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Hasan Aneem T, Sarker M, Wong SY, Lim S, Li X, Rashed A, Chakravarty S, Arafat MT. Antimicrobial peptide immobilization on catechol-functionalized PCL/alginate wet-spun fibers to combat surgical site infection. J Mater Chem B 2024. [PMID: 38958038 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00889h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Surgical site infection (SSI) caused by pathogenic bacteria leads to delayed wound healing and extended hospitalization. Inappropriate uses of antibiotics have caused a surge in SSI and common antibiotics are proving to be ineffective against SSI. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) can be a potential solution to prevent SSI because of their broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities. In this study, naturally sourced AMPs were studied along with microfibers, fabricated by a novel wet-spinning method using sodium alginate and polycaprolactone. Afterward, fibers were functionalized by the catechol groups of dopamine immobilizing nucleophilic AMPs on the surface. Conjugation between PCL and alginate resulted in fibers with smooth surfaces improving their mechanical strength via hydrogen bonds. Having an average diameter of 220 μm, the mechanical properties of the fiber complied with USP standards for suture size 3-0. Engineered microfibers were able to hinder the growth of Proteus spp., a pathogenic bacterium for at least 60 hours whereas antibiotic ceftazidime failed. When subjected to a linear incisional wound model study, accelerated healing was observed when the wound was closed using the engineered fiber compared to Vicryl. The microfibers promoted faster re-epithelialization compared to Vicryl proving their higher wound healing capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taufiq Hasan Aneem
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh.
| | - Mridul Sarker
- Division of Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Siew Yee Wong
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Sierin Lim
- Division of Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Xu Li
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Asif Rashed
- Department of Microbiology, Mugda Medical College, Dhaka-1214, Bangladesh
| | - Saumitra Chakravarty
- Department of Pathology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | - M Tarik Arafat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh.
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2
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Satchanska G, Davidova S, Gergova A. Diversity and Mechanisms of Action of Plant, Animal, and Human Antimicrobial Peptides. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:202. [PMID: 38534637 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13030202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are usually made up of fewer than 100 amino acid residues. They are found in many living organisms and are an important factor in those organisms' innate immune systems. AMPs can be extracted from various living sources, including bacteria, plants, animals, and even humans. They are usually cationic peptides with an amphiphilic structure, which allows them to easily bind and interact with the cellular membranes of viruses, bacteria, fungi, and other pathogens. They can act against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens and have various modes of action against them. Some attack the pathogens' membranes, while others target their intracellular organelles, as well as their nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolic pathways. A crucial area of AMP use is related to their ability to help with emerging antibiotic resistance: some AMPs are active against resistant strains and are susceptible to peptide engineering. This review considers AMPs from three key sources-plants, animals, and humans-as well as their modes of action and some AMP sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Satchanska
- BioLaboratory-MF-NBU, Department of Natural Sciences, New Bulgarian University, 1618 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Slavena Davidova
- BioLaboratory-MF-NBU, Department of Natural Sciences, New Bulgarian University, 1618 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Alexandra Gergova
- BioLaboratory-MF-NBU, Department of Natural Sciences, New Bulgarian University, 1618 Sofia, Bulgaria
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3
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Cherene MB, Taveira GB, Almeida-Silva F, da Silva MS, Cavaco MC, da Silva-Ferreira AT, Perales JEA, de Oliveira Carvalho A, Venâncio TM, da Motta OV, Rodrigues R, Castanho MARB, Gomes VM. Structural and Biochemical Characterization of Three Antimicrobial Peptides from Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum Leaves for Anti-Candida Use. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023:10.1007/s12602-023-10112-3. [PMID: 37365421 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-023-10112-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of resistant microorganisms has reduced the effectiveness of currently available antimicrobials, necessitating the development of new strategies. Plant antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising candidates for novel drug development. In this study, we aimed to isolate, characterize, and evaluate the antimicrobial activities of AMPs isolated from Capsicum annuum. The antifungal potential was tested against Candida species. Three AMPs from C. annuum leaves were isolated and characterized: a protease inhibitor, a defensin-like protein, and a lipid transporter protein, respectively named CaCPin-II, CaCDef-like, and CaCLTP2. All three peptides had a molecular mass between 3.5 and 6.5 kDa and caused morphological and physiological changes in four different species of the genus Candida, such as pseudohyphae formation, cell swelling and agglutination, growth inhibition, reduced cell viability, oxidative stress, membrane permeabilization, and metacaspase activation. Except for CaCPin-II, the peptides showed low or no hemolytic activity at the concentrations used in the yeast assays. CaCPin-II inhibited α-amylase activity. Together, these results suggest that these peptides have the potential as antimicrobial agents against species of the genus Candida and can serve as scaffolds for the development of synthetic peptides for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Bellei Cherene
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microrganismos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Bonan Taveira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microrganismos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Almeida-Silva
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Marciele Souza da Silva
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microrganismos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Marco Calvinho Cavaco
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | - André de Oliveira Carvalho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microrganismos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Thiago Motta Venâncio
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Olney Vieira da Motta
- Laboratório de Sanidade Animal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Rosana Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Melhoramento e Genética Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
| | | | - Valdirene Moreira Gomes
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microrganismos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil.
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Sharma P, Kaur J, Sharma G, Kashyap P. Plant derived antimicrobial peptides: Mechanism of target, isolation techniques, sources and pharmaceutical applications. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14348. [PMID: 35945701 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a global health and development threat which is caused by the excess and prolonged usage of antimicrobial compounds in agriculture and pharmaceutical industries. Resistance of pathogenic microorganisms to the already existing drugs represent a serious risk to public health. Plant sources such as cereals, legumes, fruits and vegetables are potential substrates for the isolation of antimicrobial peptides (AMP) with broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi and viruses with novel immunomodulatory activities. Thus, in the quest of new antimicrobial agents, AMPs have recently gained interest. Therefore, AMP can be used in agriculture, pharmaceutical and food industries. This review focuses on various explored and unexplored plant based food sources of AMPs, their isolation techniques and antimicrobial mechanism of peptides. Therefore, the literature discussed in this review paper will prove beneficial the research purposes for agriculture, pharmaceutical and food industries. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Isolation of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) can be done on industrial scale. AMP isolated from food sources can be used in pharmaceutical and agriculture industries. AMP from natural sources mitigate the problem of antimicrobial resistance. AMP isolated from food products can be used as nutraceutical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poorva Sharma
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Jasleen Kaur
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Geetika Sharma
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Piyush Kashyap
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
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5
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López-García G, Dublan-García O, Arizmendi-Cotero D, Gómez Oliván LM. Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Peptides Derived from Food Proteins. Molecules 2022; 27:1343. [PMID: 35209132 PMCID: PMC8878547 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the demand for food proteins in the market has increased due to a rise in degenerative illnesses that are associated with the excessive production of free radicals and the unwanted side effects of various drugs, for which researchers have suggested diets rich in bioactive compounds. Some of the functional compounds present in foods are antioxidant and antimicrobial peptides, which are used to produce foods that promote health and to reduce the consumption of antibiotics. These peptides have been obtained from various sources of proteins, such as foods and agri-food by-products, via enzymatic hydrolysis and microbial fermentation. Peptides with antioxidant properties exert effective metal ion (Fe2+/Cu2+) chelating activity and lipid peroxidation inhibition, which may lead to notably beneficial effects in promoting human health and food processing. Antimicrobial peptides are small oligo-peptides generally containing from 10 to 100 amino acids, with a net positive charge and an amphipathic structure; they are the most important components of the antibacterial defense of organisms at almost all levels of life-bacteria, fungi, plants, amphibians, insects, birds and mammals-and have been suggested as natural compounds that neutralize the toxicity of reactive oxygen species generated by antibiotics and the stress generated by various exogenous sources. This review discusses what antioxidant and antimicrobial peptides are, their source, production, some bioinformatics tools used for their obtainment, emerging technologies, and health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe López-García
- Food and Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Chemistry Faculty, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón Intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, Toluca 50120, Mexico; (G.L.-G.); (L.M.G.O.)
| | - Octavio Dublan-García
- Food and Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Chemistry Faculty, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón Intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, Toluca 50120, Mexico; (G.L.-G.); (L.M.G.O.)
| | - Daniel Arizmendi-Cotero
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Campus Toluca, Universidad Tecnológica de México (UNITEC), Estado de México, Toluca 50160, Mexico;
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez Oliván
- Food and Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Chemistry Faculty, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón Intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, Toluca 50120, Mexico; (G.L.-G.); (L.M.G.O.)
