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Romero-Carramiñana I, Dominguez-Zorita S, Esparza-Moltó PB, Cuezva JM. Ablation of Atp5if1 impairs metabolic reprogramming and proliferation of T lymphocytes and compromises mouse survival. iScience 2024; 27:109863. [PMID: 38799559 PMCID: PMC11126974 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
T cells experience metabolic reprogramming to an enhanced glycolysis upon activation. Herein, we have investigated whether ATPase Inhibitory Factor 1 (IF1), the physiological inhibitor of mitochondrial ATP synthase, participates in rewiring T cells to a particular metabolic phenotype. We show that the activation of naive CD4+ T lymphocytes both in vitro and in vivo is accompanied by a sharp upregulation of IF1, which is expressed only in Th1 effector cells. T lymphocytes of conditional CD4+-IF1-knockout mice display impaired glucose uptake and flux through glycolysis, reducing the biogenesis of mitochondria and cellular proliferation after activation. Consequently, mice devoid of IF1 in T lymphocytes cannot mount an effective Th1 response against bacterial infection compromising their survival. Overall, we show that the inhibition of a fraction of ATP synthase by IF1 regulates metabolic reprogramming and functionality of T cells, highlighting the essential role of IF1 in adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Romero-Carramiñana
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Dominguez-Zorita
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pau B. Esparza-Moltó
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Cuezva
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Zeng L, Wang YH, Ai CX, Zhang H, Huang YC, Zou WG. Different cold tolerances among three strains of large yellow croaker: related to antioxidant defense and energy metabolism. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:471-486. [PMID: 37115341 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01201-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare low-temperature tolerances in different strains of large yellow croaker. Dai Qu (DQ), Min-Yue Dong (MY), and Quan Zhou (NZ) strains of large yellow croaker were subjected to cold stress (8.6 °C) for 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 96 h. Survival rate, histological observation, and antioxidant and energy metabolism indicators were determined. The results showed that compared with the DQ group and MY group, NZ group aggravated hepatic structure, enhanced ROS, lactate, and anaerobic metabolism (PK gene expression and activity), while inhibited ATP, GSH, antioxidant enzymes (mRNA levels and activities of SOD, GPx, and CAT), and aerobic metabolism enzymes (mRNA levels and activities of F-ATPase, SDH, and MDH), indicating the reduction of cold tolerance in the NZ group was closely correlated with the decrement of antioxidative capacity and energy metabolism efficiency. Nrf2 and AMPK gene expressions were correlated with antioxidant and energy metabolism mRNA levels, respectively, suggesting Nrf2 and AMPK might participate in the modulation of target genes during the cold-stress adaptation. In conclusion, low temperature tolerance of fish depended on the antioxidant defense and energy metabolism efficiency, which contributes to understanding the underlying mechanisms of cold adaptation in large yellow croaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zeng
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Bengbu University, Bengbu, 233030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong-Hong Wang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Bengbu University, Bengbu, 233030, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Xiang Ai
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316000, China
| | - Yu-Cong Huang
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Guang Zou
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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3
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Su SH, Su SJ, Huang LY, Chiang YC. Leukemic cells resist lysosomal inhibition through the mitochondria-dependent reduction of intracellular pH and oxidants. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 198:1-11. [PMID: 36736442 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Acidic lysosomes are indispensable for cancer development and linked to chemotherapy resistance. Chloroquine (CQ) and functional analogues have been considered as a potential solution to overcome the cancer progression and chemoresistance by inhibiting the lysosome-mediated autophagy and multidrug exocytosis. However, their anti-cancer efficacy in most clinical trials demonstrated modest improvement. In this study, we investigated the detailed mechanisms underlying the acquired resistance of K562 leukemic cells to CQ treatment. In response to 5-80 μM CQ, the lumen pH of endosomal-lysosomal system immediately increased and gradually reached dynamic equilibrium within 24 h. Leukemic cells produced more acidic organelles to tolerate 5-10 μM CQ. CQ (20-80 μM) concentration-dependently triggered cytosolic pH (pHi) rise, G0/G1 arrest, mitochondrial depolarization/fragmentation, and necrotic/apoptotic cell death. Oxidant induction by CQ was responsible for the mitochondria-dependent cytotoxicity and partial pHi elevation. Cells that survived the CQ cytotoxicity were accompanied with increased mitochondria. Under the 80 μM CQ challenge, co-treatment with the inhibitor of F0 part of mitochondrial H+-ATP synthase, oligomycin (40 nM), prevented the elevation of oxidants as well as pHi, and attenuated stresses on mitochondria, cell survival, and cell proliferation. Besides, oligomycin-treated cells obviously displayed the lysosomal peripheralization and plasma membrane blebbing, suggesting that these cells were in process of lysosomal exocytosis and microvesicle release. Enhanced motion of these secretory processes allowed the cells to exclude CQ and repair necrotic injury. Together, the oxidant production and the proton dynamic interconnection among lysosomes, mitochondria, and cytosol are crucial for leukemic susceptibility to lysosomotropic chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hui Su
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Jem Su
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, FooYin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yun Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chen Chiang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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4
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Li Y, Zheng F, Zhang Y, Lin Z, Yang J, Han X, Feng Y, Pei X, Li F, Liu Q, Yan L, Li T, Zhang Y, Li D, Fu Z, Wang C, Sun Q, Li C. Targeting glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase by 6-AN induces ROS-mediated autophagic cell death in breast cancer. FEBS J 2023; 290:763-779. [PMID: 36048131 PMCID: PMC10087799 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of G6PD involved in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is known to promote tumorigenesis. The PPP plays a pivotal role in meeting the anabolic demands of cancer cells. However, the detailed underlying molecular mechanisms of targeting the G6PD-regulated PPP in breast cancer remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the molecular pathways mediating the effects of G6PD on cancer progression. Clinical sample analysis found that the expression of G6PD in breast cancer patients was higher than that in normal controls, and patients with higher G6PD expression had poor survival. Gene knockdown or inhibition of G6PD by 6-AN in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells significantly decreased cell viability, migration, and colony formation ability. G6PD enzyme activity was inhibited by 6-AN treatment, which caused a transient upregulation of ROS. The elevated ROS was independent of cell apoptosis and thus associated with abnormal activated autophagy. Accumulated ROS levels induced autophagic cell death in breast cancer. Inhibition of G6PD suppresses tumour growth in preclinical models of breast cancer. Our results indicate that targeting the G6PD-regulated PPP could restrain tumours in vitro and in vivo, inhibiting G6PD caused cell death by over-activating autophagy, therefore leading to inhibited proliferation and tumour formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fangxu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yupeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhoujun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Juan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ya Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaolin Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lizhong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianjiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ding Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, China
| | - Zhenkun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Immunology & Wu Lien-Teh Institute & Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University& Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, China
| | - Changjun Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chenggang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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A Mutation in Mouse MT-ATP6 Gene Induces Respiration Defects and Opposed Effects on the Cell Tumorigenic Phenotype. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021300. [PMID: 36674816 PMCID: PMC9865613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
As the last step of the OXPHOS system, mitochondrial ATP synthase (or complex V) is responsible for ATP production by using the generated proton gradient, but also has an impact on other important functions linked to this system. Mutations either in complex V structural subunits, especially in mtDNA-encoded ATP6 gene, or in its assembly factors, are the molecular cause of a wide variety of human diseases, most of them classified as neurodegenerative disorders. The role of ATP synthase alterations in cancer development or metastasis has also been postulated. In this work, we reported the generation and characterization of the first mt-Atp6 pathological mutation in mouse cells, an m.8414A>G transition that promotes an amino acid change from Asn to Ser at a highly conserved residue of the protein (p.N163S), located near the path followed by protons from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix. The phenotypic consequences of the p.N163S change reproduce the effects of MT-ATP6 mutations in human diseases, such as dependence on glycolysis, defective OXPHOS activity, ATP synthesis impairment, increased ROS generation or mitochondrial membrane potential alteration. These observations demonstrate that this mutant cell line could be of great interest for the generation of mouse models with the aim of studying human diseases caused by alterations in ATP synthase. On the other hand, mutant cells showed lower migration capacity, higher expression of MHC-I and slightly lower levels of HIF-1α, indicating a possible reduction of their tumorigenic potential. These results could suggest a protective role of ATP synthase inhibition against tumor transformation that could open the door to new therapeutic strategies in those cancer types relying on OXPHOS metabolism.
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Chakraborty S, Bhattacharjee S, Tiwari B, Jaishwal T, Singh SS, Mishra AK. Deciphering the mechanisms of zinc tolerance in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sphaerica and its zinc bioremediation potential. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:9591-9608. [PMID: 36057058 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22388-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria adopt a variety of changes at proteomic and metabolic levels for surviving under harmful environmental conditions including heavy metal stress. The current study investigates the impact of zinc stress on the proteome of Anabaena sphaerica to get an insight into its molecular mechanisms of zinc tolerance. The study revealed three different aspects that were associated with the zinc tolerance in A. sphaerica: (i) the reduced expression of photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, energy metabolism, respiratory, and transcriptional/translational proteins probably to conserve energy and utilizing it to sustain growth; (ii) the enhanced expression of metallothionein and ferritin domain protein All 3940 to chelate free zinc ions whereas upregulation of antioxidative proteins for detoxifying reactive oxygen species; and (iii) the expression of large numbers of hypothetical proteins to maintain the important cellular functions. Furthermore, over expressions of sulfate adenylyl transferase and cystathionine beta synthase along with the increased synthesis of peptidases and thiolated antioxidant proteins were also noticed which denoted cysteine synthesis under sulfur deprivation possibly by mobilizing the sulfur from dead cells and its channelization towards the production of thiolated antioxidants. Besides tolerating excess amount of zinc, A. sphaerica exhibited high zinc biosorption efficiency which confirmed its outstanding zinc bioremediation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhunath Chakraborty
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Samujjal Bhattacharjee
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Balkrishna Tiwari
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Tameshwar Jaishwal
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
- Laboratory of Cyanobacterial Systematics and Stress Biology, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Satya Shila Singh
- Laboratory of Cyanobacterial Systematics and Stress Biology, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Arun Kumar Mishra
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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7
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GK-1 Induces Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Decreased Membrane Potential, and Impaired Autophagy Flux in a Mouse Model of Breast Cancer. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010056. [PMID: 36670920 PMCID: PMC9854788 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the second most common cancer worldwide in women. During the last decades, the mortality due to breast cancer has progressively decreased due to early diagnosis and the emergence of more effective new treatments. However, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remain with poor prognoses. In our research group, we are proposing the GK-1 immunomodulatory peptide as a new alternative for immunotherapy of these aggressive tumors. GK-1 reduced the growth rate of established tumors and effectively reduced lung metastasis in the 4T1 experimental murine model of breast cancer. Herein, the effect of GK-1 on the redox state, mitochondrial metabolism, and autophagy of triple-negative tumors that can be linked to cancer evolution was studied. GK-1 decreased catalase activity, reduced glutathione (GSH) content and GSH/oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio while increased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, GSSG, and protein carbonyl content, inducing oxidative stress (OS) in tumoral tissues. This imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants was related to mitochondrial dysfunction and uncoupling, characterized by reduced mitochondrial respiratory parameters and dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), respectively. Furthermore, GK-1 likely affected autophagy flux, confirmed by elevated levels of p62, a marker of autophagy flux. Overall, the induction of OS, dysfunction, and uncoupling of the mitochondria and the reduction of autophagy could be molecular mechanisms that underlie the reduction of the 4T1 breast cancer induced by GK-1.
