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Silva AC, Oshiquiri LH, de Morais Costa de Jesus LF, Maués DB, Silva RDN. The Cerato-Platanin EPL2 from Trichoderma reesei Is Not Directly Involved in Cellulase Formation but in Cell Wall Remodeling. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1965. [PMID: 37630525 PMCID: PMC10459490 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma reesei is a saprophytic fungus that produces large amounts of cellulases and is widely used for biotechnological applications. Cerato-platanins (CPs) are a family of proteins universally distributed among Dikarya fungi and have been implicated in various functions related to fungal physiology and interaction with the environment. In T. reesei, three CPs are encoded in the genome: Trire2_111449, Trire2_123955, and Trire2_82662. However, their function is not fully elucidated. In this study, we deleted the Trire2_123955 gene (named here as epl2) in the wild-type QM6aΔtmus53Δpyr4 (WT) strain and examined the behavior of the Δepl2 strain compared with WT grown for 72 h in 1% cellulose using RNA sequencing. Of the 9143 genes in the T. reesei genome, 760 were differentially expressed, including 260 only in WT, 214 only in Δepl2, and 286 in both. Genes involved in oxidative stress, oxidoreductase activity, antioxidant activity, and transport were upregulated in the Δepl2 mutant. Genes encoding cell wall synthesis were upregulated in the mutant strain during the late growth stage. The Δepl2 mutant accumulated chitin and glucan at higher levels than the parental strain and was more resistant to cell wall stressors. These results suggest a compensatory effect in cell wall remodeling due to the absence of EPL2 in T. reesei. This study is expected to contribute to a better understanding of the role of the EPL2 protein in T. reesei and improve its application in biotechnological fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Roberto do Nascimento Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (A.C.S.); (L.H.O.); (L.F.d.M.C.d.J.); (D.B.M.)
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2
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Landeta-Salgado C, Cicatiello P, Stanzione I, Medina D, Berlanga Mora I, Gomez C, Lienqueo ME. The growth of marine fungi on seaweed polysaccharides produces cerato-platanin and hydrophobin self-assembling proteins. Microbiol Res 2021; 251:126835. [PMID: 34399103 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The marine fungi Paradendryphiela salina and Talaromyces pinophilus degrade and assimilate complex substrates from plants and seaweed. Additionally, these fungi secrete surface-active proteins, identified as cerato-platanins and hydrophobins. These hydrophobic proteins have the ability to self-assemble forming amyloid-like aggregates and play an essential role in the growth and development of the filamentous fungi. It is the first time that one cerato-platanin (CP) is identified and isolated from P. salina (PsCP) and two Class I hydrophobins (HFBs) from T. pinophilus (TpHYD1 and TpHYD2). Furthermore, it is possible to extract cerato-platanins and hydrophobins using marine fungi that can feed on seaweed biomass, and through a submerged liquid fermentation process. The propensity to aggregate of these proteins has been analyzed using different techniques such as Thioflavin T fluorescence assay, Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and Atomic Force Microscopy. Here, we show that the formation of aggregates of PsCP and TpHYD, was influenced by the carbon source from seaweed. This study highlighted the potential of these self-assembling proteins generated from a fermentation process with marine fungi and with promising properties such as conformational plasticity with extensive applications in biotechnology, pharmacy, nanotechnology, and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Landeta-Salgado
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Materials, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Beauchef 851, 8370456, Chile; Center for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Santiago, Beauchef 851, 8370456, Chile
| | - Paola Cicatiello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Stanzione
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - David Medina
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Materials, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Beauchef 851, 8370456, Chile; Center for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Santiago, Beauchef 851, 8370456, Chile
| | - Isadora Berlanga Mora
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Materials, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Beauchef 851, 8370456, Chile
| | - Carlos Gomez
- Chemistry Department, University of Valle-Yumbo, Valle del Cauca, 760501, Colombia
| | - María Elena Lienqueo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Materials, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Beauchef 851, 8370456, Chile; Center for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Santiago, Beauchef 851, 8370456, Chile.
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Cerato-Platanins from Marine Fungi as Effective Protein Biosurfactants and Bioemulsifiers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082913. [PMID: 32326352 PMCID: PMC7215997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Two fungal strains, Aspergillus terreus MUT 271 and Trichoderma harzianum MUT 290, isolated from a Mediterranean marine site chronically pervaded by oil spills, can use crude oil as sole carbon source. Herein, these strains were investigated as producers of biosurfactants, apt to solubilize organic molecules as a preliminary step to metabolize them. Both fungi secreted low molecular weight proteins identified as cerato-platanins, small, conserved, hydrophobic proteins, included among the fungal surface-active proteins. Both proteins were able to stabilize emulsions, and their capacity was comparable to that of other biosurfactant proteins and to commercially available surfactants. Moreover, the cerato-platanin from T. harzianum was able to lower the surface tension value to a larger extent than the similar protein from A. terreus and other amphiphilic proteins from fungi. Both cerato-platanins were able to make hydrophilic a hydrophobic surface, such as hydrophobins, and to form a stable layer, not removable even after surface washing. To the best of our knowledge, the ability of cerato-platanins to work both as biosurfactant and bioemulsifier is herein demonstrated for the first time.
