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Sun Y, Shi Y, Liu H, Lv C, Zhang A. The role of poly (ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase in phosphatase and tensin homolog deficiency endometrial cancer. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2023; 49:1244-1254. [PMID: 36759425 DOI: 10.1111/jog.15563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM To explore the relationship between poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) and the occurrence, development, and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma (EC), and investigate whether the PARG inhibitor PDD0017273 could increase the sensitivity of EC cells to cisplatin. METHODS The expression of PARG, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), and p53 in normal endometrial tissues (NE), endometrial hyperplasia without atypia (EH), atypical endometrial hyperplasia (AH), and EC was detected by immunohistochemistry. AN3CA EC cells with PTEN deficiency were treated with different cisplatin and PDD0017273, alone or in combination. Cell proliferation was detected by MTT method, apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry, and the expression of PARG in EC cells after treatment with different drugs was detected by western blot and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Expression of PARG in NE, EH, AH, and EC increased gradually. In addition, compared with low PARG expression in PTEN-positive EC, patients who had high PARG expression in PTEN-negative EC had more advanced clinical stages (r = -0.399, p = 0.032) and shorter overall survival time (p = 0.037). A dose of 40 μM PDD0017273 effectively inhibited PARG expression, increased the sensitivity of AN3CA cells to cisplatin. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that PARG overexpression is a promising immunohistochemical marker to predict the occurrence and prognosis of EC. Moreover, PARG inhibition produced antitumor effects and increased the sensitivity of EC cells with PTEN deficiency to cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Sun
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunmei Lv
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
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Bilan DS, Shokhina AG, Lukyanov SA, Belousov VV. [Main Cellular Redox Couples]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2015; 41:385-402. [PMID: 26615634 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162015040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Most of the living cells maintain the continuous flow of electrons, which provides them by energy. Many of the compounds are presented in a cell at the same time in the oxidized and reduced states, forming the active redox couples. Some of the redox couples, such as NAD+/NADH, NADP+/NADPH, oxidized/reduced glutathione (GSSG/GSH), are universal, as they participate in adjusting of many cellular reactions. Ratios of the oxidized and reduced forms of these compounds are important cellular redox parameters. Modern research approaches allow setting the new functions of the main redox couples in the complex organization of cellular processes. The following information is about the main cellular redox couples and their participation in various biological processes.
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Uchiumi F, Watanabe T, Ohta R, Abe H, Tanuma SI. PARP1 gene expression is downregulated by knockdown of PARG gene. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:1683-8. [PMID: 23467693 PMCID: PMC3658849 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a modification of nuclear proteins that regulates DNA replication, repair and transcription. In order to investigate the biological effects of degradation of poly(ADP-ribose), knockdown of the poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) gene was performed by introducing a short interfering RNA (siRNA)-pool into HeLa S3 cells. Notably, poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated proteins did not accumulate in the cells. Western blotting, quantitative RT-PCR analysis and a transient transfection assay revealed that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) gene/protein expression and its promoter activity were reduced in the PARG knockdown cells. These results suggest that the amount of poly(ADP-ribose) in a cell is regulated under the control of PARP1/PARG gene expression balance. Furthermore, in this study, we showed that PARG-siRNA enhanced cell death induced by staurosporine (STS). Thus, we propose a PARG-siRNA utilizing gene-therapy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Uchiumi
- Department of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi, Chiba-ken 278-8510, Japan.