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Yin M, Xu X, Han H, Dai J, Sun R, Yang L, Xie J, Wang Y. Preparation of triangular silver nanoparticles and their biological effects in the treatment of ovarian cancer. J Ovarian Res 2022; 15:121. [PMID: 36411490 PMCID: PMC9680130 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-022-01056-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gradually been widely used, especially in the field of anticancer medicine. Ovarian cancer (OC) is the gynaecological malignancy with the highest mortality rate, and the current treatment is still based on surgery, chemotherapy and postoperative targeted therapy. Therefore, the development of safe and effective nanoparticles for targeted therapy of OC is very important. This study aimed to prepare a new type of triangular silver nanoparticles (tAgNPs) and evaluate the anticancer properties for OC in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The tAgNPs were chemically synthesized and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry and other techniques. By performing cell-based tests, such as cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), plate colony formation, cell apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and western blot (WB) assays, the inhibitory effects and related mechanisms of tAgNPs on OC cells were analysed.The anticancer effect of tAgNPs in vivo was verified by a SKOV3 tumor-bearing mouse model. RESULTS Five types of tAgNPs with different colours were successfully synthesized, with a particle size of 25-50 nm and a good dispersion. The results of in vitro experiments showed that tAgNPs treatment reduced the viability and proliferation of SKOV3 cells, arrested the cell cycle in G0/G1 phase, inhibited the expression levels of proliferation-related factors and cyclins, and promoted cell apoptosis by producing ROS and increasing caspase-3 activity. Consistent with the results of in vitro experiments, in vivo animal experiments also showed that tAgNPs significantly inhibited the proliferation of ovarian cancer. More importantly, no obvious toxic and side effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS In this study, a novel triangular AgNPs was successfully prepared. tAgNPs are very stable, significantly inhibit the proliferation of OC cells and tumour growth in tumour-bearing mice, providing a promising nanotargeted therapy for OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Yin
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Department of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272000 Shandong China
| | - Xiangyu Xu
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Laboratory of New Antitumor Drug Molecular Design & Synthesis, College of Basic Medical, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067 Shandong Province China
| | - Hui Han
- grid.452252.60000 0004 8342 692XDepartment of Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Gu Huai Road, No.89 Jining, 272029 Shandong China
| | - Jiahui Dai
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Department of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272000 Shandong China
| | - Ronghe Sun
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Department of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272000 Shandong China
| | - Linqing Yang
- grid.452252.60000 0004 8342 692XDepartment of Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Gu Huai Road, No.89 Jining, 272029 Shandong China
| | - Junyu Xie
- grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Department of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272000 Shandong China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- grid.452252.60000 0004 8342 692XDepartment of Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Gu Huai Road, No.89 Jining, 272029 Shandong China
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Pravda J. Evidence-based pathogenesis and treatment of ulcerative colitis: A causal role for colonic epithelial hydrogen peroxide. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:4263-4298. [PMID: 36159014 PMCID: PMC9453768 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i31.4263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this comprehensive evidence-based analysis of ulcerative colitis (UC), a causal role is identified for colonic epithelial hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in both the pathogenesis and relapse of this debilitating inflammatory bowel disease. Studies have shown that H2O2 production is significantly increased in the non-inflamed colonic epithelium of individuals with UC. H2O2 is a powerful neutrophilic chemotactic agent that can diffuse through colonic epithelial cell membranes creating an interstitial chemotactic molecular “trail” that attracts adjacent intravascular neutrophils into the colonic epithelium leading to mucosal inflammation and UC. A novel therapy aimed at removing the inappropriate H2O2 mediated chemotactic signal has been highly effective in achieving complete histologic resolution of colitis in patients experiencing refractory disease with at least one (biopsy-proven) histologic remission lasting 14 years to date. The evidence implies that therapeutic intervention to prevent the re-establishment of a pathologic H2O2 mediated chemotactic signaling gradient will indefinitely preclude neutrophilic migration into the colonic epithelium constituting a functional cure for this disease. Cumulative data indicate that individuals with UC have normal immune systems and current treatment guidelines calling for the suppression of the immune response based on the belief that UC is caused by an underlying immune dysfunction are not supported by the evidence and may cause serious adverse effects. It is the aim of this paper to present experimental and clinical evidence that identifies H2O2 produced by the colonic epithelium as the causal agent in the pathogenesis of UC. A detailed explanation of a novel therapeutic intervention to normalize colonic H2O2, its rationale, components, and formulation is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Pravda
- Disease Pathogenesis, Inflammatory Disease Research Centre, Palm Beach Gardens, FL 33410, United States
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10
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Akuetteh PDP, Huang H, Wu S, Zhou H, Jin G, Hong W, Yang H, Lan L, Shangguan F, Zhang Q. Synthetic oleanane triterpenoid derivative CDDO-Me disrupts cellular bioenergetics to suppress pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma via targeting SLC1A5. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23192. [PMID: 35929395 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the potential antitumor activity of synthetic triterpenoid, methyl-2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oate (CDDO-Me) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), MTT cytotoxicity assay, and xenograft nude mice assay were performed to evaluate tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Seahorse XFe96 bioenergetics analyzer was applied to determine aerobic glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration. Western blot and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions are used to detect protein and messenger RNA transcripts of SLC1A5 and metabolic enzymes. We confirmed the strong antitumor activity of CDDO-Me in suppressing PDAC growth. Mechanistically, we demonstrated CDDO-Me induced mitochondrial respiration and aerobic glycolysis dysfunction. We also verified CDDO-Me downregulated glutamine transporter SLC1A5, resulting in excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels that suppressed tumor growth. Moreover, we confirmed that SLC1A5 depletion reduced the ratio of glutathione/oxidized glutathione. We also found CDDO-Me could inhibit N-linked glycosylation of SLC1A5, which promotes protease-mediated degradation. Finally, we confirmed SLC1A5 was significantly overexpressed in PDAC and closely correlated with the poor prognosis of PDAC patients. Our work uncovers CDDO-Me is effective at suppressing PDAC cell growth in vitro and in vivo and illuminates CDDO-Me caused excessive ROS and cellular bioenergetics disruption which contributed to CDDO-Me inhibited PDAC growth. Our data highlights CDDO-Me could be considered a potential compound for PDAC therapy, and SLC1A5 could be a novel biomarker for PDAC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Percy D P Akuetteh
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huimin Huang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shijia Wu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongfei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guihua Jin
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Welong Hong
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongbao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Linhua Lan
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fugen Shangguan
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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11
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Kovacevic B, Ionescu CM, Jones M, Wagle SR, Lewkowicz M, Đanić M, Mikov M, Mooranian A, Al-Salami H. The Effect of Deoxycholic Acid on Chitosan-Enabled Matrices for Tissue Scaffolding and Injectable Nanogels. Gels 2022; 8:gels8060358. [PMID: 35735702 PMCID: PMC9222767 DOI: 10.3390/gels8060358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of a multitude of diseases is influenced by bioenergetic dysfunction. Healthy mitochondria are presented as essential for the regulation and function of multiple cell types, including the cells of relevance for this research: pancreatic beta cells, muscle cells, and liver cells. Hence, effects of hydrogels (particularly nanogels) on bioenergetics needs to be taken into account when designing optimum delivery matrices. Several polymers have been suggested for use in hydrogels and nanogels, with focus on chitosan due to its range of beneficial properties. Bile acids have emerged as beneficial excipients, including deoxycholic acid, which can increase membrane permeability of cells. Nanogels were manufactured containing various concentrations of chitosan and deoxycholic acid in addition to the staple sodium alginate. Nanogels then underwent an array of analysis including rheological studies and in vitro cell work assessing viability, hypoxia, and the bioenergetic profiles. Overall, deoxycholic acid showed enhanced gel strength although this resulted in slightly lower cell viability and impacted bioenergetic profiles. Results from this study showed the benefits of deoxycholic acid; however, this was found to be less suitable for cell delivery matrices and is perhaps more beneficial for drug-delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozica Kovacevic
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; (B.K.); (C.M.I.); (M.J.); (S.R.W.); (M.L.)
- Hearing Therapeutics Department, Ear Science Institute Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Corina Mihaela Ionescu
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; (B.K.); (C.M.I.); (M.J.); (S.R.W.); (M.L.)
- Hearing Therapeutics Department, Ear Science Institute Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Melissa Jones
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; (B.K.); (C.M.I.); (M.J.); (S.R.W.); (M.L.)
- Hearing Therapeutics Department, Ear Science Institute Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Susbin Raj Wagle
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; (B.K.); (C.M.I.); (M.J.); (S.R.W.); (M.L.)
- Hearing Therapeutics Department, Ear Science Institute Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Michael Lewkowicz
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; (B.K.); (C.M.I.); (M.J.); (S.R.W.); (M.L.)