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Luti S, Sella L, Quarantin A, Pazzagli L, Baccelli I. Twenty years of research on cerato-platanin family proteins: clues, conclusions, and unsolved issues. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Papini A, Luti S, Colzi I, Mazzoli L, Giorni E, Pazzagli L, Gonnelli C. Alternative responses to fungal attack on a metalliferous soil: Phytohormone levels and structural changes in Silene paradoxa L. growing under copper stress. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 286:37-48. [PMID: 31300140 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a non-metallicolous and a metallicolous population of S. paradoxa were exposed to copper excess and fungal elicitation, and investigated for phytohormone production and cytological alterations. Under the stress applied separately and in combination, S. paradoxa plants varied phytohormone concentration in a population-specific way, suggesting a different signalling in response to biotic and abiotic stimuli according to the environment of origin. Generally, the stress responses consisted in increased levels of salicylic acid, auxin, and gibberellin in the non-metallicolous population, and of jasmonic and abscisic acid in the metallicolous one. Interestingly, the metallicolous population increased the level of such phytohormones following exposure to the fungal elicitor only in the presence of copper. This alternative hormonal signalling could derive from the incompatibility between the ordinary ROS-mediated response to pathogens and the acquired mechanisms that prevent oxidative stress in the population from the metal-rich soil. Furthermore, stress-induced autophagic phenomena were more evident in the non-metallicolous plants than in the metallicolous ones, suggesting that the adaptation to the metalliferous environment has also affected autophagy intensity and signalling in response to copper excess and fungal elicitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Papini
- Department of Biology, Università di Firenze, via Micheli 1, 50121, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Simone Luti
- Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Università di Firenze, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Colzi
- Department of Biology, Università di Firenze, via Micheli 1, 50121, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Mazzoli
- Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Università di Firenze, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Giorni
- Department of Biology, Università di Firenze, via Micheli 1, 50121, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Luigia Pazzagli
- Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Università di Firenze, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Cristina Gonnelli
- Department of Biology, Università di Firenze, via Micheli 1, 50121, Firenze, Italy.
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A Cerato-Platanin Family Protein FocCP1 Is Essential for the Penetration and Virulence of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153785. [PMID: 31382478 PMCID: PMC6695778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4) is well-known as the causal agent of Fusarium wilt of banana and is one of the most destructive phytopathogens for banana plants. The molecular mechanisms underlying Foc TR4 virulence remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that a cerato-platanin (CP) protein, FocCP1, functions as a virulence factor that is required by Foc TR4 for penetration and full virulence. The FocCP1 gene was expressed in every condition studied, showing a high transcript level in planta at the early stage of infection. Infiltration of the recombinant FocCP1 protein induced significant cell death and upregulated defence-related gene expression. FocCP1 knock-out strains showed a significant decrease in aerial growth rather than aqueous growth, which is reminiscent of hydrophobins. Furthermore, deletion of FocCP1 significantly reduced virulence and dramatically reduced infective growth in banana roots, likely resulting from a defective penetration ability. Taken together, the results of this study provide novel insight into the function of the recently identified FocCP1 as a virulence factor in Foc TR4.
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The Novel Cerato-Platanin-Like Protein FocCP1 from Fusarium oxysporum Triggers an Immune Response in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112849. [PMID: 31212693 PMCID: PMC6600160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Panama disease, or Fusarium wilt, the most serious disease in banana cultivation, is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (FOC) and has led to great economic losses worldwide. One effective way to combat this disease is by enhancing host plant resistance. The cerato-platanin protein (CPP) family is a group of small secreted cysteine-rich proteins in filamentous fungi. CPPs as elicitors can trigger the immune system resulting in defense responses in plants. In this study, we characterized a novel cerato-platanin-like protein in the secretome of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4 (FOC4), named FocCP1. In tobacco, the purified recombinant FocCP1 protein caused accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), formation of necrotic reaction, deposition of callose, expression of defense-related genes, and accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) in tobacco. These results indicated that FocCP1 triggered a hypersensitive response (HR) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in tobacco. Furthermore, FocCP1 enhanced resistance tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) disease and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 6605 (Pst. 6605) infection in tobacco and improved banana seedling resistance to FOC4. All results provide the possibility of further research on immune mechanisms of plant and pathogen interactions, and lay a foundation for a new biological strategy of banana wilt control in the future.
