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Bonardi A, Gratteri P. Computational studies of tyrosinase inhibitors. Enzymes 2024; 56:191-229. [PMID: 39304287 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2024.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Computational studies have significantly advanced the understanding of tyrosinase (TYR) function, mechanism, and inhibition, accelerating the development of more effective and selective inhibitors. This chapter provides an overview of in silico studies on TYR inhibitors, emphasizing key inhibitory chemotypes and the main residues involved in ligand-target interactions. The chapter discusses tools applied in the context of TYR inhibitor development, e.g., structure-based virtual screening, molecular docking, artificial intelligence, and machine learning algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bonardi
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Paola Gratteri
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
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2
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Access to new phosphonate- and imidazolidine-benzopyrimidinone derivatives as antityrosinase and anti-acetylcholinesterase agents: Design, synthesis and molecular docking. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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3
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Ko J, Lee J, Jung HJ, Ullah S, Jeong Y, Hong S, Kang MK, Park YJ, Hwang Y, Kang D, Park Y, Chun P, Yoo JW, Chung HY, Moon HR. Design and Synthesis of (Z)-5-(Substituted benzylidene)-3-cyclohexyl-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one Analogues as Anti-Tyrosinase and Antioxidant Compounds: In Vitro and In Silico Insights. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11101918. [PMID: 36290640 PMCID: PMC9598926 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many compounds containing the β-phenyl-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl (PUSC) scaffold, including cinnamamide derivatives, have been shown to inhibit tyrosinase potently in vitro and in vivo. Structural changes to cinnamamide derivatives were produced by adding a dithionate functional group to provide eight (Z)-5-(substituted benzylidene)-3-cyclohexyl-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one analogs with high log p values for skin. These analogs were synthesized using a two-step reaction, and their stereochemistry was confirmed using the 3JC4-Hβ values of C4 measured in proton-coupled 13C mode. Analogs 2 (IC50 = 5.21 ± 0.86 µM) and 3 (IC50 = 1.03 ± 0.14 µM) more potently inhibited mushroom tyrosinase than kojic acid (IC50 = 25.26 ± 1.10 µM). Docking results showed 2 binds strongly to the active site of tyrosinase, while 3 binds strongly to an allosteric site. Kinetic studies using l-tyrosine as substrate indicated 2 and 3 competitively and non-competitively inhibit tyrosinase, respectively, which was supported by our docking results. In B16F10 cells, 3 significantly and concentration-dependently reduced α–MSH plus IBMX induced increases in cellular tyrosinase activity and melanin production and the similarity between these inhibitory patterns implied that the anti-melanogenic effect of 3 might be due to its tyrosinase-inhibitory ability. In addition, 2 and 3 exhibited strong antioxidant effects; for example, they reduced ROS and ONOO– levels and exhibited radical scavenging activities, suggesting that these effects might underlie their anti-melanogenic effects. Furthermore, 3 suppressed the expressions of melanogenesis-associated proteins and genes in B16F10 cells. These results suggest (Z)-5-(substituted benzylidene)-3-cyclohexyl-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one analogs offer a means of producing novel anti-melanogenesis agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongin Ko
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Jung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Sultan Ullah
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Yeongmu Jeong
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Sojeong Hong
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Min Kyung Kang
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Yu Jung Park
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - YeJi Hwang
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Dongwan Kang
- New Drug Development Center, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Korea
| | - Yujin Park
- New Drug Development Center, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Korea
| | - Pusoon Chun
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea
| | - Jin-Wook Yoo
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Hyung Ryong Moon
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Tshiluka NR, Bvumbi MV, Tshishonga U, Mnyakeni-Moleele SS. Synthesis of new 5-benzylidene-hydantoin esters. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/17475198221104183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Compounds containing a hydantoin moiety are found in several medicines in clinical use. In this research, ethyl- and methyl-[2-(5-benzylidene)-2,4-dioxoimidazolidin-3-yl]acetyl esters are successfully synthesized over four reaction steps using conventional methods. The synthesis begins by subjecting hydantoin to a Knoevenagel condensation reaction with three different benzaldehydes to afford the penultimate products, which are further reacted with ethyl or methyl (bromoacetyl)alaninates, butanoates, valinates, and norvalinates to give the desired products as esters in low to moderate yields.
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Choi H, Young Ryu I, Choi I, Ullah S, Jin Jung H, Park Y, Hwang Y, Jeong Y, Hong S, Chun P, Young Chung H, Ryong Moon H. Identification of (Z)-2-benzylidene-dihydroimidazothiazolone derivatives as tyrosinase inhibitors: anti-melanogenic effects and in silico studies. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:899-912. [PMID: 35242283 PMCID: PMC8861568 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heejeong Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Il Young Ryu
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Inkyu Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Sultan Ullah
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, FL 33458, USA
| | - Hee Jin Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Yujin Park
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - YeJi Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Yeongmu Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Sojeong Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Pusoon Chun
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, South Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Hyung Ryong Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
- Corresponding author at: Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea.