- Hearing Therapeutics Department, Ear Science Institute Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Maja Đanić
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21101 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.Đ.); (M.M.)
| | - Momir Mikov
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21101 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.Đ.); (M.M.)
| | - Armin Mooranian
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; (B.K.); (C.M.I.); (M.J.); (S.R.W.); (M.L.)
- Hearing Therapeutics Department, Ear Science Institute Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (H.A.-S.)
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; (B.K.); (C.M.I.); (M.J.); (S.R.W.); (M.L.)
- Hearing Therapeutics Department, Ear Science Institute Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (H.A.-S.)
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12
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Hawrysh PJ, Myrka AM, Buck LT. Review: A history and perspective of mitochondria in the context of anoxia tolerance. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 260:110733. [PMID: 35288242 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Symbiosis is found throughout nature, but perhaps nowhere is it more fundamental than mitochondria in all eukaryotes. Since mitochondria were discovered and mechanisms of oxygen reduction characterized, an understanding gradually emerged that these organelles were involved not just in the combustion of oxygen, but also in the sensing of oxygen. While multiple hypotheses exist to explain the mitochondrial involvement in oxygen sensing, key elements are developing that include potassium channels and reactive oxygen species. To understand how mitochondria contribute to oxygen sensing, it is informative to study a model system which is naturally adapted to survive extended periods without oxygen. Amongst air-breathing vertebrates, the most highly adapted are western painted turtles (Chrysemys picta bellii), which overwinter in ice-covered and anoxic water bodies. Through research of this animal, it was postulated that metabolic rate depression is key to anoxic survival and that mitochondrial regulation is a key aspect. When faced with anoxia, excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in turtle brain are inhibited through mitochondrial calcium release, termed "channel arrest". Simultaneously, inhibitory GABAergic signalling contributes to the "synaptic arrest" of excitatory action potential firing through a pathway dependent on mitochondrial depression of ROS generation. While many pathways are implicated in mitochondrial oxygen sensing in turtles, such as those of adenosine, ATP turnover, and gaseous transmitters, an apparent point of intersection is the mitochondria. In this review we will explore how an organelle that was critical for organismal complexity in an oxygenated world has also become a potentially important oxygen sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter John Hawrysh
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Alexander Morley Myrka
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Leslie Thomas Buck
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
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13
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Ahmed Juvale II, Abdul Hamid AA, Abd Halim KB, Che Has AT. P-glycoprotein: new insights into structure, physiological function, regulation and alterations in disease. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09777. [PMID: 35789865 PMCID: PMC9249865 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The multidrug resistance phenomenon presents a major threat to the pharmaceutical industry. This resistance is a common occurrence in several diseases and is mediated by multidrug transporters that actively pump substances out of the cell and away from their target regions. The most well-known multidrug transporter is the P-glycoprotein transporter. The binding sites within P-glycoprotein can accommodate a variety of compounds with diverse structures. Hence, numerous drugs are P-glycoprotein substrates, with new ones being identified every day. For many years, the mechanisms of action of P-glycoprotein have been shrouded in mystery, and scientists have only recently been able to elucidate certain structural and functional aspects of this protein. Although P-glycoprotein is highly implicated in multidrug resistant diseases, this transporter also performs various physiological roles in the human body and is expressed in several tissues, including the brain, kidneys, liver, gastrointestinal tract, testis, and placenta. The expression levels of P-glycoprotein are regulated by different enzymes, inflammatory mediators and transcription factors; alterations in which can result in the generation of a disease phenotype. This review details the discovery, the recently proposed structure and the regulatory functions of P-glycoprotein, as well as the crucial role it plays in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Imtiyaz Ahmed Juvale
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Azzmer Azzar Abdul Hamid
- Department of Biotechnology, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Khairul Bariyyah Abd Halim
- Research Unit for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (RUBIC), Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Tarmizi Che Has
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Corresponding author.
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14
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Ebanks B, Katyal G, Lucassen M, Papetti C, Chakrabarti L. Proteomic analysis of the ATP synthase interactome in notothenioids highlights a pathway that inhibits ceruloplasmin production. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 323:R181-R192. [PMID: 35639858 PMCID: PMC9291420 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00069.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Antarctic notothenioids have unique adaptations that allow them to thrive in sub-zero Antarctic waters. Within the suborder Notothenioidei, species of the family Channichthyidae (icefish) lack haemoglobin and in some instances myoglobin too. In studies of mitochondrial function of notothenioids, few have focussed specifically on ATP synthase. In this study, we find that the icefish Champsocephalus gunnari has a significantly higher level of ATP synthase subunit α expression than in red-blooded Notothenia rossii, but a much smaller interactome than the other species. We characterise the interactome of ATP synthase subunit a in two red-blooded species Trematomus bernacchii, N. rossii, and in the icefish Chionodraco rastrospinosus, and C. gunnari and find that in comparison with the other species, reactome enrichment for C. gunnari lacks chaperonin-mediated protein folding, and fewer oxidative-stress-associated proteins are present in the identified interactome of C. gunnari. Reactome enrichment analysis also identifies a transcript-specific translational silencing pathway for the iron oxidase protein ceruloplasmin, which has previously been reported in studies of icefish as distinct from other red-blooded fish and vertebrates in its activity and RNA transcript expression. Ceruloplasmin protein expression is detected by Western blot in the liver of T. bernacchii, but not in N. rossii, C. rastrospinosus, and C. gunnari. We suggest that the translation of ceruloplasmin transcripts is silenced by the identified pathway in icefish notothenioids, which is indicative of altered iron metabolism and Fe(II) detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Ebanks
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gunjan Katyal
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Lisa Chakrabarti
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, United Kingdom
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15
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Principi E, Sondo E, Bianchi G, Ravera S, Morini M, Tomati V, Pastorino C, Zara F, Bruno C, Eva A, Pedemonte N, Raffaghello L. Targeting of Ubiquitin E3 Ligase RNF5 as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy in Neuroectodermal Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071802. [PMID: 35406574 PMCID: PMC8997491 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
RNF5, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) E3 ubiquitin ligase, participates to the ER-associated protein degradation guaranteeing the protein homeostasis. Depending on tumor model tested, RNF5 exerts pro- or anti-tumor activity. The aim of this study was to elucidate the controversial role of RNF5 in neuroblastoma and melanoma, two neuroectodermal tumors of infancy and adulthood, respectively. RNF5 gene levels are evaluated in publicly available datasets reporting the gene expression profile of melanoma and neuroblastoma primary tumors at diagnosis. The therapeutic effect of Analog-1, an RNF5 pharmacological activator, was investigated on in vitro and in vivo neuroblastoma and melanoma models. In both neuroblastoma and melanoma patients the high expression of RNF5 correlated with a better prognostic outcome. Treatment of neuroblastoma and melanoma cell lines with Analog-1 reduced cell viability by impairing the glutamine availability and energy metabolism through inhibition of F1Fo ATP-synthase activity. This latter event led to a marked increase in oxidative stress, which, in turn, caused cell death. Similarly, neuroblastoma- and melanoma-bearing mice treated with Analog-1 showed a significant delay of tumor growth in comparison to those treated with vehicle only. These findings validate RNF5 as an innovative drug target and support the development of Analog-1 in early phase clinical trials for neuroblastoma and melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Principi
- Center of Translational and Experimental Myology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Elvira Sondo
- UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanna Bianchi
- Stem Cell Laboratory and Cell Therapy Center, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Ravera
- Experimental Medicine Department, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Martina Morini
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Valeria Tomati
- UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Cristina Pastorino
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DI-NOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DI-NOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudio Bruno
- Center of Translational and Experimental Myology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DI-NOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Eva
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Lizzia Raffaghello
- Center of Translational and Experimental Myology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
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16
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Lee SH, Shin JH, Park MW, Kim J, Chung KS, Na S, Ryu JH, Lee JH, Park MS, Kim YS, Moon JS. Impairment of Mitochondrial ATP Synthesis Induces RIPK3-dependent Necroptosis in Lung Epithelial Cells During Lung Injury by Lung Inflammation. Immune Netw 2022; 22:e18. [PMID: 35573150 PMCID: PMC9066008 DOI: 10.4110/in.2022.22.e18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Su Hwan Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Ju Hye Shin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Min Woo Park
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea
| | - Junhyung Kim
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea
| | - Kyung Soo Chung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Sungwon Na
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Ji-Hwan Ryu
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jin Hwa Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University, College of Medicine, Seoul 07804, Korea
| | - Moo Suk Park
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Young Sam Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jong-Seok Moon
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea
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17
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Luong TT, Bernstein KA. Role and Regulation of the RECQL4 Family during Genomic Integrity Maintenance. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1919. [PMID: 34946868 PMCID: PMC8701316 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RECQL4 is a member of the evolutionarily conserved RecQ family of 3' to 5' DNA helicases. RECQL4 is critical for maintaining genomic stability through its functions in DNA repair, recombination, and replication. Unlike many DNA repair proteins, RECQL4 has unique functions in many of the central DNA repair pathways such as replication, telomere, double-strand break repair, base excision repair, mitochondrial maintenance, nucleotide excision repair, and crosslink repair. Consistent with these diverse roles, mutations in RECQL4 are associated with three distinct genetic diseases, which are characterized by developmental defects and/or cancer predisposition. In this review, we provide an overview of the roles and regulation of RECQL4 during maintenance of genome homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kara A. Bernstein
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
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18
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Mitochondria dynamics in the aged mice eye and the role in the RPE phagocytosis. Exp Eye Res 2021; 213:108800. [PMID: 34688622 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a predominant risk factor for various eye diseases. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the elderly, and its etiology remains unclear. Fragmented and dysfunctional mitochondria are associated with age-related diseases. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a polarized cell layer that functions in visual pigment recycling and degeneration, is suspected as the primary region site of AMD. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and RPE aging. Compared to young mice, aged pigmented mice (C57BL/6J, 12-month-old) exhibit decreased visual function without retinal thinning. Consistently, the rhodopsin expression level decreased in the outer segment of aged mice. Moreover, the cell volume of the RPE increased in aged animals. Interestingly, the expression of mitochondria dynamics-related proteins, including Drp1, was altered in the RPE-choroid complex but not in the neural retina after aging. Electron microscopy revealed that mitochondrial size decreased and cristae width increased in aged RPE. The photoreceptor outer segment (POS) treatment of ARPE-19 cells causes Drp1 activation. Furthermore, pharmacological suppression of mitochondrial fission improved the phagocytosis of the POS. These findings indicate that mitochondrial dysfunction and fission in RPE impede phagocytosis and cause retardation of the visual cycle, which can be one of the age-related defects in the retina that may contribute to the onset of AMD.