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6
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da Silva MS, Gomes VM, Taveira GB, de Azevedo Dos Santos L, Maracahipes ÁC, Rodrigues R, de Oliveira Carvalho A, Fernandes KVS, Oliveira AEA. Bifunctional Inhibitors from Capsicum chinense Seeds with Antimicrobial Activity and Specific Mechanism of Action Against Phytopathogenic Fungi. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 28:149-163. [PMID: 32552632 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527666200617124221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are found in the defense system in virtually all life forms, being present in many, if not all, plant species. OBJECTIVE The present work evaluated the antimicrobial, enzymatic activity and mechanism of action of the PEF2 fraction from Capsicum chinense Jack. seeds against phytopathogenic fungi. METHODS Peptides were extracted from C. chinense seeds and subjected to reverse-phase chromatography on an HPLC system using a C18 column coupled to a C8 guard column, then the obtained PEF2 fraction was rechromatographed using a C2/C18 column. Two fractions, named PEF2A and PEF2B, were obtained. The fractions were tested for antimicrobial activity on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani. Trypsin inhibition assays, reverse zymographic detection of protease inhibition and α-amylase activity assays were also performed. The mechanism of action by which PEF2 acts on filamentous fungi was studied through analysis of membrane permeability and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, we investigated mitochondrial functionality and caspase activation in fungal cells. RESULTS It is possible to observe that PEF2 significantly inhibited trypsin activity and T. molitor larval α-amylase activity. The PEF2 fraction was able to inhibit the growth of C. gloeosporioides, C. lindemuthianum and F. oxysporum. PEF2A inhibited the growth of C. lindemuthianum (75%) and F. solani (43%). PEF2B inhibited C. lindemuthianum growth (66%) and F. solani (94%). PEF2 permeabilized F. solani cell membranes and induced ROS in F. oxysporum and F. solani. PEF2 could dissipate mitochondrial membrane potential but did not cause the activation of caspases in all studied fungi. CONCLUSION The results may contribute to the biotechnological application of these AMPs in the control of pathogenic microorganisms in plants of agronomic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marciele Souza da Silva
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia e Bioquimica de Microrganismos, Centro de Biociencias e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Valdirene Moreira Gomes
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia e Bioquimica de Microrganismos, Centro de Biociencias e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Bonan Taveira
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia e Bioquimica de Microrganismos, Centro de Biociencias e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Layrana de Azevedo Dos Santos
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia e Bioquimica de Microrganismos, Centro de Biociencias e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Álan C Maracahipes
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia e Bioquimica de Microrganismos, Centro de Biociencias e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rosana Rodrigues
- Laboratorio de Melhoramento e Genetica Vegetal, Centro de Ciencias e Tecnologias Agropecuarias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - André de Oliveira Carvalho
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia e Bioquimica de Microrganismos, Centro de Biociencias e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Katia Valevski S Fernandes
- Laboratorio de Quimica e Funcao de Proteinas e Peptideos, Centro de Biociencias e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Antonia Elenir A Oliveira
- Laboratorio de Quimica e Funcao de Proteinas e Peptideos, Centro de Biociencias e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
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Shwaiki LN, Arendt EK, Lynch KM. Plant compounds for the potential reduction of food waste - a focus on antimicrobial peptides. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:4242-4265. [PMID: 33480260 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1873733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A large portion of global food waste is caused by microbial spoilage. The modern approach to preserve food is to apply different hurdles for microbial pathogens to overcome. These vary from thermal processes and chemical additives, to the application of irradiation and modified atmosphere packaging. Even though such preservative techniques exist, loss of food to spoilage still prevails. Plant compounds and peptides represent an untapped source of potential novel natural food preservatives. Of these, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are very promising for exploitation. AMPs are a significant component of a plant's innate defense system. Numerous studies have demonstrated the potential application of these AMPs; however, more studies, particularly in the area of food preservation are warranted. This review examines the literature on the application of AMPs and other plant compounds for the purpose of reducing food losses and waste (including crop protection). A focus is placed on the plant defensins, their natural extraction and synthetic production, and their safety and application in food preservation. In addition, current challenges and impediments to their full exploitation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila N Shwaiki
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Elke K Arendt
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kieran M Lynch
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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8
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Antimicrobial peptides from Capsicum chinense fruits: agronomic alternatives against phytopathogenic fungi. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:226054. [PMID: 32785580 PMCID: PMC7442975 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the antimicrobial activity of peptides isolated from a wide variety of organs from plant species has been reported. However, a few studies have investigated the potential of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) found in fruits, especially Capsicum chinense (pepper). The present study aimed to purify and characterize peptides from Capsicum chinense fruits and evaluate their inhibitory activities against different phytopathogenic fungi and also analyze the possible mechanisms of action involved in microbial inhibition. After fruit protein extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), different fractions were obtained, named F1 to F10. Peptides in the F4 and F5 fractions were sequenced and revealed similarity with the plant antimicrobial peptides like non-specific lipid transfer proteins and defensin-like peptide. The F4 and F5 fractions presented strong antimicrobial activity against the fungus Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum, causing toxic effects on these fungi, leading to membrane permeabilization, endogenous reactive oxygen species increase, activation of metacaspase and loss of mitochondrial function.
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9
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Batiha GES, Alqahtani A, Ojo OA, Shaheen HM, Wasef L, Elzeiny M, Ismail M, Shalaby M, Murata T, Zaragoza-Bastida A, Rivero-Perez N, Magdy Beshbishy A, Kasozi KI, Jeandet P, Hetta HF. Biological Properties, Bioactive Constituents, and Pharmacokinetics of Some Capsicum spp. and Capsaicinoids. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155179. [PMID: 32707790 PMCID: PMC7432674 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pepper originated from the Capsicum genus, which is recognized as one of the most predominant and globally distributed genera of the Solanaceae family. It is a diverse genus, consisting of more than 31 different species including five domesticated species, Capsicum baccatum, C. annuum, C. pubescen, C. frutescens, and C. chinense. Pepper is the most widely used spice in the world and is highly valued due to its pungency and unique flavor. Pepper is a good source of provitamin A; vitamins E and C; carotenoids; and phenolic compounds such as capsaicinoids, luteolin, and quercetin. All of these compounds are associated with their antioxidant as well as other biological activities. Interestingly, Capsicum fruits have been used as food additives in the treatment of toothache, parasitic infections, coughs, wound healing, sore throat, and rheumatism. Moreover, it possesses antimicrobial, antiseptic, anticancer, counterirritant, appetite stimulator, antioxidant, and immunomodulator activities. Capsaicin and Capsicum creams are accessible in numerous ways and have been utilized in HIV-linked neuropathy and intractable pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt; (H.M.S.); (L.W.); (M.E.); (M.I.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (G.E.-S.B.); (A.M.B.); (H.F.H.)