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Analysis of a putative glycosylation site in the Trichoderma virens elicitor SM1 reveals no role in protein dimerization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 509:817-821. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Molano EPL, Cabrera OG, Jose J, do Nascimento LC, Carazzolle MF, Teixeira PJPL, Alvarez JC, Tiburcio RA, Tokimatu Filho PM, de Lima GMA, Guido RVC, Corrêa TLR, Leme AFP, Mieczkowski P, Pereira GAG. Ceratocystis cacaofunesta genome analysis reveals a large expansion of extracellular phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase-C genes (PI-PLC). BMC Genomics 2018; 19:58. [PMID: 29343217 PMCID: PMC5773145 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Ceratocystis genus harbors a large number of phytopathogenic fungi that cause xylem parenchyma degradation and vascular destruction on a broad range of economically important plants. Ceratocystis cacaofunesta is a necrotrophic fungus responsible for lethal wilt disease in cacao. The aim of this work is to analyze the genome of C. cacaofunesta through a comparative approach with genomes of other Sordariomycetes in order to better understand the molecular basis of pathogenicity in the Ceratocystis genus. RESULTS We present an analysis of the C. cacaofunesta genome focusing on secreted proteins that might constitute pathogenicity factors. Comparative genome analyses among five Ceratocystidaceae species and 23 other Sordariomycetes fungi showed a strong reduction in gene content of the Ceratocystis genus. However, some gene families displayed a remarkable expansion, in particular, the Phosphatidylinositol specific phospholipases-C (PI-PLC) family. Also, evolutionary rate calculations suggest that the evolution process of this family was guided by positive selection. Interestingly, among the 82 PI-PLCs genes identified in the C. cacaofunesta genome, 70 genes encoding extracellular PI-PLCs are grouped in eight small scaffolds surrounded by transposon fragments and scars that could be involved in the rapid evolution of the PI-PLC family. Experimental secretome using LC-MS/MS validated 24% (86 proteins) of the total predicted secretome (342 proteins), including four PI-PLCs and other important pathogenicity factors. CONCLUSION Analysis of the Ceratocystis cacaofunesta genome provides evidence that PI-PLCs may play a role in pathogenicity. Subsequent functional studies will be aimed at evaluating this hypothesis. The observed genetic arsenals, together with the analysis of the PI-PLC family shown in this work, reveal significant differences in the Ceratocystis genome compared to the classical vascular fungi, Verticillium and Fusarium. Altogether, our analyses provide new insights into the evolution and the molecular basis of plant pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddy Patricia Lopez Molano
- Genomic and Expression Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Odalys García Cabrera
- Genomic and Expression Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Juliana Jose
- Genomic and Expression Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Falsarella Carazzolle
- Genomic and Expression Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil.,Centro Nacional de Processamento de Alto Desempenho, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Paulo José Pereira Lima Teixeira
- Genomic and Expression Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil.,Present Address: Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Javier Correa Alvarez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Escuela de Ciencias, Universidad EAFIT, Medellın, Colombia
| | - Ricardo Augusto Tiburcio
- Genomic and Expression Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Paulo Massanari Tokimatu Filho
- Genomic and Expression Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Machado Alvares de Lima
- Centro de Biotecnologia Molecular Estrutural, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Victório Carvalho Guido
- Centro de Biotecnologia Molecular Estrutural, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thamy Lívia Ribeiro Corrêa
- Genomic and Expression Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | | | - Piotr Mieczkowski
- High-Throughput Sequencing Facility, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gonçalo Amarante Guimarães Pereira
- Genomic and Expression Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil.
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Saravanakumar K, Li Y, Yu C, Wang QQ, Wang M, Sun J, Gao JX, Chen J. Effect of Trichoderma harzianum on maize rhizosphere microbiome and biocontrol of Fusarium Stalk rot. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1771. [PMID: 28496167 PMCID: PMC5431858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01680-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium stalk rot (FSR) caused by Fusarium graminearum (FG) significantly affects the productivity of maize grain crops. Application of agrochemicals to control the disease is harmful to environment. In this regard, use of biocontrol agent (BCA) is an alternative to agrochemicals. Although Trichoderma species are known as BCA, the selection of host-pathogen specific Trichoderma is essential for the successful field application. Hence, we screened a total of 100 Trichoderma isolates against FG, selected Trichoderma harzianum (CCTCC-RW0024) for greenhouse experiments and studied its effect on changes of maize rhizosphere microbiome and biocontrol of FSR. The strain CCTCC-RW0024 displayed high antagonistic activity (96.30%), disease reduction (86.66%), biocontrol-related enzyme and gene expression. The root colonization of the strain was confirmed by eGFP tagging and qRT-PCR analysis. Pyrosequencing revealed that exogenous inoculation of the strain in maize rhizosphere increased the plant growth promoting acidobacteria (18.4%), decreased 66% of FG, and also increased the plant growth. In addition, metabolites of this strain could interact with pathogenicity related transcriptional cofactor FgSWi6, thereby contributing to its inhibition. It is concluded that T. harzianum strain CCTCC-RW0024 is a potential BCA against FSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandasamy Saravanakumar
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yaqian Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, P.R. China.
| | - Chuanjin Yu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qiang-Qiang Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jianan Sun
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Xin Gao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, P.R. China.