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19
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Zeng L, Li WC, Zhang H, Cao P, Ai CX, Hu B, Song W. Hypoxic acclimation improves mitochondrial bioenergetic function in large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea under Cu stress. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 224:112688. [PMID: 34425539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate how pre-hypoxia exposure affected the mitochondrial structure and bioenergetic function of large yellow croaker in responding to Cu stress. Fish were acclimated to normoxia and 3.0 mg DO L-1 for 48 h, then subjected to 0 and 120 μg Cu L-1 for another 48 h. Hypoxic acclimation did not affect mitochondrial ultrastructure and reactive oxygen species (ROS), but reduced oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) efficiency. Cu exposure impaired mitochondrial ultrastructure, increased ROS generation and inhibited OXPHOS efficiency. Compared with Cu exposure alone, hypoxic acclimation plus Cu exposure reduced ROS production and improved OXPHOS efficiency by enhancing mitochondrial respiratory control ratio, mitochondrial membrane potential, and activities and gene expressions of electron transport chain enzymes. In conclusion, hypoxic acclimation improved the mitochondrial energy metabolism of large yellow croaker under Cu stress, facilitating our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regarding adaptive responses of hypoxia-acclimated fish under Cu stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Wen-Cheng Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Ping Cao
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Chun-Xiang Ai
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China.
| | - Bing Hu
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Special Aquatic Formula Feed, Fuqing 350300, PR China
| | - Wei Song
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China; East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, PR China.
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20
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Guo L. Mitochondria and the permeability transition pore in cancer metabolic reprogramming. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 188:114537. [PMID: 33811907 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are a major source of ATP provision as well as cellular suicidal weapon store. Accumulating evidences demonstrate that mitochondrial bioenergetics, biosynthesis and signaling are important mediators of tumorigenesis. Metabolic plasticity enables cancer cell reprogramming to cope with cellular and environmental alterations, a process requires mitochondria biology. Mitochondrial metabolism emerges to be a promising arena for cancer therapeutic targets. The permeability transition pore (PTP) participates in physiological Ca2+ and ROS homeostasis as well as cell death depending on the open state. The hypothesis that PTP forms from F-ATP synthase provides clues to the potential collaborative role of mitochondrial respiration and PTP in regulating cancer cell fate and metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishu Guo
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China.
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21
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Urbani A, Prosdocimi E, Carrer A, Checchetto V, Szabò I. Mitochondrial Ion Channels of the Inner Membrane and Their Regulation in Cell Death Signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:620081. [PMID: 33585458 PMCID: PMC7874202 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.620081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are bioenergetic organelles with a plethora of fundamental functions ranging from metabolism and ATP production to modulation of signaling events leading to cell survival or cell death. Ion channels located in the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes critically control mitochondrial function and, as a consequence, also cell fate. Opening or closure of mitochondrial ion channels allow the fine-tuning of mitochondrial membrane potential, ROS production, and function of the respiratory chain complexes. In this review, we critically discuss the intracellular regulatory factors that affect channel activity in the inner membrane of mitochondria and, indirectly, contribute to cell death. These factors include various ligands, kinases, second messengers, and lipids. Comprehension of mitochondrial ion channels regulation in cell death pathways might reveal new therapeutic targets in mitochondria-linked pathologies like cancer, ischemia, reperfusion injury, and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Urbani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Carrer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Ildikò Szabò
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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22
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Li S, Zhao Q, Zhang K, Sun W, Li J, Guo X, Yin J, Zhang J, Tang C. Selenium Deficiency-Induced Pancreatic Pathology Is Associated with Oxidative Stress and Energy Metabolism Disequilibrium. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:154-165. [PMID: 32314143 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient that plays a crucial role in development and physiological processes. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of Se deficiency on pancreatic pathology and the potential mechanism in pigs. Twenty-four castrated male Yorkshire pigs were divided into two groups and fed a Se-deficient diet (0.007 mg Se/kg) or a Se-adequate diet (0.3 mg Se/kg) for 16 weeks. The serum concentrations of insulin and glucagon, Se concentration, histologic characteristics, apoptotic status, antioxidant activity, free radical content, and major metabolite concentrations were analyzed. The results showed that Se deficiency reduced the concentrations of insulin and glucagon in the serum and of Se in pancreas, decreased the number of islets and cells in the local islets, and induced pancreatic apoptosis. Se deficiency caused a redox imbalance, which led to an increase in the content of free radicals and decreased the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Of 147 targeted metabolites judged to be present in pancreas, only hypotaurine and D-glucuronic acid had differential concentrations with the false discovery rate < 0.05. Pathway analysis using metabolites with differential expression (unadjusted P < 0.05, fold change > 1.4 or < 0.67) found that 8 glycolytic metabolites were significantly increased by Se-deficient, whereas most of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and pentose phosphate pathway metabolites were not significantly changed. Our studies indicated that Se deficiency-induced pancreatic pathology was associated with oxidative stress and enhanced activity of glycolysis, which may provide gaining insight into the actions of Se as a diabetogenic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qingyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenjuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jingdong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chaohua Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Scientific Observing and Experiment Station of Animal Genetic Resources and Nutrition in North China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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23
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Silva C, Pinto M, Fernandes C, Benfeito S, Borges F. Antioxidant Therapy and Neurodegenerative Disorders: Lessons From Clinical Trials. SYSTEMS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.11611-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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24
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Chen ML, Sun A, Cao W, Eliason A, Mendez KM, Getzler AJ, Tsuda S, Diao H, Mukori C, Bruno NE, Kim SY, Pipkin ME, Koralov SB, Sundrud MS. Physiological expression and function of the MDR1 transporter in cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 2020; 217:151682. [PMID: 32302378 PMCID: PMC7201929 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance-1 (MDR1) acts as a chemotherapeutic drug efflux pump in tumor cells, although its physiological functions remain enigmatic. Using a recently developed MDR1-knockin reporter allele (Abcb1aAME), we found that constitutive MDR1 expression among hematopoietic cells was observed in cytolytic lymphocytes—including CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer cells—and regulated by Runt-related (Runx) transcription factors. Whereas MDR1 was dispensable for naive CD8+ T cell development, it was required for both the normal accumulation of effector CTLs following acute viral infection and the protective function of memory CTLs following challenge with an intracellular bacterium. MDR1 acted early after naive CD8+ T cell activation to suppress oxidative stress, enforce survival, and safeguard mitochondrial function in nascent CTLs. These data highlight an important endogenous function of MDR1 in cell-mediated immune responses and suggest that ongoing efforts to intentionally inhibit MDR1 in cancer patients could be counterproductive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Lan Chen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL
| | - Amy Sun
- Department of Pathology, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL
| | - Amber Eliason
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL
| | - Kayla M Mendez
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL
| | - Adam J Getzler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL
| | - Shanel Tsuda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL
| | - Huitian Diao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL
| | - Clever Mukori
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL
| | - Nelson E Bruno
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL
| | - Sang Yong Kim
- Rodent Genetic Engineering Core, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Matthew E Pipkin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL
| | - Sergei B Koralov
- Department of Pathology, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Mark S Sundrud
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL
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25
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Potential Inhibitory Effect of Apis mellifera's Venom and of Its Two Main Components-Melittin and PLA 2-on Escherichia coli F 1F 0-ATPase. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9110824. [PMID: 33218209 PMCID: PMC7699247 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9110824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial resistance has become a worrying problem for human health, especially since certain bacterial strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) can cause very serious infections. Thus, the search for novel natural inhibitors with new bacterial targets would be crucial to overcome resistance to antibiotics. Here, we evaluate the inhibitory effects of Apis mellifera bee venom (BV-Am) and of its two main components -melittin and phospholipase A2 (PLA2)- on E. coli F1F0-ATPase enzyme, a crucial molecular target for the survival of these bacteria. Thus, we optimized a spectrophotometric method to evaluate the enzymatic activity by quantifying the released phosphate from ATP hydrolysis catalyzed by E. coli F1F0-ATPase. The protocol developed for inhibition assays of this enzyme was validated by two reference inhibitors, thymoquinone (IC50 = 57.5 μM) and quercetin (IC50 = 30 μM). Results showed that BV-Am has a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on E. coli F1F0-ATPase with 50% inhibition at 18.43 ± 0.92 μg/mL. Melittin inhibits this enzyme with IC50 = 9.03 ± 0.27 µM, emphasizing a more inhibitory effect than the two previous reference inhibitors adopted. Likewise, PLA2 inhibits E. coli F1F0-ATPase with a dose-dependent effect (50% inhibition at 2.11 ± 0.11 μg/mL) and its combination with melittin enhanced the inhibition extent of this enzyme. Crude venom and mainly melittin and PLA2, inhibit E. coli F1F0-ATPase and could be considered as important candidates for combating resistant bacteria.
