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Niharika, Garg M. Understanding the autophagic functions in cancer stem cell maintenance and therapy resistance. Expert Rev Mol Med 2024; 26:e23. [PMID: 39375840 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2024.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/09/2024]
Abstract
Complex tumour ecosystem comprising tumour cells and its associated tumour microenvironment (TME) constantly influence the tumoural behaviour and ultimately impact therapy failure, disease progression, recurrence and poor overall survival of patients. Crosstalk between tumour cells and TME amplifies the complexity by creating metabolic changes such as hypoxic environment and nutrient fluctuations. These changes in TME initiate stem cell-like programmes in cancer cells, contribute to tumoural heterogeneity and increase tumour robustness. Recent studies demonstrate the multifaceted role of autophagy in promoting fibroblast production, stemness, cancer cell survival during longer periods of dormancy, eventual growth of metastatic disease and disease resistance. Recent ongoing studies examine autophagy/mitophagy as a powerful survival strategy in response to environmental stress including nutrient deprivation, hypoxia and environmental stress in TME. It prevents irreversible senescence, promotes dormant stem-like state, induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and increases migratory and invasive potential of tumour cells. The present review discusses various theories and mechanisms behind the autophagy-dependent induction of cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype. Given the role of autophagic functions in CSC aggressiveness and therapeutic resistance, various mechanisms and studies based on suppressing cellular plasticity by blocking autophagy as a powerful therapeutic strategy to kill tumour cells are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niharika
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India
| | - Minal Garg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India
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Kovale L, Singh MK, Kim J, Ha J. Role of Autophagy and AMPK in Cancer Stem Cells: Therapeutic Opportunities and Obstacles in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8647. [PMID: 39201332 PMCID: PMC11354724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells represent a resilient subset within the tumor microenvironment capable of differentiation, regeneration, and resistance to chemotherapeutic agents, often using dormancy as a shield. Their unique properties, including drug resistance and metastatic potential, pose challenges for effective targeting. These cells exploit certain metabolic processes for their maintenance and survival. One of these processes is autophagy, which generally helps in energy homeostasis but when hijacked by CSCs can help maintain their stemness. Thus, it is often referred as an Achilles heel in CSCs, as certain cancers tend to depend on autophagy for survival. Autophagy, while crucial for maintaining stemness in cancer stem cells (CSCs), can also serve as a vulnerability in certain contexts, making it a complex target for therapy. Regulators of autophagy like AMPK (5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase) also play a crucial role in maintaining CSCs stemness by helping CSCs in metabolic reprogramming in harsh environments. The purpose of this review is to elucidate the interplay between autophagy and AMPK in CSCs, highlighting the challenges in targeting autophagy and discussing therapeutic strategies to overcome these limitations. This review focuses on previous research on autophagy and its regulators in cancer biology, particularly in CSCs, addresses the remaining unanswered questions, and potential targets for therapy are also brought to attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lochana Kovale
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (L.K.); (M.K.S.)
| | - Manish Kumar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (L.K.); (M.K.S.)
| | - Joungmok Kim
- Department of Oral Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohun Ha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (L.K.); (M.K.S.)
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Masoudi M, Moti D, Masoudi R, Auwal A, Hossain MM, Pronoy TUH, Rashel KM, Gopalan V, Islam F. Metabolic adaptations in cancer stem cells: A key to therapy resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167164. [PMID: 38599259 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subset of tumor cells that can initiate and sustain tumor growth and cause recurrence and metastasis. CSCs are particularly resistant to conventional therapies compared to their counterparts, owing greatly to their intrinsic metabolic plasticity. Metabolic plasticity allows CSCs to switch between different energy production and usage pathways based on environmental and extrinsic factors, including conditions imposed by conventional cancer therapies. To cope with nutrient deprivation and therapeutic stress, CSCs can transpose between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) metabolism. The mechanism behind the metabolic pathway switch in CSCs is not fully understood, however, some evidence suggests that the tumor microenvironment (TME) may play an influential role mediated by its release of signals, such as Wnt/β-catenin and Notch pathways, as well as a background of hypoxia. Exploring the factors that promote metabolic plasticity in CSCs offers the possibility of eventually developing therapies that may more effectively eliminate the crucial tumor cell subtype and alter the disease course substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Masoudi
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia
| | - Dilpreet Moti
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia
| | - Raha Masoudi
- Faculty of Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Abdul Auwal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - M Matakabbir Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Tasfik Ul Haque Pronoy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Khan Mohammad Rashel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Vinod Gopalan
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Australia
| | - Farhadul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh.
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Ravi S, Alencar AM, Arakelyan J, Xu W, Stauber R, Wang CCI, Papyan R, Ghazaryan N, Pereira RM. An Update to Hallmarks of Cancer. Cureus 2022; 14:e24803. [PMID: 35686268 PMCID: PMC9169686 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, there has been remarkable progress in research toward understanding and refining the hallmarks of cancer. In this review, we propose a new hallmark - "pro-survival autophagy." The importance of pro-survival autophagy is well established in tumorigenesis, as it is related to multiple steps in cancer progression and vital for some cancers. Autophagy is a potential anti-cancer therapeutic target. For this reason, autophagy is a good candidate as a new hallmark of cancer. We describe two enabling characteristics that play a major role in enabling cells to acquire the hallmarks of cancer - "tumor-promoting microenvironment and macroenvironment" and "cancer epigenetics, genome instability and mutation." We also discuss the recent updates, therapeutic and prognostic implications of the eight hallmarks of cancer described by Hanahan et al. in 2011. Understanding these hallmarks and enabling characteristics is key not only to developing new ways to treat cancer efficiently but also to exploring options to overcome cancer resistance to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapna Ravi
- Department of Medicine, St. Luke's Hospital, Duluth, USA
| | - Antonio M Alencar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Hospital São Domingos, São Luís, BRA
| | - Jemma Arakelyan
- Department of Oncology/Solid Tumors, Yerevan State Medical University, Hematology Center After Prof. R. Yeolyan, Yerevan, ARM
| | - Weihao Xu
- Department of Business Development, Harbour BioMed, Boston, USA
| | - Roberta Stauber
- Department of Oncology, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, BRA
| | - Cheng-Chi I Wang
- Department of Research and Development, Beltie Bio, Inc, San Diego, USA
| | - Ruzanna Papyan
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Yerevan State Medical University, Pediatric Center and Blood Disorders Center of Armenia, Yerevan, ARM
| | - Narine Ghazaryan
- Department of Molecular Biology, L.A. Orbeli Institute of Physiology National Academy of Sciences, Republic of Armenia (NAS RA) Hematology Center After Prof. R. Yeolyan, Yerevan, ARM
| | - Rosalina M Pereira
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
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Abd El-Aziz YS, Gillson J, Jansson PJ, Sahni S. Autophagy: A promising target for triple negative breast cancers. Pharmacol Res 2021; 175:106006. [PMID: 34843961 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.106006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive type of breast cancers which constitutes about 15% of all breast cancer cases and characterized by negative expression of hormonal receptors and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Thus, endocrine and HER2 targeted therapies are not effective toward TNBCs, and they mainly rely on chemotherapy and surgery for treatment. Despite recent advances in chemotherapy, 40% of TNBC patients develop a metastatic relapse and recurrence. Therefore, understanding the molecular profile of TNBC is warranted to identify targets that can be selected for the development of a new and effective therapeutic approach. Autophagy is an internal defensive mechanism that allows the cells to survive under different stressors. It has been well known that autophagy exerts a crucial role in cancer progression. The critical role of autophagy in TNBC progression is emerging in recent years. This review will discuss autophagic pathway, how autophagy affects TNBC progression and recent therapeutic approaches that can target autophagy as a new treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yomna S Abd El-Aziz
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, NSW, Australia; Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Josef Gillson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Patric J Jansson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, NSW, Australia; Cancer Drug Resistance and Stem Cell Program, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sumit Sahni
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.
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Larrinaga G, Calvete-Candenas J, Solano-Iturri JD, Martín AM, Pueyo A, Nunes-Xavier CE, Pulido R, Dorado JF, López JI, Angulo JC. (Pro)renin Receptor Is a Novel Independent Prognostic Marker in Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225642. [PMID: 34830803 PMCID: PMC8616163 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This is a novel description of (Pro)renin receptor (PRR) protein and its prognostic role in invasive urothelial cancer of the bladder. Using a tissue microarray, we investigated PRR expression and other immunohistochemical markers including p53, immune-checkpoint inhibition, and basal and luminal phenotypes in a series of patients with invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder treated with radical cystectomy. PRR expression is an independent prognostic marker and could be a potential target in urothelial carcinoma that should be further investigated. Abstract (Pro)renin receptor (PRR) is being investigated in several malignancies as it activates pathogenic pathways that contribute to cell proliferation, immunosuppressive microenvironments, and acquisition of aggressive neoplastic phenotypes. Its implication in urothelial cancer (UC) has not been evaluated so far. We retrospectively evaluate the prognostic role of PRR expression in a series of patients with invasive UC treated with radical cystectomy and other clinical and histopathological parameters including p53, markers of immune-checkpoint inhibition, and basal and luminal phenotypes evaluated by tissue microarray. Cox regression analyses using stepwise selection evaluated candidate prognostic factors and disease-specific survival. PRR was expressed in 77.3% of the primary tumors and in 70% of positive lymph nodes. PRR expression correlated with age (p = 0.006) and was associated with lower preoperatively hemoglobin levels. No other statistical association was evidenced with clinical and pathological variables (gender, ASA score, Charlson comorbidity index, grade, pT, pN) or immunohistochemical expressions evaluated (CK20, GA-TA3, CK5/6, CD44, PD-L1, PD-1, B7-H3, VISTA, and p53). PRR expression in primary tumors was associated with worse survival (log-rank, p = 0.008). Cox regression revealed that PRR expression (HR 1.85, 95% CI 1.22–2.8), pT (HR 7.02, 95% CI 2.68–18.39), pN (HR 2.3, 95% CI 1.27–4.19), and p53 expression (HR 1.95, 95% CI 1.1–3.45) were independent prognostic factors in this series. In conclusion, we describe PRR protein and its prognostic role in invasive UC for the first time. Likely mechanisms involved are MAPK/ERK activation, Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and v-ATPAse function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorka Larrinaga
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Biomarkers in Cancer Unit, Biocruces-Bizkaia Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (J.D.S.-I.); (C.E.N.-X.); (R.P.); (J.I.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Jon Danel Solano-Iturri
- Biomarkers in Cancer Unit, Biocruces-Bizkaia Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (J.D.S.-I.); (C.E.N.-X.); (R.P.); (J.I.L.)