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Tannic acid, an inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase, sensitizes ovarian carcinoma cells to cisplatin. Anticancer Drugs 2013; 23:979-90. [PMID: 22785358 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e328356359f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tannic acid (TA) has been associated with anticancer functions in multiple tumor types both in vitro and in vivo. However, its effect on ovarian carcinoma cells has not been investigated, and its underlying anticancer mechanism(s) remain unclear. In this study, the effects of TA alone and in combination with cisplatin were evaluated using ovarian carcinoma cell lines. Combined treatment with TA and cisplatin was found to induce apoptosis and increase DNA damage in the cisplatin-resistant (SKOV-3 CDDP/R) and cisplatin-sensitive (SKOV-3) human ovarian carcinoma cell lines, respectively. TA was also found to enhance the toxicity of cisplatin in ovarian carcinoma cells associated with the inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) expression, increase the accumulation of poly(ADP-ribose) (pADPr), following the release of apoptosis-inducing factor, and the activation of caspase-3. In conclusion, as a PARG inhibitor, TA showed anticancer activity and increased the sensitivity of SKOV-3 cells and SKOV-3 CDDP/R cell lines to cisplatin.
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Blenn C, Wyrsch P, Althaus FR. The ups and downs of tannins as inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose)glycohydrolase. Molecules 2011; 16:1854-77. [PMID: 21343889 PMCID: PMC6259645 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16021854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage to cells activates nuclear poly(ADP-ribose)polymerases (PARPs) and the poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) synthesized is rapidly cleaved into ADP-ribose (ADPR) by PAR glycohydrolase (PARG) action. Naturally appearing tannin-like molecules have been implicated in specific inhibition of the PARG enzyme. This review deals with the in vitro and in vivo effects of tannins on PAR metabolism and their downstream actions in DNA damage signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Blenn
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Uchiumi F, Enokida K, Shiraishi T, Masumi A, Tanuma SI. Characterization of the promoter region of the human IGHMBP2 (Smubp-2) gene and its response to TPA in HL-60 cells. Gene 2010; 463:8-17. [PMID: 20441787 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2010.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin mu-binding protein 2 (IGHMBP2/Smubp-2) is a helicase motif-containing DNA-binding protein that has been suggested to regulate various nuclear functions. Recent studies indicated that mutations in the IGHMBP2 gene are responsible for spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type I (SMARD1). However, the mechanism of regulation of IGHMBP2 gene expression remains unclear. In the present study, a 2.0-kb fragment of the 5'-flanking (promoter) region of the human IGHMBP2 gene was isolated from the HL-60 genome by PCR and ligated into a luciferase (Luc) expression vector, pGL3, to generate the pSmu-Luc plasmid. Deletion analyses revealed that a 108-bp region is essential for basal promoter activity with a response to TPA in HL-60 cells. TF-SEARCH analysis showed that overlapping ets (GGAA) motifs are located upstream of the transcription start sites. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, electropheretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and competition analyses indicated that PU.1 (Spi-1) recognizes and binds to the duplicated ets motifs in this 108-bp region. Moreover, co-transfection of the PU.1 expression plasmid and pSmu-Luc into HL-60 cells revealed that PU.1 modulates TPA-induced IGHMBP2 promoter activity. Taken together, these observations suggest that the duplicated GGAA motifs are essential for the IGHMBP2 promoter activity and its positive response to TPA in HL-60 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Uchiumi
- Department of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 270-8510 Japan.
