Rubisco into a specialized structure known as the pyrenoid when the cells experience limiting CO2 conditions; this compartmentalization appears to be a component of the CO2 Concentrating Mechanism (CCM), which facilitates photosynthetic CO2 fixation as environmental levels of inorganic carbon (Ci) decline. Changes in the spatial distribution of mitochondria in green algae have also been observed under CO2 limiting conditions, although a role for this reorganization in CCM function remains unclear. We used the green microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to monitor changes in the position and ultrastructure of mitochondrial membranes as cells transition between high CO2 (HC) and Low/Very Low CO2 (LC/VLC). Upon transferring cells to VLC, the mitochondria move from a central to a peripheral location, become wedged between the plasma membrane and chloroplast envelope, and mitochondrial membranes orient in parallel tubular arrays that extend from the cell's apex to its base. We show that these ultrastructural changes require protein and RNA synthesis, occur within 90 min of shifting cells to VLC conditions, correlate with CCM induction and are regulated by the CCM master regulator CIA5. The apico-basal orientation of the mitochondrial membrane, but not the movement of the mitochondrion to the cell periphery, is dependent on microtubules and the MIRO1 protein, which is involved in membrane-microtubule interactions. Furthermore, blocking mitochondrial electron transport in VLC acclimated cells reduces the cell's affinity for inorganic carbon. Overall, our results suggest that CIA5-dependent mitochondrial repositioning/reorientation functions in integrating cellular architecture and energetics with CCM activities and invite further exploration of how intracellular architecture can impact fitness under dynamic environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Findinier
- The Carnegie Institution for Science, Biosphere Sciences & Engineering, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lydia-Marie Joubert
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Division of CryoEM and Bioimaging, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Michael F. Schmid
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Division of CryoEM and Bioimaging, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Andrey Malkovskiy
- The Carnegie Institution for Science, Biosphere Sciences & Engineering, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wah Chiu
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Division of CryoEM and Bioimaging, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Stanford University, Department of Bioengineering, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Adrien Burlacot
- The Carnegie Institution for Science, Biosphere Sciences & Engineering, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford University, Biology Department, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Arthur R. Grossman
- The Carnegie Institution for Science, Biosphere Sciences & Engineering, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford University, Biology Department, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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4
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Terentyev VV, Shukshina AK. CAH3 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Unique Carbonic Anhydrase of the Thylakoid Lumen. Cells 2024; 13:109. [PMID: 38247801 PMCID: PMC10814762 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
CAH3 is the only carbonic anhydrase (CA) present in the thylakoid lumen of the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The monomer of the enzyme has a molecular weight of ~29.5 kDa with high CA activity. Through its dehydration activity, CAH3 can be involved either in the carbon-concentrating mechanism supplying CO2 for RuBisCO in the pyrenoid or in supporting the maximal photosynthetic activity of photosystem II (PSII) by accelerating the removal of protons from the active center of the water-oxidizing complex. Both proposed roles are considered in this review, together with a description of the enzymatic parameters of native and recombinant CAH3, the crystal structure of the protein, and the possible use of lumenal CA as a tool for increasing biomass production in higher plants. The identified involvement of lumenal CAH3 in the function of PSII is still unique among green algae and higher plants and can be used to understand the mechanism(s) of the functional interconnection between PSII and the proposed CA(s) of the thylakoid lumen in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily V. Terentyev
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, FRC PSCBR RAS, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
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5
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He S, Crans VL, Jonikas MC. The pyrenoid: the eukaryotic CO2-concentrating organelle. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:3236-3259. [PMID: 37279536 PMCID: PMC10473226 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The pyrenoid is a phase-separated organelle that enhances photosynthetic carbon assimilation in most eukaryotic algae and the land plant hornwort lineage. Pyrenoids mediate approximately one-third of global CO2 fixation, and engineering a pyrenoid into C3 crops is predicted to boost CO2 uptake and increase yields. Pyrenoids enhance the activity of the CO2-fixing enzyme Rubisco by supplying it with concentrated CO2. All pyrenoids have a dense matrix of Rubisco associated with photosynthetic thylakoid membranes that are thought to supply concentrated CO2. Many pyrenoids are also surrounded by polysaccharide structures that may slow CO2 leakage. Phylogenetic analysis and pyrenoid morphological diversity support a convergent evolutionary origin for pyrenoids. Most of the molecular understanding of pyrenoids comes from the model green alga Chlamydomonas (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii). The Chlamydomonas pyrenoid exhibits multiple liquid-like behaviors, including internal mixing, division by fission, and dissolution and condensation in response to environmental cues and during the cell cycle. Pyrenoid assembly and function are induced by CO2 availability and light, and although transcriptional regulators have been identified, posttranslational regulation remains to be characterized. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of pyrenoid function, structure, components, and dynamic regulation in Chlamydomonas and extrapolate to pyrenoids in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan He
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Victoria L Crans
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Martin C Jonikas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
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6
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An Y, Wang D, Du J, Wang X, Xiao J. Pyrenoid: Organelle with efficient CO 2-Concentrating mechanism in algae. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 287:154044. [PMID: 37392525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
The carbon dioxide emitted by human accounts for only a small fraction of global photosynthesis consumption, half of which is due to microalgae. The high efficiency of algae photosynthesis is attributed to the pyrenoid-based CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM). The formation of pyrenoid which has a variety of Rubisco-binding proteins mainly depends on liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of Rubisco, a CO2 fixing enzyme. At present, our understanding of pyrenoid at the molecular level mainly stems from studies of the model algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In this article, we summarize the current research on the structure, assembly and application of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii pyrenoids, providing new ideas for improving crop photosynthetic performance and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi An
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Dong Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Jingxia Du
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Xinwei Wang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China.
| | - Jianwei Xiao
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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7
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Yuorieva N, Sinetova M, Messineva E, Kulichenko I, Fomenkov A, Vysotskaya O, Osipova E, Baikalova A, Prudnikova O, Titova M, Nosov AV, Popova E. Plants, Cells, Algae, and Cyanobacteria In Vitro and Cryobank Collections at the Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences-A Platform for Research and Production Center. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:838. [PMID: 37372123 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Ex situ collections of algae, cyanobacteria, and plant materials (cell cultures, hairy and adventitious root cultures, shoots, etc.) maintained in vitro or in liquid nitrogen (-196 °C, LN) are valuable sources of strains with unique ecological and biotechnological traits. Such collections play a vital role in bioresource conservation, science, and industry development but are rarely covered in publications. Here, we provide an overview of five genetic collections maintained at the Institute of Plant Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPPRAS) since the 1950-1970s using in vitro and cryopreservation approaches. These collections represent different levels of plant organization, from individual cells (cell culture collection) to organs (hairy and adventitious root cultures, shoot apices) to in vitro plants. The total collection holdings comprise more than 430 strains of algae and cyanobacteria, over 200 potato clones, 117 cell cultures, and 50 strains of hairy and adventitious root cultures of medicinal and model plant species. The IPPRAS plant cryobank preserves in LN over 1000 specimens of in vitro cultures and seeds of wild and cultivated plants belonging to 457 species and 74 families. Several algae and plant cell culture strains have been adapted for cultivation in bioreactors from laboratory (5-20-L) to pilot (75-L) to semi-industrial (150-630-L) scale for the production of biomass with high nutritive or pharmacological value. Some of the strains with proven biological activities are currently used to produce cosmetics and food supplements. Here, we provide an overview of the current collections' composition and major activities, their use in research, biotechnology, and commercial application. We also highlight the most interesting studies performed with collection strains and discuss strategies for the collections' future development and exploitation in view of current trends in biotechnology and genetic resources conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Yuorieva
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Sinetova
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Messineva
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Kulichenko
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem Fomenkov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Vysotskaya
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Osipova
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Angela Baikalova
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Prudnikova
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Titova
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V Nosov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Popova
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
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8
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Kupriyanova EV, Pronina NA, Los DA. Adapting from Low to High: An Update to CO 2-Concentrating Mechanisms of Cyanobacteria and Microalgae. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1569. [PMID: 37050194 PMCID: PMC10096703 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular accumulation of inorganic carbon (Ci) by microalgae and cyanobacteria under ambient atmospheric CO2 levels was first documented in the 80s of the 20th Century. Hence, a third variety of the CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM), acting in aquatic photoautotrophs with the C3 photosynthetic pathway, was revealed in addition to the then-known schemes of CCM, functioning in CAM and C4 higher plants. Despite the low affinity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) of microalgae and cyanobacteria for the CO2 substrate and low CO2/O2 specificity, CCM allows them to perform efficient CO2 fixation in the reductive pentose phosphate (RPP) cycle. CCM is based on the coordinated operation of strategically located carbonic anhydrases and CO2/HCO3- uptake systems. This cooperation enables the intracellular accumulation of HCO3-, which is then employed to generate a high concentration of CO2 molecules in the vicinity of Rubisco's active centers compensating up for the shortcomings of enzyme features. CCM functions as an add-on to the RPP cycle while also acting as an important regulatory link in the interaction of dark and light reactions of photosynthesis. This review summarizes recent advances in the study of CCM molecular and cellular organization in microalgae and cyanobacteria, as well as the fundamental principles of its functioning and regulation.