- Service of Pathology, Donostia University Hospital, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ana M. Martín
- Service of Pathology, University Hospital of Getafe, 28905 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Angel Pueyo
- Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation of University Hospitals Infanta Leonor and South-East, 28003 Madrid, Spain;
- Heath Science PhD Program, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe de Maciascoque, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Caroline E. Nunes-Xavier
- Biomarkers in Cancer Unit, Biocruces-Bizkaia Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (J.D.S.-I.); (C.E.N.-X.); (R.P.); (J.I.L.)
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Rafael Pulido
- Biomarkers in Cancer Unit, Biocruces-Bizkaia Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (J.D.S.-I.); (C.E.N.-X.); (R.P.); (J.I.L.)
- Ikerbasque, The Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - José I. López
- Biomarkers in Cancer Unit, Biocruces-Bizkaia Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (J.D.S.-I.); (C.E.N.-X.); (R.P.); (J.I.L.)
- Department of Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Javier C. Angulo
- Clinical Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, European University of Madrid, 28005 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Getafe, 28907 Madrid, Spain
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Chen S, Wang W, Tan HY, Lu Y, Li Z, Qu Y, Wang N, Wang D. Role of Autophagy in the Maintenance of Stemness in Adult Stem Cells: A Disease-Relevant Mechanism of Action. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:715200. [PMID: 34414192 PMCID: PMC8369482 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.715200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular scavenging mechanism induced to eliminate damaged, denatured, or senescent macromolecular substances and organelles in the body. The regulation of autophagy plays essential roles in the processes of cellular homeostasis and senescence. Dysregulated autophagy is a common feature of several human diseases, including cancers and neurodegenerative disorders. The initiation and development of these disorders have been shown to be associated with the maintenance of disease-specific stem cell compartments. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the role of autophagy in the maintenance of stemness. Specifically, we focus on the intersection between autophagy and adult stem cells in the initiation and progression of specific diseases. Accordingly, this review highlights the role of autophagy in stemness maintenance from the perspective of disease-associated mechanisms, which may be fundamental to our understanding of the pathogeneses of human diseases and the development of effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenqi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hor-Yue Tan
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuanjun Lu
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiping Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yidi Qu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Di Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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Garg M. Epithelial Plasticity, Autophagy and Metastasis: Potential Modifiers of the Crosstalk to Overcome Therapeutic Resistance. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 16:503-510. [PMID: 32125607 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-019-09945-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) initiates malignant transformation of cancer cells and is responsible for the generation of heterogenic subsets of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Signals in the form of environmental cues and paracrine factors within tumor microenvironment (TME) niche, support the possibility of generation of pool of CSCs with two distinct functional transition states. Cyclic CSCs with predominant epithelial phenotype, self-renew and differentiate into mature cancer cells. Subsets of autophagic/ non-cyclic CSCs with predominant mesenchymal phenotype have capacity to invade, metastasize, resist to apoptosis, escape immunosurveillance, survive chemotherapies and are majorly responsible for cancer mortality. Differences in phenotypic plasticity may form the basis of differential impact of therapeutic outcomes on heterogeneous subpopulations of CSCs. Activation of autophagy is responsible for the recycling of damaged organelles and protein aggregates, regulates EMT, confers the survival advantage to neoplastic cells to anti-cancer therapies, significantly affects the invasive potential of cancer cells and supports their metastatic dissemination in a tissue and tumor stage dependent manner. Therapy resistance is the primary obstacle in the complete ablation of tumor cells. Combinational treatments based on targeting autophagic CSCs and inhibiting EMT regulators may represent potential anticancer strategies for the prevention of cancer invasion, metastatic spread and disease relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minal Garg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India.
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Guo C, Li X, Xie J, Liu D, Geng J, Ye L, Yan Y, Yao X, Luo M. Long Noncoding RNA SNHG1 Activates Autophagy and Promotes Cell Invasion in Bladder Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:660551. [PMID: 34055628 PMCID: PMC8158816 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.660551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
LncRNAs play important roles in bladder cancer. However, only a few studies report on the correlation between lncRNAs expression and autophagy in bladder cancer. This study aimed to explore the effect of lncRNA on autophagy in bladder cancer. The findings showed high expression of SNHG1 in the bladder cancer cells and tumor tissues. The high expression of SNHG1 was positively correlated with bladder cancer cell invasion, proliferation, and autophagy. This finding implies that SNHG1 promotes bladder cancer cell invasion and proliferation via autophagy. Further analysis of the mechanism of action of SNHG1 showed that it functions as a sponge of miRNA-493 in bladder cancer. miRNA-493 binds on the 3’ -UTR of ATG14 mRNA thus affecting ATG14 protein expression, which is implicated in autophagy. These findings are supported by previous preclinical studies using multiple Bca cell lines and TCGA, which demonstrate that SNHG1 plays an oncogenic role by acting as a sponge of miR-493-5p or as its ceRNA. Upregulation of SNHG1 promotes proliferation, invasion, and autophagy of bladder cancer cells through the miR-493-5p/ATG14/autophagy pathway. Therefore, SNHG1 may act as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changcheng Guo
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Urology, Taizhou Center Hospital, Taizhou University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinbo Xie
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Geng
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yan
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xudong Yao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Luo
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Sharma A, Kaur H, De R, Srinivasan R, Pal A, Bhattacharyya S. Knockdown of E-cadherin induces cancer stem-cell-like phenotype and drug resistance in cervical cancer cells. Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 99:587-595. [PMID: 33677985 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2020-0592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality amongst women in developing countries, and resistance to therapy is the main reason for treatment failure. Recent advances suggest that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are critically involved in regulating the chemo-resistant behavior of cervical cancer cells. In our study, cells with the CSC phenotype were isolated, and we examined the expression levels of stem cell markers and genes associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) using different assays. However, the cells with the CSC phenotype could not be cultured for further cytotoxicity studies, so we established a model of CSC in cervical cancer cells. We performed siRNA-mediated knockdown of E-cadherin in these cells, and studied them for EMT-associated stem-cell-like properties. We also performed dose-dependent cell viability assays using clinically relevant drugs such as cisplatin, cyclopamine, and GANT58 to analyze the drug resistant behavior of these cancer cells. We found that knockdown of E-cadherin induces EMT in cervical cancer cells, imparting stem-cell like characteristics along with enhanced tumorsphere formation, cell migration, invasiveness, and drug resistance. This is the first study to establish a CSC model in cervical cancer cells by knockdown of E-cadherin, which can be used to develop anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuka Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Renaissa De
- Department of Biophysics, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Radhika Srinivasan
- Department of Cytology and Gynecologic Pathology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arnab Pal
- Department of Biochemistry, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
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Zhang X, Zhang L, Bi Y, Xi T, Zhang Z, Huang Y, Lu YY, Liu X, Shu S, Fang F. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine restricts murine cytomegalovirus replication. J Med Virol 2021; 93:5001-5016. [PMID: 33421149 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) induced autophagy affects virus replication and survival of the infected cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of autophagy inhibition by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) on murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) replication and whether it is associated with caspase-3 dependent apoptosis. The eyecup isolated from adult C57BL/6J mice (6-8 weeks old) and mouse embryo fibroblast cells (MEFs) were infected with MCMV K181 strain, followed by the treatment of 3-methyladenine (3-MA), chloroquine, or rapamycin to block or stimulate autophagy. In cultured MEFs, the ratio of LC3I/II was reduced at 24 hours post infection (hpi), but was increased at 48 hpi In the eyecup culture, LC3I/II ratio was also decreased at 4 and 7 days post infection (dpi). In addition, caspase-3 cleavage was increased at 48 hpi in MEFs and also elevated in MCMV infected eyecups at 4, 7, 10, and 14 dpi. 3-MA treatment significantly inhibited the virus replication in MEFs and eyecups. The expression of early antigen (EA) of MCMV was also decreased in MEFs and eyecups. Meanwhile, cleaved caspase-3 dependent cell death was promoted with the presence of 3-MA in MCMV infected MEFs and eyecups, while RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL pathway was inhibited by 3-MA in eyecups. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA restricts virus replication and promotes caspase-3 dependent apoptosis in the eyecup and MEFs with MCMV infection. It can be explained that during the early period of MCMV infection, the suppressed autophagy process directly reduced virus release, but later caspase-3 dependent apoptosis dominated and resulted in decreased virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yidan Bi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ting Xi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan Yuan Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinglou Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Sainan Shu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Feng Fang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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12
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The Dual Role of Autophagy in Cancer Development and a Therapeutic Strategy for Cancer by Targeting Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010179. [PMID: 33375363 PMCID: PMC7795059 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a delicate intracellular degradation process that occurs due to diverse stressful conditions, including the accumulation of damaged proteins and organelles as well as nutrient deprivation. The mechanism of autophagy is initiated by the creation of autophagosomes, which capture and encapsulate abnormal components. Afterward, autophagosomes assemble with lysosomes to recycle or remove degradative cargo. The regulation of autophagy has bipolar roles in cancer suppression and promotion in diverse cancers. Furthermore, autophagy modulates the features of tumorigenesis, cancer metastasis, cancer stem cells, and drug resistance against anticancer agents. Some autophagy regulators are used to modulate autophagy for anticancer therapy but the dual roles of autophagy limit their application in anticancer therapy, and present as the main reason for therapy failure. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of autophagy, tumorigenesis, metastasis, cancer stem cells, and resistance against anticancer agents. Finally, we discuss whether targeting autophagy is a promising and effective therapeutic strategy in anticancer therapy.