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Khodair AI, Bakare SB, Awad MK, Al‐Issa SA, Nafie MS. Design, synthesis, and computational explorations of novel 2‐thiohydantoin nucleosides with cytotoxic activities. J Heterocycl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed I. Khodair
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science Kafrelsheikh University Kafrelsheikh Egypt
| | - Safyah B. Bakare
- Faculty of Education Shaqra University Shaqra Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed K. Awad
- Theoretical Applied Chemistry Unit (TACU), Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science Tanta University Tanta Egypt
| | - Siham A. Al‐Issa
- Chemistry Department College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S. Nafie
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science Suez Canal University Ismailia Egypt
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Choi H, Ryu IY, Choi I, Ullah S, Jung HJ, Park Y, Jeong Y, Hwang Y, Hong S, Yoon IS, Yun H, Kim MS, Yoo JW, Jung Y, Chun P, Moon HR. Novel Anti-Melanogenic Compounds, ( Z)-5-(Substituted Benzylidene)-4-thioxothiazolidin-2-one Derivatives: In Vitro and In Silico Insights. Molecules 2021; 26:4963. [PMID: 34443550 PMCID: PMC8400311 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To confirm that the β-phenyl-α,β-unsaturated thiocarbonyl (PUSTC) scaffold, similar to the β-phenyl-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl (PUSC) scaffold, acts as a core inhibitory structure for tyrosinase, twelve (Z)-5-(substituted benzylidene)-4-thioxothiazolidin-2-one ((Z)-BTTZ) derivatives were designed and synthesized. Seven of the twelve derivatives showed stronger inhibitory activity than kojic acid against mushroom tyrosinase. Compound 2b (IC50 = 0.47 ± 0.97 µM) exerted a 141-fold higher inhibitory potency than kojic acid. Kinetic studies' results confirmed that compounds 2b and 2f are competitive tyrosinase inhibitors, which was supported by high binding affinities with the active site of tyrosinase by docking simulation. Docking results using a human tyrosinase homology model indicated that 2b and 2f might potently inhibit human tyrosinase. In vitro assays of 2b and 2f were conducted using B16F10 melanoma cells. Compounds 2b and 2f significantly and concentration-dependently inhibited intracellular melanin contents, and the anti-melanogenic effects of 2b at 10 µM and 2f at 25 µM were considerably greater than the inhibitory effect of kojic acid at 25 µM. Compounds 2b and 2f similarly inhibited cellular tyrosinase activity and melanin contents, indicating that the anti-melanogenic effects of both were due to tyrosinase inhibition. A strong binding affinity with the active site of tyrosinase and potent inhibitions of mushroom tyrosinase, cellular tyrosinase activity, and melanin generation in B16F10 cells indicates the PUSTC scaffold offers an attractive platform for the development of novel tyrosinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejeong Choi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.C.); (I.Y.R.); (I.C.); (H.J.J.); (Y.P.); (Y.J.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (I.-S.Y.); (H.Y.); (M.-S.K.); (J.-W.Y.); (Y.J.)
| | - Il Young Ryu
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.C.); (I.Y.R.); (I.C.); (H.J.J.); (Y.P.); (Y.J.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (I.-S.Y.); (H.Y.); (M.-S.K.); (J.-W.Y.); (Y.J.)
| | - Inkyu Choi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.C.); (I.Y.R.); (I.C.); (H.J.J.); (Y.P.); (Y.J.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (I.-S.Y.); (H.Y.); (M.-S.K.); (J.-W.Y.); (Y.J.)
| | - Sultan Ullah
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA;
| | - Hee Jin Jung
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.C.); (I.Y.R.); (I.C.); (H.J.J.); (Y.P.); (Y.J.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (I.-S.Y.); (H.Y.); (M.-S.K.); (J.-W.Y.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yujin Park
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.C.); (I.Y.R.); (I.C.); (H.J.J.); (Y.P.); (Y.J.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (I.-S.Y.); (H.Y.); (M.-S.K.); (J.-W.Y.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yeongmu Jeong
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.C.); (I.Y.R.); (I.C.); (H.J.J.); (Y.P.); (Y.J.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (I.-S.Y.); (H.Y.); (M.-S.K.); (J.-W.Y.); (Y.J.)
| | - YeJi Hwang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.C.); (I.Y.R.); (I.C.); (H.J.J.); (Y.P.); (Y.J.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (I.-S.Y.); (H.Y.); (M.-S.K.); (J.-W.Y.); (Y.J.)
| | - Sojeong Hong
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.C.); (I.Y.R.); (I.C.); (H.J.J.); (Y.P.); (Y.J.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (I.-S.Y.); (H.Y.); (M.-S.K.); (J.-W.Y.); (Y.J.)
| | - In-Soo Yoon
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.C.); (I.Y.R.); (I.C.); (H.J.J.); (Y.P.); (Y.J.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (I.-S.Y.); (H.Y.); (M.-S.K.); (J.-W.Y.); (Y.J.)
| | - Hwayoung Yun
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.C.); (I.Y.R.); (I.C.); (H.J.J.); (Y.P.); (Y.J.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (I.-S.Y.); (H.Y.); (M.-S.K.); (J.-W.Y.); (Y.J.)