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Ang WSL, How JA, How JB, Mueller-Cajar O. The stickers and spacers of Rubiscondensation: assembling the centrepiece of biophysical CO2-concentrating mechanisms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:612-626. [PMID: 35903998 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic autotrophs that fix carbon using ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) frequently expend metabolic energy to pump inorganic carbon towards the enzyme's active site. A central requirement of this strategy is the formation of highly concentrated Rubisco condensates (or Rubiscondensates) known as carboxysomes and pyrenoids, which have convergently evolved multiple times in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, respectively. Recent data indicate that these condensates form by the mechanism of liquid-liquid phase separation. This mechanism requires networks of weak multivalent interactions typically mediated by intrinsically disordered scaffold proteins. Here we comparatively review recent rapid developments that detail the determinants and precise interactions that underlie diverse Rubisco condensates. The burgeoning field of biomolecular condensates has few examples where liquid-liquid phase separation can be linked to clear phenotypic outcomes. When present, Rubisco condensates are essential for photosynthesis and growth, and they are thus emerging as powerful and tractable models to investigate the structure-function relationship of phase separation in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Shou Leong Ang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | - Jian Ann How
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | - Jian Boon How
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | - Oliver Mueller-Cajar
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
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10
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Hirakawa Y, Hanawa Y, Yoneda K, Suzuki I. Evolution of a chimeric mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase through gene fusion in a haptophyte alga. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:3051-3059. [PMID: 35997667 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a universal enzyme family that catalyses the interconversion of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate, and they are localized in most compartments including mitochondria and plastids. Thus far, eight classes of CAs (α-, β-, γ-, δ-, ζ-, η-, θ- and ι-CA) have been characterized. This study reports an interesting gene encoding a fusion protein of β-CA and ι-CA found in the haptophyte Isochrysis galbana. Recombinant protein assays demonstrated that the C-terminal ι-CA region catalyses CO2 hydration, whereas the N-terminal β-CA region no longer exhibits enzymatic activity. Considering that haptophytes generally have mitochondrion-localized β-CAs and plastid-localized ι-CAs, the fusion CA would show an intermediate stage in which mitochondrial β-CA is replaced by ι-CA in a haptophyte species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Hirakawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hanawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kohei Yoneda
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Iwane Suzuki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
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11
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Adler L, Díaz-Ramos A, Mao Y, Pukacz KR, Fei C, McCormick AJ. New horizons for building pyrenoid-based CO2-concentrating mechanisms in plants to improve yields. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:1609-1627. [PMID: 35961043 PMCID: PMC9614477 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Many photosynthetic species have evolved CO2-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) to improve the efficiency of CO2 assimilation by Rubisco and reduce the negative impacts of photorespiration. However, the majority of plants (i.e. C3 plants) lack an active CCM. Thus, engineering a functional heterologous CCM into important C3 crops, such as rice (Oryza sativa) and wheat (Triticum aestivum), has become a key strategic ambition to enhance yield potential. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the pyrenoid-based CCM in the model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and engineering progress in C3 plants. We also discuss recent modeling work that has provided insights into the potential advantages of Rubisco condensation within the pyrenoid and the energetic costs of the Chlamydomonas CCM, which, together, will help to better guide future engineering approaches. Key findings include the potential benefits of Rubisco condensation for carboxylation efficiency and the need for a diffusional barrier around the pyrenoid matrix. We discuss a minimal set of components for the CCM to function and that active bicarbonate import into the chloroplast stroma may not be necessary for a functional pyrenoid-based CCM in planta. Thus, the roadmap for building a pyrenoid-based CCM into plant chloroplasts to enhance the efficiency of photosynthesis now appears clearer with new challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Adler
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Aranzazú Díaz-Ramos
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Yuwei Mao
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Krzysztof Robin Pukacz
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Chenyi Fei
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Alistair J McCormick
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
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Role of Microalgae in Global CO2 Sequestration: Physiological Mechanism, Recent Development, Challenges, and Future Prospective. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132313061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The rising concentration of global atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has severely affected our planet’s homeostasis. Efforts are being made worldwide to curb carbon dioxide emissions, but there is still no strategy or technology available to date that is widely accepted. Two basic strategies are employed for reducing CO2 emissions, viz. (i) a decrease in fossil fuel use, and increased use of renewable energy sources; and (ii) carbon sequestration by various biological, chemical, or physical methods. This review has explored microalgae’s role in carbon sequestration, the physiological apparatus, with special emphasis on the carbon concentration mechanism (CCM). A CCM is a specialized mechanism of microalgae. In this process, a sub-cellular organelle known as pyrenoid, containing a high concentration of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco), helps in the fixation of CO2. One type of carbon concentration mechanism in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the association of pyrenoid tubules with thylakoids membrane is represented through a typical graphical model. Various environmental factors influencing carbon sequestration in microalgae and associated techno-economic challenges are analyzed critically.