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13
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Praharaj PP, Panigrahi DP, Bhol CS, Patra S, Mishra SR, Mahapatra KK, Behera BP, Singh A, Patil S, Bhutia SK. Mitochondrial rewiring through mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis in cancer stem cells: A potential target for anti-CSC cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2020; 498:217-228. [PMID: 33186655 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are distinct subpopulations of cancer cells with stem cell-like abilities and are more resilient to chemotherapy, causing tumor relapse. Mitophagy, a selective form of autophagy, removes damaged unwanted mitochondria from cells through a lysosome-based degradation pathway to maintain cellular homeostasis. CSCs use mitophagy as a chief survival response mechanism for their growth, propagation, and tumorigenic ability. Mitochondrial biogenesis is a crucial cellular event replacing damaged mitochondria through the coordinated regulation of several transcription factors to achieve the bioenergetic demands of the cell. Because of the high mitochondrial content in CSCs, mitochondrial biogenesis is an interesting target to address the resistance mechanisms of anti-CSC therapy. However, to what extent both mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis are vital in promoting stemness, metabolic reprogramming, and drug resistance in CSCs has yet to be established. Therefore, in this review, we focus on understanding the interesting aspects of mitochondrial rewiring that involve mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis in CSCs. We also discuss their coordinated regulation in the elimination of CSCs, with respect to stemness and differentiation of the CSC phenotype, and the different aspects of tumorigenesis such as cancer initiation, progression, resistance, and tumor relapse. Finally, we address several other unanswered questions relating to targeted anti-CSC cancer therapy, which improves patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Priyadarshi Praharaj
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Debasna Pritimanjari Panigrahi
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Chandra Sekhar Bhol
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Srimanta Patra
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Soumya Ranjan Mishra
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Kewal Kumar Mahapatra
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Bishnu Prasad Behera
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Amruta Singh
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sujit Kumar Bhutia
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
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14
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Najafzadeh B, Asadzadeh Z, Motafakker Azad R, Mokhtarzadeh A, Baghbanzadeh A, Alemohammad H, Abdoli Shadbad M, Vasefifar P, Najafi S, Baradaran B. The oncogenic potential of NANOG: An important cancer induction mediator. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:2443-2458. [PMID: 32960465 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a unique population in the tumor, but they only comprise 2%-5% of the tumor bulk. Although CSCs share several features with embryonic stem cells, CSCs can give rise to the tumor cells. CSCs overexpress embryonic transcription factor NANOG, which is downregulated in differentiated tissues. This transcription factor confers CSC's stemness, unlimited self-renewal, metastasis, invasiveness, angiogenesis, and drug-resistance with the assistance of WNT, OCT4, SOX2, Hedgehog, BMI-1, and other complexes. NANOG facilitates CSCs development via multiple pathways, like angiogenesis and lessening E-cadherin expression levels, which paves the road for metastasis. Moreover, NANOG represses apoptosis and leads to drug-resistance. This review aims to highlight the pivotal role of NANOG and the pertained pathways in CSCs. Also, this current study intends to demonstrate that targeting NANOG can dimmish the CSCs, sensitize the tumor to chemotherapy, and eradicate the cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basira Najafzadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Asadzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hajar Alemohammad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Parisa Vasefifar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Souzan Najafi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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15
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Rahman MA, Saha SK, Rahman MS, Uddin MJ, Uddin MS, Pang MG, Rhim H, Cho SG. Molecular Insights Into Therapeutic Potential of Autophagy Modulation by Natural Products for Cancer Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:283. [PMID: 32391363 PMCID: PMC7193248 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a cellular self-digestion process that is activated in response to stress, has a functional role in tumor formation and progression. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) accounting for a minor proportion of total cancer cells-have distinct self-renewal and differentiation abilities and promote metastasis. Researchers have shown that a numeral number of natural products using traditional experimental methods have been revealed to target CSCs. However, the specific role of autophagy with respect to CSCs and tumorigenesis using natural products are still unknown. Currently, CSCs are considered to be one of the causative reasons underlying the failure of anticancer treatment as a result of tumor recurrence, metastasis, and chemo- or radio-resistance. Autophagy may play a dual role in CSC-related resistance to anticancer treatment; it is responsible for cell fate determination and the targeted degradation of transcription factors via growth arrest. It has been established that autophagy promotes drug resistance, dormancy, and stemness and maintenance of CSCs. Surprisingly, numerous studies have also suggested that autophagy can facilitate the loss of stemness in CSCs. Here, we review current progress in research related to the multifaceted connections between autophagy modulation and CSCs control using natural products. Overall, we emphasize the importance of understanding the role of autophagy in the maintenance of different CSCs and implications of this connection for the development of new strategies for cancer treatment targeting natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ataur Rahman
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Global Biotechnology & Biomedical Research Network, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh
| | - Subbroto Kumar Saha
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Md Saidur Rahman
- Department of Animal Science & Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea.,ABEx Bio-Research Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Myung-Geol Pang
- Department of Animal Science & Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - Hyewhon Rhim
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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16
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Ho CJ, Gorski SM. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Autophagy-Mediated Treatment Resistance in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1775. [PMID: 31717997 PMCID: PMC6896088 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in diagnostic tools and therapeutic options, treatment resistance remains a challenge for many cancer patients. Recent studies have found evidence that autophagy, a cellular pathway that delivers cytoplasmic components to lysosomes for degradation and recycling, contributes to treatment resistance in different cancer types. A role for autophagy in resistance to chemotherapies and targeted therapies has been described based largely on associations with various signaling pathways, including MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling. However, our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of autophagy in facilitating treatment resistance remains limited. Here we provide a comprehensive summary of the evidence linking autophagy to major signaling pathways in the context of treatment resistance and tumor progression, and then highlight recently emerged molecular mechanisms underlying autophagy and the p62/KEAP1/NRF2 and FOXO3A/PUMA axes in chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cally J. Ho
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada;
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Sharon M. Gorski
- Canada’s Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada;
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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17
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Reactive oxygen species, not Ca
2+
, mediates methotrexate‐induced autophagy and apoptosis in spermatocyte cell line. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 126:144-152. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Howard N, Clementino M, Kim D, Wang L, Verma A, Shi X, Zhang Z, DiPaola RS. New developments in mechanisms of prostate cancer progression. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 57:111-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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19
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Wei H. Interleukin 6 signaling maintains the stem-like properties of bladder cancer stem cells. Transl Cancer Res 2019; 8:557-566. [PMID: 35116788 PMCID: PMC8799198 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2019.03.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background The relapse and metastasis of bladder cancer are due to its strong resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs after surgery as a result of the expansion and self-renewal of cancer stem cells (CSCs). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the biology of bladder CSCs are unknown. This study aimed to investigate the role of interleukin 6 (IL6)/IL6 receptor (IL6R) in the stem-like characteristics of bladder CSCs. Methods Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to detect IL6 expression in the supernatant and cells of bladder CSCs, respectively. Following that, self-renewal, stem cell-associated gene expression, invasion, metastasis, and tumorigenicity were assessed by sphere-forming assay, qRT-PCR, invasion and transwell assays, and tumor-forming experiment in NOD/SCID mice, respectively. Finally, Western blot and qRT-PCR were employed to examine the IL6 signaling pathway in regulating the stem-like properties of bladder CSCs. Results The spheres, originating from the bladder cancer cell lines RT4 and J82, possessed a higher expression of stem-associated genes. The expression levels of IL6 were elevated in the supernatant and cells of the bladder CSCs. IL6R was also up-regulated in the bladder CSCs. Recombinant IL6 promoted the stem-like properties of the bladder CSCs, including self-renewal, expression of stem-associated genes, invasion, migration, and tumorigenicity. Mechanistically, IL6 exerted its biological effects by binding to IL6R, which enhanced the phosphorylation of STAT3 and triggered its activation. Furthermore, these effects were alleviated by the FDA-approved drug tocilizumab. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that IL6/IL6R/STAT3 maintains the stem-like properties of bladder CSCs. Furthermore, IL6R may serve as a potential therapeutic target for CSCs in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wei
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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20