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Chen H, Kovalchuk A, Keriö S, Asiegbu FO. Distribution and bioinformatic analysis of the cerato-platanin protein family in Dikarya. Mycologia 2017; 105:1479-88. [DOI: 10.3852/13-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fred O. Asiegbu
- Department of Forest Sciences, PO Box 27, Latokartanonkaari 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Luti S, Caselli A, Taiti C, Bazihizina N, Gonnelli C, Mancuso S, Pazzagli L. PAMP Activity of Cerato-Platanin during Plant Interaction: An -Omic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060866. [PMID: 27271595 PMCID: PMC4926400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerato-platanin (CP) is the founder of a fungal protein family consisting in non-catalytic secreted proteins, which work as virulence factors and/or as elicitors of defense responses and systemic resistance, thus acting as PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns). Moreover, CP has been defined an expansin-like protein showing the ability to weaken cellulose aggregates, like the canonical plant expansins do. Here, we deepen the knowledge on CP PAMP activity by the use of a multi-disciplinary approach: proteomic analysis, VOC (volatile organic compound) measurements, and gas exchange determination. The treatment of Arabidopsis with CP induces a differential profile either in protein expression or in VOC emission, as well changes in photosynthetic activity. In agreement with its role of defense activator, CP treatment induces down-expression of enzymes related to primary metabolism, such as RuBisCO, triosephosphate isomerase, and ATP-synthase, and reduces the photosynthesis rate. Conversely, CP increases expression of defense-related proteins and emission of some VOCs. Interestingly, CP exposure triggered the increase in enzymes involved in GSH metabolism and redox homeostasis (glutathione S-transferase, thioredoxin, Cys-peroxiredoxin, catalase) and in enzymes related to the “glucosinolate-myrosinase” system, which are the premise for synthesis of defence compounds, such as camalexin and some VOCs, respectively. The presented results are in agreement with the accepted role of CP as a PAMP and greatly increase the knowledge of plant primary defences induced by a purified fungal elicitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Luti
- Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Università di Firenze, viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Anna Caselli
- Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Università di Firenze, viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Cosimo Taiti
- Department of Agri-Food and Environmental Science, Università di Firenze, via delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Nadia Bazihizina
- Department of Agri-Food and Environmental Science, Università di Firenze, via delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Cristina Gonnelli
- Department of Biology, Università di Firenze, via Micheli 1, 50121 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Stefano Mancuso
- Department of Agri-Food and Environmental Science, Università di Firenze, via delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Luigia Pazzagli
- Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Università di Firenze, viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy.
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14
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Taiti C, Giorni E, Colzi I, Pignattelli S, Bazihizina N, Buccianti A, Luti S, Pazzagli L, Mancuso S, Gonnelli C. Under fungal attack on a metalliferous soil: ROS or not ROS? Insights from Silene paradoxa L. growing under copper stress. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 210:282-292. [PMID: 26799504 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated how the adaptation to metalliferous environments can influence the plant response to biotic stress. In a metallicolous and a non-metallicolous population of Silene paradoxa the induction of oxidative stress and the production of callose and volatiles were evaluated in the presence of copper and of the PAMP fungal protein cerato-platanin, separately and in combination. Our results showed incompatibility between the ordinary ROS-mediated response to fungal attack and the acquired mechanisms of preventing oxidative stress in the tolerant population. A similar situation was also demonstrated by the sensitive population growing in the presence of copper but, in this case, with a lack of certain responses, such as callose production. In addition, in terms of the joint behaviour of emitted volatiles, multivariate statistics showed that not only did the populations respond differently to the presence of copper or biotic stress, but also that the biotic and abiotic stresses interacted in different ways in the two populations. Our results demonstrated that the same incompatibility of hyperaccumulators in ROS-mediated biotic stress signals also seemed to be exhibited by the excluder metallophyte, but without the advantage of being able to rely on the elemental defence for plant protection from natural enemies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo Taiti
- Department of Agri-Food and Environmental Science, Università di Firenze, via delle Idee 30, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Giorni
- Department of Biology, Università di Firenze, via Micheli 1, 50121, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Colzi
- Department of Biology, Università di Firenze, via Micheli 1, 50121, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Sara Pignattelli
- Department of Biology, Università di Firenze, via Micheli 1, 50121, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Nadia Bazihizina
- Department of Agri-Food and Environmental Science, Università di Firenze, via delle Idee 30, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Antonella Buccianti
- Department of Earth Science, Università di Firenze, via La Pira 4, 50121, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Simone Luti
- Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Università di Firenze, viale Morgagni 50, 50134, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Luigia Pazzagli
- Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Università di Firenze, viale Morgagni 50, 50134, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Stefano Mancuso
- Department of Agri-Food and Environmental Science, Università di Firenze, via delle Idee 30, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Cristina Gonnelli
- Department of Biology, Università di Firenze, via Micheli 1, 50121, Firenze, Italy.