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13
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Shukshina AK, Terentyev VV. Involvement of Carbonic Anhydrase CAH3 in the Structural and Functional Stabilization of the Water-Oxidizing Complex of Photosystem II from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 86:867-877. [PMID: 34284710 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921070075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of carbonic anhydrases (CA) and CA activity in the functioning of photosystem II (PSII) has been studied for a long time and has been shown in many works. However, so far only for CAH3 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii there is evidence for its association with the donor side of PSII, where the CA activity of CAH3 can influence the functioning of the water-oxidizing complex (WOC). Our results suggest that CAH3 is also involved in the organization of the native structure of WOC independently of its CA activity. It was shown that in PSII preparations from wild type (WT) the high O2-evolving activity of WOC was observed up to 100 mM NaCl in the medium and practically did not decrease with increasing incubation time with NaCl. At the same time, the WOC function in PSII preparations from CAH3-deficient mutant cia3 is significantly inhibited already at NaCl concentrations above 35 mM, reaching 50% at 100 mM NaCl and increased incubation time. It is suggested that the absence of CAH3 in PSII from cia3 causes disruption of the native structure of WOC, allowing more pronounced conformational changes of its proteins and, consequently, suppression of the WOC active center function, when the ionic strength of the medium is increased. The results of Western blot analysis indicate a more difficult removal of PsbP protein from PSII of cia3 at higher NaCl concentrations, apparently due to the changes in the intermolecular interactions between proteins of WOC in the absence of CAH3. At the same time, the values of the maximum quantum yield of PSII did not practically differ between preparations from WT and cia3, indicating no effect of CAH3 on the photoinduced electron transfer in the reaction center of PSII. The obtained results indicate the involvement of the CAH3 protein in the native organization of the WOC and, as a consequence, in the stabilization of its functional state in PSII from C. reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Shukshina
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Vasily V Terentyev
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
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14
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Santhanagopalan I, Wong R, Mathur T, Griffiths H. Orchestral manoeuvres in the light: crosstalk needed for regulation of the Chlamydomonas carbon concentration mechanism. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4604-4624. [PMID: 33893473 PMCID: PMC8320531 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The inducible carbon concentration mechanism (CCM) in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been well defined from a molecular and ultrastructural perspective. Inorganic carbon transport proteins, and strategically located carbonic anhydrases deliver CO2 within the chloroplast pyrenoid matrix where Rubisco is packaged. However, there is little understanding of the fundamental signalling and sensing processes leading to CCM induction. While external CO2 limitation has been believed to be the primary cue, the coupling between energetic supply and inorganic carbon demand through regulatory feedback from light harvesting and photorespiration signals could provide the original CCM trigger. Key questions regarding the integration of these processes are addressed in this review. We consider how the chloroplast functions as a crucible for photosynthesis, importing and integrating nuclear-encoded components from the cytoplasm, and sending retrograde signals to the nucleus to regulate CCM induction. We hypothesize that induction of the CCM is associated with retrograde signals associated with photorespiration and/or light stress. We have also examined the significance of common evolutionary pressures for origins of two co-regulated processes, namely the CCM and photorespiration, in addition to identifying genes of interest involved in transcription, protein folding, and regulatory processes which are needed to fully understand the processes leading to CCM induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Santhanagopalan
- Department of Plant Sciences, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rachel Wong
- Department of Plant Sciences, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tanya Mathur
- Department of Plant Sciences, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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15
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Barrett J, Girr P, Mackinder LCM. Pyrenoids: CO 2-fixing phase separated liquid organelles. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:118949. [PMID: 33421532 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.118949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyrenoids are non-membrane bound organelles found in chloroplasts of algae and hornwort plants that can be seen by light-microscopy. Pyrenoids are formed by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of Rubisco, the primary CO2 fixing enzyme, with an intrinsically disordered multivalent Rubisco-binding protein. Pyrenoids are the heart of algal and hornwort biophysical CO2 concentrating mechanisms, which accelerate photosynthesis and mediate about 30% of global carbon fixation. Even though LLPS may underlie the apparent convergent evolution of pyrenoids, our current molecular understanding of pyrenoid formation comes from a single example, the model alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In this review, we summarise current knowledge about pyrenoid assembly, regulation and structural organization in Chlamydomonas and highlight evidence that LLPS is the general principle underlying pyrenoid formation across algal lineages and hornworts. Detailed understanding of the principles behind pyrenoid assembly, regulation and structural organization within diverse lineages will provide a fundamental understanding of this biogeochemically important organelle and help guide ongoing efforts to engineer pyrenoids into crops to increase photosynthetic performance and yields.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Barrett
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Philipp Girr
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
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16
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Rudenko NN, Ignatova LK, Nadeeva-Zhurikova EM, Fedorchuk TP, Ivanov BN, Borisova-Mubarakshina MM. Advances in understanding the physiological role and locations of carbonic anhydrases in C3 plant cells. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:249-262. [PMID: 33118061 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01566-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The review describes the structures of plant carbonic anhydrases (CAs), enzymes catalyzing the interconversion of inorganic carbon forms and belonging to different families, as well as the interaction of inhibitors and activators of CA activity with the active sites of CAs in representatives of these families. We outline the data that shed light on the location of CAs in green cells of C3 plants, algae and angiosperms, with the emphasis on the recently obtained data. The proven and proposed functions of CAs in these organisms are listed. The possibility of the involvement of several chloroplast CAs in acceleration of the conversion of bicarbonate to CO2 and in supply of CO2 for fixation by Rubisco is particularly considered. Special attention is paid to CAs in various parts of thylakoids and to discussion about current knowledge of their possible physiological roles. The review states that, despite the significant progress in application of the mutants with suppressed CAs synthesis, the approach based on the use of the inhibitors of CA activity in some cases remains quite effective. Combination of these two approaches, namely determining the effect of CA activity inhibitors in plants with certain knocked-out CA genes, turns out to be very useful for understanding the functions of other CAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia N Rudenko
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia, 142290.
| | - Lyudmila K Ignatova
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia, 142290
| | - Elena M Nadeeva-Zhurikova
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia, 142290
| | - Tatiana P Fedorchuk
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia, 142290
| | - Boris N Ivanov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia, 142290
| | - Maria M Borisova-Mubarakshina
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia, 142290
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17
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Elucidation and genetic intervention of CO2 concentration mechanism in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii for increased plant primary productivity. J Biosci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-00080-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Terentyev VV, Shukshina AK, Ashikhmin AA, Tikhonov KG, Shitov AV. The Main Structural and Functional Characteristics of Photosystem-II-Enriched Membranes Isolated from Wild Type and cia3 Mutant Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10050063. [PMID: 32423065 PMCID: PMC7281441 DOI: 10.3390/life10050063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII)-enriched membranes retain the original PSII architecture in contrast to PSII cores or PSII supercomplexes, which are usually isolated from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Here, we present data that fully characterize the structural and functional properties of PSII complexes in isolated PSII-enriched membranes from C. reinhardtii. The preparations were isolated from wild-type (WT) and CAH3-deficient mutant cia3 as the influence of CAH3 on the PSII function was previously proposed. Based on the equal chlorophyll content, the PSII-enriched membranes from WT and cia3 have the same amount of reaction centers (RCs), cytochrome b559, subunits of the water-oxidizing complex, Mn ions, and carotenes. They differ in the ratio of other carotenoids, the parts of low/intermediate redox forms of cytochrome b559, and the composition of outer light-harvesting complexes. The preparations had 40% more chlorophyll molecules per RC compared to higher plants. Functionally, PSII-enriched membranes from WT and cia3 show the same photosynthetic activity at optimal pH 6.5. However, the preparations from cia3 contained more closed RCs even at pH 6.5 and showed more pronounced suppression of PSII photosynthetic activity at shift pH up to 7.0, established in the lumen of dark-adapted cells. Nevertheless, the PSII photosynthetic capacities remained the same.