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26
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Esparza-Moltó PB, Cuezva JM. Reprogramming Oxidative Phosphorylation in Cancer: A Role for RNA-Binding Proteins. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:927-945. [PMID: 31910046 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Cancer is a major disease imposing high personal and economic burden draining large part of National Health Care and Research budgets worldwide. In the last decade, research in cancer has underscored the reprogramming of metabolism to an enhanced aerobic glycolysis as a major trait of the cancer phenotype with great potential for targeted therapy. Recent Advances: Mitochondria are essential organelles in metabolic reprogramming for controlling the production of biological energy through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and the supply of metabolic precursors that sustain proliferation. In addition, mitochondria are critical hubs that integrate different signaling pathways that control cellular metabolism and cell fate. The mitochondrial ATP synthase plays a fundamental role in OXPHOS and cellular signaling. Critical Issues: This review overviews mitochondrial metabolism and OXPHOS, and the major changes reported in the expression and function of mitochondrial proteins of OXPHOS in oncogenesis and in cellular differentiation. We summarize the prominent role that RNA-binding proteins (RNABPs) play in the sorting and localized translation of nuclear-encoded mRNAs that help define the mitochondrial cell-type-specific phenotype. Moreover, we emphasize the mechanisms that contribute to restrain the activity and expression of the mitochondrial ATP synthase in carcinomas, and illustrate that the dysregulation of proteins that control energy metabolism correlates with patients' survival. Future Directions: Future research should elucidate the mechanisms and RNABPs that promote the specific alterations of the mitochondrial phenotype in carcinomas arising from different tissues with the final aim of developing new therapeutic strategies to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau B Esparza-Moltó
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Cuezva
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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27
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Elbehairi SEI, Alfaifi MY, Shati AA, Alshehri MA, Elshaarawy RF, Hafez HS. Role of Pd(II)–chitooligosaccharides–Gboxin analog in oxidative phosphorylation inhibition and energy depletion: Targeting mitochondrial dynamics. Chem Biol Drug Des 2020; 96:1148-1161. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serag Eldin I. Elbehairi
- Biology Department Faculty of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
- Cell Culture Lab Egyptian Organization for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA Holding Company) Giza Egypt
| | - Mohammad Y. Alfaifi
- Biology Department Faculty of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A. Shati
- Biology Department Faculty of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Reda F.M. Elshaarawy
- Chemistry Department Faculty of Science Suez University Suez Egypt
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Heinriche‐Heine‐Universität Düsseldorf DÜSSELDORF Germany
| | - Hani S. Hafez
- Zoology Department Faculty of Science Suez University Suez Egypt
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28
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Wang S, Deng Z, Ma Y, Jin J, Qi F, Li S, Liu C, Lyu FJ, Zheng Q. The Role of Autophagy and Mitophagy in Bone Metabolic Disorders. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:2675-2691. [PMID: 32792864 PMCID: PMC7415419 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.46627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metabolic disorders include osteolysis, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are two major types of cells in bone constituting homeostasis. The imbalance between bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts has been shown to have a direct contribution to the onset of these diseases. Recent evidence indicates that autophagy and mitophagy, the selective autophagy of mitochondria, may play a vital role in regulating the proliferation, differentiation and function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Several signaling pathways, including PINK1/Parkin, SIRT1, MAPK8/FOXO3, Beclin-1/BECN1, p62/SQSTM1, and mTOR pathways, have been implied in the regulation of autophagy and mitophagy in these cells. Here we review the current progress about the regulation of autophagy and mitophagy in osteoblasts and osteoclasts in these bone metabolic disorders, as well as the molecular signaling activated or deactivated during this process. Together, we hope to draw attention to the role of autophagy and mitophagy in bone metabolic disorders, and their potential as a new target for the treatment of bone metabolic diseases and the requirements of further mechanism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 510080, China.,South China University of Technology-The University of Western Australia Joint Center for Regenerative Medicine Research, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhantao Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 510080, China
| | - Yuanchen Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 510080, China
| | - Jiewen Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Fangjie Qi
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 510080, China.,South China University of Technology-The University of Western Australia Joint Center for Regenerative Medicine Research, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shuxian Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 510080, China.,South China University of Technology-The University of Western Australia Joint Center for Regenerative Medicine Research, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chang Liu
- South China University of Technology-The University of Western Australia Joint Center for Regenerative Medicine Research, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Feng-Juan Lyu
- South China University of Technology-The University of Western Australia Joint Center for Regenerative Medicine Research, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qiujian Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 510080, China
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29
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Emmanuel IA, Olotu FA, Agoni C, Soliman MES. In Silico Repurposing of J147 for Neonatal Encephalopathy Treatment: Exploring Molecular Mechanisms of Mutant Mitochondrial ATP Synthase. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:1551-1566. [PMID: 32598251 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200628152246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal Encephalopathy (NE) is a mitochondrial ATP synthase (mATPase) disease, which results in the death of infants. The case presented here is reportedly caused by complex V deficiency as a result of mutation of Arginine to Cysteine at residue 329 in the mATPase. A recent breakthrough was the discovery of J147, which targets mATPase in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Based on the concepts of computational target-based drug design, this study investigated the possibility of employing J147 as a viable candidate in the treatment of NE. OBJECTIVE/METHODS The structural dynamic implications of this drug on the mutated enzyme are yet to be elucidated. Hence, integrative molecular dynamics simulations and thermodynamic calculations were employed to investigate the activity of J147 on the mutated enzyme in comparison to its already established inhibitory activity on the wild-type enzyme. RESULTS A correlated structural trend occurred between the wild-type and mutant systems whereby all the systems exhibited an overall conformational transition. Equal observations in favorable free binding energies further substantiated uniformity in the mobility, and residual fluctuation of the wild-type and mutant systems. The similarity in the binding landscape suggests that J147 could as well modulate mutant mATPase activity in addition to causing structural modifications in the wild-type enzyme. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that J147 can stabilize the mutant protein and restore it to a similar structural state as the wild-type which depicts functionality. These details could be employed in drug design for potential drug resistance cases due to mATPase mutations that may present in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwuchukwu A Emmanuel
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Fisayo A Olotu
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Clement Agoni
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E S Soliman
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
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30
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Sánchez-González C, Nuevo-Tapioles C, Herrero Martín JC, Pereira MP, Serrano Sanz S, Ramírez de Molina A, Cuezva JM, Formentini L. Dysfunctional oxidative phosphorylation shunts branched-chain amino acid catabolism onto lipogenesis in skeletal muscle. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103812. [PMID: 32488939 PMCID: PMC7360968 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is controversial whether mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle is the cause or consequence of metabolic disorders. Herein, we demonstrate that in vivo inhibition of mitochondrial ATP synthase in muscle alters whole‐body lipid homeostasis. Mice with restrained mitochondrial ATP synthase activity presented intrafiber lipid droplets, dysregulation of acyl‐glycerides, and higher visceral adipose tissue deposits, poising these animals to insulin resistance. This mitochondrial energy crisis increases lactate production, prevents fatty acid β‐oxidation, and forces the catabolism of branched‐chain amino acids (BCAA) to provide acetyl‐CoA for de novo lipid synthesis. In turn, muscle accumulation of acetyl‐CoA leads to acetylation‐dependent inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory complex II enhancing oxidative phosphorylation dysfunction which results in augmented ROS production. By screening 702 FDA‐approved drugs, we identified edaravone as a potent mitochondrial antioxidant and enhancer. Edaravone administration restored ROS and lipid homeostasis in skeletal muscle and reinstated insulin sensitivity. Our results suggest that muscular mitochondrial perturbations are causative of metabolic disorders and that edaravone is a potential treatment for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sánchez-González
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Nuevo-Tapioles
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, i+12, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Cruz Herrero Martín
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta P Pereira
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Serrano Sanz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Ramírez de Molina
- Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer Group, Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA) Food Institute, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Cuezva
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, i+12, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Formentini
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, i+12, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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31
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The Reducible Disulfide Proteome of Synaptosomes Supports a Role for Reversible Oxidations of Protein Thiols in the Maintenance of Neuronal Redox Homeostasis. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:1825-1838. [PMID: 32399867 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03046-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which neurons maintain redox homeostasis, disruption of which is linked to disease, are not well known. Hydrogen peroxide, a major cellular oxidant and neuromodulator, can promote reversible oxidations of protein thiols but the scope, targets, and significance of such oxidations occurring in neurons, especially in vivo, are uncertain. Using redox phenylarsine oxide (PAO)-affinity chromatography, which exploits the high-affinity of trivalent arsenicals for protein dithiols, this study investigated the occurrence of reducible and, therefore, potentially regulatory, protein disulfide bonds in Triton X-100-soluble protein fractions from isolated nerve-endings (synaptosomes) prepared from rat brains. Postmortem oxidations of protein thiols were limited by rapidly freezing the brains following euthanasia and, later, homogenizing them in the presence of the N-ethylmaleimide to trap reduced thiols. The reducible disulfide proteome comprised 5.4% of the total synaptosomal protein applied to the immobilized PAO columns and was overrepresented by pathways underlying ATP synaptic supply and demand including synaptic vesicle trafficking. The alpha subunits of plasma membrane Na+, K+-ATPase and the mitochondrial ATP synthase were particularly abundant proteins of the disulfide proteome and were enriched in this fraction by 3.5- and 6.7-fold, respectively. An adaptation of the commonly used "biotin-switch" method provided additional support for selective oxidation of thiols on the alpha subunit of the ATP synthase. We propose that reversible oxidations of protein thiols may underlie a coordinated metabolic response to hydrogen peroxide, serving to both control redox signaling and protect neurons from oxidant stress.
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32
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Benitez-Martin C, Guadix JA, Pearson JR, Najera F, Perez-Pomares JM, Perez-Inestrosa E. Indolenine-Based Derivatives as Customizable Two-Photon Fluorescent Probes for pH Bioimaging in Living Cells. ACS Sens 2020. [PMID: 32227860 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2018.12.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Novel pH probes based on 2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-3H-indole have been synthesized and characterized. These compounds display excellent "off-on" fluorescence responses to acidic pH especially under two-photon (TP) excitation conditions as well as strong selectivity and sensitivity toward H+. These features are supported by fluorescence quantum yields over 35%, TP cross sections ∼60 GM, and good resistance to photodegradation under acidic conditions. The synthetic versatility of this model allows subcellular targets to be tuned through minor scaffold modifications without affecting its optical characteristics. The effectiveness of the probes' innate photophysical properties and the structural modifications for different pH-related applications are demonstrated in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Benitez-Martin
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29071, Spain
- Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnologı́a-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, c/Severo Ochoa, 35, 29590 Campanillas, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Juan A Guadix
- Departamento de Biologı́a Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29071, Spain
- Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnologı́a-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, c/Severo Ochoa, 35, 29590 Campanillas, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - John R Pearson
- Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnologı́a-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, c/Severo Ochoa, 35, 29590 Campanillas, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Francisco Najera
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29071, Spain
- Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnologı́a-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, c/Severo Ochoa, 35, 29590 Campanillas, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Jose M Perez-Pomares
- Departamento de Biologı́a Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29071, Spain
- Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnologı́a-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, c/Severo Ochoa, 35, 29590 Campanillas, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Perez-Inestrosa
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29071, Spain
- Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnologı́a-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, c/Severo Ochoa, 35, 29590 Campanillas, Málaga 29071, Spain
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33
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Zeng L, Ai CX, Zhang JS, Li WC. Pre-hypoxia exposure inhibited copper toxicity by improving energy metabolism, antioxidant defence and mitophagy in the liver of the large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 708:134961. [PMID: 31787300 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of moderate hypoxia pre-exposure on energy metabolism, antioxidant defence and mitophagy in the liver of the large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea exposed to Cu. Fish were pre-exposed to either normoxia or hypoxia (~3.0 mg L-1, 42% O2 saturation) for 48 h, and subsequently were subjected to either control (without Cu addition) or Cu (168 μg L-1) under normoxic conditions for another 48 h. Copper exposure under normoxia induced Cu toxicity that increased mortality, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde, and aberrant hepatic mitochondrial ultrastructure. Interestingly, hypoxia pre-exposure improved energy metabolism, antioxidant ability and mitophagy response, and reduced the Cu content to inhibit Cu toxicity, reflecting the enhanced survival rate and reduced oxidative damage. In these processes, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), transcription factors NFE2-related nuclear factor 2 (Nrf2), and forkhead box O-3 (FoxO3) mRNA levels were correlated with expression of genes related to energy metabolism, antioxidant defence and mitophagy, respectively, indicating HIF-1α, Nrf2, and FoxO3 are required for the induction of their respective target genes. Overall, moderate hypoxia pre-exposure was able to generate adaptive responses to mitigate Cu-induced toxicological effects, underlining a central role of hormesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Chun-Xiang Ai
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Jian-She Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China.