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15
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Gomes EV, Costa MDN, de Paula RG, de Azevedo RR, da Silva FL, Noronha EF, Ulhoa CJ, Monteiro VN, Cardoza RE, Gutiérrez S, Silva RN. The Cerato-Platanin protein Epl-1 from Trichoderma harzianum is involved in mycoparasitism, plant resistance induction and self cell wall protection. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17998. [PMID: 26647876 PMCID: PMC4673615 DOI: 10.1038/srep17998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma harzianum species are well known as biocontrol agents against important fungal phytopathogens. Mycoparasitism is one of the strategies used by this fungus in the biocontrol process. In this work, we analyzed the effect of Epl-1 protein, previously described as plant resistance elicitor, in expression modulation of T. harzianum genes involved in mycoparasitism process against phytopathogenic fungi; self cell wall protection and recognition; host hyphae coiling and triggering expression of defense-related genes in beans plants. The results indicated that the absence of Epl-1 protein affects the expression of all mycoparasitism genes analyzed in direct confrontation assays against phytopathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum as well as T. harzianum itself; the host mycoparasitic coiling process and expression modulation of plant defense genes showing different pattern compared with wild type strain. These data indicated the involvement T. harzianum Epl-1 in self and host interaction and also recognition of T. harzianum as a symbiotic fungus by the bean plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriston Vieira Gomes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana do Nascimento Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato Graciano de Paula
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Ricci de Azevedo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Eliane F Noronha
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Cirano José Ulhoa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Rosa Elena Cardoza
- Department of Microbiology, University School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Santiago Gutiérrez
- Department of Microbiology, University School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Roberto Nascimento Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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16
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Crutcher FK, Moran-Diez ME, Ding S, Liu J, Horwitz BA, Mukherjee PK, Kenerley CM. A paralog of the proteinaceous elicitor SM1 is involved in colonization of maize roots by Trichoderma virens. Fungal Biol 2015; 119:476-86. [PMID: 25986544 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The biocontrol agent, Trichoderma virens, has the ability to protect plants from pathogens by eliciting plant defense responses, involvement in mycoparasitism, or secreting antagonistic secondary metabolites. SM1, an elicitor of induced systemic resistance (ISR), was found to have three paralogs within the T. virens genome. The paralog sm2 is highly expressed in the presence of plant roots. Gene deletion mutants of sm2 were generated and the mutants were found to overproduce SM1. The ability to elicit ISR in maize against Colletotrichum graminicola was not compromised for the mutants compared to that of wild type isolate. However, the deletion strains had a significantly lowered ability to colonize maize roots. This appears to be the first report on the involvement of an effector-like protein in colonization of roots by Trichoderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frankie K Crutcher
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 2765 F and B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Maria E Moran-Diez
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Bioprotection Research Centre, Lincoln University, PO Box 84, Lincoln 7647 Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Shengli Ding
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jinggao Liu
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 2765 F and B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Benjamin A Horwitz
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Prasun K Mukherjee
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Charles M Kenerley
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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17
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Pazzagli L, Seidl-Seiboth V, Barsottini M, Vargas WA, Scala A, Mukherjee PK. Cerato-platanins: elicitors and effectors. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 228:79-87. [PMID: 25438788 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cerato-platanins are an interesting group of small, secreted, cysteine-rich proteins that have been implicated in virulence of certain plant pathogenic fungi. The relatively recent discovery of these proteins in plant beneficial fungi like Trichoderma spp., and their positive role in induction of defense in plants against invading pathogens has raised the question as to whether these proteins are effectors or elicitor molecules. Here we present a comprehensive review on the occurrence of these conserved proteins across the fungal kingdom, their structure-function relationships, and their physiological roles in plant pathogenic and symbiotic fungi. We also discuss the usefulness of these proteins in evolving strategies for crop protection through a transgenic approach or direct application as elicitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigia Pazzagli
- Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Morgagni Street, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Verena Seidl-Seiboth
- Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Barsottini
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents/IB, State University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-970, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Walter A Vargas
- Centro de EstudiosFotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI)-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| | - Aniello Scala
- Department of Production Sciences Agri-Food and the Environment (DISPAA), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Prasun K Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India.