| | - Ali Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Guraiger, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Hazem M. Shaheen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt; (H.M.S.); (L.W.); (M.E.); (M.I.); (M.S.)
| | - Lamiaa Wasef
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt; (H.M.S.); (L.W.); (M.E.); (M.I.); (M.S.)
| | - Mahmoud Elzeiny
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt; (H.M.S.); (L.W.); (M.E.); (M.I.); (M.S.)
| | - Mahmoud Ismail
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt; (H.M.S.); (L.W.); (M.E.); (M.I.); (M.S.)
| | - Mahmoud Shalaby
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt; (H.M.S.); (L.W.); (M.E.); (M.I.); (M.S.)
| | - Toshihiro Murata
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan;
| | - Adrian Zaragoza-Bastida
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Rancho Universitario Av. Universidad km 1, EX-Hda de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo, Hidalgo 43600, Mexico; (A.Z.-B.); (N.R.-P.)
| | - Nallely Rivero-Perez
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Rancho Universitario Av. Universidad km 1, EX-Hda de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo, Hidalgo 43600, Mexico; (A.Z.-B.); (N.R.-P.)
| | - Amany Magdy Beshbishy
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
- Correspondence: (G.E.-S.B.); (A.M.B.); (H.F.H.)
| | - Keneth Iceland Kasozi
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK;
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- Research Unit “Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection”, EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Faculty of Sciences, University of Reims, PO Box 1039, CEDEX 2, 51687 Reims, France;
| | - Helal F. Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Clifton Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
- Correspondence: (G.E.-S.B.); (A.M.B.); (H.F.H.)
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10
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Biochemical analysis of antimicrobial peptides in two different Capsicum genotypes after fruit infection by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181889. [PMID: 30902879 PMCID: PMC6481241 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
There are several phytosanitary problems that have been causing serious damage to the Capsicum crops, including anthracnose. Upon attack by certain pathogens, various protein molecules are produced, which are known as proteins related to pathogenesis (PR proteins), including antimicrobial peptides such as protease inhibitors, defensins and lipid transfer proteins (LTPs). The objective of this work is to identify antimicrobial proteins and/or peptides of two genotypes from Capsicum annuum fruits infected with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The fungus was inoculated into Capsicum fruits by the deposition of a spore suspension (106 conidia ml−1), and after 24 and 48 h intervals, the fruits were removed from the humid chamber and subjected to a protein extraction process. Protein analysis of the extracts was performed by tricine gel electrophoresis and Western blotting. The distinctive bands between genotypes in the electrophoresis profiles were subjected to mass spectrometry sequencing. Trypsin inhibition assays, reverse zymographic detection of protease inhibition and β-1,3-glucanase activity assays were also performed and extracts were also tested for their ability to inhibit the growth of C. gloeosporioides fungi ‘in vitro’. There were several low molecular weight proteins in all treated samples, and some treatments in which antimicrobial peptides such as defensin, lipid transfer protein (LTP) and protease inhibitor have been identified. It was shown that the green fruits are more responsive to infection, showing the production of antimicrobial peptides in response to injury and inoculation of the fungus, what did not occur in ripe fruits under any treatment.
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Shwaiki LN, Arendt EK, Lynch KM, Thery TLC. Inhibitory effect of four novel synthetic peptides on food spoilage yeasts. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 300:43-52. [PMID: 31035250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The spoilage of foods caused by the growth of undesirable yeast species is a problem in the food industry. Yeast species such as Zygosaccharomyces bailii, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, Debaryomyces hansenii, Kluyveromyces lactis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been encountered in foods such as high sugar products, fruit juices, wine, mayonnaise, chocolate and soft drinks. The demand for new methods of preservations has increased because of the negative association attached to chemical preservatives. The sequence of a novel short peptide (KKFFRAWWAPRFLK-NH2) was modified to generate three versions of this original peptide. These peptides were tested for the inhibition of the yeasts mentioned above, allowing for the better understanding of their residue modifications. The range of the minimum inhibitory concentration was between 25 and 200 μg/mL. Zygosaccharomyces bailii was the most sensitive strain to the peptides, while Zygosaccharomyces rouxii was the most resistant. Membrane permeabilisation was found to be responsible for yeast inhibition at a level which was a two-fold increase of the MIC (400 μg/mL). The possibility of the production of reactive oxygen species was also assessed but was not recognised as a factor involved for the peptides' mode of action. Their stability in different environments was also tested, focusing on high salt, pH and thermal stability. The newly designed peptides showed good antifungal activity against some common food spoilage yeasts and has been proven effective in the application in Fanta Orange. These efficient novel peptides represent a new source of food preservation that can be used as an alternative for current controversial preservatives used in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila N Shwaiki
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Elke K Arendt
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Kieran M Lynch
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thibaut L C Thery
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Tang SS, Prodhan ZH, Biswas SK, Le CF, Sekaran SD. Antimicrobial peptides from different plant sources: Isolation, characterisation, and purification. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 154:94-105. [PMID: 30031244 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), the self-defence products of organisms, are extensively distributed in plants. They can be classified into several groups, including thionins, defensins, snakins, lipid transfer proteins, glycine-rich proteins, cyclotides and hevein-type proteins. AMPs can be extracted and isolated from different plants and plant organs such as stems, roots, seeds, flowers and leaves. They perform various physiological defensive mechanisms to eliminate viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites, and so could be used as therapeutic and preservative agents. Research on AMPs has sought to obtain more detailed and reliable information regarding the selection of suitable plant sources and the use of appropriate isolation and purification techniques, as well as examining the mode of action of these peptides. Well-established AMP purification techniques currently used include salt precipitation methods, absorption-desorption, a combination of ion-exchange and reversed-phase C18 solid phase extraction, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), and the sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) method. Beyond these traditional methods, this review aims to highlight new and different approaches to the selection, characterisation, isolation, purification, mode of action and bioactivity assessment of a range of AMPs collected from plant sources. The information gathered will be helpful in the search for novel AMPs distributed in the plant kingdom, as well as providing future directions for the further investigation of AMPs for possible use on humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swee-Seong Tang
- Division of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Zakaria H Prodhan
- Division of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Sudhangshu K Biswas
- Division of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Cheng-Foh Le
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Shamala D Sekaran
- Faculty of Medicine, MAHSA University, Saujana Putra Campus, 42610, Jenjarum, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Bard GCV, Taveira GB, Souza TAM, Mello ÉO, Souza SB, Ramos AC, Carvalho AO, Pereira LS, Zottich U, Rodrigues R, Gomes VM. Coffea canephora Peptides in Combinatorial Treatment with Fluconazole: Antimicrobial Activity against Phytopathogenic Fungus. Int J Microbiol 2018; 2018:8546470. [PMID: 30123275 PMCID: PMC6079426 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8546470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the Cc-LTP2 and Cc-GRP peptides isolated from Coffea canephora seeds and their possible synergistic activity with the azole drug fluconazole and characterize their mechanisms of action on cells of pathogenic fungi. Cc-LTP2 and Cc-GRP alone or in combination with 20 µg/mL of fluconazole were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity on the fungus Fusarium solani, and the effects of these peptides on the permeability of membranes and the induction of oxidative stress were determined. Our results show that these peptides at a concentration of 400 µg/mL combined with 20 µg/mL of fluconazole were able to inhibit the growth of the tested fungi, promote changes in their growth pattern, permeabilize the membrane, and induce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Some of these results were also observed with the peptides alone or with fluconazole alone, suggesting that the peptides act synergistically, promoting the potentiation of antimicrobial action. In this study, it was shown that Cc-LTP2 and Cc-GRP in combination with fluconazole were able to inhibit the growth of the fungus F. solani, to promote permeabilization of its membrane, and to induce the production of ROS, suggesting a combinatorial activity between the peptides and fluconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela C. V. Bard
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriel B. Taveira
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thaynã A. M. Souza
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Érica O. Mello
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sávio B. Souza
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alessandro C. Ramos
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - André O. Carvalho
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lídia S. Pereira