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19
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Jensen EL, Maberly SC, Gontero B. Insights on the Functions and Ecophysiological Relevance of the Diverse Carbonic Anhydrases in Microalgae. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2922. [PMID: 32331234 PMCID: PMC7215798 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) exist in all kingdoms of life. They are metalloenzymes, often containing zinc, that catalyze the interconversion of bicarbonate and carbon dioxide-a ubiquitous reaction involved in a variety of cellular processes. So far, eight classes of apparently evolutionary unrelated CAs that are present in a large diversity of living organisms have been described. In this review, we focus on the diversity of CAs and their roles in photosynthetic microalgae. We describe their essential role in carbon dioxide-concentrating mechanisms and photosynthesis, their regulation, as well as their less studied roles in non-photosynthetic processes. We also discuss the presence in some microalgae, especially diatoms, of cambialistic CAs (i.e., CAs that can replace Zn by Co, Cd, or Fe) and, more recently, a CA that uses Mn as a metal cofactor, with potential ecological relevance in aquatic environments where trace metal concentrations are low. There has been a recent explosion of knowledge about this well-known enzyme with exciting future opportunities to answer outstanding questions using a range of different approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik L. Jensen
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, BIP, UMR 7281, IMM, FR3479, 31 Chemin J. Aiguier, CEDEX 20, 13 402 Marseille, France;
| | - Stephen C. Maberly
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lake Ecosystems Group, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK;
| | - Brigitte Gontero
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, BIP, UMR 7281, IMM, FR3479, 31 Chemin J. Aiguier, CEDEX 20, 13 402 Marseille, France;
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20
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Iñiguez C, Capó-Bauçà S, Niinemets Ü, Stoll H, Aguiló-Nicolau P, Galmés J. Evolutionary trends in RuBisCO kinetics and their co-evolution with CO 2 concentrating mechanisms. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:897-918. [PMID: 31820505 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
RuBisCO-catalyzed CO2 fixation is the main source of organic carbon in the biosphere. This enzyme is present in all domains of life in different forms (III, II, and I) and its origin goes back to 3500 Mya, when the atmosphere was anoxygenic. However, the RuBisCO active site also catalyzes oxygenation of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, therefore, the development of oxygenic photosynthesis and the subsequent oxygen-rich atmosphere promoted the appearance of CO2 concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) and/or the evolution of a more CO2 -specific RuBisCO enzyme. The wide variability in RuBisCO kinetic traits of extant organisms reveals a history of adaptation to the prevailing CO2 /O2 concentrations and the thermal environment throughout evolution. Notable differences in the kinetic parameters are found among the different forms of RuBisCO, but the differences are also associated with the presence and type of CCMs within each form, indicative of co-evolution of RuBisCO and CCMs. Trade-offs between RuBisCO kinetic traits vary among the RuBisCO forms and also among phylogenetic groups within the same form. These results suggest that different biochemical and structural constraints have operated on each type of RuBisCO during evolution, probably reflecting different environmental selective pressures. In a similar way, variations in carbon isotopic fractionation of the enzyme point to significant differences in its relationship to the CO2 specificity among different RuBisCO forms. A deeper knowledge of the natural variability of RuBisCO catalytic traits and the chemical mechanism of RuBisCO carboxylation and oxygenation reactions raises the possibility of finding unrevealed landscapes in RuBisCO evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepción Iñiguez
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Sebastià Capó-Bauçà
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Heather Stoll
- Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Sonnegstrasse 5, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pere Aguiló-Nicolau
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Jeroni Galmés
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
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21
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Terentyev VV, Shukshina AK, Shitov AV. Carbonic anhydrase CAH3 supports the activity of photosystem II under increased pH. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2019; 1860:582-590. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bernal-Bayard P, Álvarez C, Calvo P, Castell C, Roncel M, Hervás M, Navarro JA. The singular properties of photosynthetic cytochrome c 550 from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum suggest new alternative functions. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 166:199-210. [PMID: 30499233 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome c550 is an extrinsic component in the luminal side of photosystem II (PSII) in cyanobacteria, as well as in eukaryotic algae from the red photosynthetic lineage including, among others, diatoms. We have established that cytochrome c550 from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum can be obtained as a complete protein from the membrane fraction of the alga, although a C-terminal truncated form is purified from the soluble fractions of this diatom as well as from other eukaryotic algae. Eukaryotic cytochromes c550 show distinctive electrostatic features as compared with cyanobacterial cytochrome c550 . In addition, co-immunoseparation and mass spectrometry experiments, as well as immunoelectron microscopy analyses, indicate that although cytochrome c550 from P. tricornutum is mainly located in the thylakoid domain of the chloroplast - where it interacts with PSII - , it can also be found in the chloroplast pyrenoid, related with proteins linked to the CO2 concentrating mechanism and assimilation. These results thus suggest new alternative functions of this heme protein in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Bernal-Bayard
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, cicCartuja, Universidad de Sevilla and CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Consolación Álvarez
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, cicCartuja, Universidad de Sevilla and CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Purificación Calvo
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carmen Castell
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, cicCartuja, Universidad de Sevilla and CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mercedes Roncel
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, cicCartuja, Universidad de Sevilla and CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manuel Hervás
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, cicCartuja, Universidad de Sevilla and CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José A Navarro
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, cicCartuja, Universidad de Sevilla and CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
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23
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Isolation and Expression Analysis of Three Types of α-Carbonic Anhydrases from the Antarctic Alga Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L under Different Light Stress Treatments. Mol Biotechnol 2019; 61:200-208. [PMID: 30649663 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-018-00152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a class of zinc-containing metalloenzymes that can reversibly catalyse the hydration reaction of carbon dioxide. Antarctic algae are the most critical component of the Antarctic ecosystem; algae can enter the carbon cycle food chain by fixing carbon dioxide from the air. In this study, the complete open reading frames (ORFs) of CA1 (GenBank ID KY826431), CA2 (GenBank ID KY826432), and CA3 (GenBank ID KY826433), encoding CAs in the Antarctic ice microalga Chlamydomonas. sp. ICE-L, were successfully cloned using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, the expression patterns of CAs under blue light, under UV light, and in the dark were determined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The CA1, CA2, and CA3 ORFs encode proteins of 376, 430, and 419 amino acids, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all amino acid sequences showed high homology with those of C. sp. ICE-L. There are six types of algal CAs; we hypothesised that the CAs studied here are most likely α-CAs. Expression analysis showed that the transcription level of the CAs was influenced by both UV light and blue light. These findings provide additional insight into the molecular mechanisms of CAs and will accelerate the development of CAs for applications in agriculture and environmental governance.
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24
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South PF, Cavanagh AP, Lopez-Calcagno PE, Raines CA, Ort DR. Optimizing photorespiration for improved crop productivity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:1217-1230. [PMID: 30126060 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In C3 plants, photorespiration is an energy-expensive process, including the oxygenation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) by ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and the ensuing multi-organellar photorespiratory pathway required to recycle the toxic byproducts and recapture a portion of the fixed carbon. Photorespiration significantly impacts crop productivity through reducing yields in C3 crops by as much as 50% under severe conditions. Thus, reducing the flux through, or improving the efficiency of photorespiration has the potential of large improvements in C3 crop productivity. Here, we review an array of approaches intended to engineer photorespiration in a range of plant systems with the goal of increasing crop productivity. Approaches include optimizing flux through the native photorespiratory pathway, installing non-native alternative photorespiratory pathways, and lowering or even eliminating Rubisco-catalyzed oxygenation of RuBP to reduce substrate entrance into the photorespiratory cycle. Some proposed designs have been successful at the proof of concept level. A plant systems-engineering approach, based on new opportunities available from synthetic biology to implement in silico designs, holds promise for further progress toward delivering more productive crops to farmer's fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F South
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Amanda P Cavanagh
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Christine A Raines