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18
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Yu H, Li L. Phylogeny and molecular dating of the cerato-platanin-encoding genes. Genet Mol Biol 2014; 37:423-7. [PMID: 25071408 PMCID: PMC4094615 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572014005000003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerato-platanin family consists of proteins that can induce immune responses, cause necrosis, change chemotaxis and locomotion and may be related to the growth and development of various fungi. In this work, we analyzed the phylogenetic relationships among genes encoding members of the cerato-platanin family and computed the divergence times of the genes and corresponding fungi. The results showed that cerato-platanin-encoding genes could be classified into 10 groups but did not cluster according to fungal classes or their functions. The genes transferred horizontally and showed duplication. Molecular dating and adaptive evolution analyses indicated that the cerato-platanin gene originated with the appearance of saprophytes and that the gene was under positive selection. This finding suggests that cerato-platanin-encoding genes evolved with the development of fungal parasitic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanying Yu
- Department of Petroleum Engineering , Northeast Petroleum University , Daqing , China
| | - Lin Li
- Shenbei New District Department of Human Resources and Social Security , Shenyang , China
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19
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Baccelli I, Lombardi L, Luti S, Bernardi R, Picciarelli P, Scala A, Pazzagli L. Cerato-platanin induces resistance in Arabidopsis leaves through stomatal perception, overexpression of salicylic acid- and ethylene-signalling genes and camalexin biosynthesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100959. [PMID: 24968226 PMCID: PMC4072723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) lead to the activation of the first line of plant defence. Few fungal molecules are universally qualified as MAMPs, and proteins belonging to the cerato-platanin protein (CPP) family seem to possess these features. Cerato-platanin (CP) is the name-giving protein of the CPP family and is produced by Ceratocystis platani, the causal agent of the canker stain disease of plane trees (Platanus spp.). On plane tree leaves, the biological activity of CP has been widely studied. Once applied on the leaf surface, CP acts as an elicitor of defence responses. The molecular mechanism by which CP elicits leaves is still unknown, and the protective effect of CP against virulent pathogens has not been clearly demonstrated. In the present study, we tried to address these questions in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Our results suggest that stomata rapidly sense CP since they responded to the treatment with ROS signalling and stomatal closure, and that CP triggers salicylic acid (SA)- and ethylene (ET)-signalling pathways, but not the jasmonic acid (JA)-signalling pathway, as revealed by the expression pattern of 20 marker genes. Among these, EDS1, PAD4, NPR1, GRX480, WRKY70, ACS6, ERF1a/b, COI1, MYC2, PDF1.2a and the pathogenesis-related (PR) genes 1–5. CP rapidly induced MAPK phosphorylation and induced the biosynthesis of camalexin within 12 hours following treatment. The induction of localised resistance was shown by a reduced susceptibility of the leaves to the infection with Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. These results contribute to elucidate the key steps of the signalling process underlying the resistance induction in plants by CP and point out the central role played by the stomata in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Baccelli
- Department of Agri-food Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Lara Lombardi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Luti
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Bernardi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Piero Picciarelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Aniello Scala
- Department of Agri-food Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Luigia Pazzagli
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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20
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The Function of Snodprot in the Cerato-Platanin Family fromDactylellina cionopagain Nematophagous Fungi. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 76:1835-42. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Gaderer R, Bonazza K, Seidl-Seiboth V. Cerato-platanins: a fungal protein family with intriguing properties and application potential. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:4795-803. [PMID: 24687753 PMCID: PMC4024134 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5690-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cerato-platanin proteins are small, secreted proteins with four conserved cysteines that are abundantly produced by filamentous fungi with all types of lifestyles. These proteins appear to be readily recognized by other organisms and are therefore important factors in interactions of fungi with other organisms, e.g. by stimulating the induction of defence responses in plants. However, it is not known yet whether the main function of cerato-platanin proteins is associated with these fungal interactions or rather a role in fungal growth and development. Cerato-platanin proteins seem to unify several biochemical properties that are not found in this combination in other proteins. On one hand, cerato-platanins are carbohydrate-binding proteins and are able to bind to chitin and N-acetylglucosamine oligosaccharides; on the other hand, they are able to self-assemble at hydrophobic/hydrophilic interfaces and form protein layers, e.g. on the surface of aqueous solutions, thereby altering the polarity of solutions and surfaces. The latter property is reminiscent of hydrophobins, which are also small, secreted fungal proteins, but interestingly, the surface-activity-altering properties of cerato-platanins are the opposite of what can be observed for hydrophobins. The so far known biochemical properties of cerato-platanin proteins are summarized in this review, and potential biotechnological applications as well as implications of these properties for the biological functions of cerato-platanin proteins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Gaderer