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Condello M, Pellegrini E, Caraglia M, Meschini S. Targeting Autophagy to Overcome Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E725. [PMID: 30744021 PMCID: PMC6387456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular process, through which damaged organelles and superfluous proteins are degraded, for maintaining the correct cellular balance during stress insult. It involves formation of double-membrane vesicles, named autophagosomes, that capture cytosolic cargo and deliver it to lysosomes, where the breakdown products are recycled back to cytoplasm. On the basis of degraded cell components, some selective types of autophagy can be identified (mitophagy, ribophagy, reticulophagy, lysophagy, pexophagy, lipophagy, and glycophagy). Dysregulation of autophagy can induce various disease manifestations, such as inflammation, aging, metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. The understanding of the molecular mechanism that regulates the different phases of the autophagic process and the role in the development of diseases are only in an early stage. There are still questions that must be answered concerning the functions of the autophagy-related proteins. In this review, we describe the principal cellular and molecular autophagic functions, selective types of autophagy and the main in vitro methods to detect the role of autophagy in the cellular physiology. We also summarize the importance of the autophagic behavior in some diseases to provide a novel insight for target therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Condello
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Evelin Pellegrini
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Stefania Meschini
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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21
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Twomey JD, Zhang B. Circulating Tumor Cells Develop Resistance to TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis Through Autophagic Removal of Death Receptor 5: Evidence from an In Vitro Model. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11010094. [PMID: 30650534 PMCID: PMC6356356 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the peripheral blood are the precursors to distant metastasis but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. This study aims at understanding the molecular features within CTCs, in relation to their metastatic potential. Using in vitro CTC models, in which breast cancer cell lines were cultured in non-adherent conditions simulating the microenvironment in the blood stream, we found that the suspension culture resulted in resistance to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated cell death. Such a resistance was directly correlated with a reduction in surface and total levels of DR5 protein. In the non-adherent state, the cells underwent a rapid autophagic flux, characterized by an accumulation of autophagosome organelles. Notably, DR5 was translocated to the autophagosomes and underwent a lysosomal degradation. Our data suggest that CTCs may evade the TNF cytokine-mediated immune surveillance through a downregulation of the death receptor (DR) expression. The data warrants further studies in cancer patients to find the status of DRs and other molecular features within primary CTCs, in relation to disease progression or chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne D Twomey
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Baolin Zhang
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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22
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Shi X, Chen S, Zhang Y, Xie W, Hu Z, Li H, Li J, Zhou Z, Tan W. Norcantharidin inhibits the DDR of bladder cancer stem-like cells through cdc6 degradation. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:4403-4413. [PMID: 31239709 PMCID: PMC6560209 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s209907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the main source of tumor resistance and recurrence. At present, the main treatment for patients with advanced or metastatic bladder cancer (BCa) is cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy. However, CSCs are not sensitive to DNA-damaging drugs due to their enhanced DNA damage response (DDR) activity. Materials and methods: Bladder cancer stem cell-like cells (BCSLCs) were obtained by treating UMUC3 cells with cisplatin. The characteristics of the BCSLCs were identified by qPCR, flow cytometry, scratch wound-healing assays, transwell assays, tumorigenic ability experiments, Edu assays and Western blot assays in vivo. After BCSLCs were treated with norcantharidin (NCTD), the expression of Cdc6 and activation of the ATR-Chk1 pathway were detected by Western blotting. A subcutaneous tumor model in nude mice was successfully established to assess the anti-tumor efficacy of NCTD and cisplatin either alone or in combination in vivo. The tumor tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry. Results: The derived BCSLCs showed higher expression of stemness markers, increased invasiveness, improved resistance to multiple chemotherapeutics, and higher tumorigenic capacity in vivo. The protein expression level of chromatin-binding Cdc6 was increased in BCSLCs; however, NCTD decreased the level of chromatin-binding Cdc6 and inhibited the activation of the ATR-Chk1 pathway, which ultimately led to reduction in DDR activity in BCSLCs. NCTD enhanced the killing effect of cisplatin on BCSLCs in vitro and vivo. NCTD combined with cisplatin enhanced cisplatin-induced DNA damage in BCSLCs. Conclusion: Long-term cisplatin treatment can enrich BCSLCs. However, NCTD enhanced the killing effect of cisplatin on BCSLCs in vitro and vivo. The mechanism is inhibiting the DDR activity by reducing the expression of chromatin-binding Cdc6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghua Shi
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Health Management, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sansan Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Institute of Biotherapy, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Xie
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Hu
- Institute of Biotherapy, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Li
- Institute of Biotherapy, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinlong Li
- Institute of Biotherapy, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongxin Zhou
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Zhongxin ZhouDepartment of Vascular Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, No. 183, Zhongshan Avenue West, Guangzhou, Guangdong510630, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +861 852 037 6040Email
| | - Wanlong Tan
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Wanlong TanDepartment of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong510515, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +861 360 298 3938Email
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23
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Folkerts H, Hilgendorf S, Vellenga E, Bremer E, Wiersma VR. The multifaceted role of autophagy in cancer and the microenvironment. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:517-560. [PMID: 30302772 PMCID: PMC6585651 DOI: 10.1002/med.21531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a crucial recycling process that is increasingly being recognized as an important factor in cancer initiation, cancer (stem) cell maintenance as well as the development of resistance to cancer therapy in both solid and hematological malignancies. Furthermore, it is being recognized that autophagy also plays a crucial and sometimes opposing role in the complex cancer microenvironment. For instance, autophagy in stromal cells such as fibroblasts contributes to tumorigenesis by generating and supplying nutrients to cancerous cells. Reversely, autophagy in immune cells appears to contribute to tumor‐localized immune responses and among others regulates antigen presentation to and by immune cells. Autophagy also directly regulates T and natural killer cell activity and is required for mounting T‐cell memory responses. Thus, within the tumor microenvironment autophagy has a multifaceted role that, depending on the context, may help drive tumorigenesis or may help to support anticancer immune responses. This multifaceted role should be taken into account when designing autophagy‐based cancer therapeutics. In this review, we provide an overview of the diverse facets of autophagy in cancer cells and nonmalignant cells in the cancer microenvironment. Second, we will attempt to integrate and provide a unified view of how these various aspects can be therapeutically exploited for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Folkerts
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Hilgendorf
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edo Vellenga
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Bremer
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Valerie R Wiersma
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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24
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Dianat-Moghadam H, Heidarifard M, Jahanban-Esfahlan R, Panahi Y, Hamishehkar H, Pouremamali F, Rahbarghazi R, Nouri M. Cancer stem cells-emanated therapy resistance: Implications for liposomal drug delivery systems. J Control Release 2018; 288:62-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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25
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Ma G, Yang X, Liang Y, Wang L, Li D, Chen Y, Liang Z, Wang Y, Niu H. Precision medicine and bladder cancer heterogeneity. Bull Cancer 2018; 105:925-931. [PMID: 30243478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a widespread and highly heterogeneous malignancy. Moreover, bladder cancer recurrence and treatment failure are common, making this disease a challenge for genito-urinary surgeons. Precision medicine represents a new medical concept and model. It is based on personalized medicine, and employs genomics, proteomics, and other omics and cutting-edge medical technologies to classify disease at the molecular level, enabling accurate identification of its cause and therapeutic targets, ultimately offering precise, personalized medicine. The existence of heterogeneity in bladder cancer, resulting in different molecular phenotypes, constitutes a huge challenge for precision medicine. Studying phenotypic differences will be of substantial clinical significance and far-reaching research value with respect to the natural history of tumor development, reduction of drug resistance, the early diagnosis and prognosis of patients with bladder cancer, and the realization of fully developed precision medicine. This paper reviews the possible mechanisms underlying tumor heterogeneity and their impact on precision medicine. The manner in which precision medicine may be performed in the presence of bladder cancer heterogeneity and the prospects of this discipline are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Ma
- Affiliated hospital of Qingdao university, department of urology, Qingdao, China; Affiliated hospital of Qingdao university, Key laboratory, department of urology and andrology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuecheng Yang
- Affiliated hospital of Qingdao university, department of urology, Qingdao, China
| | - Ye Liang
- Affiliated hospital of Qingdao university, Key laboratory, department of urology and andrology, Qingdao, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Affiliated hospital of Qingdao university, Key laboratory, department of urology and andrology, Qingdao, China
| | - Dan Li
- Affiliated hospital of Qingdao university, Key laboratory, department of urology and andrology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuanbin Chen
- Affiliated hospital of Qingdao university, Key laboratory, department of urology and andrology, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhijuan Liang
- Affiliated hospital of Qingdao university, Key laboratory, department of urology and andrology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- Affiliated hospital of Qingdao university, department of urology, Qingdao, China; Affiliated hospital of Qingdao university, Key laboratory, department of urology and andrology, Qingdao, China.
| | - Haitao Niu
- Affiliated hospital of Qingdao university, department of urology, Qingdao, China; Affiliated hospital of Qingdao university, Key laboratory, department of urology and andrology, Qingdao, China.