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.C.); (I.Y.R.); (I.C.); (H.J.J.); (Y.P.); (Y.J.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (I.-S.Y.); (H.Y.); (M.-S.K.); (J.-W.Y.); (Y.J.)
| | - Jin-Wook Yoo
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.C.); (I.Y.R.); (I.C.); (H.J.J.); (Y.P.); (Y.J.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (I.-S.Y.); (H.Y.); (M.-S.K.); (J.-W.Y.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yunjin Jung
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.C.); (I.Y.R.); (I.C.); (H.J.J.); (Y.P.); (Y.J.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (I.-S.Y.); (H.Y.); (M.-S.K.); (J.-W.Y.); (Y.J.)
| | - Pusoon Chun
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gyeongnam, Gimhae 50834, Korea
- Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, Gyeongnam, Gimhae 50834, Korea
| | - Hyung Ryong Moon
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.C.); (I.Y.R.); (I.C.); (H.J.J.); (Y.P.); (Y.J.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (I.-S.Y.); (H.Y.); (M.-S.K.); (J.-W.Y.); (Y.J.)
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Obaid RJ, Mughal EU, Naeem N, Sadiq A, Alsantali RI, Jassas RS, Moussa Z, Ahmed SA. Natural and synthetic flavonoid derivatives as new potential tyrosinase inhibitors: a systematic review. RSC Adv 2021; 11:22159-22198. [PMID: 35480807 PMCID: PMC9034236 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03196a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a multifunctional glycosylated and copper-containing oxidase that is highly prevalent in plants and animals and plays a pivotal role in catalyzing the two key steps of melanogenesis: tyrosine's hydroxylation to dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), and oxidation of the latter species to dopaquinone. Melanin guards against the destructive effects of ultraviolet radiation which is known to produce considerable pathological disorders such as skin cancer, among others. Moreover, the overproduction of melanin can create aesthetic problems along with serious disorders linked to hyperpigmented spots or patches on skin. Several skin-whitening products which reduce melanogenesis activity and alleviate hyperpigmentation are commercially available. A few of them, particularly those obtained from natural sources and that incorporate a phenolic scaffold, have been exploited in the cosmetic industry. In this context, synthetic tyrosinase inhibitors (TIs) with elevated efficacy and fewer side effects are direly needed in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries owing to their protective effect against pigmentation and dermatological disorders. Furthermore, the biological significance of the chromone skeleton and its associated medicinal and bioactive properties has drawn immense interest and inspired many researchers to design and develop novel anti-tyrosinase agents based on the flavonoid core (2-arylchromone). This review article is oriented to provide an insight and a deeper understanding of the tyrosinase inhibitory activity of an array of natural and bioinspired phenolic compounds with special emphasis on flavonoids to demonstrate how the position of ring substituents and their interaction with tyrosinase could be correlated with their effectiveness or lack thereof against inhibiting the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami J Obaid
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University Makkah 21955 Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nafeesa Naeem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat Gujrat-50700 Pakistan
| | - Amina Sadiq
- Department of Chemistry, Govt. College Women University Sialkot-51300 Pakistan
| | - Reem I Alsantali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmacy College, Taif University 888-Taif Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabab S Jassas
- Department of Chemistry, Jamoum University College, Umm Al-Qura University 21955 Makkah Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziad Moussa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University P. O. Box 15551, Al Ain Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Saleh A Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University Makkah 21955 Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University 21955 Makkah Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University 71516 Assiut Egypt
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Ryu IY, Choi I, Jung HJ, Ullah S, Choi H, Al-Amin M, Chun P, Moon HR. In vitro anti-melanogenic effects of chimeric compounds, 2-(substituted benzylidene)-1,3-indanedione derivatives with a β-phenyl-α, β -unsaturated dicarbonyl scaffold. Bioorg Chem 2021; 109:104688. [PMID: 33582586 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinase is considered a key contributor to melanogenesis, and safe, potent tyrosinase inhibitors are needed for medical and cosmetic purposes to treat skin hyperpigmentation and prevent fruit and vegetable browning. According to our accumulated SAR data on tyrosinase inhibitors, the β-phenyl-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl scaffold in either E or Z configurations, can confer potent tyrosinase inhibitory activity. In this study, twelve indanedione derivatives were synthesized as chimeric compounds with a β-phenyl-α,β-unsaturated dicarbonyl scaffold. Two of these derivatives, that is, compounds 2 and 3 (85% and 96% inhibition, respectively), at 50 μM inhibited mushroom tyrosinase markedly more potently than kojic acid (49% inhibition). Docking studies predicted that compounds 2 and 3 both inhibited tyrosinase competitively, and these findings were supported by Lineweaver-Burk plots. In addition, both compounds inhibited tyrosinase activity and reduced melanin contents in B16F10 cells more than kojic acid without perceptible cytotoxicity. These results support the notion that chimeric compounds with the β-phenyl-α,β-unsaturated dicarbonyl scaffold represent promising starting points for the development of potent tyrosinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Young Ryu
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Inkyu Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Hee Jin Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Sultan Ullah
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, FL 33458, USA
| | - Heejeong Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Md Al-Amin
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Pusoon Chun
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, South Korea
| | - Hyung Ryong Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea.