- Research Area Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
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22
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Grell MN, Linde T, Nygaard S, Nielsen KL, Boomsma JJ, Lange L. The fungal symbiont of Acromyrmex leaf-cutting ants expresses the full spectrum of genes to degrade cellulose and other plant cell wall polysaccharides. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:928. [PMID: 24373541 PMCID: PMC3880420 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fungus gardens of leaf-cutting ants are natural biomass conversion systems that turn fresh plant forage into fungal biomass to feed the farming ants. However, the decomposition potential of the symbiont Leucocoprinus gongylophorus for processing polysaccharides has remained controversial. We therefore used quantifiable DeepSAGE technology to obtain mRNA expression patterns of genes coding for secreted enzymes from top, middle, and bottom sections of a laboratory fungus-garden of Acromyrmex echinatior leaf-cutting ants. RESULTS A broad spectrum of biomass-conversion-relevant enzyme genes was found to be expressed in situ: cellulases (GH3, GH5, GH6, GH7, AA9 [formerly GH61]), hemicellulases (GH5, GH10, CE1, GH12, GH74), pectinolytic enzymes (CE8, GH28, GH43, PL1, PL3, PL4), glucoamylase (GH15), α-galactosidase (GH27), and various cutinases, esterases, and lipases. In general, expression of these genes reached maximal values in the bottom section of the garden, particularly for an AA9 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase and for a GH5 (endocellulase), a GH7 (reducing end-acting cellobiohydrolase), and a GH10 (xylanase), all containing a carbohydrate binding module that specifically binds cellulose (CBM1). Although we did not directly quantify enzyme abundance, the profile of expressed cellulase genes indicates that both hydrolytic and oxidative degradation is taking place. CONCLUSIONS The fungal symbiont of Acromyrmex leaf-cutting ants can degrade a large range of plant polymers, but the conversion of cellulose, hemicellulose, and part of the pectin occurs primarily towards the end of the decomposition process, i.e. in the bottom section of the fungus garden. These conversions are likely to provide nutrients for the fungus itself rather than for the ants, whose colony growth and reproductive success are limited by proteins obtained from ingesting fungal gongylidia. These specialized hyphal tips are hardly produced in the bottom section of fungus gardens, consistent with the ants discarding old fungal biomass from this part of the garden. The transcripts that we found suggest that actively growing mycelium in the bottom of gardens helps to maintain an optimal water balance to avoid hyphal disintegration, so the ants can ultimately discard healthy rather than decaying and diseased garden material, and to buffer negative effects of varying availability and quality of substrate across the seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten N Grell
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, A,C, Meyers Vænge 15, DK-2450, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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23
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de O Barsottini MR, de Oliveira JF, Adamoski D, Teixeira PJPL, do Prado PFV, Tiezzi HO, Sforça ML, Cassago A, Portugal RV, de Oliveira PSL, de M Zeri AC, Dias SMG, Pereira GAG, Ambrosio ALB. Functional diversification of cerato-platanins in Moniliophthora perniciosa as seen by differential expression and protein function specialization. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:1281-93. [PMID: 23902259 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-13-0148-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cerato-platanins (CP) are small, cysteine-rich fungal-secreted proteins involved in the various stages of the host-fungus interaction process, acting as phytotoxins, elicitors, and allergens. We identified 12 CP genes (MpCP1 to MpCP12) in the genome of Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom disease in cacao, and showed that they present distinct expression profiles throughout fungal development and infection. We determined the X-ray crystal structures of MpCP1, MpCP2, MpCP3, and MpCP5, representative of different branches of a phylogenetic tree and expressed at different stages of the disease. Structure-based biochemistry, in combination with nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry, allowed us to define specialized capabilities regarding self-assembling and the direct binding to chitin and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) tetramers, a fungal cell wall building block, and to map a previously unknown binding region in MpCP5. Moreover, fibers of MpCP2 were shown to act as expansin and facilitate basidiospore germination whereas soluble MpCP5 blocked NAG6-induced defense response. The correlation between these roles, the fungus life cycle, and its tug-of-war interaction with cacao plants is discussed.