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26
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Lleonart ME, Abad E, Graifer D, Lyakhovich A. Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Autophagy Defines the Fate of Cancer Stem Cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:1066-1079. [PMID: 28683561 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Significance: A fraction of tumorigenic cells, also known as tumor initiating or cancer stem cells (CSCs), is thought to drive tumor growth, metastasis, and chemoresistance. However, little is known regarding mechanisms that convey relevant pathways contributing to their self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation abilities. Recent Advances: Recent works on CSCs provide evidence on the role of redox disruption and regulation of autophagic flux. This has been linked to increased DNA repair capacity and chemoresistance. Critical Issues: The current review summarizes the most recent studies assessing the role of redox homeostasis, autophagy, and chemoresistance in CSCs, including some novel findings on microRNAs and their role in horizontal transfer within cancer cell populations. Future Directions: Rational anticancer therapy and prevention should rely on the fact that cancer is a redox disease with the CSCs being the apex modulated by redox-mediated autophagy. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 1066-1079.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde E Lleonart
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Etna Abad
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dmitry Graifer
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alex Lyakhovich
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Novosibirsk, Russia.,ICRC-FNUSA, International Clinical Research Center and St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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27
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Bousquet G, El Bouchtaoui M, Sophie T, Leboeuf C, de Bazelaire C, Ratajczak P, Giacchetti S, de Roquancourt A, Bertheau P, Verneuil L, Feugeas JP, Espié M, Janin A. Targeting autophagic cancer stem-cells to reverse chemoresistance in human triple negative breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:35205-35221. [PMID: 28445132 PMCID: PMC5471047 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence for the role of cancer stem-cells in drug resistance, but with few in situ studies on human tumor samples to decipher the mechanisms by which they resist anticancer agents.Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most severe sub-type of breast cancer, occurring in younger women and associated with poor prognosis even when treated at a localized stage.We investigated here the relationship between complete pathological response after chemotherapy and breast cancer stem-cell characteristics in pre-treatment biopsies of 78 women with triple negative breast carcinoma (TNBC).We found that chemoresistance was associated with large numbers of breast cancer stem-cells, and that these cancer stem-cells were neither proliferative nor apoptotic, but in an autophagic state related to hypoxia. Using relevant pharmacological models of patient-derived TNBC xenografts, we further investigated the role of autophagy in chemoresistance of breast cancer stem-cells. We demonstrated that hypoxia increased drug resistance of autophagic TNBC stem-cells, and showed that molecular or chemical inhibition of autophagic pathway was able to reverse chemoresistance.Our results support breast cancer stem-cell evaluation in pre-treatment biopsies of TNBC patients, and the need for further research on autophagy inhibition to reverse resistance to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilhem Bousquet
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Pathologie, Paris, France.,INSERM, Paris, France.,Université Paris 13, Villetaneuse, France.,AP, HP, Avicenne, Service Oncologie, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Christophe Leboeuf
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Pathologie, Paris, France.,INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Cédric de Bazelaire
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Pathologie, Paris, France.,INSERM, Paris, France.,AP HP Hôpital Saint-Louis, Service Radiologie, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Ratajczak
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Pathologie, Paris, France.,INSERM, Paris, France
| | | | - Anne de Roquancourt
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Pathologie, Paris, France.,INSERM, Paris, France.,AP HP Hôpital Saint-Louis, Service Pathologie, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Bertheau
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Pathologie, Paris, France.,INSERM, Paris, France.,AP HP Hôpital Saint-Louis, Service Pathologie, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Verneuil
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Pathologie, Paris, France.,INSERM, Paris, France
| | | | - Marc Espié
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Pathologie, Paris, France.,AP HP Hôpital Saint-Louis, Centre Maladies Sein, Paris, France
| | - Anne Janin
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Pathologie, Paris, France.,INSERM, Paris, France.,AP HP Hôpital Saint-Louis, Service Pathologie, Paris, France
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28
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Shi X, Zhang X, Li J, Mo L, Zhao H, Zhu Y, Hu Z, Gao J, Tan W. PD-1 blockade enhances the antitumor efficacy of GM-CSF surface-modified bladder cancer stem cells vaccine. Int J Cancer 2017; 142:2106-2117. [PMID: 29243219 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Shi
- Department of Urology; Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Xinji Zhang
- Department of Urology; Shunde People's Hospital, Southern Medical University; Guangdong China
| | - Jinlong Li
- Institute of Biotherapy, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Lijun Mo
- Institute of Biotherapy, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Hongfan Zhao
- Department of Urology; Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Yongtong Zhu
- Department of Urology; Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Zhiming Hu
- Institute of Biotherapy, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Jimin Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences; Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou China
| | - Wanlong Tan
- Department of Urology; Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
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29
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Fang D, Kitamura H. Cancer stem cells and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in urothelial carcinoma: Possible pathways and potential therapeutic approaches. Int J Urol 2017; 25:7-17. [PMID: 28697535 DOI: 10.1111/iju.13404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence of the presence of cancer stem cells in urothelial carcinoma. Cancer stem cells have the ability to self-renew and to differentiate into all cell types of the original heterogeneous tumor. A panel of diverse cancer stem cell markers might be suitable for simulation studies of urothelial cancer stem cells and for the development of optimized treatment protocols. The present review focuses on the advances in recognizing the markers of urothelial cancer stem cells and possible therapeutic targets. The commonly reported markers and pathways that were evaluated include CD44, CD133, ALDH1, SOX2 & SOX4, BMI1, EZH1, PD-L1, MAGE-A3, COX2/PGE2/STAT3, AR, and autophagy. Studies on the epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related pathways (Shh, Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, PI3K/Akt, TGF-β, miRNA) are also reviewed. Most of these markers were recognized through the expression patterns of cancer stem cell-rich side populations. Their regulative role in the development and differentiation of urothelial cancer stem cells was confirmed in vitro by functional analyses (e.g. cell migration, colony formation, sphere formation), and in vivo in xenograft experiments. Although a small number of these pathways are targeted by currently available drugs or drugs that are the currently being tested in clinical trials, a clear treatment approach has not been developed for most pathways. A greater understanding of the mechanisms that control the proliferation and differentiation of cancer stem cells is expected to lead to improvements in targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Fang
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.,Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hiroshi Kitamura
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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30
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Su YK, Huang WC, Lee WH, Bamodu OA, Zucha MA, Astuti I, Suwito H, Yeh CT, Lin CM. Methoxyphenyl chalcone sensitizes aggressive epithelial cancer to cisplatin through apoptosis induction and cancer stem cell eradication. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317691689. [PMID: 28466786 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317691689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current standard chemotherapy for late stage ovarian cancer is found unsuccessful due to relapse after completing the regimens. After completing platinum-based chemotherapy, 70% of patients develop relapse and resistance. Recent evidence proves ovarian cancer stem cells as the source of resistance. Therefore, treatment strategy to target both cancer stem cells and normal stem cells is essential. In this study, we developed a novel chalcone derivative as novel drug candidate for ovarian cancer treatment. We found that methoxyphenyl chalcone was effective to eliminate ovarian cancer cells when given either as monotherapy or in combination with cisplatin. We found that cell viability of ovarian cancer cells was decreased through apoptosis induction. Dephosphorylation of Bcl2-associated agonist of cell death protein was increased after methoxyphenyl chalcone treatment that led to activation of caspases. Interestingly, this drug also worked as a G2/M checkpoint modulator with alternative ways of DNA damage signal-evoking potential that might work to increase response after cisplatin treatment. In addition, methoxyphenyl chalcone was able to suppress autophagic flux and stemness regulator in ovarian spheroids that decreased their survival. Therefore, combination of methoxyphenyl chalcone and cisplatin showed synergistic effects. Taken together, we believe that our novel compound is a promising novel therapeutic agent for effective clinical treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kai Su
- 1 Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,2 Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chien Huang
- 3 Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan.,4 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,5 Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hwa Lee
- 6 Department of Pathology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Oluwaseun Adebayo Bamodu
- 7 Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cancer Center, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,8 Department of Medical Research and Education, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Muhammad Ary Zucha
- 7 Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cancer Center, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,8 Department of Medical Research and Education, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Indwiani Astuti
- 9 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Heri Suwito
- 10 Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Chi-Tai Yeh
- 7 Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cancer Center, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,8 Department of Medical Research and Education, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Min Lin
- 1 Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,2 Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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31
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Kim Y, Yeon M, Jeoung D. DDX53 Regulates Cancer Stem Cell-Like Properties by Binding to SOX-2. Mol Cells 2017; 40:322-330. [PMID: 28535666 PMCID: PMC5463040 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2017.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the role of cancer/testis antigen DDX53 in regulating cancer stem cell-like properties. DDX53 shows co-expression with CD133, a marker for cancer stem cells. DDX53 directly regulates the SOX-2 expression in anticancer drug-resistant Malme3MR cells. DDX53 and miR-200b were found to be involved in the regulation of tumor spheroid forming potential of Malme3M and Malme3MR cells. Furthermore, the self-renewal activity and the tumorigenic potential of Malme3MR-CD133 (+) cells were also regulated by DDX53. A miR-200b inhibitor induced the direct regulation of SOX-2 by DDX53 We therefore, conclude that DDX53 may serve as an immunotherapeutic target for regulating cancer stem-like properties of melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmi Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341,