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Potdar S, Pal N, Sharma P, Kumar A. The catalytic influence of phosphotungstic acid-functionalized Fe 3O 4 MNPs blended with TiO 2 on the synthesis of novel spiro-acridines and the evaluation of their medicinal potential through molecular docking studies. RSC Adv 2020; 10:44442-44452. [PMID: 35517166 PMCID: PMC9058500 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06975b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This manuscript describes an effective and rapid three-component synthesis of a novel series of spiro-acridine derivatives by integrating the pharmacologically dynamic hydantoin-phenytoin as the prime synthetic equivalent. The process was accelerated by Fe3O4@TiO2-PTA magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), which acted as the heterogeneous catalytic system, under ultrasonic conditions. The reaction was performed in the green PEG-200 solvent under aerophilic conditions to obtain products with excellent yields. The characteristics of the synthesized magnetic nano-catalysts were corroborated through powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), FT-IR, and VSM techniques. In addition, the structures of the synthesized compounds were ascertained on the basis of elemental analyses and spectro-analytical data (1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry). High yields, smaller E-factor, considerable atom economy, easy recovery, and recyclability of the catalyst and solvent are the captivating features of the developed protocol. Moreover, in view of the ongoing global research on COVID-19, herein, we tried to identify the potential sites of the synthesized moiety that can suitably fit the receptor sites of the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2 Mpro).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Potdar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Devi Ahilya University Takshashila Campus, Khandwa Road Indore M.P. 452001 India +91-731-2470352 +91-731-25962688
| | - Nikita Pal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Devi Ahilya University Takshashila Campus, Khandwa Road Indore M.P. 452001 India +91-731-2470352 +91-731-25962688
| | - Pratibha Sharma
- School of Chemical Sciences, Devi Ahilya University Takshashila Campus, Khandwa Road Indore M.P. 452001 India +91-731-2470352 +91-731-25962688
| | - Ashok Kumar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Devi Ahilya University Takshashila Campus, Khandwa Road Indore M.P. 452001 India +91-731-2470352 +91-731-25962688
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11
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Ryu IY, Choi I, Ullah S, Choi H, Chun P, Moon HR. Tyrosinase Inhibitory Effects of Derivatives of (E)‐2‐(Substituted Benzylidene)‐3,4‐Dihydronaphthalen‐1(2H)‐One. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Il Young Ryu
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy Pusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Inkyu Choi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy Pusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Sultan Ullah
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy Pusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Heejeong Choi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy Pusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Pusoon Chun
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Inje University Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Ryong Moon
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy Pusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
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12
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A Novel Magnetic Immobilized Para-Aminobenzoic Acid-Cu(II) Complex: A Green, Efficient and Reusable Catalyst for Aldol Condensation Reactions in Green Media. Catal Letters 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-020-03216-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Wolińska E, Hałdys K, Góra J, Olszewski TK, Boduszek B, Latajka R. Phosphonic and Phosphinic Acid Derivatives as Novel Tyrosinase Inhibitors: Kinetic Studies and Molecular Docking. Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1900167. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Wolińska
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryWrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Katarzyna Hałdys
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryWrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Jerzy Góra
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryWrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Tomasz K. Olszewski
- Department of Organic ChemistryWrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Bogdan Boduszek
- Department of Organic ChemistryWrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Rafał Latajka
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryWrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
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14
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Popiół J, Gunia-Krzyżak A, Piska K, Żelaszczyk D, Koczurkiewicz P, Słoczyńska K, Wójcik-Pszczoła K, Krupa A, Kryczyk-Poprawa A, Żesławska E, Nitek W, Żmudzki P, Marona H, Pękala E. Discovery of Novel UV-Filters with Favorable Safety Profiles in the 5-Arylideneimidazolidine-2,4-dione Derivatives Group. Molecules 2019; 24:E2321. [PMID: 31238526 PMCID: PMC6630718 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24122321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective protection from the harmful effects of UV radiation may be achieved by using sunscreens containing organic or inorganic UV filters. The number of currently available UV filters is limited and some of the allowed molecules possess limitations such as systemic absorption, endocrine disruption properties, contact and photocontact allergy induction, and low photostability. In the search for new organic UV filters we designed and synthesized a series consisting of 5-benzylidene and 5-(3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene)imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) derivatives. The photoprotective activity of the tested compounds was confirmed in methanol solutions and macrogol formulations. The most promising compounds possessed similar UV protection parameter values as selected commercially available UV filters. The compound diethyl 2,2'-((Z)-4-((E)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)allylidene)-2,5-dioxoimidazolidine-1,3-diyl)diacetate (4g) was characterized as an especially efficient UVA photoprotective agent with a UVA PF of 6.83 ± 0.05 and favorable photostability. Diethyl 2,2'-((Z)-4-(4-methoxybenzylidene)-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidine-1,3-diyl)diacetate (3b) was the most promising UVB-filter, with a SPFin vitro of 3.07 ± 0.04 and very good solubility and photostability. The main photodegradation products were geometric isomers of the parent compounds. These compounds were also shown to be non-cytotoxic at concentrations up to 50 µM when tested on three types of human skin cells and possess no estrogenic activity, according to the results of a MCF-7 breast cancer model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Popiół
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (J.P.); (K.P.); (P.K.); (K.S.); (K.W.-P.); (E.P.)