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Umberto Zottich
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Roraima, Boa Vista, RR, Brazil
| | - Rosana Rodrigues
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Valdirene M. Gomes
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
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Solanki DS, Kumar S, Parihar K, Tak A, Gehlot P, Pathak R, Singh SK. Characterization of a novel seed protein of Prosopis cineraria showing antifungal activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 116:16-22. [PMID: 29733925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An antifungal protein with a molecular mass of 38.6 kDa was isolated from the seed of Prosopis cineraria. The protein was purified using ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The antifungal activity of purified protein was retained up to 50 °C for 10 min. The MALDI TOF mass spectroscopy revealed 15 assorted peptides. The molecular weight of the antifungal protein is different from antifungal proteins reported in seeds of other leguminous plants. The purified protein exerted antifungal activity against post-harvest fruit fungal pathogens Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Aspergillus fumigatus, isolated from the rotten fruits. The antifungal properties of this novel antifungal protein can be potentially exploited to manage post-harvest fungal disease of fruits through alternative means to reduce use of hazardous chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Solanki
- Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, JNV University, Jodhpur 342001, India
| | - S Kumar
- Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, JNV University, Jodhpur 342001, India
| | - K Parihar
- Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, JNV University, Jodhpur 342001, India
| | - A Tak
- Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, JNV University, Jodhpur 342001, India
| | - P Gehlot
- Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, JNV University, Jodhpur 342001, India.
| | - R Pathak
- Center Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur 342003, India
| | - S K Singh
- Center Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur 342003, India
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Programmed cell death in yeast by thionin-like peptide from Capsicum annuum fruits involving activation of caspases and extracellular H + flux. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180119. [PMID: 29599127 PMCID: PMC5920138 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CaThi is a thionin-like peptide isolated from fruits of Capsicum annuum, which has strong antimicrobial activity against bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi, and induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in fungi. ROS are molecules that appear in the early stages of programmed cell death or apoptosis in fungi. Due to this fact, in this work we analyzed some events that may be related to process of apoptosis on yeast induced by CaThi. To investigate this possibility, we evaluated phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization, presence of active caspases and the ability of CaThi to bind to DNA in Candida tropicalis cells. Additionally, we investigated mitochondrial membrane potential, cell surface pH, and extracellular H+ fluxes in C. tropicalis cells after treatment with CaThi. Our results showed that CaThi induced PS externalization in the outer leaflet of the cell membrane, activation of caspases, and it had the ability for DNA binding and to dissipate mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, the cell surface pH increased significantly when the C. tropicalis cells were exposed to CaThi which corroborates with ~96% inhibition on extracellular H+ efflux. Taking together, these data suggest that this peptide is capable of promoting an imbalance in pH homeostasis during yeast cell death playing a modulatory role in the H+ transport systems. In conclusion, our results strongly indicated that CaThi triggers apoptosis in C. tropicalis cells, involving a pH signaling mechanism.
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16
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Silva MS, Ribeiro SF, Taveira GB, Rodrigues R, Fernandes KV, Carvalho AO, Vasconcelos IM, Mello EO, Gomes VM. Application and bioactive properties of CaTI, a trypsin inhibitor from Capsicum annuum seeds: membrane permeabilization, oxidative stress and intracellular target in phytopathogenic fungi cells. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:3790-3801. [PMID: 28139827 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the last few years, a growing number of antimicrobial peptides have been isolated from plants and particularly from seeds. Recent results from our laboratory have shown the purification of a new trypsin inhibitor, named CaTI, from chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seeds. This study aims to evaluate the antifungal activity and mechanism of action of CaTI on phytopathogenic fungi and detect the presence of protease inhibitors in other species of this genus. RESULTS Our results show that CaTI can inhibit the growth of the phytopathogenic fungi Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and C. lindemuthianum. CaTI can also permeabilize the membrane of all tested fungi. When testing the inhibitor on its ability to induce reactive oxygen species, an induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) particularly in Fusarium species was observed. Using CaTI coupled to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), it was possible to determine the presence of the inhibitor inside the hyphae of the Fusarium oxysporum fungus. The search for protease inhibitors in other Capsicum species revealed their presence in all tested species. CONCLUSION This paper shows the antifungal activity of protease inhibitors such as CaTI against phytopathogenic fungi. Antimicrobial peptides, among which the trypsin protease inhibitor family stands out, are present in different species of the genus Capsicum and are part of the chemical arsenal that plants use to defend themselves against pathogens. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marciele S Silva
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microrganismos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Suzanna Ff Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microrganismos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriel B Taveira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microrganismos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rosana Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Melhoramento e Genética Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Katia Vs Fernandes
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - André O Carvalho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microrganismos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ilka Maria Vasconcelos
- Laboratório de Toxinas Vegetais, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Erica Oliveira Mello
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microrganismos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Valdirene M Gomes
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microrganismos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
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17
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Jabeen U, Khanum A. Isolation and characterization of potential food preservative peptide from Momordica charantia L. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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18
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Purification and characterization of peptides from Capsicum annuum fruits which are α-amylase inhibitors and exhibit high antimicrobial activity against fungi of agronomic importance. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 132:97-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Meneguetti BT, Machado LDS, Oshiro KGN, Nogueira ML, Carvalho CME, Franco OL. Antimicrobial Peptides from Fruits and Their Potential Use as Biotechnological Tools-A Review and Outlook. Front Microbiol 2017; 7:2136. [PMID: 28119671 PMCID: PMC5223440 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial resistance is a major threat to plant crops, animals and human health, and over the years this situation has increasingly spread worldwide. Due to their many bioactive compounds, plants are promising sources of antimicrobial compounds that can potentially be used in the treatment of infections caused by microorganisms. As well as stem, flowers and leaves, fruits have an efficient defense mechanism against pests and pathogens, besides presenting nutritional and functional properties due to their multifunctional molecules. Among such compounds, the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) feature different antimicrobials that are capable of disrupting the microbial membrane and of acting in binding to intra-cytoplasmic targets of microorganisms. They are therefore capable of controlling or halting the growth of microorganisms. In summary, this review describes the major classes of AMPs found in fruits, their possible use as biotechnological tools and prospects for the pharmaceutical industry and agribusiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz T Meneguetti
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Leandro Dos Santos Machado
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Karen G N Oshiro
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Micaella L Nogueira
- Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Cristiano M E Carvalho
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom BoscoCampo Grande, Brazil; Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Católica Dom BoscoCampo Grande, Brazil
| | - Octávio L Franco
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom BoscoCampo Grande, Brazil; Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Católica Dom BoscoCampo Grande, Brazil; Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de BrasíliaBrasília, Brazil
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Santiago-López L, Hernández-Mendoza A, Vallejo-Cordoba B, Mata-Haro V, González-Córdova AF. Food-derived immunomodulatory peptides. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:3631-3641. [PMID: 26940008 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Food proteins contain specific amino acid sequences within their structures that may positively impact bodily functions and have multiple immunomodulatory effects. The functional properties of these specific sequences, also referred to as bioactive peptides, are revealed only after the degradation of native proteins during digestion processes. Currently, milk proteins have been the most explored source of bioactive peptides, which presents an interesting opportunity for the dairy industry. However, plant- and animal-derived proteins have also been shown to be important sources of bioactive peptides. This review summarizes the in vitro and in vivo evidence of the role of various food proteins as sources of immunomodulatory peptides and discusses the possible pathways involving these properties. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Santiago-López