Korea
| | - Minjeong Yeon
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341,
Korea
| | - Dooil Jeoung
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341,
Korea
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32
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Yin H, Yang X, Gu W, Liu Y, Li X, Huang X, Zhu X, Tao Y, Gou X, He W. HMGB1-mediated autophagy attenuates gemcitabine-induced apoptosis in bladder cancer cells involving JNK and ERK activation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:71642-71656. [PMID: 29069735 PMCID: PMC5641078 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) has been found to mediate autophagy during chemotherapy in several cancers. However, whether HMGB1plays a role in autophagy and chemoresistance in bladder cancer is elusive. In this report, HMGB1 expression was found to be increased in 30 primary bladder cancer tissue specimens compared to their matched adjacent non-tumor tissues. While gemcitabine induced apoptotic cell death, it also induced HMGB1 expression and autophagy in bladder cancer T24 and BIU-87 cells. Suppressing HMGB1 expression with siRNA strongly potentiated gemcitabine-induced apoptosis. HMGB1 siRNA or autophagy inhibitors suppressed gemcitabine-induced autophagy. Further, gemcitabine activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) and Bcl-2 phosphorylation, and blocking ERK and JNK inhibited autophagy and increased apoptosis in gemcitabine-treated cells. Interestingly, suppressing HMGB1 expression attenuated gemcitabine-induced ERK and JNK activation and Bcl-2 phosphorylation. Thus, our results suggest that while gemcitabine kills bladder cancer cells through apoptosis, a cytoprotective autophagy is also induced involving HMGB1-mediated JNK and ERK to counteract the cytotoxicity of gemcitabine, and intervention targeting this pathway may improve the anticancer efficacy of gemcitabine against bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubin Yin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wen Gu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xinyuan Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiaolong Huang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xin Zhu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yong Tao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xin Gou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Weiyang He
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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33
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Owen HC, Appiah S, Hasan N, Ghali L, Elayat G, Bell C. Phytochemical Modulation of Apoptosis and Autophagy: Strategies to Overcome Chemoresistance in Leukemic Stem Cells in the Bone Marrow Microenvironment. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 135:249-278. [PMID: 28807161 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Advances in scientific research and targeted treatment regimes have improved survival rates for many cancers over the past few decades. However, for some types of leukemia, including acute lymphoblastic and acute myeloid leukemia, mortality rates have continued to rise, with chemoresistance in leukemic stem cells (LSCs) being a major contributing factor. Most cancer drug therapies act by inducing apoptosis in dividing cells but are ineffective in targeting quiescent LSCs. Niches in the bone marrow, known as leukemic niches, behave as "sanctuaries" where LSCs acquire drug resistance. This review explores the role of the bone marrow environment in the maintenance of LSCs and its contribution to chemoresistance and considers current research on the potential use of phytochemicals to overcome chemoresistance through the modulation of signaling pathways involved in the survival and death of leukemic clonal cells and/or leukemic stem cells. Phytochemicals from traditional Chinese medicine, namely baicalein, chrysin, wogonin (constituents of Scutellaria baicalensis; huáng qín; ), curcumin (a constituent of Curcuma longa, jiāng huáng, ), and resveratrol (a constituent of Polygonum cuspidatum; hŭ zhàng, ) have been shown to induce apoptosis in leukemic cell lines, with curcumin and resveratrol also causing cell death via the induction of autophagy (a nonapoptotic pathway). In order to be effective in eliminating LSCs, it is important to target signaling pathways (such as Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, and Hedgehog). Resveratrol has been reported to induce apoptosis in leukemic cells through the inhibition of the Notch and Sonic hedgehog signaling pathways, therefore showing potential to affect LSCs. While these findings are of interest, there is a lack of reported research on the modulatory effect of phytochemicals on the autophagic cell death pathway in leukemia, and on the signaling pathways involved in the maintenance of LSCs, highlighting the need for further work in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen C Owen
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, Hendon, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Sandra Appiah
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, Hendon, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Noor Hasan
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, Hendon, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Ghali
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, Hendon, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ghada Elayat
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, Hendon, London, United Kingdom
| | - Celia Bell
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, Hendon, London, United Kingdom
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34
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Diet-induced obesity impairs spermatogenesis: a potential role for autophagy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43475. [PMID: 28276438 PMCID: PMC5343591 DOI: 10.1038/srep43475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that plays a crucial role in maintaining a series of cellular functions. It has been found that autophagy is closely involved in the physiological process of spermatogenesis and the regulation of sperm survival and motility. However, the role of autophagy in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced impaired spermatogenesis remains unknown. This study was designed to investigate the role of autophagy in HFD-induced spermatogenesis deficiency and employed chloroquine (CQ) to inhibit autophagy and rapamycin (RAP) to induce autophagy. 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and CQ were administered via intratesticular injection in vivo. The effects of CQ and 3-MA on the parameters of spermatozoa co-cultured with palmitic acid (PA) in vitro were also investigated. Human semen samples from obese, subfertile male patients were also collected to examine the level of autophagy. The results suggested that HFD mice subjected to CQ showed improved spermatogenesis. Inhibiting autophagy with CQ improved the decreased fertility of HFD male mice. Moreover, the in vivo and in vitro results indicated that both CQ and 3-MA could suppress the pathological changes in spermatozoa caused by HFD or PA treatment. Additionally, the excessive activation of autophagy was also observed in sperm samples from obese, subfertile male patients.
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35
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Kim H, Kim Y, Jeoung D. DDX53 Promotes Cancer Stem Cell-Like Properties and Autophagy. Mol Cells 2017; 40:54-65. [PMID: 28152297 PMCID: PMC5303889 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2017.2258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cancer/testis antigen DDX53 confers anti-cancer drug-resistance, the effect of DDX53 on cancer stem cell-like properties and autophagy remains unknown. MDA-MB-231 (CD133+) cells showed higher expression of DDX53, SOX-2, NANOG and MDR1 than MDA-MB-231 (CD133-). DDX53 increased in vitro self-renewal activity of MCF-7 while decreasing expression of DDX53 by siRNA lowered in vitro self-renewal activity of MDA-MB-231. DDX53 showed an interaction with EGFR and binding to the promoter sequences of EGFR. DDX53 induced resistance to anti-cancer drugs in MCF-7 cells while decreased expression of DDX53 by siRNA increased the sensitivity of MDA-MB-231 to anti-cancer drugs. Negative regulators of DDX53, such as miR-200b and miR-217, increased the sensitivity of MDA-MB-231 to anti-cancer drugs. MDA-MB-231 showed higher expression of autophagy marker proteins such as ATG-5, pBeclin1Ser15 and LC-3I/II compared with MCF-7. DDX53 regulated the expression of marker proteins of autophagy in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. miR-200b and miR-217 negatively regulated the expression of autophagy marker proteins. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed the direct regulation of ATG-5. The decreased expression of ATG-5 by siRNA increased the sensitivity to anti-cancer drugs in MDA-MB-231 cells. In conclusion, DDX53 promotes stem cell-like properties, autophagy, and confers resistance to anti-cancer drugs in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuna Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341,
Korea
| | - Youngmi Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341,
Korea
| | - Dooil Jeoung
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341,
Korea
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36
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Zhang D, Zhao Q, Sun H, Yin L, Wu J, Xu J, He T, Yang C, Liang C. Defective autophagy leads to the suppression of stem-like features of CD271 + osteosarcoma cells. J Biomed Sci 2016; 23:82. [PMID: 27863492 PMCID: PMC5116184 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0297-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As an important stress-response mechanism, autophagy plays crucial role in the tumor formation and drug resistance of cancer cells including osteosarcoma (OS). OS cancer stem cells (CSCs) also are considered a key factor of tumorigenesis, drug resistance and tumor recurrence. However, the relationship between autophagy and OS CSCs still remains unclear. Methods CD271+ OS CSCs and CD271- OS cells were isolated by magnetic activated cell sorting. The autophagy level was evaluated by the mRNA expression of autophagy genes, the protein level of LC3II and p62, and the mean number of GFP-LC3 dot per cell. Lentivirus-delivered specific shRNA was utilized to inhibit the corresponding gene expression. The cell viability was examined with CCK8 assay. The cell proliferation level was detected with BrdU staining assay. Cell death was determined by Annexin V/PI double staining of fluorescence activated cell sorting, lactate dehydrogenase release and caspase-3 activity. Tumorigenicity ability was evaluated by colony and sphere formation assay, the protein expression of stemness markers and tumor formation in nude mice. Results Our data indicated that CD271+ OS CSCs had a similar basic autophagy level with CD271- OS cells. Autophagy deficiency had no observable effects on the levels of cell proliferation and death both in CD271+ and CD271- OS cells under normal condition. However, CD271+ OS cells showed a higher autophagy activity than CD271- OS cells under hypoxia and low nutrient (LH) condition. Moreover, autophagy-deficient CD271+ OS cells lost the advantage of tolerance to LH condition compared to CD271- OS cells. Meanwhile, autophagy deficiency enhanced the sensitivity to chemotherapeutics in the CD271+ cells to the comparable level in the CD271- cells. More importantly, deficient-autophagy decreased the protein expression of stemness markers and caused the disappearance of the superiority in tumorigenicity in vitro and vivo in CD271+ OS cells. Conclusion The results above demonstrated that autophagy contributes to the stem-like features of CD271+ OS CSCs. Inhibition of autophagy is a promising strategy in the CSCs-targeting OS therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12929-016-0297-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- Department of Spinal Disease, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Department of Spinal Disease, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Spinal Disease, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Yin
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajun Wu
- Department of Spinal Disease, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Spinal Disease, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianxiang He
- Department of Spinal Disease, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlei Yang
- Department of Spinal Disease, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chengwei Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No. 221 West Yan An Road, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China.