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Uchiumi F, Watanabe T, Tanuma SI. Characterization of various promoter regions of the human DNA helicase-encoding genes and identification of duplicated ets (GGAA) motifs as an essential transcription regulatory element. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:1523-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Giansanti V, Donà F, Tillhon M, Scovassi AI. PARP inhibitors: new tools to protect from inflammation. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:1869-77. [PMID: 20417190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosylation) consists in the conversion of β-NAD(+) into ADP-ribose, which is then bound to acceptor proteins and further used to form polymers of variable length and structure. The correct turnover of poly(ADP-ribose) is ensured by the concerted action of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) enzymes, which are responsible for polymer synthesis and degradation, respectively. Despite the positive role of poly(ADP-ribosylation) in sensing and repairing DNA damage, generated also by ROS, PARP over-activation could allow NAD depletion and consequent necrosis, thus leading to an inflammatory condition in many diseases. In this respect, inhibition of PARP enzymes could exert a protective role towards a number of pathological conditions; i.e. the combined treatment of tumors with PARP inhibitors/anticancer agents proved to have a beneficial effect in cancer therapy. Thus, pharmacological inactivation of poly(ADP-ribosylation) could represent a novel therapeutic strategy to limit cellular injury and to attenuate the inflammatory processes that characterize many disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Giansanti
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
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9
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Zhou B, Ikejima T, Watanabe T, Iwakoshi K, Idei Y, Tanuma SI, Uchiumi F. The effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on Werner syndrome RecQ helicase gene. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:1331-6. [PMID: 19306876 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) is known to effectively elongate mammalian life-spans. The compound 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), which is often used as an inhibitor of glucose utilization, is a mimetic agent of CR. In this study, we examined the changes of telomerase and Werner's syndrome RecQ (WRN) helicase after treatment with 2DG, because of the involvement of recQ helicase in the regulation of telomeres. Interestingly, 2DG treatment increased the expression of WRN protein in accordance with induction of its promoter activity and gene expression. Furthermore, the activation of telomerase was observed after 2DG treatment, whereas it resulted in the reduction of cell proliferation. These results suggest that 2DG could up-regulate telomere maintenance factors accompanied with suppression of proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhou
- Department of Gene Regulation, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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Uchiumi F, Sakakibara G, Sato J, Tanuma SI. Characterization of the promoter region of the humanPARGgene and its response to PU.1 during differentiation of HL-60 cells. Genes Cells 2008; 13:1229-47. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2008.01240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ying W. NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH in cellular functions and cell death: regulation and biological consequences. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:179-206. [PMID: 18020963 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1036] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has suggested that NAD (including NAD+ and NADH) and NADP (including NADP+ and NADPH) could belong to the fundamental common mediators of various biological processes, including energy metabolism, mitochondrial functions, calcium homeostasis, antioxidation/generation of oxidative stress, gene expression, immunological functions, aging, and cell death: First, it is established that NAD mediates energy metabolism and mitochondrial functions; second, NADPH is a key component in cellular antioxidation systems; and NADH-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation from mitochondria and NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS generation are two critical mechanisms of ROS generation; third, cyclic ADP-ribose and several other molecules that are generated from NAD and NADP could mediate calcium homeostasis; fourth, NAD and NADP modulate multiple key factors in cell death, such as mitochondrial permeability transition, energy state, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1, and apoptosis-inducing factor; and fifth, NAD and NADP profoundly affect aging-influencing factors such as oxidative stress and mitochondrial activities, and NAD-dependent sirtuins also mediate the aging process. Moreover, many recent studies have suggested novel paradigms of NAD and NADP metabolism. Future investigation into the metabolism and biological functions of NAD and NADP may expose fundamental properties of life, and suggest new strategies for treating diseases and slowing the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihai Ying
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94121, USA.
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Tikoo K, Tamta A, Ali IY, Gupta J, Gaikwad AB. Tannic acid prevents azidothymidine (AZT) induced hepatotoxicity and genotoxicity along with change in expression of PARG and histone H3 acetylation. Toxicol Lett 2008; 177:90-6. [PMID: 18291603 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2007] [Revised: 12/26/2007] [Accepted: 12/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Azidothymidine (AZT) is known to decrease HIV virus replication and is one of the most frequently prescribed antiretroviral drugs used for AIDS treatment. Dose-limiting toxicities are the major curse associated with AZT therapy. Recently, we have reported that tannic acid; a PARG inhibitor prevents cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity. The present work was conceived to study the effect of tannic acid on AZT induced hepatotoxicity and genotoxicity. AZT induces increase in plasma levels of ALT, AST and alkaline phosphatase along with increase in micronucleus (MN) count in peripheral blood. Suggesting, AZT is hepatotoxic and genotoxic to mice. Treatment of tannic acid protects AZT induced hepatotoxicity by decreasing the ALT, AST and alkaline phosphatase levels. It also significantly reduces the oxidative damage by preventing reduction in glutathione and decreasing the level of malondialdehyde in liver of AZT treated mice. In addition, tannic acid decreases the PARG expression, PARP cleavage and histone H3 acetylation in liver of AZT treated mice. Moreover, treatment of tannic acid also decreases MN count in peripheral blood, suggesting its anti-mutagenic effect. In light of these findings we suggest the potential role of tannic acid treatment in preventing AZT induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulbhushan Tikoo
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar 160062, Punjab, India.