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, AC (CIAD), Carretera a La Victoria Km 0.6, 83304, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Adrián Hernández-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, AC (CIAD), Carretera a La Victoria Km 0.6, 83304, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Belinda Vallejo-Cordoba
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, AC (CIAD), Carretera a La Victoria Km 0.6, 83304, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Verónica Mata-Haro
- Laboratorio de Microbiología e Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, AC (CIAD), Carretera a La Victoria Km 0.6, 83304, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Aarón F González-Córdova
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, AC (CIAD), Carretera a La Victoria Km 0.6, 83304, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
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He X, Zhang H, Shi Y, Gong X, Guan S, Yin H, Yang L, Yu Y, Kuai Z, Liu D, Hua R, Wang S, Shan Y. A novel antimicrobial peptide derived from membrane-proximal external region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Biochimie 2016; 123:110-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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22
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Liu F, Zhang X, Lu C, Zeng X, Li Y, Fu D, Wu G. Non-specific lipid transfer proteins in plants: presenting new advances and an integrated functional analysis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:5663-81. [PMID: 26139823 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant non-specific lipid-transfer proteins (nsLTPs) are small, basic proteins present in abundance in higher plants. They are involved in key processes of plant cytology, such as the stablization of membranes, cell wall organization, and signal transduction. nsLTPs are also known to play important roles in resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, and in plant growth and development, such as sexual reproduction, seed development and germination. The structures of plant nsLTPs contain an eight-cysteine residue conserved motif, linked by four disulfide bonds, and an internal hydrophobic cavity, which comprises the lipid-binding site. This structure endows stability and increases the ability to bind and/or carry hydrophobic molecules. There is growing interest in nsLTPs, due to their critical roles, resulting in the need for a comprehensive review of their form and function. Relevant topics include: nsLTP structure and biochemical features, their classification, identification, and characterization across species, sub-cellular localization, lipid binding and transfer ability, expression profiling, functionality, and evolution. We present advances, as well as limitations and trends, relating to the different topics of the nsLTP gene family. This review collates a large body of research pertaining to the role of nsLTPs across the plant kingdom, which has been integrated as an in depth functional analysis of this group of proteins as a whole, and their activities across multiple biochemical pathways, based on a large number of reports. This review will enhance our understanding of nsLTP activity in planta, prompting further work and insights into the roles of this multifaceted protein family in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Life Science and Technology Center, China National Seed Group Co. Ltd., Wuhan 430206, China
| | - Changming Lu
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinhua Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Donghui Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Agronomy College, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Vieira Bard GC, Nascimento VV, Ribeiro SFF, Rodrigues R, Perales J, Teixeira-Ferreira A, Carvalho AO, Fernandes KVS, Gomes VM. Characterization of Peptides from Capsicum annuum Hybrid Seeds with Inhibitory Activity Against α-Amylase, Serine Proteinases and Fungi. Protein J 2015; 34:122-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-015-9604-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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24
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Tu J, Wu G, Zuo Y, Zhao L, Wang S. ZL-2, a cathelicidin-derived antimicrobial peptide, has a broad antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria in vitro and in vivo. Arch Pharm Res 2015; 38:1802-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-015-0565-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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25
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Goyal RK, Mattoo AK. Multitasking antimicrobial peptides in plant development and host defense against biotic/abiotic stress. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 228:135-49. [PMID: 25438794 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Crop losses due to pathogens are a major threat to global food security. Plants employ a multilayer defense against a pathogen including the use of physical barriers (cell wall), induction of hypersensitive defense response (HR), resistance (R) proteins, and synthesis of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Unlike a complex R gene-mediated immunity, AMPs directly target diverse microbial pathogens. Many a times, R-mediated immunity breaks down and plant defense is compromised. Although R-gene dependent pathogen resistance has been well studied, comparatively little is known about the interactions of AMPs with host defense and physiology. AMPs are ubiquitous, low molecular weight peptides that display broad spectrum resistance against bacteria, fungi and viruses. In plants, AMPs are mainly classified into cyclotides, defensins, thionins, lipid transfer proteins, snakins, and hevein-like vicilin-like and knottins. Genetic distance lineages suggest their conservation with minimal effect of speciation events during evolution. AMPs provide durable resistance in plants through a combination of membrane lysis and cellular toxicity of the pathogen. Plant hormones - gibberellins, ethylene, jasmonates, and salicylic acid, are among the physiological regulators that regulate the expression of AMPs. Transgenically produced AMP-plants have become a means showing that AMPs are able to mitigate host defense responses while providing durable resistance against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Autar K Mattoo
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, ARS's Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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26
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Vieira Bard GC, Nascimento VV, Oliveira AEA, Rodrigues R, Da Cunha M, Dias GB, Vasconcelos IM, Carvalho AO, Gomes VM. Vicilin-like peptides fromCapsicum baccatumL. seeds are α-amylase inhibitors and exhibit antifungal activity against important yeasts in medical mycology. Biopolymers 2014; 102:335-43. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela C. Vieira Bard
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia; Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense; Campos dos Goytacazes; 28015-602 RJ Brazil
| | - Viviane V. Nascimento
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia; Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense; Campos dos Goytacazes; 28015-602 RJ Brazil
| | - Antônia Elenir A. Oliveira
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia; Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense; Campos dos Goytacazes; 28015-602 RJ Brazil
| | - Rosana Rodrigues
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias; Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense; Campos dos Goytacazes; 28015-602 RJ Brazil
| | - Maura Da Cunha
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia; Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense; Campos dos Goytacazes; 28015-602 RJ Brazil
| | - Germana B. Dias
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia; Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense; Campos dos Goytacazes; 28015-602 RJ Brazil
| | - Ilka M. Vasconcelos
- Universidade Federal do Ceará; Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular; Laboratório de Toxinas Vegetais; Fortaleza Brazil
| | - Andre O. Carvalho
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia; Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense; Campos dos Goytacazes; 28015-602 RJ Brazil
| | - Valdirene M. Gomes
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia; Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense; Campos dos Goytacazes; 28015-602 RJ Brazil
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27
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Candidacidal mechanism of the arenicin-3-derived peptide NZ17074 from Arenicola marina. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:7387-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5784-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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28
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K A, K S. A Novel Antifungal Protein with Lysozyme-Like Activity from Seeds of Clitoria ternatea. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 173:682-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0880-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Regente M, Taveira GB, Pinedo M, Elizalde MM, Ticchi AJ, Diz MSS, Carvalho AO, de la Canal L, Gomes VM. A sunflower lectin with antifungal properties and putative medical mycology applications. Curr Microbiol 2014; 69:88-95. [PMID: 24623187 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0558-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins with a high specificity for a variety of glycoconjugate sugar motifs. The jacalin-related lectins (JRL) are considered to be a small sub-family composed of galactose- and mannose-specific members. Using a proteomics approach, we have detected a 16 kDa protein (Helja) in sunflower seedlings that were further purified by mannose-agarose affinity chromatography. The aim of this work was to characterize the biological activity of Helja and to explore potential applications for the antifungal activity of this plant lectin against medically important yeasts. To initially assess the agglutination properties of the lectin, Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells were incubated with increasing concentrations of the purified lectin. At a concentration of 120 μg/ml, Helja clearly agglutinated these cells. The ability of different sugars to inhibit S. cerevisiae cell agglutination determined its carbohydrate-specificity. Among the monosaccharides tested, D-mannose had the greatest inhibitory effect, with a minimal concentration of 1.5 mM required to prevent cell agglutination. The antifungal activity was evaluated using pathogenic fungi belonging to the Candida and Pichia genera. We demonstrate that 200 μg/ml of Helja inhibited the growth of all yeasts, and it induced morphological changes, particularly through pseudohyphae formation on Candida tropicalis. Helja alters the membrane permeability of the tested fungi and is also able to induce the production of reactive oxygen species in C. tropicalis cells. We concluded that Helja is a mannose-binding JRL with cell agglutination capabilities and antifungal activity against yeasts. The biological properties of Helja may have practical applications in the control of human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Regente