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Donald R Ort
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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25
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Küken A, Sommer F, Yaneva-Roder L, Mackinder LCM, Höhne M, Geimer S, Jonikas MC, Schroda M, Stitt M, Nikoloski Z, Mettler-Altmann T. Effects of microcompartmentation on flux distribution and metabolic pools in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplasts. eLife 2018; 7:e37960. [PMID: 30306890 PMCID: PMC6235561 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells and organelles are not homogeneous but include microcompartments that alter the spatiotemporal characteristics of cellular processes. The effects of microcompartmentation on metabolic pathways are however difficult to study experimentally. The pyrenoid is a microcompartment that is essential for a carbon concentrating mechanism (CCM) that improves the photosynthetic performance of eukaryotic algae. Using Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, we obtained experimental data on photosynthesis, metabolites, and proteins in CCM-induced and CCM-suppressed cells. We then employed a computational strategy to estimate how fluxes through the Calvin-Benson cycle are compartmented between the pyrenoid and the stroma. Our model predicts that ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), the substrate of Rubisco, and 3-phosphoglycerate (3PGA), its product, diffuse in and out of the pyrenoid, respectively, with higher fluxes in CCM-induced cells. It also indicates that there is no major diffusional barrier to metabolic flux between the pyrenoid and stroma. Our computational approach represents a stepping stone to understanding microcompartmentalized CCM in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Küken
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam-GolmGermany
- Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Biochemistry and BiologyUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
| | - Frederik Sommer
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam-GolmGermany
| | | | - Luke CM Mackinder
- Department of Plant BiologyCarnegie Institution for ScienceStanfordUnited States
| | - Melanie Höhne
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam-GolmGermany
| | - Stefan Geimer
- Institute of Cell BiologyUniversity of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
| | - Martin C Jonikas
- Department of Plant BiologyCarnegie Institution for ScienceStanfordUnited States
| | - Michael Schroda
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam-GolmGermany
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam-GolmGermany
| | - Zoran Nikoloski
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam-GolmGermany
- Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Biochemistry and BiologyUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
| | - Tabea Mettler-Altmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyPotsdam-GolmGermany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant SciencesHeinrich-Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
- Institute of Plant BiochemistryHeinrich-Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
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Qu C, He Y, Zheng Z, An M, Li L, Wang X, He X, Wang Y, Liu F, Miao J. Cloning, Expression Analysis and Enzyme Activity Assays of the α-Carbonic Anhydrase Gene from Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L. Mol Biotechnol 2018; 60:21-30. [PMID: 29138983 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-017-0040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The α-carbonic anhydrase (α-CA) is a zinc ion-containing enzyme that catalyzes the hydration of carbon dioxide. In this paper, a full-length α-CA gene was cloned from Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L using RT-PCR and RACE-PCR for bioinformatic analysis. The α-CA open reading frame obtained by PCR was cloned into a vector and transformed into Escherichia coli to generate α-CA-producing bacteria. The α-CA was highly expressed upon induction with isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactoside (IPTG) at a final concentration of 0.8 mM. A single band with a molecular weight of approximate 40 kDa expressed in the recombinant E. coli strain harboring the α-CA vector was observed in SDS-PAGE analysis. The carbon dioxide hydration activity and esterase activity of α-CA expressed by the recombinant strain were 0.404 U/mg and 0.319 U, respectively. In addition, three conditions, temperature, salinity and UVB radiation exposure, were selected to analyze α-CA transcription levels by qRT-PCR. The results suggested UVB exposure increased the expression of relative mRNA; meanwhile, the α-CA mRNA expression was rapidly induced by temperature and salinity stress, indicating that Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L might modulate the α-CA mRNA expression to adapt to the extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changfeng Qu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Substances, First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yingying He
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Substances, First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Zhou Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Substances, First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Meiling An
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Substances, First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China.,Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Lulu Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Substances, First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Xixi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Substances, First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Xiaodong He
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Substances, First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Yibin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Substances, First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Fangming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Substances, First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Jinlai Miao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Substances, First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China. .,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China. .,Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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27
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Aspatwar A, Haapanen S, Parkkila S. An Update on the Metabolic Roles of Carbonic Anhydrases in the Model Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Metabolites 2018. [PMID: 29534024 PMCID: PMC5876011 DOI: 10.3390/metabo8010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are metalloenzymes that are omnipresent in nature. CAs catalyze the basic reaction of the reversible hydration of CO2 to HCO3− and H+ in all living organisms. Photosynthetic organisms contain six evolutionarily different classes of CAs, which are namely: α-CAs, β-CAs, γ-CAs, δ-CAs, ζ-CAs, and θ-CAs. Many of the photosynthetic organisms contain multiple isoforms of each CA family. The model alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii contains 15 CAs belonging to three different CA gene families. Of these 15 CAs, three belong to the α-CA gene family; nine belong to the β-CA gene family; and three belong to the γ-CA gene family. The multiple copies of the CAs in each gene family may be due to gene duplications within the particular CA gene family. The CAs of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are localized in different subcellular compartments of this unicellular alga. The presence of a large number of CAs and their diverse subcellular localization within a single cell suggests the importance of these enzymes in the metabolic and biochemical roles they perform in this unicellular alga. In the present review, we update the information on the molecular biology of all 15 CAs and their metabolic and biochemical roles in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We also present a hypothetical model showing the known functions of CAs and predicting the functions of CAs for which precise metabolic roles are yet to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Susanna Haapanen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland.
- Fimlab, Ltd., and Tampere University Hospital, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland.
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28
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Rae BD, Long BM, Förster B, Nguyen ND, Velanis CN, Atkinson N, Hee WY, Mukherjee B, Price GD, McCormick AJ. Progress and challenges of engineering a biophysical CO2-concentrating mechanism into higher plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:3717-3737. [PMID: 28444330 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Growth and productivity in important crop plants is limited by the inefficiencies of the C3 photosynthetic pathway. Introducing CO2-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) into C3 plants could overcome these limitations and lead to increased yields. Many unicellular microautotrophs, such as cyanobacteria and green algae, possess highly efficient biophysical CCMs that increase CO2 concentrations around the primary carboxylase enzyme, Rubisco, to enhance CO2 assimilation rates. Algal and cyanobacterial CCMs utilize distinct molecular components, but share several functional commonalities. Here we outline the recent progress and current challenges of engineering biophysical CCMs into C3 plants. We review the predicted requirements for a functional biophysical CCM based on current knowledge of cyanobacterial and algal CCMs, the molecular engineering tools and research pipelines required to translate our theoretical knowledge into practice, and the current challenges to achieving these goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Rae
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 134 Linnaeus Way, Acton ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Benedict M Long
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 134 Linnaeus Way, Acton ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Britta Förster
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 134 Linnaeus Way, Acton ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Nghiem D Nguyen
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 134 Linnaeus Way, Acton ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Christos N Velanis
- SynthSys and Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Nicky Atkinson
- SynthSys and Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Wei Yih Hee
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 134 Linnaeus Way, Acton ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Bratati Mukherjee
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 134 Linnaeus Way, Acton ACT 2601, Australia
| | - G Dean Price
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 134 Linnaeus Way, Acton ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Alistair J McCormick