| | - Wen-Cheng Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
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Cobley J, Noble A, Bessell R, Guille M, Husi H. Reversible Thiol Oxidation Inhibits the Mitochondrial ATP Synthase in Xenopus Laevis Oocytes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9030215. [PMID: 32150908 PMCID: PMC7139892 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9030215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oocytes are postulated to repress the proton pumps (e.g., complex IV) and ATP synthase to safeguard mitochondrial DNA homoplasmy by curtailing superoxide production. Whether the ATP synthase is inhibited is, however, unknown. Here we show that: oligomycin sensitive ATP synthase activity is significantly greater (~170 vs. 20 nmol/min-1/mg-1) in testes compared to oocytes in Xenopus laevis (X. laevis). Since ATP synthase activity is redox regulated, we explored a regulatory role for reversible thiol oxidation. If a protein thiol inhibits the ATP synthase, then constituent subunits must be reversibly oxidised. Catalyst-free trans-cyclooctene 6-methyltetrazine (TCO-Tz) immunocapture coupled to redox affinity blotting reveals several subunits in F1 (e.g., ATP-α-F1) and Fo (e.g., subunit c) are reversibly oxidised. Catalyst-free TCO-Tz Click PEGylation reveals significant (~60%) reversible ATP-α-F1 oxidation at two evolutionary conserved cysteine residues (C244 and C294) in oocytes. TCO-Tz Click PEGylation reveals ~20% of the total thiols in the ATP synthase are substantially oxidised. Chemically reversing thiol oxidation significantly increased oligomycin sensitive ATP synthase activity from ~12 to 100 nmol/min-1/mg-1 in oocytes. We conclude that reversible thiol oxidation inhibits the mitochondrial ATP synthase in X. laevis oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Cobley
- Centre for Health Sciences, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness IV2 3JH, UK; (R.B.); (H.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Noble
- School of Biological Sciences, European Xenopus Resource Centre, University of Portsmouth, King Henry Building, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, UK; (A.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Rachel Bessell
- Centre for Health Sciences, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness IV2 3JH, UK; (R.B.); (H.H.)
| | - Matthew Guille
- School of Biological Sciences, European Xenopus Resource Centre, University of Portsmouth, King Henry Building, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, UK; (A.N.); (M.G.)
| | - Holger Husi
- Centre for Health Sciences, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness IV2 3JH, UK; (R.B.); (H.H.)
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Chahed A, Nesler A, Navazio L, Baldan B, Busato I, Ait Barka E, Pertot I, Puopolo G, Perazzolli M. The Rare Sugar Tagatose Differentially Inhibits the Growth of Phytophthora infestans and Phytophthora cinnamomi by Interfering With Mitochondrial Processes. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:128. [PMID: 32117150 PMCID: PMC7015900 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare sugars are monosaccharides with limited availability in nature and their biological functions are largely unknown. Among them, tagatose was developed as a low-calorie sweetener and showed beneficial effects on human health. Tagatose is metabolized by only certain microbial taxa and inhibits the growth of important crop pathogens (e.g., Phytophthora infestans), but its mode of action and the microbial responses are unknown. The aim of this study was to understand the tagatose mode of action against Phytophthora spp., with the final aim of developing new plant protection products. Tagatose inhibited P. infestans growth in vitro and caused severe ultrastructural alterations, with the formation of circular and concentric mitochondrial cristae. Decreased ATP content and reduced oxygen consumption rate (OCR) were found in tagatose-incubated P. infestans as compared to the control, with the consequent accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induction of genes related to apoptosis and oxidative stress response. On the other hand, tagatose did not, or only slightly, affect the growth, cellular ultrastructure and mitochondrial processes in Phytophthora cinnamomi, indicating a species-specific response to this rare sugar. The mode of action of tagatose against P. infestans was mainly based on the inhibition of mitochondrial processes and this rare sugar seems to be a promising active substance for the further development of eco-friendly fungicides, thanks to its anti-nutritional properties on some phytopathogens and low risk for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdessalem Chahed
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Biological Products for Agriculture (Bi-PA), Londerzeel, Belgium.,Department of Plant Induced Resistance and Bioprotection, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Andrea Nesler
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Biological Products for Agriculture (Bi-PA), Londerzeel, Belgium
| | - Lorella Navazio
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Botanical Garden, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Barbara Baldan
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Botanical Garden, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Isabella Busato
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Essaid Ait Barka
- Department of Plant Induced Resistance and Bioprotection, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Ilaria Pertot
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Gerardo Puopolo
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Michele Perazzolli
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Pathogenesis at the Functional Limit of Redox Homeostasis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:1651724. [PMID: 31885772 PMCID: PMC6899283 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1651724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a disease characterized by the production of autoreactive antibodies and cytokines, which are thought to have a major role in disease activity and progression. Immune system exposure to excessive amounts of autoantigens that are not efficiently removed is reported to play a significant role in the generation of autoantibodies and the pathogenesis of SLE. While several mechanisms of cell death-based autoantigenic exposure and compromised autoantigen removal have been described in relation to disease onset, a significant association with the development of SLE can be attributed to increased apoptosis and impaired phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Both apoptosis and impaired phagocytosis can be caused by hydrogen peroxide whose cellular production is enhanced by exposure to endogenous hormones or environmental chemicals, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of SLE. Hydrogen peroxide can cause lymphocyte apoptosis and glutathione depletion, both of which are associated with the severity of SLE. The cellular accumulation of hydrogen peroxide is facilitated by the myriad of stimuli causing increased cellular bioenergetic activity that enhances metabolic production of this toxic oxidizing agent such as emotional stress and infection, which are recognized SLE exacerbating factors. When combined with impaired cellular hydrogen peroxide removal caused by xenobiotics and genetically compromised hydrogen peroxide elimination due to enzymatic polymorphic variation, a mechanism for cellular accumulation of hydrogen peroxide emerges, leading to hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis and impaired phagocytosis, enhanced autoantigen exposure, formation of autoantibodies, and development of SLE.
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Zeng L, Ai CX, Zheng JL, Zhang JS, Li WC. Cu pre-exposure alters antioxidant defense and energy metabolism in large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea in response to severe hypoxia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 687:702-711. [PMID: 31220723 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of Cu pre-exposure on antioxidant defense and energy metabolism in the liver of the large yellow croaker exposed to severe hypoxia. Fish were pre-acclimated to 0 and 30 μg Cu L-1 for 96 h, and subsequently exposed to 7.0 and 1.5 mg DO L-1 for another 24 h. Hypoxic stress alone increased reactive oxygen species and hepatic vacuoles. When compared to hypoxic stress alone, hypoxic stress plus Cu pre-exposure increased mortality and ROS production, and worsened histological structure by inhibiting antioxidant defense and aerobic metabolism, and enhancing anaerobic metabolism, suggesting Cu pre-acclimation aggravated hypoxia-induced oxidative damage. NFE2-related nuclear factor 2 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α might participate in the transcriptional regulation of genes related to antioxidant response and energy metabolism, respectively. In conclusion, Cu pre-acclimation had a synergistic effect on antioxidant response and energy metabolism in fish under severe hypoxia, which contributes to understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying negative effects of Cu pre-acclimation against hypoxic damage in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China.