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata - CONICET, Funes 3250, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
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30
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Taveira GB, Mathias LS, da Motta OV, Machado OLT, Rodrigues R, Carvalho AO, Teixeira-Ferreira A, Perales J, Vasconcelos IM, Gomes VM. Thionin-like peptides fromCapsicum annuumfruits with high activity against human pathogenic bacteria and yeasts. Biopolymers 2014; 102:30-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel B. Taveira
- Center equivalent to department, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Campos dos Goytacazes; RJ Brazil
| | - Luciana S. Mathias
- Center equivalent to department, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Campos dos Goytacazes; RJ Brazil
| | - Olney V. da Motta
- Center equivalent to department, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Campos dos Goytacazes; RJ Brazil
| | - Olga L. T. Machado
- Center equivalent to department, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Campos dos Goytacazes; RJ Brazil
| | - Rosana Rodrigues
- Center equivalent to department, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Campos dos Goytacazes; RJ Brazil
| | - André O. Carvalho
- Center equivalent to department, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Campos dos Goytacazes; RJ Brazil
| | | | - Jonas Perales
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Laboratório de Toxinologia; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Ilka M. Vasconcelos
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Toxinas Vegetais; Fortaleza Brazil
| | - Valdirene M. Gomes
- Center equivalent to department, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Campos dos Goytacazes; RJ Brazil
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31
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Sen T, Samanta SK. Medicinal plants, human health and biodiversity: a broad review. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 147:59-110. [PMID: 25001990 DOI: 10.1007/10_2014_273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity contributes significantly towards human livelihood and development and thus plays a predominant role in the well being of the global population. According to WHO reports, around 80 % of the global population still relies on botanical drugs; today several medicines owe their origin to medicinal plants. Natural substances have long served as sources of therapeutic drugs, where drugs including digitalis (from foxglove), ergotamine (from contaminated rye), quinine (from cinchona), and salicylates (willow bark) can be cited as some classical examples.Drug discovery from natural sources involve a multifaceted approach combining botanical, phytochemical, biological, and molecular techniques. Accordingly, medicinal-plant-based drug discovery still remains an important area, hitherto unexplored, where a systematic search may definitely provide important leads against various pharmacological targets.Ironically, the potential benefits of plant-based medicines have led to unscientific exploitation of the natural resources, a phenomenon that is being observed globally. This decline in biodiversity is largely the result of the rise in the global population, rapid and sometimes unplanned industrialization, indiscriminate deforestation, overexploitation of natural resources, pollution, and finally global climate change.Therefore, it is of utmost importance that plant biodiversity be preserved, to provide future structural diversity and lead compounds for the sustainable development of human civilization at large. This becomes even more important for developing nations, where well-planned bioprospecting coupled with nondestructive commercialization could help in the conservation of biodiversity, ultimately benefiting mankind in the long run.Based on these findings, the present review is an attempt to update our knowledge about the diverse therapeutic application of different plant products against various pharmacological targets including cancer, human brain, cardiovascular function, microbial infection, inflammation, pain, and many more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhinadri Sen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and School of Natural Product Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India,
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32
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Chen HL, Su PY, Chang YS, Wu SY, Liao YD, Yu HM, Lauderdale TL, Chang K, Shih C. Identification of a novel antimicrobial peptide from human hepatitis B virus core protein arginine-rich domain (ARD). PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003425. [PMID: 23785287 PMCID: PMC3681751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens causes an increasing challenge to public health. Antimicrobial peptides are considered a possible solution to this problem. HBV core protein (HBc) contains an arginine-rich domain (ARD) at its C-terminus, which consists of 16 arginine residues separated into four clusters (ARD I to IV). In this study, we demonstrated that the peptide containing the full-length ARD I–IV (HBc147-183) has a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity at micro-molar concentrations, including some MDR and colistin (polymyxin E)-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Furthermore, confocal fluorescence microscopy and SYTOX Green uptake assay indicated that this peptide killed Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria by membrane permeabilization or DNA binding. In addition, peptide ARD II–IV (HBc153-176) and ARD I–III (HBc147-167) were found to be necessary and sufficient for the activity against P. aeruginosa and K. peumoniae. The antimicrobial activity of HBc ARD peptides can be attenuated by the addition of LPS. HBc ARD peptide was shown to be capable of direct binding to the Lipid A of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in several in vitro binding assays. Peptide ARD I–IV (HBc147-183) had no detectable cytotoxicity in various tissue culture systems and a mouse animal model. In the mouse model by intraperitoneal (i.p.) inoculation with Staphylococcus aureus, timely treatment by i.p. injection with ARD peptide resulted in 100-fold reduction of bacteria load in blood, liver and spleen, as well as 100% protection of inoculated animals from death. If peptide was injected when bacterial load in the blood reached its peak, the protection rate dropped to 40%. Similar results were observed in K. peumoniae using an IVIS imaging system. The finding of anti-microbial HBc ARD is discussed in the context of commensal gut microbiota, development of intrahepatic anti-viral immunity and establishment of chronic infection with HBV. Our current results suggested that HBc ARD could be a new promising antimicrobial peptide. Antibiotics-resistant pathogens have been a major problem to our public health. Recently, in our studies of human hepatitis B virus (HBV), we accidentally discovered potent and broad spectrum antimicrobial peptides from HBV core protein (HBc) arginine-rich domain (ARD). The peptides are mainly composed of SPRRR repeats and are effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungi. We found different bactericidal mechanisms of the ARD peptides, which involved LPS binding, DNA binding and membrane permeabilization in various tested bacteria, such as P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, E. coli and S. aureus. We also found that this ARD peptide was effective for colistin-resistant A. baumannii. The peptides exhibited no hemolysis activity to human red blood cells and no cytotoxicity to human hepatoma cells and kidney cells. Furthermore, the ARD peptide was shown to be safe and protective in the animal model. Recently, intestinal flora was found to influence the development of immunity. We discussed here the potential involvement of the antimicrobial activity of HBc ARD in the establishment of HBV chronic infection in the newborns. We proposed here that the HBc ARD peptides could serve as an alternative to the conventional antibiotics in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Li Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yi Su
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Shu Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yao Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - You-Di Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ming Yu
- Genomics Research center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Ling Lauderdale
- Microbial Infections Reference Laboratory (MIRL), National Health Research Institute (NHRI), Zhunan Town, Taiwan
| | - Kaichih Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - Chiaho Shih
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Dias GB, Gomes VM, Pereira UZ, Ribeiro SFF, Carvalho AO, Rodrigues R, Machado OLT, Fernandes KVS, Ferreira ATS, Perales J, Da Cunha M. Isolation, Characterization and Antifungal Activity of Proteinase Inhibitors from Capsicum chinense Jacq. Seeds. Protein J 2012; 32:15-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-012-9456-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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34