- SynthSys and Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
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Gee CW, Niyogi KK. The carbonic anhydrase CAH1 is an essential component of the carbon-concentrating mechanism in Nannochloropsis oceanica. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:4537-4542. [PMID: 28396394 PMCID: PMC5410810 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700139114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquatic photosynthetic organisms cope with low environmental CO2 concentrations through the action of carbon-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs). Known eukaryotic CCMs consist of inorganic carbon transporters and carbonic anhydrases (and other supporting components) that culminate in elevated [CO2] inside a chloroplastic Rubisco-containing structure called a pyrenoid. We set out to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying the CCM in the emerging model photosynthetic stramenopile, Nannochloropsis oceanica, a unicellular picoplanktonic alga that lacks a pyrenoid. We characterized CARBONIC ANHYDRASE 1 (CAH1) as an essential component of the CCM in N. oceanica CCMP1779. We generated insertions in this gene by directed homologous recombination and found that the cah1 mutant has severe defects in growth and photosynthesis at ambient CO2 We identified CAH1 as an α-type carbonic anhydrase, providing a biochemical role in CCM function. CAH1 was found to localize to the lumen of the epiplastid endoplasmic reticulum, with its expression regulated by the external inorganic carbon concentration at both the transcript and protein levels. Taken together, these findings show that CAH1 is an indispensable component of what may be a simple but effective and dynamic CCM in N. oceanica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Gee
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Krishna K Niyogi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
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Hou Y, Liu Z, Zhao Y, Chen S, Zheng Y, Chen F. CAH1 and CAH2 as key enzymes required for high bicarbonate tolerance of a novel microalga Dunaliella salina HTBS. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 87-88:17-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Watanabe S, Fučíková K, Lewis LA, Lewis PO. Hiding in plain sight: Koshicola spirodelophila gen. et sp. nov. (Chaetopeltidales, Chlorophyceae), a novel green alga associated with the aquatic angiosperm Spirodela polyrhiza. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:865-75. [PMID: 27208355 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Discovery and morphological characterization of a novel epiphytic aquatic green alga increases our understanding of Chaetopeltidales, a poorly known order in Chlorophyceae. Chloroplast genomic data from this taxon reveals an unusual architecture previously unknown in green algae. METHODS Using light and electron microscopy, we characterized the morphology and ultrastructure of a novel taxon of green algae. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and plastid genes were used to test the hypothesized membership of this taxon in order Chaetopeltidales. With next-generation sequence data, we assembled the plastid genome of this novel taxon and compared its gene content and architecture to that of related species to further investigate plastid genome traits. KEY RESULTS The morphology and ultrastructure of this alga are consistent with placement in Chaetopeltidales (Chlorophyceae), but a distinct trait combination supports recognition of this alga as a new genus and species-Koshicola spirodelophila gen. et sp. nov. Its placement in the phylogeny as a descendant of a deep division in the Chaetopeltidales is supported by analysis of molecular data sets. The chloroplast genome is among the largest reported in green algae and the genes are distributed on three large (rather than a single) chromosome, in contrast to other studied green algae. CONCLUSIONS The discovery of Koshicola spirodelophila gen. et sp. nov. highlights the importance of investigating even commonplace habitats to explore new microalgal diversity. This work expands our understanding of the morphological and chloroplast genomic features of green algae, and in particular those of the poorly studied Chaetopeltidales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Watanabe
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Karolina Fučíková
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 USA
| | - Louise A Lewis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 USA
| | - Paul O Lewis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 USA
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32
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Atkinson N, Feike D, Mackinder LCM, Meyer MT, Griffiths H, Jonikas MC, Smith AM, McCormick AJ. Introducing an algal carbon-concentrating mechanism into higher plants: location and incorporation of key components. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:1302-15. [PMID: 26538195 PMCID: PMC5102585 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Many eukaryotic green algae possess biophysical carbon-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) that enhance photosynthetic efficiency and thus permit high growth rates at low CO2 concentrations. They are thus an attractive option for improving productivity in higher plants. In this study, the intracellular locations of ten CCM components in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were confirmed. When expressed in tobacco, all of these components except chloroplastic carbonic anhydrases CAH3 and CAH6 had the same intracellular locations as in Chlamydomonas. CAH6 could be directed to the chloroplast by fusion to an Arabidopsis chloroplast transit peptide. Similarly, the putative inorganic carbon (Ci) transporter LCI1 was directed to the chloroplast from its native location on the plasma membrane. CCP1 and CCP2 proteins, putative Ci transporters previously reported to be in the chloroplast envelope, localized to mitochondria in both Chlamydomonas and tobacco, suggesting that the algal CCM model requires expansion to include a role for mitochondria. For the Ci transporters LCIA and HLA3, membrane location and Ci transport capacity were confirmed by heterologous expression and H(14) CO3 (-) uptake assays in Xenopus oocytes. Both were expressed in Arabidopsis resulting in growth comparable with that of wild-type plants. We conclude that CCM components from Chlamydomonas can be expressed both transiently (in tobacco) and stably (in Arabidopsis) and retargeted to appropriate locations in higher plant cells. As expression of individual Ci transporters did not enhance Arabidopsis growth, stacking of further CCM components will probably be required to achieve a significant increase in photosynthetic efficiency in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky Atkinson
- SynthSys & Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Doreen Feike
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Luke C M Mackinder
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Moritz T Meyer
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Howard Griffiths
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin C Jonikas
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alison M Smith
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Alistair J McCormick
- SynthSys & Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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33
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Wang Y, Stessman DJ, Spalding MH. The CO2 concentrating mechanism and photosynthetic carbon assimilation in limiting CO2 : how Chlamydomonas works against the gradient. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 82:429-448. [PMID: 25765072 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM) represents an effective strategy for carbon acquisition that enables microalgae to survive and proliferate when the CO2 concentration limits photosynthesis. The CCM improves photosynthetic performance by raising the CO2 concentration at the site of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), simultaneously enhancing carbon fixation and suppressing photorespiration. Active inorganic carbon (Ci) uptake, Rubisco sequestration and interconversion between different Ci species catalyzed by carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are key components in the CCM, and an array of molecular regulatory elements is present to facilitate the sensing of CO2 availability, to regulate the expression of the CCM and to coordinate interplay between photosynthetic carbon metabolism and other metabolic processes in response to limiting CO2 conditions. This review intends to integrate our current understanding of the eukaryotic algal CCM and its interaction with carbon assimilation, based largely on Chlamydomonas as a model, and to illustrate how Chlamydomonas acclimates to limiting CO2 conditions and how its CCM is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Wang
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Dan J Stessman
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Martin H Spalding
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Engel BD, Schaffer M, Kuhn Cuellar L, Villa E, Plitzko JM, Baumeister W. Native architecture of the Chlamydomonas chloroplast revealed by in situ cryo-electron tomography. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25584625 PMCID: PMC4292175 DOI: 10.7554/elife.04889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroplast function is orchestrated by the organelle's intricate architecture. By combining cryo-focused ion beam milling of vitreous Chlamydomonas cells with cryo-electron tomography, we acquired three-dimensional structures of the chloroplast in its native state within the cell. Chloroplast envelope inner membrane invaginations were frequently found in close association with thylakoid tips, and the tips of multiple thylakoid stacks converged at dynamic sites on the chloroplast envelope, implicating lipid transport in thylakoid biogenesis. Subtomogram averaging and nearest neighbor analysis revealed that RuBisCO complexes were hexagonally packed within the pyrenoid, with ∼15 nm between their centers. Thylakoid stacks and the pyrenoid were connected by cylindrical pyrenoid tubules, physically bridging the sites of light-dependent photosynthesis and light-independent carbon fixation. Multiple parallel minitubules were bundled within each pyrenoid tubule, possibly serving as conduits for the targeted one-dimensional diffusion of small molecules such as ATP and sugars between the chloroplast stroma and the pyrenoid matrix. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.04889.001 Many organisms can harvest light to produce their own energy through a process called photosynthesis. In plant and algal cells, photosynthesis takes place within the chloroplasts, which are compartments that contain stacks of structures called thylakoids. Inside the thylakoids, proteins absorb energy from light and convert it into biochemical energy that can be used by the cell. This energy then powers a series of reactions that result in carbon dioxide being incorporated into energy-rich sugars. The enzyme RuBisCO is essential for this process, and is believed to be the most abundant protein on Earth. In land plants, RuBisCO is found throughout the chloroplast, but in algae it is limited to a specialized area called the pyrenoid. Much of our current knowledge of chloroplast structure comes from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. However, the traditional methods used to prepare cells for TEM can damage their internal structures. Also, previous studies have focused primarily on the chloroplasts of land plants, even though aquatic organisms—including the alga Chlamydomonas—account for over 50% of photosynthesis on the planet. Here, Engel et al. provide the first three-dimensional structures of Chlamydomonas chloroplasts in their natural state. They used several recently-developed techniques to study cells that were preserved in a close-to-living condition. The cells were rapidly frozen, thinned with a technique called cryo-focused ion beam milling, and then imaged by a type of TEM called cryo-electron tomography. The three-dimensional images provide many insights into the Chlamydomonas chloroplast, including evidence that lipids and proteins move between the membrane that surrounds the chloroplast—called the chloroplast envelope—and the tips of the thylakoids. These images show how thylakoids may be built by the transport of molecules from the chloroplast envelope. In addition, the images reveal the detailed structures of the tubes that connect the thylakoids to the pyrenoid, which could explain how the two stages of photosynthesis (light harvesting and the conversion of carbon dioxide) can be coordinated even though they occur at different places within the chloroplast. Engel et al. also observed that RuBisCO enzymes are arranged in a hexagonal pattern inside the pyrenoid, but are spaced too far apart to make direct contact with each other. To understand how the pyrenoid is assembled, a future goal will be to determine what causes RuBisCO to be arranged in this way. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.04889.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Engel
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Miroslava Schaffer
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Luis Kuhn Cuellar
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Villa
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jürgen M Plitzko
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumeister
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
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35
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Engel BD, Schaffer M, Kuhn Cuellar L, Villa E, Plitzko JM, Baumeister W. Native architecture of the Chlamydomonas chloroplast revealed by in situ cryo-electron tomography. eLife 2015. [PMID: 25584625 DOI: 10.7554/elife.04889#sthash.yy91intr.dpuf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroplast function is orchestrated by the organelle's intricate architecture. By combining cryo-focused ion beam milling of vitreous Chlamydomonas cells with cryo-electron tomography, we acquired three-dimensional structures of the chloroplast in its native state within the cell. Chloroplast envelope inner membrane invaginations were frequently found in close association with thylakoid tips, and the tips of multiple thylakoid stacks converged at dynamic sites on the chloroplast envelope, implicating lipid transport in thylakoid biogenesis. Subtomogram averaging and nearest neighbor analysis revealed that RuBisCO complexes were hexagonally packed within the pyrenoid, with ~15 nm between their centers. Thylakoid stacks and the pyrenoid were connected by cylindrical pyrenoid tubules, physically bridging the sites of light-dependent photosynthesis and light-independent carbon fixation. Multiple parallel minitubules were bundled within each pyrenoid tubule, possibly serving as conduits for the targeted one-dimensional diffusion of small molecules such as ATP and sugars between the chloroplast stroma and the pyrenoid matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Engel
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Miroslava Schaffer
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Luis Kuhn Cuellar
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Villa
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jürgen M Plitzko
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumeister
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
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36
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Boller AJ, Thomas PJ, Cavanaugh CM, Scott KM. Isotopic discrimination and kinetic parameters of RubisCO from the marine bloom-forming diatom, Skeletonema costatum. GEOBIOLOGY 2015; 13:33-43. [PMID: 25302659 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The cosmopolitan, bloom-forming diatom, Skeletonema costatum, is a prominent primary producer in coastal oceans, fixing CO2 with ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) that is phylogenetically distinct from terrestrial plant RubisCO. RubisCOs are subdivided into groups based on sequence similarity of their large subunits (IA-ID, II, and III). ID is present in several major oceanic primary producers, including diatoms such as S. costatum, coccolithophores, and some dinoflagellates, and differs substantially in amino acid sequence from the well-studied IB enzymes present in most cyanobacteria and in green algae and plants. Despite this sequence divergence, and differences in isotopic discrimination apparent in other RubisCO enzymes, stable carbon isotope compositions of diatoms and other marine phytoplankton are generally interpreted assuming enzymatic isotopic discrimination similar to spinach RubisCO (IB). To interpret phytoplankton δ(13) C values, S. costatum RubisCO was characterized via sequence analysis, and measurement of its KCO2 and Vmax , and degree of isotopic discrimination. The sequence of this enzyme placed it among other diatom ID RubisCOs. Michaelis-Menten parameters were similar to other ID enzymes (KCO2 = 48.9 ± 2.8 μm; Vmax = 165.1 ± 6.3 nmol min(-1 ) mg(-1) ). However, isotopic discrimination (ε = [(12) k/(13) k - 1] × 1000) was low (18.5‰; 17.0-19.9, 95% CI) when compared to IA and IB RubisCOs (22-29‰), though not as low as ID from coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi (11.1‰). Variability in ε-values among RubisCOs from primary producers is likely reflected in δ(13) C values of oceanic biomass. Currently, δ(13) C variability is ascribed to physical or chemical factors (e.g. illumination, nutrient availability) and physiological responses to these factors (e.g. carbon-concentrating mechanisms). Estimating the importance of these factors from δ(13) C measurements requires an accurate ε-value, and a mass-balance model using the ε-value for S. costatum RubisCO is presented. Clearly, appropriate ε-values must be included in interpreting δ(13) C values of environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Boller
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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37
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Jungnick N, Ma Y, Mukherjee B, Cronan JC, Speed DJ, Laborde SM, Longstreth DJ, Moroney JV. The carbon concentrating mechanism in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: finding the missing pieces. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2014; 121:159-73. [PMID: 24752527 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-014-0004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The photosynthetic, unicellular green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, lives in environments that often contain low concentrations of CO2 and HCO3 (-), the utilizable forms of inorganic carbon (Ci). C. reinhardtii possesses a carbon concentrating mechanism (CCM) which can provide suitable amounts of Ci for growth and development. This CCM is induced when the CO2 concentration is at air levels or lower and is comprised of a set of proteins that allow the efficient uptake of Ci into the cell as well as its directed transport to the site where Rubisco fixes CO2 into biomolecules. While several components of the CCM have been identified in recent years, the picture is still far from complete. To further improve our knowledge of the CCM, we undertook a mutagenesis project where an antibiotic resistance cassette was randomly inserted into the C. reinhardtii genome resulting in the generation of 22,000 mutants. The mutant collection was screened using both a published PCR-based approach (Gonzalez-Ballester et al. 2011) and a phenotypic growth screen. The PCR-based screen did not rely on a colony having an altered growth phenotype and was used to identify colonies with disruptions in genes previously identified as being associated with the CCM-related gene. Eleven independent insertional mutations were identified in eight different genes showing the usefulness of this approach in generating mutations in CCM-related genes of interest as well as identifying new CCM components. Further improvements of this method are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Jungnick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
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Basu S, Roy AS, Mohanty K, Ghoshal AK. CO2 biofixation and carbonic anhydrase activity in Scenedesmus obliquus SA1 cultivated in large scale open system. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 164:323-330. [PMID: 24865325 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study deals with the large scale open system cultivation of the novel microalga: Scenedesmus obliquus SA1 (KC733762) previously isolated in our laboratory. SA1 strain was cultivated in open system at varying CO2 levels ranging from 0.03% to 35% (v/v) and subsequently the carbonic anhydrase activity (CA) and the biochemical properties were monitored. Maximum biomass concentration (1.39 ± 0.023 g L(-1)), CO2 fixation rate (97.65 ± 1.03 mg L(-1)d(-1)) and total CA activity (166.86 ± 3.30 E.U./mg chla) were obtained at 35% CO2. CA inhibitors: acetazolamide and ethoxyzolamide inhibited the external and internal enzyme activity in SA1. High CO2 levels were favorable for the accumulation of lipids and chlorophyll. The present results suggested that SA1 possessed high CO2 tolerance and high carbohydrate, lipid and chlorophyll content when cultivated in open system thus being suitable for CO2 mitigation in outdoor ponds and subsequent generation of value added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarpita Basu
- Centre for Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Abhijit Sarma Roy
- Centre for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Kaustubha Mohanty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Aloke K Ghoshal
- Centre for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