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Blenn C, Althaus F, Malanga M. Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase silencing protects against H2O2-induced cell death. Biochem J 2006; 396:419-29. [PMID: 16526943 PMCID: PMC1482814 DOI: 10.1042/bj20051696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2005] [Revised: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PAR [poly(ADP-ribose)] is a structural and regulatory component of multiprotein complexes in eukaryotic cells. PAR catabolism is accelerated under genotoxic stress conditions and this is largely attributable to the activity of a PARG (PAR glycohydrolase). To overcome the early embryonic lethality of parg-knockout mice and gain more insights into the biological functions of PARG, we used an RNA interference approach. We found that as little as 10% of PARG protein is sufficient to ensure basic cellular functions: PARG-silenced murine and human cells proliferated normally through several subculturing rounds and they were able to repair DNA damage induced by sublethal doses of H2O2. However, cell survival following treatment with higher concentrations of H2O2 (0.05-1 mM) was increased. In fact, PARG-silenced cells were more resistant than their wild-type counterparts to oxidant-induced apoptosis while exhibiting delayed PAR degradation and transient accumulation of ADP-ribose polymers longer than 15-mers at early stages of drug treatment. No difference was observed in response to the DNA alkylating agent N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, suggesting a specific involvement of PARG in the cellular response to oxidative DNA damage.
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Key Words
- dna damage response
- h2o2
- n-methyl-n′-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine (mnng)
- poly(adp-ribose) glycohydrolase (parg)
- silencing
- rna interference
- 3-ab, 3-aminobenzamide
- adp-hpd, adp (hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidinediol
- arh3, adp-ribosyl-(arginine)-hydrolase 3
- dtnb, 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)
- dtt, dithiothreitol
- dmem, dulbecco's modified eagle's medium
- fbs, fetal bovine serum
- gapdh, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- mef, mouse embryonic fibroblast
- mnng, n-methyl-n′-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine
- nls, nuclear localization signal
- par, poly(adp-ribose)
- parg, par glycohydrolase
- parp, par polymerase
- pcna, proliferating-cell nuclear antigen
- pi3k, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- rnai, rna interference
- sirna, small interfering rna
- svpde, snake venom phosphodiesterase
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Blenn
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Tierspital, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felix R. Althaus
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Tierspital, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Malanga
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Tierspital, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Gagné JP, Hendzel MJ, Droit A, Poirier GG. The expanding role of poly(ADP-ribose) metabolism: current challenges and new perspectives. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2006; 18:145-51. [PMID: 16516457 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2006.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent discoveries have resulted in significant breakthroughs in the understanding of PARPs and PARG functions within a broad range of cellular processes. The novel and sometimes unexpected pathways that are regulated by poly(ADP-ribosylation) bring new questions and hypotheses, some of them being contentious. In this review, we highlight current areas of investigation such as the clinical potential of PARP and PARG inhibitors and the important mitotic regulatory functions of poly(ADP-ribose) in cell-cycle progression, a recent discovery that has broadened our knowledge regarding poly(ADP-ribose) functions. A special emphasis is placed on recent advances in relation to PARG that are stimulating new directions in future research. Noticeably, the existence of various PARG isoforms characterized by distinct cellular localizations and nucleocytoplasmic shuttling properties challenges our current comprehension of pADPr metabolism. Observations and suppositions towards functionally important regulatory elements in the N-terminal portion of PARG are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Gagné
- Health and Environment Unit, Laval University Medical Research Center, CHUQ, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Ste-Foy, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