| | - Chun-Xiang Ai
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Jia-Lang Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Jian-She Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Wen-Cheng Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
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38
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Nagy T, Fisi V, Frank D, Kátai E, Nagy Z, Miseta A. Hyperglycemia-Induced Aberrant Cell Proliferation; A Metabolic Challenge Mediated by Protein O-GlcNAc Modification. Cells 2019; 8:E999. [PMID: 31466420 PMCID: PMC6769692 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hyperglycemia has been associated with an increased prevalence of pathological conditions including cardiovascular disease, cancer, or various disorders of the immune system. In some cases, these associations may be traced back to a common underlying cause, but more often, hyperglycemia and the disturbance in metabolic balance directly facilitate pathological changes in the regular cellular functions. One such cellular function crucial for every living organism is cell cycle regulation/mitotic activity. Although metabolic challenges have long been recognized to influence cell proliferation, the direct impact of diabetes on cell cycle regulatory elements is a relatively uncharted territory. Among other "nutrient sensing" mechanisms, protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification emerged in recent years as a major contributor to the deleterious effects of hyperglycemia. An increasing amount of evidence suggest that O-GlcNAc may significantly influence the cell cycle and cellular proliferation. In our present review, we summarize the current data available on the direct impact of metabolic changes caused by hyperglycemia in pathological conditions associated with cell cycle disorders. We also review published experimental evidence supporting the hypothesis that O-GlcNAc modification may be one of the missing links between metabolic regulation and cellular proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Nagy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Viktória Fisi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Frank
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7621 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Emese Kátai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Nagy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Attila Miseta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
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39
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Xie L, Solhaug KA, Song Y, Brede DA, Lind OC, Salbu B, Tollefsen KE. Modes of action and adverse effects of gamma radiation in an aquatic macrophyte Lemna minor. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 680:23-34. [PMID: 31085442 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High dose rates of ionizing radiation have been reported to cause adverse effects such as reduction in reproduction and growth, and damage to protein and lipids in primary producers. However, the relevant effects of ionizing radiation are still poorly understood in aquatic plants. This study was intended to characterize the biological effects and modes of action (MoAs) of ionizing radiation using gamma radiation as the prototypical stressor and duckweed Lemna minor as a model organism. Lemna minor was exposed to 1, 14, 24, 46, 70 mGy/h gamma radiation dose rates from a cobalt-60 source for 7 days following the testing principles of the OECD test guideline 221. A suite of bioassays was applied to assess the biological effects of gamma radiation at multiple levels of biological organization, including detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative stress responses (total glutathione, tGSH; lipid peroxidation, LPO), DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunctions (mitochondrial membrane potential, MMP), photosynthetic parameters (chlorophyll a, chl a; chlorophyll b, chl b; carotenoids; Photosystem II (PSII) performance; CO2 uptake), intercellular signaling (Ca2+ release) and growth. Gamma radiation increased DNA damage, tGSH level and Ca2+ content together with reduction in chlorophyll content, maximal PSII efficiency and CO2 uptake at dose rates between 1 and 14 mGy/h, whereas increases in cellular ROS and LPO, inhibition of MMP and growth were observed at higher dose rates (≥24 mGy/h). A network of toxicity pathways was proposed to portray the causal relationships between gamma radiation-induced physiological responses and adverse outcomes to support the development of Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) for ionizing radiation-mediated effects in primary producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xie
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Section of Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Post box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Knut Asbjørn Solhaug
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Post box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - You Song
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Section of Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Post box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Dag Anders Brede
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Post box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Ole Christian Lind
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Post box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Brit Salbu
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Post box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Knut Erik Tollefsen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Section of Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Post box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway.
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40
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Frión-Herrera Y, Gabbia D, Díaz-García A, Cuesta-Rubio O, Carrara M. Chemosensitizing activity of Cuban propolis and nemorosone in doxorubicin resistant human colon carcinoma cells. Fitoterapia 2019; 136:104173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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41
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Saraei R, Marofi F, Naimi A, Talebi M, Ghaebi M, Javan N, Salimi O, Hassanzadeh A. Leukemia therapy by flavonoids: Future and involved mechanisms. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:8203-8220. [PMID: 30500074 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a varied family of phytonutrients (plant chemicals) usually are detected in fruits and vegetables. In this big family, there exist more than 10,000 members that is separated into six chief subtypes: isoflavonols, flavonoenes, flavones, flavonols, anthocyanins, and chalcones. The natural compounds, such as fruits, have visible positive effects in regulating of survival involved signaling pathways that performance as the regulator of cell survival, growth, and proliferation. Researchers have established that commonly consumption up flavonoids decreases incidence and development risk of certain cancers, especially leukemia. Flavonoids have been able to induce apoptosis and stimulate cell cycle arrest in cancer cells via different pathways. Similarly, they have antiangiogenesis and antimetastasis capability, which were shown in wide ranges of cancer cells, particularly, leukemia. It seems that flavonoid because of their widespread approval, evident safety and low rate of side effects, have hopeful anticarcinogenic potential for leukemia therapy. Based on the last decade reports, the most important acting mechanisms of these natural compounds in leukemia cells are stimulating of apoptosis pathways by upregulation of caspase 3, 8, 9 and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and proapoptotic proteins, particularly Bax activation. As well, they can induce cell cycle arrest in target cells not only via increasing of activated levels of p21 and p53 but also by inhibition of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases. Furthermore, attenuation of neclear factor-κB and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation, suppression of signaling pathway and downregulation of intracellular antiapoptotic proteins are other significant antileukemic function mechanism of flavonoids. Overall, it appears that flavonoids are promising and effective compounds in the field of leukemia therapy. In this review, we tried to accumulate and revise most promising flavonoids and finally declared their major working mechanisms in leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raedeh Saraei
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Division of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Faroogh Marofi
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Division of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Adel Naimi
- Department of Immunology, Division of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Talebi
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Ghaebi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Naser Javan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratories Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Omid Salimi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Hassanzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Division of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Božok V, Yu LY, Palgi J, Arumäe U. Antioxidative CXXC Peptide Motif From Mesencephalic Astrocyte-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Antagonizes Programmed Cell Death. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:106. [PMID: 30234112 PMCID: PMC6132022 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) is a potent survival-promoting protein with neurorestorative effect for neurodegenerative diseases. Its mechanism of action, albeit poorly known, depends strongly on the CXXC motif (CKGC). Here we studied the survival-promoting properties of the CKGC tetrapeptide from MANF. In the Jurkat T lymphocytic cell line, CKGC potently inhibits death receptor Fas-induced apoptosis and mildly counteracts mitochondrial apoptosis and necroptosis. The peptide with serines instead of cysteines (SKGS) has no survival-promoting activity. The cytoprotective efficiency of the peptide against Fas-induced apoptosis is significantly improved by reduction of its cysteines by dithiotreitol, suggesting that it protects the cells via cysteine thiol groups, partially as an antioxidant. CKGC neutralizes the reactive oxygen species, maintains the mitochondrial membrane potential and prevents activation of the effector caspases in the Jurkat cells with activated Fas. The peptide does not require intracellular administration, as it is endocytosed and resides mainly in the Golgi. Finally, the peptide also potently promotes survival of cultured primary dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Božok
- Division of Gene Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Li-Ying Yu
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaan Palgi
- Division of Gene Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Urmas Arumäe
- Division of Gene Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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43
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Tanton H, Voronina S, Evans A, Armstrong J, Sutton R, Criddle DN, Haynes L, Schmid MC, Campbell F, Costello E, Tepikin AV. F 1F 0-ATP Synthase Inhibitory Factor 1 in the Normal Pancreas and in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Effects on Bioenergetics, Invasion and Proliferation. Front Physiol 2018; 9:833. [PMID: 30050450 PMCID: PMC6050379 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
F1F0-ATP synthase inhibitory factor 1 (IF1) inhibits the reverse mode of F1F0-ATP synthase, and therefore protects cellular ATP content at the expense of accelerated loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). There is considerable variability in IF1 expression and its influence on bioenergetics between different cell types. High levels of IF1 in a number of cancers have been linked to increased glycolysis, resistance to cell death, increased migration and proliferation. However, neither the expression nor role of IF1 in the normal pancreas or in pancreatic cancer has been characterized. In this study, we found that pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients express higher levels of IF1 in cancerous cells than in pancreatic acinar cells (PACs). PDAC cell lines have a higher IF1 content and IF1/ATP synthase ratio than PACs. The observed differences are consistent with the ability of the respective cell types to maintain ΔΨm and ATP levels in conditions of chemical hypoxia. Acinar cells and PDAC cells preferentially express different IF1 isoforms. Both knockdown and knockout of IF1 in the PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cell line modified cellular bioenergetics and decreased migration, invasion and proliferation suggesting the putative importance of IF1 for PDAC growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Tanton
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Svetlana Voronina
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Evans
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Armstrong
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Sutton
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - David N. Criddle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Haynes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C. Schmid
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Campbell
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Eithne Costello
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alexei V. Tepikin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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44
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Maxwell GK, Szunyogova E, Shorrock HK, Gillingwater TH, Parson SH. Developmental and degenerative cardiac defects in the Taiwanese mouse model of severe spinal muscular atrophy. J Anat 2018; 232:965-978. [PMID: 29473159 PMCID: PMC5978979 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), an autosomal recessive disease caused by a decrease in levels of the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein, is the most common genetic cause of infant mortality. Although neuromuscular pathology is the most severe feature of SMA, other organs and tissues, including the heart, are also known to be affected in both patients and animal models. Here, we provide new insights into changes occurring in the heart, predominantly at pre- and early symptomatic ages, in the Taiwanese mouse model of severe SMA. Thinning of the interventricular septum and dilation of the ventricles occurred at pre- and early symptomatic ages. However, the left ventricular wall was significantly thinner in SMA mice from birth, occurring prior to any overt neuromuscular symptoms. Alterations in collagen IV protein from birth indicated changes to the basement membrane and contributed to the abnormal arrangement of cardiomyocytes in SMA hearts. This raises the possibility that developmental defects, occurring prenatally, may contribute to cardiac pathology in SMA. In addition, cardiomyocytes in SMA hearts exhibited oxidative stress at pre-symptomatic ages and increased apoptosis during early symptomatic stages of disease. Heart microvasculature was similarly decreased at an early symptomatic age, likely contributing to the oxidative stress and apoptosis phenotypes observed. Finally, an increased incidence of blood retention in SMA hearts post-fixation suggests the likelihood of functional defects, resulting in blood pooling. These pathologies mirror dilated cardiomyopathy, with clear consequences for heart function that would likely contribute to potential heart failure. Our findings add significant additional experimental evidence in support of the requirement to develop systemic therapies for SMA capable of treating non-neuromuscular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Szunyogova