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Kupriyanova EV, Sinetova MA, Cho SM, Park YI, Los DA, Pronina NA. CO2-concentrating mechanism in cyanobacterial photosynthesis: organization, physiological role, and evolutionary origin. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2013; 117:133-146. [PMID: 23733616 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9860-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The cellular and molecular organization of the CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM) of cyanobacteria is reviewed. The primary processes of uptake, translocation, and accumulation of inorganic carbon (Ci) near the active site of carbon assimilation by the enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase in the C3 cycle in cyanobacteria are described as one of the specialized forms of CO2 concentration which occurs in some photoautotrophic cells. The existence of this form of CO2 concentration expands our understanding of photosynthetic Ci assimilation. The means of supplying Ci to the C3 cycle in cyanobacteria is not by simple diffusion into the cell, but it is the result of coordinated functions of high-affinity systems for the uptake of CO2 and bicarbonate, as well as intracellular CO2/HCO3 (-) interconversions by carbonic anhydrases. These biochemical events are under genetic control, and they serve to maintain cellular homeostasis and adaptation to CO2 limitation. Here we describe the organization of the CCM in cyanobacteria with a special focus on the CCM of relict halo- and alkaliphilic cyanobacteria of soda lakes. We also assess the role of the CCM at the levels of the organism, the biosphere, and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Kupriyanova
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street, 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia
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Rae BD, Long BM, Badger MR, Price GD. Functions, compositions, and evolution of the two types of carboxysomes: polyhedral microcompartments that facilitate CO2 fixation in cyanobacteria and some proteobacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2013; 77:357-79. [PMID: 24006469 PMCID: PMC3811607 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00061-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are the globally dominant photoautotrophic lineage. Their success is dependent on a set of adaptations collectively termed the CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM). The purpose of the CCM is to support effective CO2 fixation by enhancing the chemical conditions in the vicinity of the primary CO2-fixing enzyme, D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO), to promote the carboxylase reaction and suppress the oxygenase reaction. In cyanobacteria and some proteobacteria, this is achieved by encapsulation of RubisCO within carboxysomes, which are examples of a group of proteinaceous bodies called bacterial microcompartments. Carboxysomes encapsulate the CO2-fixing enzyme within the selectively permeable protein shell and simultaneously encapsulate a carbonic anhydrase enzyme for CO2 supply from a cytoplasmic bicarbonate pool. These bodies appear to have arisen twice and undergone a process of convergent evolution. While the gross structures of all known carboxysomes are ostensibly very similar, with shared gross features such as a selectively permeable shell layer, each type of carboxysome encapsulates a phyletically distinct form of RubisCO enzyme. Furthermore, the specific proteins forming structures such as the protein shell or the inner RubisCO matrix are not identical between carboxysome types. Each type has evolutionarily distinct forms of the same proteins, as well as proteins that are entirely unrelated to one another. In light of recent developments in the study of carboxysome structure and function, we present this review to summarize the knowledge of the structure and function of both types of carboxysome. We also endeavor to cast light on differing evolutionary trajectories which may have led to the differences observed in extant carboxysomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Rae
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Kinetic and anion inhibition studies of a β-carbonic anhydrase (FbiCA 1) from the C4 plant Flaveria bidentis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:1626-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.01.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Malasarn D, Kropat J, Hsieh SI, Finazzi G, Casero D, Loo JA, Pellegrini M, Wollman FA, Merchant SS. Zinc deficiency impacts CO2 assimilation and disrupts copper homeostasis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:10672-83. [PMID: 23439652 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.455105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential nutrient because of its role in catalysis and in protein stabilization, but excess zinc is deleterious. We distinguished four nutritional zinc states in the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: toxic, replete, deficient, and limited. Growth is inhibited in zinc-limited and zinc-toxic cells relative to zinc-replete cells, whereas zinc deficiency is visually asymptomatic but distinguished by the accumulation of transcripts encoding ZIP family transporters. To identify targets of zinc deficiency and mechanisms of zinc acclimation, we used RNA-seq to probe zinc nutrition-responsive changes in gene expression. We identified genes encoding zinc-handling components, including ZIP family transporters and candidate chaperones. Additionally, we noted an impact on two other regulatory pathways, the carbon-concentrating mechanism (CCM) and the nutritional copper regulon. Targets of transcription factor Ccm1 and various CAH genes are up-regulated in zinc deficiency, probably due to reduced carbonic anhydrase activity, validated by quantitative proteomics and immunoblot analysis of Cah1, Cah3, and Cah4. Chlamydomonas is therefore not able to grow photoautotrophically in zinc-limiting conditions, but supplementation with 1% CO2 restores growth to wild-type rates, suggesting that the inability to maintain CCM is a major consequence of zinc limitation. The Crr1 regulon responds to copper limitation and is turned on in zinc deficiency, and Crr1 is required for growth in zinc-limiting conditions. Zinc-deficient cells are functionally copper-deficient, although they hyperaccumulate copper up to 50-fold over normal levels. We suggest that zinc-deficient cells sequester copper in a biounavailable form, perhaps to prevent mismetallation of critical zinc sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davin Malasarn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Meyer M, Griffiths H. Origins and diversity of eukaryotic CO2-concentrating mechanisms: lessons for the future. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:769-86. [PMID: 23345319 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the eukaryotic algal CO(2)-concentrating mechanism (CCM) is considered in terms of global productivity as well as molecular phylogeny and diversity. The three major constituents comprising the CCM in the majority of eukaryotes are described. These include: (i) likely plasma- and chloroplast-membrane inorganic carbon transporters; (ii) a suite of carbonic anhydrase enzymes in strategic locations; and usually (iii) a microcompartment in which most Rubisco aggregates (the chloroplast pyrenoid). The molecular diversity of known CCM components are set against the current green algal model for their probable operation. The review then focuses on the kinetic and cystallographic interactions of Rubisco, which permit pyrenoid formation and CCM function. Firstly, we consider observations that surface residues of the Rubisco small subunit directly condition Rubisco aggregation and pyrenoid formation. Secondly, we reanalyse the phylogenetic progression in green Rubisco kinetic properties, and suggest that Rubisco substrate selectivity (the specificity factor, S(rel), and affinity for CO(2), K(c)) demonstrate a systematic relaxation, which directly relates to the origins and effectiveness of a CCM. Finally, we consider the implications of eukaryotic CCM regulation and minimum components needed for introduction into higher plants as a possible means to enhance crop productivity in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Meyer
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
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Sinetova M, Markelova A. Immunoelectron Microscopy in Chlamydomonas Cells. Bio Protoc 2013. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Blanco-Rivero A, Shutova T, Román MJ, Villarejo A, Martinez F. Phosphorylation controls the localization and activation of the lumenal carbonic anhydrase in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49063. [PMID: 23139834 PMCID: PMC3490910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cah3 is the only carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoform located in the thylakoid lumen of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Previous studies demonstrated its association with the donor side of the photosystem II (PSII) where it is required for the optimal function of the water oxidizing complex. However this enzyme has also been frequently proposed to perform a critical function in inorganic carbon acquisition and CO2 fixation and all mutants lacking Cah3 exhibit very poor growth after transfer to low CO2 conditions. Results/Conclusions In the present work we demonstrate that after transfer to low CO2, Cah3 is phosphorylated and that phosphorylation is correlated to changes in its localization and its increase in activity. When C. reinhardtii wild-type cells were acclimated to limiting CO2 conditions, the Cah3 activity increased about 5–6 fold. Under these conditions, there were no detectable changes in the level of the Cah3 polypeptide. The increase in activity was specifically inhibited in the presence of Staurosporine, a protein kinase inhibitor, suggesting that the Cah3 protein was post-translationally regulated via phosphorylation. Immunoprecipitation and in vitro dephosphorylation experiments confirm this hypothesis. In vivo phosphorylation analysis of thylakoid polypeptides indicates that there was a 3-fold increase in the phosphorylation signal of the Cah3 polypeptide within the first two hours after transfer to low CO2 conditions. The increase in the phosphorylation signal was correlated with changes in the intracellular localization of the Cah3 protein. Under high CO2 conditions, the Cah3 protein was only associated with the donor side of PSII in the stroma thylakoids. In contrast, in cells grown at limiting CO2 the protein was partly concentrated in the thylakoids crossing the pyrenoid, which did not contain PSII and were surrounded by Rubisco molecules. Significance This is the first report of a CA being post-translationally regulated and describing phosphorylation events in the thylakoid lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatiana Shutova
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - María José Román
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arsenio Villarejo
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Flor Martinez
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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