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (D.Z.); (H.M.)
| | - Agnieszka Gunia-Krzyżak
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (D.Z.); (H.M.)
| | - Kamil Piska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (J.P.); (K.P.); (P.K.); (K.S.); (K.W.-P.); (E.P.)
| | - Dorota Żelaszczyk
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (D.Z.); (H.M.)
| | - Paulina Koczurkiewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (J.P.); (K.P.); (P.K.); (K.S.); (K.W.-P.); (E.P.)
| | - Karolina Słoczyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (J.P.); (K.P.); (P.K.); (K.S.); (K.W.-P.); (E.P.)
| | - Katarzyna Wójcik-Pszczoła
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (J.P.); (K.P.); (P.K.); (K.S.); (K.W.-P.); (E.P.)
| | - Anna Krupa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Agata Kryczyk-Poprawa
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Ewa Żesławska
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Nitek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Paweł Żmudzki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Henryk Marona
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (D.Z.); (H.M.)
| | - Elżbieta Pękala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (J.P.); (K.P.); (P.K.); (K.S.); (K.W.-P.); (E.P.)
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15
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The tyrosinase-inhibitory effects of 2-phenyl-1,4-naphthoquinone analogs: importance of the (E)-β-phenyl-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl scaffold of an endomethylene type. Med Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-018-2267-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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16
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Jamali Z, Rezaei Behbehani G, Zare K, Gheibi N. Effect of chrysin omega-3 and 6 fatty acid esters on mushroom tyrosinase activity, stability, and structure. J Food Biochem 2018; 43:e12728. [PMID: 31353554 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The estreification of chrysin with α-Linolenic acid (complex I) and linoleic acid (complex II) poly unsaturated fatty acids resulted to design of new mushroom tyrosinase (MT) inhibitors. Thermodynamic parameters of enzymes, including the melting point (Tm ) and ∆G values, were obtained from thermal and chemical denaturation curves. Complexes I and II showed a competitive inhibitory effect on MT with Ki values of 0.45 and 0.29 mM, respectively. The Tm values were calculated as 328.6, 322.4, and 318 K and the ∆G values as 62.8, 52.9, and 47.1 KJ mol-1 for the enzyme alone and its interaction with complexes I and II, respectively. Intrinsic and extrinsic fluorescence techniques showed structural instability of the enzyme in concomitance with a decrease in the regular secondary structure acquired using CD spectrometry. This data clearly prove that the new derivatives show a stronger inhibitory effect than the separate compounds. Molecular docking analysis showed that the best possible interaction condition was achieved for chrysin with n-6. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: MT is a suitable model in medicine for the investigation of melanogenesis, skin disorders, and hyperpigmentation because of its accessibility and close structural similarity to mammalian tyrosinase. In recent years, the designing of tyrosinase inhibitors from natural substances for prevention of hyperpigmentation in medicine, skin cosmetics, and undesired browning in agriculture and food industry has risen sharply. Many of the pharmaceutical products based on the use of flavonoids and poly unsaturated acids as natural compounds or on their semi-synthetic derivatives have been interested for investigations because of their usefulness in many pathological conditions such as inflammation, cancer, and skin disorders. The limitation of the flavonoids applications are low bioavailability, permeability, and solubility for the cells. In this study, conjugation of chrysin with n-3 and n-6 fatty acids resulted in a stronger inhibitors of MT with a synergic inhibitory effect on its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Jamali
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Karim Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nematollah Gheibi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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17
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Design, synthesis and anti-melanogenic effect of cinnamamide derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:5672-5681. [PMID: 30366788 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pigmentation disorders are attributed to excessive melanin which can be produced by tyrosinase. Therefore, tyrosinase is supposed to be a vital target for the treatment of disorders associated with overpigmentation. Based on our previous findings that an (E)-β-phenyl-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl scaffold can play a key role in the inhibition of tyrosinase activity, and the fact that cinnamic acid is a safe natural substance with a scaffolded structure, it was speculated that appropriate cinnamic acid derivatives may exhibit potent tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Thus, ten cinnamamides were designed, and synthesized by using a Horner-Emmons olefination as the key step. Cinnamamides 4 (93.72% inhibition), 9 (78.97% inhibition), and 10 (59.09% inhibition) with either a 2,4-dihydroxyphenyl, or 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl substituent showed much higher mushroom tyrosinase inhibition at 25 µM than kojic acid (18.81% inhibition), used as a positive control. Especially, the two cinnamamides 4 and 9 having a 2,4-dihydroxyphenyl group showed the strongest inhibition. Docking simulation with tyrosinase revealed that these three cinnamamides, 4, 9, and 10, bind to the active site of tyrosinase more strongly than kojic acid. Cell-based experiments carried out using B16F10 murine skin melanoma cells demonstrated that all three cinnamamides effectively inhibited cellular tyrosinase activity and melanin production in the cells without cytotoxicity. There was a close correlation between cellular tyrosinase activity and melanin content, indicating that the inhibitory effect of the three cinnamamides on melanin production is mainly attributed to their capability for cellular tyrosinase inhibition. These results imply that cinnamamides having the (E)-β-phenyl-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl scaffolds are promising candidates for skin-lighting agents.