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Ghobadi S, Yousefi F, Khademi F, Padidar S, Mostafaie A. An efficient method for purification of nonspecific lipid transfer protein-1 from rice seeds using kiwifruit actinidin proteolysis and ion exchange chromatography. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2827-33. [PMID: 22987614 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant nonspecific lipid transfer proteins are small basic proteins that transport phospholipids between membranes and are subdivided into two subfamilies, nsLTP(1) (9 kDa) and nsLTP(2) (7 kDa). LTPs have potential application in the defense reactions against pathogens and the drug delivery systems. Many efforts have been made for purification of different nsLTPs from various plants; however, most of them used successive purification procedures. We have developed a relatively simple and efficient method for the purification of rice nsLTP(1), based on the proteolytic activity of kiwifruit actinidin on the rice seed extract and one-step chromatographic procedure on a CM-Sepharose column. The purity of protein was determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The isolated LTP(1) migrated as a homogenous polypeptide with molecular mass of 9 kDa that confirms the efficiency of actinidin on the digestion of major contaminations present in the rice seed extract without any harmful effect on the LTP(1). The advantages of using proteolytic activity of actinidin in purifying rice LTP(1) includes the reduced separation time allowing the purification of LTP(1) in one-step chromatographic procedure, low costing, high efficiency, and the relative simplicity of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirous Ghobadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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35
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Expression of recombinant EARLI1, a hybrid proline-rich protein of Arabidopsis, in Escherichia coli and its inhibition effect to the growth of fungal pathogens and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Gene 2012; 506:50-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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37
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38
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Capsicum annuum L. trypsin inhibitor as a template scaffold for new drug development against pathogenic yeast. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2011; 101:657-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-011-9683-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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39
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40
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Diz MS, Carvalho AO, Ribeiro SFF, Da Cunha M, Beltramini L, Rodrigues R, Nascimento VV, Machado OLT, Gomes VM. Characterisation, immunolocalisation and antifungal activity of a lipid transfer protein from chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) seeds with novel α-amylase inhibitory properties. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2011; 142:233-246. [PMID: 21382036 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) were thus named because they facilitate the transfer of lipids between membranes in vitro. This study was triggered by the characterization of a 9-kDa LTP from Capsicum annuum seeds that we call Ca-LTP(1) . Ca-LTP(1) was repurified, and in the last chromatographic purification step, propanol was used as the solvent in place of acetonitrile to maintain the protein's biological activity. Bidimensional electrophoresis of the 9-kDa band, which corresponds to the purified Ca-LTP(1) , showed the presence of three isoforms with isoelectric points (pIs) of 6.0, 8.5 and 9.5. Circular dichroism (CD) analysis suggested a predominance of α-helices, as expected for the structure of an LTP family member. LTPs immunorelated to Ca-LTP(1) from C. annuum were also detected by western blotting in exudates released from C. annuum seeds and also in other Capsicum species. The tissue and subcellular localization of Ca-LTP(1) indicated that it was mainly localized within dense vesicles. In addition, isolated Ca-LTP(1) exhibited antifungal activity against Colletotrichum lindemunthianum, and especially against Candida tropicalis, causing several morphological changes to the cells including the formation of pseudohyphae. Ca-LTP(1) also caused the yeast plasma membrane to be permeable to the dye SYTOX green, as verified by fluorescence microscopy. We also found that Ca-LTP(1) is able to inhibit mammalian α-amylase activity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariângela S Diz
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microorganismos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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41
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Purification, biochemical characterization and antifungal activity of a new lipid transfer protein (LTP) from Coffea canephora seeds with α-amylase inhibitor properties. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1810:375-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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42
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Antifungal Activity of PvD1 Defensin Involves Plasma Membrane Permeabilization, Inhibition of Medium Acidification, and Induction of ROS in Fungi Cells. Curr Microbiol 2010; 62:1209-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-010-9847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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43
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Morais JKS, Gomes VM, Oliveira JTA, Santos IS, Da Cunha M, Oliveira HD, Oliveira HP, Sousa DOB, Vasconcelos IM. Soybean toxin (SBTX), a protein from soybeans that inhibits the life cycle of plant and human pathogenic fungi. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:10356-63. [PMID: 20831249 DOI: 10.1021/jf101688k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Soybean toxin (SBTX) is a 44 kDa glycoprotein that is lethal to mice (LD(50) = 5.6 mg/kg). This study reports the toxicity of SBTX on pathogenic fungi and yeasts and the mechanism of its action. SBTX inhibited spore germination of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium herguei and was toxic to Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Kluyveromyces marxiannus , Pichia membranifaciens, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In addition, SBTX hampered the growth of C. albicans and K. marxiannus and inhibited the glucose-stimulated acidification of the incubation medium by S. cerevisiae, suggesting that SBTX interferes with intracellular proton transport to the external medium. Moreover, SBTX caused cell-wall disruption, condensation/shrinkage of cytosol, pseudohyphae formation, and P. membranifaciens and C. parapsilosis cell death. SBTX is toxic to fungi at concentrations far below the dose lethal to mice and has potential in the design of new antifungal drugs or in the development of transgenic crops resistant to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Keila S Morais
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, CEP 60451-970 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Pii Y, Astegno A, Peroni E, Zaccardelli M, Pandolfini T, Crimi M. The Medicago truncatula N5 gene encoding a root-specific lipid transfer protein is required for the symbiotic interaction with Sinorhizobium meliloti. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2009; 22:1577-87. [PMID: 19888823 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-22-12-1577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The Medicago truncatula N5 gene is induced in roots after Sinorhizobium meliloti infection and it codes for a putative lipid transfer protein (LTP), a family of plant small proteins capable of binding and transferring lipids between membranes in vitro. Various biological roles for plant LTP in vivo have been proposed, including defense against pathogens and modulation of plant development. The aim of this study was to shed light on the role of MtN5 in the symbiotic interaction between M. truncatula and S. meliloti. MtN5 cDNA was cloned and the mature MtN5 protein expressed in Escherichia coli. The lipid binding capacity and antimicrobial activity of the recombinant MtN5 protein were tested in vitro. MtN5 showed the capacity to bind lysophospholipids and to inhibit M. truncatula pathogens and symbiont growth in vitro. Furthermore, MtN5 was upregulated in roots after infection with either the fungal pathogen Fusarium semitectum or the symbiont S. meliloti. Upon S. meliloti infection, MtN5 was induced starting from 1 day after inoculation (dpi). It reached the highest concentration at 3 dpi and it was localized in the mature nodules. MtN5-silenced roots were impaired in nodulation, showing a 50% of reduction in the number of nodules compared with control roots. On the other hand, transgenic roots overexpressing MtN5 developed threefold more nodules with respect to control roots. Here, we demonstrate that MtN5 possesses biochemical features typical of LTP and that it is required for the successful symbiotic association between M. truncatula and S. meliloti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youry Pii
- Dipartimento Scienze, Tecnologie e Mercati del Vino, University of Verona, San Floriano (VR), Italy
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45
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A defensin with highly potent antipathogenic activities from the seeds of purple pole bean. Biosci Rep 2009; 30:101-9. [PMID: 19335335 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20090004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A 5443 Da peptide with sequence homology to defensins was purified from purple pole beans (Phaseolus vulgaris cv. 'Extra-long Purple Pole bean'). This peptide was isolated by adsorption on an affinity chromatographic medium Affi-Gel Blue gel and ion-exchange chromatographic media SP-Sepharose (sulfopropyl-Sepharose) and Mono S and by gel filtration on Superdex peptide. The peptide inhibited mycelial growth in Mycosphaerella arachidicola, Helminthosporium maydis, Fusarium oxysporum, Verticillium dahliae, Rhizoctonia solani, Candida albicans and Setosphaeria turcica with an IC50 of 0.8, 0.9, 2.3, 3.2, 4.3, 4.8 and 9.8 microM respectively. Its antifungal potency was higher than that of the plant defensin coccinin (IC50>50 microM). It induced membrane permeabilization in C. albicans as evidenced by SYTOX Green uptake, but did not affect erythrocyte membrane permeability. It inhibited growth in M. arachidicola by inducing chitin accumulation at hyphal tips as was shown by Congo Red staining. The antifungal activity was pH stable and thermostable. The peptide inhibited the proliferation of hepatoma (HepG2), breast cancer (MCF7), colon cancer (HT29) and cervical cancer (SiHa) cells but not that of human embryonic liver (WRL68) cells. Its anti-HepG2 activity (IC50=4.1+/-0.8 microM, n=3) was higher than that of another plant defensin, gymnin (IC50>50 microM). Its anti-MCF7 activity (IC50=8.3+/-0.3 microM, n=3) was similar to that of other plant defensins. It reduced the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with an IC50 of 0.5+/-0.1 microM, n=3, much more potently than other plant defensins (IC50>40 microM). There is the possibility of using the purple pole bean defensin for producing antifungal drugs and/or transgenic plants with fungal resistance.