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Naik PP, Das DN, Panda PK, Mukhopadhyay S, Sinha N, Praharaj PP, Agarwal R, Bhutia SK. Implications of cancer stem cells in developing therapeutic resistance in oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2016; 62:122-135. [PMID: 27865365 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Conventional therapeutics are often frequented with recurrences, refraction and regimen resistance in oral cavity cancers which are predominantly manifested by cancer stem cells (CSCs). During oncoevolution, cancer cells may undergo structural and functional reprogramming wherein they evolve as highly tolerant CSC phenotypes with greater survival advantages. The CSCs possess inherent and exclusive properties including self-renewal, hierarchical differentiation, and tumorigenicity that serve as the basis of chemo-radio-resistance in oral cancer. However, the key mechanisms underlying the CSC-mediated therapy resistance need to be further elucidated. A spectrum of dysfunctional cellular pathways including the developmental signaling, apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle regulation, DNA damage responses and epigenetic regulations protect the CSCs from conventional therapies. Moreover, tumor niche shelters CSCs and creates an immunosuppressive environment favoring the survival of CSCs. Maintenance of lower redox status, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), metabolic reprogramming and altered drug responses are the accessory features that aid in the process of chemo-radio-resistance in oral CSCs. This review deals with the functional and molecular basis of cancer cell pluripotency-associated resistance highlighting the abrupt fundamental cellular processes; targeting these events may hold a great promise in the successful treatment of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajna Paramita Naik
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Durgesh Nandini Das
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Prashanta Kumar Panda
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Subhadip Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Niharika Sinha
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | | | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States; University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States.
| | - Sujit Kumar Bhutia
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India.
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Sumis A, Cook KL, Andrade FO, Hu R, Kidney E, Zhang X, Kim D, Carney E, Nguyen N, Yu W, Bouker KB, Cruz I, Clarke R, Hilakivi-Clarke L. Social isolation induces autophagy in the mouse mammary gland: link to increased mammary cancer risk. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:839-56. [PMID: 27550962 PMCID: PMC5894876 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Social isolation is a strong predictor of early all-cause mortality and consistently increases breast cancer risk in both women and animal models. Because social isolation increases body weight, we compared its effects to those caused by a consumption of obesity-inducing diet (OID) in C57BL/6 mice. Social isolation and OID impaired insulin and glucose sensitivity. In socially isolated, OID-fed mice (I-OID), insulin resistance was linked to reduced Pparg expression and increased neuropeptide Y levels, but in group-housed OID fed mice (G-OID), it was linked to increased leptin and reduced adiponectin levels, indicating that the pathways leading to insulin resistance are different. Carcinogen-induced mammary tumorigenesis was significantly higher in I-OID mice than in the other groups, but cancer risk was also increased in socially isolated, control diet-fed mice (I-C) and G-OID mice compared with that in controls. Unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling (GRP78; IRE1) was upregulated in the mammary glands of OID-fed mice, but not in control diet-fed, socially isolated I-C mice. In contrast, expression of BECLIN1, ATG7 and LC3II were increased, and p62 was downregulated by social isolation, indicating increased autophagy. In the mammary glands of socially isolated mice, but not in G-OID mice, mRNA expressions of p53 and the p53-regulated autophagy inducer Dram1 were upregulated, and nuclear p53 staining was strong. Our findings further indicated that autophagy and tumorigenesis were not increased in Atg7(+/-) mice kept in social isolation and fed OID. Thus, social isolation may increase breast cancer risk by inducing autophagy, independent of changes in body weight.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autophagy/genetics
- Autophagy/physiology
- Autophagy-Related Protein 7/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/pathology
- Diet
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP
- Female
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/psychology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Obese
- Mice, Transgenic
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/pathology
- Risk Factors
- Social Isolation
- Stress, Psychological/complications
- Stress, Psychological/genetics
- Stress, Psychological/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Sumis
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Katherine L Cook
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA Department of SurgeryWake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Fabia O Andrade
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Food and Experimental Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Emma Kidney
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Xiyuan Zhang
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Dominic Kim
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Elissa Carney
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Nguyen Nguyen
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Kerrie B Bouker
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Idalia Cruz
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Robert Clarke
- Department of OncologyGeorgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Ji C, Zhang Z, Chen L, Zhou K, Li D, Wang P, Huang S, Gong T, Cheng B. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced autophagy determines the susceptibility of melanoma cells to dabrafenib. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:2491-8. [PMID: 27536070 PMCID: PMC4977101 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s112740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the deadliest skin cancers and accounts for most skin-related deaths due to strong resistance to chemotherapy drugs. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms of dabrafenib-induced drug resistance in human melanoma cell lines A375 and MEL624. Our studies support that both endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy were induced in the melanoma cells after the treatment with dabrafenib. In addition, ER stress-induced autophagy protects melanoma cells from the toxicity of dabrafenib. Moreover, inhibition of both ER stress and autophagy promote the sensitivity of melanoma cells to dabrafenib. Taken together, the data suggest that ER stress-induced autophagy determines the sensitivity of melanoma cells to dabrafenib. These results provide us with promising evidence that the inhibition of autophagy and ER stress could serve a therapeutic effect for the conventional dabrafenib chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ji
- Department of Dermatology, the 1st Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University; Fujian Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziping Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, the 1st Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University; Fujian Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Chen
- Department of Dermatology, the 1st Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University; Fujian Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunli Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, the 1st Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University; Fujian Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongjun Li
- Department of Dermatology, the 1st Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University; Fujian Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Dermatology, the 1st Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University; Fujian Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuying Huang
- Department of Dermatology, the 1st Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University; Fujian Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Gong
- Fujian Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, the 1st Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University; Fujian Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
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Gawlik-Rzemieniewska N, Galilejczyk A, Krawczyk M, Bednarek I. Silencing expression of the NANOG gene and changes in migration and metastasis of urinary bladder cancer cells. Arch Med Sci 2016; 12:889-97. [PMID: 27478472 PMCID: PMC4947613 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2015.55368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It has been proved that expression of the NANOG gene is observed not only in embryonic-derived malignancies, but also in breast cancer, ovarian cancer, cervix cancer and bladder cancer. NANOG overexpression is correlated with high activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9. The aim of the study was to evaluate the changes in the malignant phenotype of T24 bladder cancer cells with modulated expression of the NANOG gene. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human urinary bladder cancer cells T24 (HTB-4) were cultivated under standard conditions. Transfection of the cells with silencing constructions was performed with the application of Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) reagent. Evaluation of changes in the expression level of individual genes was performed using qRTPCR. Changes in the protein level were evaluated using the Human ELISA Kit (Abcam). The invasion capability of transfected cells was tested using Matrigel Invasion Chambers (BD Biosciences). The changes in cell migration were assessed with a wound-healing assay. RESULTS The qRTPCR evaluation showed that silencing the NANOG gene in T24 cells led to the decrease of mRNA for the MMP-2 gene to the level of 62.4% and the MMP-9 gene to the level of 76%. The cells with modulated expression of the NANOG gene migrated slower in the Matrigel invasion assay and in the wound-healing assay. The immunoenzymatic test showed a decrease in the protein level of MMP-9. CONCLUSIONS The transcriptional activity of the NANOG gene might be connected with some aspects of bladder cancer cell metastasis in vitro and has an influence on MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gawlik-Rzemieniewska
- School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Galilejczyk
- School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michał Krawczyk
- School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ilona Bednarek
- School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) comprise an emerging cancer therapeutic modality whose activity involves both direct tumor cell lysis and the induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD). Cellular proteins released from the OV-lysed tumor cells, known as damage-associated molecular patterns and tumor-associated antigens, activate dendritic cells and elicit adaptive antitumor immunity. Interaction with the innate immune system and the development of long-lasting immune memory also contribute to OV-induced cell death. The degree to which the ICD component contributes to the clinical efficacy of OV therapy is still unclear. Modulation of a range of immune interactions may be beneficial or detrimental in nature and the interactions depend on the specific tumor, the site and extent of the disease, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, the OV platform, the dose, time, and delivery conditions, as well as individual patient responses. To enhance the contribution of ICD, OVs have been engineered to express immunostimulatory genes and strategies have been developed to combine OV therapy with chemo- and immune-based therapeutic regimens. However, these approaches carry the risk that they may also be tolerogenic depending on their levels and the presence of other cytokines, their direct antiviral effects, and the timing and conditions of their expression. The contribution of autophagy to adaptive immunity, the ability of the OVs to kill cancer stem cells, and the patient’s baseline immune status are additional considerations. This review focuses on the complex and as yet poorly understood balancing act that dictates the outcome of OV therapy. We summarize current understanding of the OVs’ function in eliciting antitumor immunity and its relationship to therapeutic efficacy. Also discussed are the criteria involved in restraining antiviral immune responses and minimizing pathology while promoting antitumor immunity to override immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Aurelian
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Time-Dependent Changes in Apoptosis Upon Autophagy Inhibition in Astrocytes Exposed to Oxygen and Glucose Deprivation. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:223-234. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Pharmacological inhibitors of autophagy as novel cancer therapeutic agents. Pharmacol Res 2016; 105:164-75. [PMID: 26826398 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular degradative process in which intracellular components (cellular proteins and organelles) are engulfed in autophagosomes which then fuse with lysosomes to form autolysosome for degradation. Autophagy is closely implicated in various physio-pathological processes and human diseases. Among them, the roles of autophagy in cancer have been extensively studied. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that inhibiting autophagy is a novel and promising approach in cancer therapy, based on the notion that autophagy is a pro-survival mechanism in cancer cells under therapeutic stress, and induction of autophagy is associated with chemoresistance of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents. Thus, suppression of autophagy would sensitize resistance tumor cells to cancer therapeutic agents, thereby supporting the clinical application of autophagy inhibitors. In recent years, significant progress has been achieved in developing autophagy inhibitors and testing their therapeutical potential, either as standalone or as adjuvant therapeutic agents, in cell and animal models, and more importantly in clinical trials. In this review, we will discuss some of these recent advances in development of novel small molecules autophagy inhibitors and their mechanisms of action, together with their applications in clinical trials.