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18
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Synthesis of cinnamic amide derivatives and their anti-melanogenic effect in α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 melanoma cells. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 161:78-92. [PMID: 30347330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Of the three enzymes that regulate the biosynthesis of melanin, tyrosinase and its related proteins TYRP-1 and TYRP-2, tyrosinase is the most important because of its ability to limit the rate of melanin production in melanocytes. For treating skin pigmentation disorders caused by an excess of melanin, the inhibition of tyrosinase enzyme is by far the most established strategy. Cinnamic acid is a safe natural product with an (E)-β-phenyl-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl motif that we have previously shown to play an important role in high tyrosinase inhibition. Since cinnamic acid is relatively hydrophilic, which hinders its absorption on the skin, fifteen less hydrophilic cinnamic amide derivatives (1-15) were designed as safe and more potent tyrosinase inhibitors and were synthesized through a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction. The use of conc-HCl and acetic acid for debenzylation of the O-benzyl-protected cinnamic amides 40-54 produced the following three results. 1) Cinnamic amides 43, 48, and 53 with a 2,4-dibenzyloxyphenyl group, irrespective of the amine type of the amides, produced complex compounds with high polarity. 2) Cinnamic amides 40-42, 44, 50-52, and 54 with a benzylamino, or diethylamino group produced the desired debenzylated cinnamic amides 1-3, 5, 10-13, and 15. 3) Cinnamic amides 45-47, and 49 with an anilino moiety provided 3,4-dihydroquinolinones 16-19 through intramolecular Michael addition of the anilide group. Notably, the use of BBr3 as an alternative debenzylating agent for debenzylation of cinnamic amides 45-49 with the anilino moiety provided our desired cinnamic amides 6-10 without inducing the intramolecular Michael addition. Debenzylation of cinnamic amides 43, 48, and 53 with a 2,4-dibenzyloxyphenyl group was also successfully accomplished using BBr3 to give 4, 9, and 14. Among the nine compounds that inhibited mushroom tyrosinase more potently at 25 μM than kojic acid, four cinnamic amides 4, 5, 9, and 14 showed 3-fold greater tyrosinase inhibitory activity than kojic acid. The docking simulation using tyrosinase indicated that these four cinnamic amides (-6.2 to -7.9 kcal/mol) bind to the active site of tyrosinase with stronger binding affinity than kojic acid (-5.7 kcal/mol). All four cinnamic amides inhibited melanogenesis and tyrosinase activity more potently than kojic acid in α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 melanoma cells in a dose-dependent manner without cytotoxicity. The strong correlation between tyrosinase activity and melanin content suggests that the anti-melanogenic effect of cinnamic amides is due to tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Considering that the cinnamic amides 4, 9, and 14, which exhibited strong inhibition on mushroom tyrosinase and potent anti-melanogenic effect in B16F10 cells, commonly have a 2,4-dihydroxyphenyl substituent, the 2,4-dihydroxyphenyl substituent appears to be essential for high anti-melanogenesis. These results support the potential of these four cinnamic amides as novel and potent tyrosinase inhibitors for use as therapeutic agents with safe skin-lightening efficiency.
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19
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Kim SJ, Yang J, Lee S, Park C, Kang D, Akter J, Ullah S, Kim YJ, Chun P, Moon HR. The tyrosinase inhibitory effects of isoxazolone derivatives with a (Z)-β-phenyl-α, β-unsaturated carbonyl scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:3882-3889. [PMID: 29907470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen (Z)-4-(substituted benzylidene)-3-phenylisoxazol-5(4H)-ones were designed to confirm the geometric effect of the double bond of the β-phenyl-α, β-unsaturated carbonyl scaffold on tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Compounds 1a-1m, which all possessed the (Z)-β-phenyl-α, β-unsaturated carbonyl scaffold, were synthesized using a tandem reaction consisting of an isoxazolone ring formation and a Knoevenagel condensation, and three starting materials, ethyl benzoylacetate, hydroxylamine and benzaldehydes. Some of the compounds showed inhibitory activity against mushroom tyrosinase as potent as compounds containing the "(E)"-β-phenyl-α, β-unsaturated carbonyl scaffold. Compounds 1c and 1m showed greater inhibitory activity than kojic acid: IC50 = 32.08 ± 2.25 μM for 1c; IC50 = 14.62 ± 1.38 μM for 1m; and IC50 = 37.86 ± 2.21 μM for kojic acid. A kinetic study indicated that 1m inhibited tyrosinase in a competitive manner and that it probably binds to the enzyme's active site. In silico docking simulation supported binding of 1m (-7.6 kcal/mol) to the active site of tyrosinase with stronger affinity than kojic acid (-5.7 kcal/mol). Similar results were obtained using cell-based assays, and in B16F10 cells, compound 1m dose-dependently inhibited tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis. These results indicate the anti-melanogenic effect of compound 1m is due to the inhibition of tyrosinase and (Z)-isomer of the β-phenyl-α, β-unsaturated carbonyl scaffold can, like its congener the (E)-isomer, act as an excellent scaffold for tyrosinase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Jungho Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Sanggwon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Chaeun Park
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Dongwan Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Jinia Akter
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Sultan Ullah
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Yeon-Jeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, South Korea
| | - Pusoon Chun
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, South Korea.