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24
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Lombardi L, Faoro F, Luti S, Baccelli I, Martellini F, Bernardi R, Picciarelli P, Scala A, Pazzagli L. Differential timing of defense-related responses induced by cerato-platanin and cerato-populin, two non-catalytic fungal elicitors. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 149:408-421. [PMID: 23438009 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The cerato-platanin (CP) family consists of fungal-secreted proteins involved in various stages of the host-fungus interaction and acting as phytotoxins and elicitors of defense responses. The founder member of this family is CP, a non-catalytic protein with a six-stranded double-ψβ-barrel fold. Cerato-populin (Pop1) is an ortholog showing low sequence identity with CP. CP is secreted by Ceratocystis platani, the causal agent of the canker stain of plane. Pop1 is secreted by Ceratocystis populicola, a pathogen of poplar. CP and Pop1 have been suggested to act as PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) because they induce phytoalexin synthesis, transcription of defense-related genes, restriction of conidia growth and cell death in various plants. Here, we treated plane leaves with CP or Pop1, and monitored defense responses to define the role of these elicitors in the plant interactions. Both CP and Pop1 were able to induce mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) phosphorylation, production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, and overexpression of defense related genes. The characteristic DNA fragmentation and the cytological features indicate that CP and Pop1 induce cell death by a mechanism of programmed cell death. Therefore, CP and Pop1 can be considered as two novel, non-catalytic fungal PAMPs able to enhance primary defense. Of particular interest is the observation that CP showed faster activity compared to Pop1. The different timing in defense activation could potentially be due to the structural differences between CP and Pop1 (i.e. different hydrophobic index and different helix content) therefore constituting a starting point in unraveling their structure-function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Lombardi
- Department of Biology, Plant Physiology Section, University of Pisa, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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25
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Li J, Jia B, Liang X, Liu J, Wang Y, Liang X, Yan H, Wang Y, Zhang S. An adenosine kinase in apoplastic location is involved in Magnaporthe oryzae cold acclimation. J Basic Microbiol 2013; 54:269-77. [PMID: 23681700 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201200481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cold acclimation is an important process to increase freezing tolerance for over-winter survival in many organisms. The apoplastic area is very important in cold acclimation. Two-dimensional electrophoresis was used to identify apoplastic proteins involved in the cold acclimation process of the filamentous fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, and nine protein spots showed at least 1.5-fold increase during cold treatment. These proteins were further analyzed by matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. One of these proteins was identified to be an adenosine kinase (MoAK), an ortholog of the adenosine kinase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The MoAK gene showed significantly increased in transcription level. Microscopic analyses showed that an MoAK::GFP fusion protein was localized in the apoplastic region. The MoAk protein showed anti-freezing activity when expressed in yeast. These results indicated that cold acclimation is crucial for fungal freezing tolerance and MoAK played an important role in this process in M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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26
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Cerato-Populin and Cerato-Platanin, Two Non-Catalytic Proteins from Phytopathogenic Fungi, Interact with Hydrophobic Inanimate Surfaces and Leaves. Mol Biotechnol 2012; 55:27-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-012-9618-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Vincent D, Kohler A, Claverol S, Solier E, Joets J, Gibon J, Lebrun MH, Plomion C, Martin F. Secretome of the Free-living Mycelium from the Ectomycorrhizal Basidiomycete Laccaria bicolor. J Proteome Res 2011; 11:157-71. [DOI: 10.1021/pr200895f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Annegret Kohler
- INRA, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres/Micro-Organismes, Nancy, France
| | | | - Emilie Solier
- Plate-forme Protéomique, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Johann Joets
- UMR Génétique Végétale du Moulon, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Julien Gibon
- INRA, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres/Micro-Organismes, Nancy, France
| | | | | | - Francis Martin
- INRA, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres/Micro-Organismes, Nancy, France
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de Oliveira AL, Gallo M, Pazzagli L, Benedetti CE, Cappugi G, Scala A, Pantera B, Spisni A, Pertinhez TA, Cicero DO. The structure of the elicitor Cerato-platanin (CP), the first member of the CP fungal protein family, reveals a double ψβ-barrel fold and carbohydrate binding. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:17560-8. [PMID: 21454637 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.223644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerato-platanin (CP) is a secretion protein produced by the fungal pathogen Ceratocystis platani, the causal agent of the plane canker disease and the first member of the CP family. CP is considered a pathogen-associated molecular pattern because it induces various defense responses in the host, including production of phytoalexins and cell death. Although much is known about the properties of CP and related proteins as elicitors of plant defense mechanisms, its biochemical activity and host target(s) remain elusive. Here, we present the three-dimensional structure of CP. The protein, which exhibits a remarkable pH and thermal stability, has a double ψβ-barrel fold quite similar to those found in expansins, endoglucanases, and the plant defense protein barwin. Interestingly, although CP lacks lytic activity against a variety of carbohydrates, it binds oligosaccharides. We identified the CP region responsible for binding as a shallow surface located at one side of the β-barrel. Chemical shift perturbation of the protein amide protons, induced by oligo-N-acetylglucosamines of various size, showed that all the residues involved in oligosaccharide binding are conserved among the members of the CP family. Overall, the results suggest that CP might be involved in polysaccharide recognition and that the double ψβ-barrel fold is widespread in distantly related organisms, where it is often involved in host-microbe interactions.
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