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46
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Brito-Arga L, Moguel-Sal F, Zamudio F, Gonzalez-E T, Islas-Flor I. Characterization of a Capsicum chinense Seed Peptide Fraction with Broad Antibacterial Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3923/ajb.2009.77.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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47
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Ajesh K, Sreejith K. Peptide antibiotics: an alternative and effective antimicrobial strategy to circumvent fungal infections. Peptides 2009; 30:999-1006. [PMID: 19428779 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Revised: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycosis, caused by both filamentous fungi and pathogenic yeasts is a major concern nowadays especially in the immunocompromised patient population. The emergence of pathogenic fungi resistant to current therapies in the last few decades has intensified the search for new antifungals like cationic peptides, which are the key components of innate defense mechanism. The review provides an inventory of different peptides from a diverse array of organisms from bacteria to mammals with proven antifungal activity, their therapeutic options and also about those which are in various stages of preclinical development. Literature, on the total and semi-synthetic variants of the parent peptides that exhibit an improved antifungal activity is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ajesh
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kannur University, Kerala, India
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48
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Mandal SM, Dey S, Mandal M, Sarkar S, Maria-Neto S, Franco OL. Identification and structural insights of three novel antimicrobial peptides isolated from green coconut water. Peptides 2009; 30:633-7. [PMID: 19111587 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2008] [Revised: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused by pathogenic bacteria could cause an expressive negative impact on human health. A significant enhance in resistance to commercial antibiotics has been observed in all kinds of pathogenic bacteria. In order to find novel approaches to control such common infections, a wide number of defense peptides with bactericidal properties have been characterized. In this report, three peptides lower than 3kDa were purified and identified from green coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) water by using reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), showing molecular masses of 858Da, 1249Da and 950Da. First one, named Cn-AMP1, was extremely efficient against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, being MICs calculated for three peptides. All complete sequences were determined by MALDI-ToF analysis showing no identity in databanks. Moreover, peptide net charge and hydrophobicity of each peptide was in silico evaluated. Finally molecular modeling and dynamics were also applied generating peptides three-dimensional structures, indicating a better explanation to probable mechanisms of action. Cn-AMPs here reported show remarkable potential to contribute in the development of novel antibiotics from natural sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santi M Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, West-Bengal, India
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49
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Games PD, Dos Santos IS, Mello EO, Diz MSS, Carvalho AO, de Souza-Filho GA, Da Cunha M, Vasconcelos IM, Ferreira BDS, Gomes VM. Isolation, characterization and cloning of a cDNA encoding a new antifungal defensin from Phaseolus vulgaris L. seeds. Peptides 2008; 29:2090-100. [PMID: 18786582 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The PvD1 defensin was purified from Phaseolus vulgaris (cv. Pérola) seeds, basically as described by Terras et al. [Terras FRG, Schoofs HME, De Bolle MFC, Van Leuven F, Ress SB, Vanderleyden J, Cammue BPA, Broekaer TWF. Analysis of two novel classes of plant antifungal proteins from radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seeds. J Biol Chem 1992;267(22):15301-9], with some modifications. A DEAE-Sepharose, equilibrated with 20mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, was initially utilized for the separation of peptides after ammonium sulfate fractionation. The basic fraction (the non-retained peak) obtained showed the presence of one unique band in SDS-Tricine gel electrophoresis with a molecular mass of approximately 6kDa. The purification of this peptide was confirmed after a reverse-phase chromatography in a C2/C18 column by HPLC, where once again only one peak was observed and denominated H1. H1 was submitted to N-terminal sequencing and the comparative analysis in databanks revealed high similarity with sequences of different defensins isolated from other plants species. The N-terminal sequence of the mature defensin isolated was used to produce a degenerated primer. This primer allowed the amplification of the defensin cDNA by RT-PCR from mRNA of P. vulgaris seeds. The sequence analysis of the cloned cDNA, named PVD1, demonstrated 314bp encoding a polypeptide of 47 amino acids. The deduced peptide presented high similarity with plant defensins of Vigna unguiculata (93%), Cicer arietinum (95%) and Pachyrhizus erosus (87%). PvD1 inhibited the growth of the yeasts, Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Candida guilliermondii, Kluyveromyces marxiannus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PvD1 also presented an inhibitory activity against the growth of phytopathogenic fungi including Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium lateritium and Rizoctonia solani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia D Games
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microrganismos, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602 RJ, Brazil
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50
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Tavares LS, Santos MDO, Viccini LF, Moreira JS, Miller RNG, Franco OL. Biotechnological potential of antimicrobial peptides from flowers. Peptides 2008; 29:1842-51. [PMID: 18602431 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Flowers represent a relatively unexplored source of antimicrobial peptides of biotechnological potential. This review focuses on flower-derived defense peptide classes with inhibitory activity towards plant pathogens. Small cationic peptides display diverse activities, including inhibition of digestive enzymes and bacterial and/or fungal inhibition. Considerable research is ongoing in this area, with natural crop plant defense potentially improved through the application of transgenic technologies. In this report, comparisons were made of peptide tertiary structures isolated from diverse flower species. A summary is provided of molecular interactions between flower peptides and pathogens, which include the role of membrane proteins and lipids. Research on these peptides is contributing to our understanding of pathogen resistance mechanisms, which will, given the perspectives for plant genetic modification, contribute long term to plant genetic improvement for increased resistance to diverse pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia S Tavares
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, 36036-900 Martelos, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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