| | - Hyung Ryong Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea.
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20
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Elhady HA, El-Sayed R, Al-Nathali HS. Design, synthesis and evaluation of anticancer activity of novel 2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-one derivatives bearing pyrazole, triazole and benzoxazole moieties. Chem Cent J 2018; 12:51. [PMID: 29740713 PMCID: PMC5940965 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0418-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel series of substituted 2-thiohydantoin incorporated with benzoimidazole, pyrazole, triazole and/or benzoxazole moieties has been synthesized using (E)-3-[1-(4-bromophenyl)ethylideneamino]-2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-one 1 as the key starting material. The key material 1 also, reacted with an acetic anhydride, aromatic aldehydes, secondary amines, formaldehyde and triethyl orthoformate to give the corresponding acetyl, chalcone, Mannich bases and ethoxymethylene derivatives, respectively. The structures of the novel compounds were confirmed by spectral data and elemental analysis. The cytotoxic activity of all synthesized compounds was assessed in vitro against human hepatocellular cancer cell line (HePG-2) and breast carcinoma cell line (MCF-7). The bioassay results revealed that compound 14 has the best activity against HePG-2 cell line (IC50 = 2.33 μg/mL), while compound 5 has the best activity against MCF-7 cell line (IC50 = 3.98 μg/mL). ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A Elhady
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, P. O. Box 13401, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Girls Branch), P.O. box 11754, Youssef Abbas Str., Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Refat El-Sayed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, P. O. Box 13401, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Banha, Egypt
| | - Hamedah S Al-Nathali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, P. O. Box 13401, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Pillaiyar T, Manickam M, Namasivayam V. Skin whitening agents: medicinal chemistry perspective of tyrosinase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:403-425. [PMID: 28097901 PMCID: PMC6010116 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1256882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanogenesis is a process to synthesize melanin, which is a primary responsible for the pigmentation of human skin, eye and hair. Although numerous enzymatic catalyzed and chemical reactions are involved in melanogenesis process, the enzymes such as tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1) and TRP-2 played a major role in melanin synthesis. Specifically, tyrosinase is a key enzyme, which catalyzes a rate-limiting step of the melanin synthesis, and the downregulation of tyrosinase is the most prominent approach for the development of melanogenesis inhibitors. Therefore, numerous inhibitors that target tyrosinase have been developed in recent years. The review focuses on the recent discovery of tyrosinase inhibitors that are directly involved in the inhibition of tyrosinase catalytic activity and functionality from all sources, including laboratory synthetic methods, natural products, virtual screening and structure-based molecular docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Manoj Manickam
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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22
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Lee B, Moon KM, Lim JS, Park Y, Kim DH, Son S, Jeong HO, Kim DH, Lee EK, Chung KW, An HJ, Chun P, Seo AY, Yang JH, Lee BS, Ma JY, Cho WK, Moon HR, Chung HY. 2-(3, 4-dihydroxybenzylidene)malononitrile as a novel anti-melanogenic compound. Oncotarget 2017; 8:91481-91493. [PMID: 29207659 PMCID: PMC5710939 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a key player in ultraviolet-induced melanogenesis. Because excessive melanin accumulation in the skin can induce hyperpigmentation, the development of tyrosinase inhibitors has attracted attention in cosmetic-related fields. However, side effects including toxicity and low selectivity have limited the use of many tyrosinase inhibitors in cosmetics. We synthesized 12 novel 2-(substituted benzylidene)malononitrile derivatives and investigated their anti-melanogenic activities. Of these 12 compounds, 2-(3, 4-dihydroxy benzylidene)malononitrile (BMN11) exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity against tyrosinase (IC50 = 17.05 μM). In parallel with this, BMN11 treatment notably decreased alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-induced melanin accumulation in B16F10, cells without toxicity and also decreased melanin accumulation in a human skin model. As a mechanism underlying the BMN11-mediated anti-melanogenic effect, docking simulation showed that BMN11 can directly bind to tyrosinase by forming two hydrogen bonds with GLY281 and ASN260 residues, and via three hydrophobic interactions with VAL283, PHE264, and ALA286 residues in the tyrosinase binding pocket, and this likely contributes to its inhibitory effect on tyrosinase. Consistently, Lineweaver-Burk and Cornish-Bowden plots showed that BMN11 is a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase. We concluded that BMN11 may be a novel tyrosinase inhibitor that could be used in cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonggi Lee
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Dong-gu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kyoung Mi Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Dong-gu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jong Seung Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeojin Park
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hyun Kim
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Son
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Oh Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hyun Kim
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Wung Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin An
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Pusoon Chun
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Arnold Y Seo
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Huge Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Ju-Hye Yang
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Dong-gu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Bong-Seon Lee
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Dong-gu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Dong-gu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Won-Kyung Cho