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44
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Pentoxifylline triggers autophagy via ER stress response that interferes with Pentoxifylline induced apoptosis in human melanoma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 103:17-28. [PMID: 26793997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pentoxifylline (PTX), a non-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor is known to inhibit the growth of various cancer cells including melanoma. Here in this study, we have found that PTX induces autophagy in human melanoma cell lines (A375 and MeWo). Induction of autophagy is associated with the increase in Atg5 expression as knockdown of Atg5 effectively inhibited PTX mediated autophagy. A decrease in mTOR activation was also observed after PTX treatment. We observed that autophagy was activated as a downstream effector mechanism of ER stress induced by PTX. ER stress response was confirmed by upregulation of IRE-1α, GRP78 and CHOP expression. PTX treatment also resulted in an increase in intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)) level. Ca(2+) is the central player as blocking Ca(2+) by intracellular calcium chelator (BAPTA-AM) effectively inhibited the PTX induced ER stress response as well as autophagy. Moreover, silencing of CHOP also resulted in autophagy inhibition with a decrease in Atg5 expression. Collectively, PTX triggers ER stress response followed by induction of autophagy via involvement of Ca(2+)→CHOP→Atg5 signalling cascade. Interestingly, inhibition of intracellular calcium level by BAPTA-AM significantly increased PTX mediated cell death by augmenting intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Inhibition of autophagy by the ATG5 siRNA and pharmacological inhibitor, chloroquine also enhances PTX induced cell death. Taken together, our results clearly indicate that activation of ER stress response and autophagy provides resistance to PTX mediated apoptosis, and thus, interferes with the anticancer activity of PTX in human melanoma cells.
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45
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Lyakhovich A, Lleonart ME. Bypassing Mechanisms of Mitochondria-Mediated Cancer Stem Cells Resistance to Chemo- and Radiotherapy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:1716341. [PMID: 26697128 PMCID: PMC4677234 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1716341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are highly resistant to conventional chemo- and radiotherapeutic regimes. Therefore, the multiple drug resistance (MDR) of cancer is most likely due to the resistance of CSCs. Such resistance can be attributed to some bypassing pathways including detoxification mechanisms of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RO/NS) formation or enhanced autophagy. Unlike in normal cells, where RO/NS concentration is maintained at certain threshold required for signal transduction or immune response mechanisms, CSCs may develop alternative pathways to diminish RO/NS levels leading to cancer survival. In this minireview, we will focus on elaborated mechanisms developed by CSCs to attenuate high RO/NS levels. Gaining a better insight into the mechanisms of stem cell resistance to chemo- or radiotherapy may lead to new therapeutic targets thus serving for better anticancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Lyakhovich
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A7, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Matilde E. Lleonart
- Oncology and Pathology Group, Institut de Recerca Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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Ruan Z, Liu J, Kuang Y. Isolation and characterization of side population cells from the human ovarian cancer cell line SK-OV-3. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:2071-2078. [PMID: 26668597 PMCID: PMC4665172 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most malignant type of gynecological tumor due to its high recurrence rate following initial treatment. Previous studies have indicated that cancer stem cells (CSCs) may be a potential cause underlying the high proportion of recurrence. Side population (SP) cells isolated from cancer cell lines have been shown to exhibit characteristics associated with CSCs, but studies on SP cells in human ovarian SK-OV-3 cell line are limited. In the present study, the SP cell fraction (4.83% of the total cell population) was isolated using flow cytometry, and analyzed by immunocytochemical analysis and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that SP cells exhibited a high mean fluorescence intensity for CD44, a CSC marker, in addition to elevated expression of the CSCs-associated genes, ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 and Nestin. These findings indicated the stem cell-like features of the SP cells. Furthermore, a colony formation test showed that the isolated SP cells possessed a marked capacity for self-regeneration and proliferation. In addition, a cell cycle assay involving cisplatin indicated that the SP cells were strongly resistant to chemotherapy. In conclusion, the present results suggested that SP cells isolated from the SK-OV-3 cell line exhibited properties typically associated with CSCs. Therefore, the isolated SP cells may be used to provide novel insight into potential therapies against OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyi Ruan
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Yanping Kuang
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
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Yang Y, Fan Y, Qi Y, Liu D, Wu K, Wen F, Zhao S. Side population cells separated from A549 lung cancer cell line possess cancer stem cell-like properties and inhibition of autophagy potentiates the cytotoxic effect of cisplatin. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:929-35. [PMID: 26081992 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that cancer stem cells (CSCs) may be responsible for tumorigenesis and contribute to resistance to chemotherapy. Side population (SP) cells are thought to be enriched for CSCs in most types of human tumors. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to sort SP cells using an A549 lung cancer cell line, identify the cancer stem cell-like properties of SP and determine the role of autophagy in the survival of SP cells of lung cancer. SP cells were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) from A549 lung cancer cells, and the CSC-like properties were verified through confocal fluorescence imaging, sphere formation assays, cell proliferation and colony formation assay, gene expression in vitro and tumor formation in vivo. The role of autophagy in the survival of SP cells was assessed by western blotting and flow cytometric analysis. A549 lung cancer cells contained 1.10% SP cells. SP cells showed higher abilities of sphere and colony formation, cell proliferation and self-renewal. Moreover, compared to non-SP, SP cells demonstrated a higher mRNA expression of stem cell markers (MDR1, ABCG2 and OCT-4). The clone formation efficiency of SP cells was significantly higher than that non-SP cells under the same conditions. Expression of autophagosomes in SP cells was markedly lower than that in non-SP cells. However, the level of autophagy in SP cells was found to be markedly increased in the presence of cisplatin. In addition, inhibition of autophagy enhanced the effects of apoptosis induced by cisplatin. SP cells from the A549 lung cancer cell line possessed the properties of CSCs and were used to investigate the further characteristics of lung CSCs. SP cells were more resistant to chemotherapy and inhibition of autophagy enhanced the effects of apoptosis induced by the chemotherapeutic agent, cisplatin. These results may provide insight into novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Yuxia Fan
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Yu Qi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Donglei Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Kai Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Fengbiao Wen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Song Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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Yang Y, Xu H, Shen J, Yang Y, Wu S, Xiao J, Xu Y, Liu XY, Chu L. RGD-modifided oncolytic adenovirus exhibited potent cytotoxic effect on CAR-negative bladder cancer-initiating cells. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1760. [PMID: 25973680 PMCID: PMC4669706 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-initiating cell (CIC) is critical in cancer development, maintenance and recurrence. The reverse expression pattern of coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR) and αν integrin in bladder cancer decreases the infection efficiency of adenovirus. We constructed Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-modified oncolytic adenovirus, carrying EGFP or TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) gene (OncoAd.RGD-hTERT-EGFP/TRAIL), and applied them to CAR-negative bladder cancer T24 cells and cancer-initiating T24 sphere cells. OncoAd.RGD-hTERT-EGFP had enhanced infection ability and cytotoxic effect on T24 cells and T24 sphere cells, but little cytoxicity on normal urothelial SV-HUC-1 cells compared with the unmodified virus OncoAd.hTERT-EGFP. Notably, OncoAd.RGD-hTERT-TRAIL induced apoptosis in T24 cells and T24 sphere cells. Furthermore, it completely inhibited xenograft initiation established by the oncolytic adenovirus-pretreated T24 sphere cells, and significantly suppressed tumor growth by intratumoral injection. These results provided a promising therapeutic strategy for CAR-negative bladder cancer through targeting CICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - H Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - J Shen
- Xinyuan Institute of Medicine and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Y Yang
- Xinyuan Institute of Medicine and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - S Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - J Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Y Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yanglin 712100, China
| | - X-Y Liu
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China [2] Xinyuan Institute of Medicine and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - L Chu
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China [2] Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
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Chen C, Qi XJ, Cao YW, Wang YH, Yang XC, Shao SX, Niu HT. Bladder Tumor Heterogeneity: The Impact on Clinical Treatment. Urol Int 2015; 95:1-8. [DOI: 10.1159/000370165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer relapse and treatment failure in most patients have often been attributed to chemoresistance in tumor cells and metastasis. Emerging evidence indicates that tumor heterogeneity may play an equally important role and extends to virtually all measurable properties of cancer cells. Although the idea of tumor heterogeneity is not new, little attention has been paid to applying it to understand and control bladder cancer progression. With the development of biotechnology, such as Gene sequencing, recent advances in understanding its generation model, original basis, consequent problems, and derived therapies provide great potential for tumor heterogeneity to be considered a new insight in the treatment of bladder cancers.
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Panda PK, Mukhopadhyay S, Das DN, Sinha N, Naik PP, Bhutia SK. Mechanism of autophagic regulation in carcinogenesis and cancer therapeutics. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 39:43-55. [PMID: 25724561 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy in cancer is an intensely debated concept in the field of translational research. The dual nature of autophagy implies that it can potentially modulate the pro-survival and pro-death mechanisms in tumor initiation and progression. There is a prospective molecular relationship between defective autophagy and tumorigenesis that involves the accumulation of damaged mitochondria and protein aggregates, which leads to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ultimately causes DNA damage that can lead to genomic instability. Moreover, autophagy regulates necrosis and is followed by inflammation, which limits tumor metastasis. On the other hand, autophagy provides a survival advantage to detached, dormant metastatic cells through nutrient fueling by tumor-associated stromal cells. Manipulating autophagy for induction of cell death, inhibition of protective autophagy at tissue-and context-dependent for apoptosis modulation has therapeutic implications. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the present state of knowledge regarding autophagy as a new approach to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanta Kumar Panda
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Subhadip Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Durgesh Nandini Das
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Niharika Sinha
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Prajna Paramita Naik
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Sujit K Bhutia
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India.
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