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Uchiumi F, Komuro M, Mizuta R, Tanuma SI. Characterization of Smubp-2 as a mouse mammary tumor virus promoter-binding protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 321:355-63. [PMID: 15358184 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.06.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA encoding a rat Smubp-2 has been cloned from a lambdagt11 library by South-Western blot screening using a 50-bp tannic acid responsive element [J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 12499] of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter region as a probe. The full-length cDNA encodes a protein with a predicted size of 108 kDa. Northern blot analysis revealed that the gene expression of Smubp-2 is comparatively high in testis, moderate in brain, and low in other tissues. The recombinant Smubp-2 protein was expressed as a GST- or Trx-fusion protein in Escherichia coli and purified by affinity column chromatography. Gel mobility shift competition analysis indicated that the recombinant Smubp-2 protein binds to region II (containing the ACTG-motif) in the 50-bp element in the MMTV promoter. A transient transfection assay of the Smubp-2 expression vector with MMTV promoter-containing Luciferase (Luc) reporter plasmids into mouse cells suggested that Smubp-2 is a negative transcription factor. Furthermore, the MMTV promoter activity was suppressed in cells expressing high levels of Smubp-2. Insertion of the 50-bp element upstream of the SV40 promoter negatively responded to the induced expression of Smubp-2. These results suggest that the negative transcriptional effect of Smubp-2 arises from its binding to the 50-bp element located in the MMTV promoter region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Uchiumi
- Department of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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Balciunas D, Davidson AE, Sivasubbu S, Hermanson SB, Welle Z, Ekker SC. Enhancer trapping in zebrafish using the Sleeping Beauty transposon. BMC Genomics 2004; 5:62. [PMID: 15347431 PMCID: PMC520745 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-5-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2004] [Accepted: 09/03/2004] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Among functional elements of a metazoan gene, enhancers are particularly difficult to find and annotate. Pioneering experiments in Drosophila have demonstrated the value of enhancer "trapping" using an invertebrate to address this functional genomics problem. Results We modulated a Sleeping Beauty transposon-based transgenesis cassette to establish an enhancer trapping technique for use in a vertebrate model system, zebrafish Danio rerio. We established 9 lines of zebrafish with distinct tissue- or organ-specific GFP expression patterns from 90 founders that produced GFP-expressing progeny. We have molecularly characterized these lines and show that in each line, a specific GFP expression pattern is due to a single transposition event. Many of the insertions are into introns of zebrafish genes predicted in the current genome assembly. We have identified both previously characterized as well as novel expression patterns from this screen. For example, the ET7 line harbors a transposon insertion near the mkp3 locus and expresses GFP in the midbrain-hindbrain boundary, forebrain and the ventricle, matching a subset of the known FGF8-dependent mkp3 expression domain. The ET2 line, in contrast, expresses GFP specifically in caudal primary motoneurons due to an insertion into the poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) locus. This surprising expression pattern was confirmed using in situ hybridization techniques for the endogenous PARG mRNA, indicating the enhancer trap has replicated this unexpected and highly localized PARG expression with good fidelity. Finally, we show that it is possible to excise a Sleeping Beauty transposon from a genomic location in the zebrafish germline. Conclusions This genomics tool offers the opportunity for large-scale biological approaches combining both expression and genomic-level sequence analysis using as a template an entire vertebrate genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius Balciunas
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center for Transposon Research, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN-55455, USA
| | - Ann E Davidson
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center for Transposon Research, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN-55455, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology and Genetics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Sridhar Sivasubbu
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center for Transposon Research, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN-55455, USA
| | - Spencer B Hermanson
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center for Transposon Research, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN-55455, USA
| | - Zachary Welle
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center for Transposon Research, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN-55455, USA
| | - Stephen C Ekker
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center for Transposon Research, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN-55455, USA
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