- Institute for Medical ScienceUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease ResearchUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Hannah K. Shorrock
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease ResearchUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Thomas H. Gillingwater
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease ResearchUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Simon H. Parson
- Institute for Medical ScienceUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease ResearchUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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45
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Li SX, Wu HT, Liu YT, Jiang YY, Zhang YS, Liu WD, Zhu KJ, Li DM, Zhang H. The F 1F o-ATP Synthase β Subunit Is Required for Candida albicans Pathogenicity Due to Its Role in Carbon Flexibility. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1025. [PMID: 29875745 PMCID: PMC5974098 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work has explored link between mitochondrial biology and fungal pathogenicity in F1Fo-ATP synthase in Candida albicans. In this work we have detailed the more specific roles of the F1Fo-ATP synthase β subunit, a key protein subunit of F1Fo-ATP synthase. The ability to assimilate alternative carbons in glucose-limited host niches is known to be a critical factor for infection caused by opportunistic pathogens including C. albicans. The function of the F1Fo-ATP synthase β subunit was characterized through the construction of an ATP2 gene null mutant (atp2Δ/Δ) and the gene-reconstituted strain (atp2Δ/ATP2) in order to understand the link between carbon metabolism and C. albicans pathogenesis. Cell growth, viability, cellular ATP content, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and intracellular ROS were compared between null mutant and control strain. Results showed that growth of the atp2Δ/Δ mutant in synthetic medium was slower than in complex medium. However, the synthetic medium delayed the onset of reduced cell viability and kept cellular ATP content from becoming fully depleted. Consistent with these observations, we identified transcriptional changes in metabolic response that activated other ATP-generating pathways, thereby improving cell viability during the initial phase. Unlike glucose effects, the atp2Δ/Δ mutant exhibited an immediate and sharp reduction in cell viability on non-fermentable carbon sources, consistent with an immediate depletion of cellular ATP content. Along with a reduced viability in non-fermentable carbon sources, the atp2Δ/Δ mutant displayed avirulence in a murine model of disseminated candidiasis as well as lower fungal loads in mouse organs. Regardless of the medium, however, a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was found in the atp2Δ/Δ mutant but ROS levels remained in the normal range. These results suggest that the F1Fo-ATP synthase β subunit is required for C. albicans pathogenicity and operates by affecting metabolic flexibility in carbon consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui-Xiu Li
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Mycology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao-Tian Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Mycology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Ting Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Mycology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Ying Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Mycology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Shan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Mycology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Da Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Kun-Ju Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Mycology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Mei Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Mycology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Pulliam N, Fang F, Ozes AR, Tang J, Adewuyi A, Keer H, Lyons J, Baylin SB, Matei D, Nakshatri H, Rassool FV, Miller KD, Nephew KP. An Effective Epigenetic-PARP Inhibitor Combination Therapy for Breast and Ovarian Cancers Independent of BRCA Mutations. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:3163-3175. [PMID: 29615458 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: PARP inhibitors (PARPi) are primarily effective against BRCA1/2-mutated breast and ovarian cancers, but resistance due to reversion of mutated BRCA1/2 and other mechanisms is common. Based on previous reports demonstrating a functional role for DNMT1 in DNA repair and our previous studies demonstrating an ability of DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (DNMTi) to resensitize tumors to primary therapies, we hypothesized that combining a DNMTi with PARPi would sensitize PARPi-resistant breast and ovarian cancers to PARPi therapy, independent of BRCA status.Experimental Design: Breast and ovarian cancer cell lines (BRCA-wild-type/mutant) were treated with PARPi talazoparib and DNMTi guadecitabine. Effects on cell survival, ROS accumulation, and cAMP levels were examined. In vivo, mice bearing either BRCA-proficient breast or ovarian cancer cells were treated with talazoparib and guadecitabine, alone or in combination. Tumor progression, gene expression, and overall survival were analyzed.Results: Combination of guadecitabine and talazoparib synergized to enhance PARPi efficacy, irrespective of BRCA mutation status. Coadministration of guadecitabine with talazoparib increased accumulation of ROS, promoted PARP activation, and further sensitized, in a cAMP/PKA-dependent manner, breast and ovarian cancer cells to PARPi. In addition, DNMTi enhanced PARP "trapping" by talazoparib. Guadecitabine plus talazoparib decreased xenograft tumor growth and increased overall survival in BRCA-proficient high-grade serous ovarian and triple-negative breast cancer models.Conclusions: The novel combination of the next-generation DNMTi guadecitabine and the first-in-class PARPi talazoparib inhibited breast and ovarian cancers harboring either wild-type- or mutant-BRCA, supporting further clinical exploration of this drug combination in PARPi-resistant cancers. Clin Cancer Res; 24(13); 3163-75. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Pulliam
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.,Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Fang Fang
- Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Ali R Ozes
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.,Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Jessica Tang
- Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Adeoluwa Adewuyi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Harold Keer
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Pleasanton, California
| | - John Lyons
- Astex Therapeutics Limited, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen B Baylin
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniela Matei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Feyruz V Rassool
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kathy D Miller
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kenneth P Nephew
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana. .,Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana.,Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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47
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Goldberg J, Currais A, Prior M, Fischer W, Chiruta C, Ratliff E, Daugherty D, Dargusch R, Finley K, Esparza‐Moltó PB, Cuezva JM, Maher P, Petrascheck M, Schubert D. The mitochondrial ATP synthase is a shared drug target for aging and dementia. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12715. [PMID: 29316249 PMCID: PMC5847861 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a major driving force underlying dementia, such as that caused by Alzheimer's disease (AD). While the idea of targeting aging as a therapeutic strategy is not new, it remains unclear how closely aging and age-associated diseases are coupled at the molecular level. Here, we discover a novel molecular link between aging and dementia through the identification of the molecular target for the AD drug candidate J147. J147 was developed using a series of phenotypic screening assays mimicking disease toxicities associated with the aging brain. We have previously demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of J147 in several mouse models of AD. Here, we identify the mitochondrial α-F1 -ATP synthase (ATP5A) as a target for J147. By targeting ATP synthase, J147 causes an increase in intracellular calcium leading to sustained calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β (CAMKK2)-dependent activation of the AMPK/mTOR pathway, a canonical longevity mechanism. Accordingly, modulation of mitochondrial processes by J147 prevents age-associated drift of the hippocampal transcriptome and plasma metabolome in mice and extends lifespan in drosophila. Our results link aging and age-associated dementia through ATP synthase, a molecular drug target that can potentially be exploited for the suppression of both. These findings demonstrate that novel screens for new AD drug candidates identify compounds that act on established aging pathways, suggesting an unexpectedly close molecular relationship between the two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Goldberg
- Cellular NeurobiologyThe Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Antonio Currais
- Cellular NeurobiologyThe Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Marguerite Prior
- Cellular NeurobiologyThe Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Wolfgang Fischer
- Cellular NeurobiologyThe Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaCAUSA
| | | | - Eric Ratliff
- Donald P. Shiley BioScience CenterSan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCAUSA
| | - Daniel Daugherty
- Cellular NeurobiologyThe Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Richard Dargusch
- Cellular NeurobiologyThe Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Kim Finley
- Donald P. Shiley BioScience CenterSan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCAUSA
| | | | - José M. Cuezva
- Centro de Biología MolecularCIBERER, Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Pamela Maher
- Cellular NeurobiologyThe Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaCAUSA
| | | | - David Schubert
- Cellular NeurobiologyThe Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaCAUSA
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48
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Hardonnière K, Lagadic-Gossmann D. ATPase inhibitory factor 1 (IF1): a novel player in pollutant-related diseases? CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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49
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Abou-Hany HO, Atef H, Said E, Elkashef HA, Salem HA. Crocin reverses unilateral renal ischemia reperfusion injury-induced augmentation of oxidative stress and toll like receptor-4 activity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 59:182-189. [PMID: 29625388 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Renal Ischemia (RI) usually develops as a secondary manifestation of hypertension, various cardiovascular disorders and renal transplantation. It exerts hypoxic oxidative stress to kidneys, together with stimulation of several immune-mediated inflammatory cascades. Such events eventually damage renal tubules and glomeruli, driving acute kidney injury (AKI) and ultimately, renal failure. Crocin; the main bioactive constituent of Crocus sativus extract has been reported to demonstrate numerous pharmacological merits. In the current study, unilateral renal ischemia reperfusion injury (URIRI) was induced in rats by unilateral clamping of the left renal pedicle for 45 min followed by 24 h of reperfusion. Daily pre-treatment with crocin (20 mg/kg, orally) for 7 days, significantly improved all signs of renal injury. Biochemically, kidney functions; including serum creatinine (Sr Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), proteinuria and creatinine clearance (Cr Cl) significantly improved. Inflammatory biomarkers; serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and kidney nitric oxide (Nos) contents significantly declined. Oxidant/antioxidant balance was significantly restored; manifested in recovery of renal superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, glutathione (GSH) concentration, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and restoration of serum catalase activity. Kidney contents of inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL6) and toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4) significantly declined as well. Histopathologically, crocin pretreatment resulted in signs of improvement with minimal renal lesions with significant decrease in renal inflammatory cells count. In conclusion, crocin induced restoration of normal kidney functions is mediated through multiple mechanisms including mainly attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammation via down-regulation of renal TLR4 and IL6 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeer O Abou-Hany
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Sciences and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Hoda Atef
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Eman Said
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Hassan A Elkashef
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Sciences and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Hatem A Salem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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50
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Esparza-Moltó PB, Cuezva JM. The Role of Mitochondrial H +-ATP Synthase in Cancer. Front Oncol 2018; 8:53. [PMID: 29564224 PMCID: PMC5845864 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells reprogram energy metabolism by boosting aerobic glycolysis as a main pathway for the provision of metabolic energy and of precursors for anabolic purposes. Accordingly, the relative expression of the catalytic subunit of the mitochondrial H+-ATP synthase—the core hub of oxidative phosphorylation—is downregulated in human carcinomas when compared with its expression in normal tissues. Moreover, some prevalent carcinomas also upregulate the ATPase inhibitory factor 1 (IF1), which is the physiological inhibitor of the H+-ATP synthase. IF1 overexpression, both in cells in culture and in tissue-specific mouse models, is sufficient to reprogram energy metabolism to an enhanced glycolysis by limiting ATP production by the H+-ATP synthase. Furthermore, the IF1-mediated inhibition of the H+-ATP synthase promotes the production of mitochondrial ROS (mtROS). mtROS modulate signaling pathways favoring cellular proliferation and invasion, the activation of antioxidant defenses, resistance to cell death, and modulation of the tissue immune response, favoring the acquisition of several cancer traits. Consistently, IF1 expression is an independent marker of cancer prognosis. By contrast, inhibition of the H+-ATP synthase by α-ketoglutarate and the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate, reduces mTOR signaling, suppresses cancer cell growth, and contributes to lifespan extension in several model organisms. Hence, the H+-ATP synthase appears as a conserved hub in mitochondria-to-nucleus signaling controlling cell fate. Unraveling the molecular mechanisms responsible for IF1 upregulation in cancer and the signaling cascades that are modulated by the H+-ATP synthase are of utmost interest to decipher the metabolic and redox circuits contributing to cancer origin and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau B Esparza-Moltó
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras CIBERER-ISCIII, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Cuezva
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras CIBERER-ISCIII, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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