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Dong-gu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyung Ryong Moon
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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24
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Suthar SK, Bansal S, Narkhede N, Guleria M, Alex AT, Joseph A. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Oxindole-Based Chalcones as Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Melanogenic Tyrosinase. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2017; 65:833-839. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c17-00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharad Kumar Suthar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Sumit Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Niteen Narkhede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Manju Guleria
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University
| | - Angel Treasa Alex
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Alex Joseph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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Al-Amin M, Cao J, Naeem M, Banna H, Kim MS, Jung Y, Chung HY, Moon HR, Yoo JW. Increased therapeutic efficacy of a newly synthesized tyrosinase inhibitor by solid lipid nanoparticles in the topical treatment of hyperpigmentation. Drug Des Devel Ther 2016; 10:3947-3957. [PMID: 27980392 PMCID: PMC5144896 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s123759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperpigmentation caused by melanin overproduction is a major skin disorder in humans. Inhibition of tyrosinase, a key regulator of melanin production, has been used as an effective strategy to treat hyperpigmentation. In this study, we investigated the use of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) as a highly effective and nontoxic means to deliver a newly synthesized potent tyrosinase inhibitor, MHY498, and to target melanocytes through the skin. MHY498-loaded SLNs (MHY-SLNs) were prepared by an oil-in-water emulsion solvent-evaporation method, and their morphological and physicochemical properties were characterized. MHY-SLNs showed a prolonged drug-release profile and higher skin permeation than that of MHY solution. In an in vivo evaluation of antimelanogenic activity, MHY-SLNs showed a prominent inhibitory effect against ultraviolet B-induced melanogenesis, resulting in no change in the skin color of C57BL/6 mouse, compared with that observed in an MHY solution-treated group and an untreated control group. The antimelanogenic effect of MHY-SLNs was further confirmed through Fontana-Masson staining. Importantly, MHY-SLNs did not induce any toxic effects in the L929 cell line. Overall, these data indicate that MHY-SLNs show promise in the topical treatment of hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Al-Amin
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jiafu Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Muhammad Naeem
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hasanul Banna
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Yunjin Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hyung Ryong Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jin-Wook Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
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Gheibi N, Hosseini Zavareh S, Rezaei Behbahani GR, Haghbeen K, Sirati-sabet M, Ilghari D, Goodarzvand Chegini K. Comprehensive kinetic and structural studies of different flavonoids inhibiting diphenolase activity of mushroom tyrosinase. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683816030054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Choi J, Choi KE, Park SJ, Kim SY, Jee JG. Ensemble-Based Virtual Screening Led to the Discovery of New Classes of Potent Tyrosinase Inhibitors. J Chem Inf Model 2016; 56:354-67. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.5b00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joonhyeok Choi
- Research
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Eun Choi
- Research
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jean Park
- College
of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- College
of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Goo Jee
- Research
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
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Son S, Kim H, Yun HY, Kim DH, Ullah S, Kim SJ, Kim YJ, Kim MS, Yoo JW, Chun P, Moon HR. (E)-2-Cyano-3-(substituted phenyl)acrylamide analogs as potent inhibitors of tyrosinase: A linear β-phenyl-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:7728-34. [PMID: 26631438 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we synthesized (E)-2-cyano-3-(substituted phenyl)acrylamide (CPA) derivatives which possess a linear β-phenyl-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl scaffold and examined their inhibitory activities against tyrosinase. CPA analogs exerted inhibitory activity against mushroom tyrosinase. Results from the docking simulation indicated that CPA2 could bind directly to the active site of mushroom tyrosinase and the binding affinity of CPA2 for tyrosinase might be higher than that of kojic acid, a well-known potent tyrosinase inhibitor. In B16F10 cells, CPA2 significantly suppressed tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. At the concentration of 25μM, CPA2 exhibited tyrosinase inhibitory activity comparable to that of kojic acid with no cytotoxic effect. Results from the present study suggest that CPA2 bearing a linear β-phenyl-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl scaffold may be the potential candidate for treatment of diseases associated with hyperpigmentation and that a linear β-phenyl-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl scaffold might be closely related to potent tyrosinase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Son
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Haewon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwi Young Yun
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Sultan Ullah
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Jeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Wook Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Pusoon Chun
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyung Ryong Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea.
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Yun HY, Kim DH, Son S, Ullah S, Kim SJ, Kim YJ, Yoo JW, Jung Y, Chun P, Moon HR. Design, synthesis, and anti-melanogenic effects of (E)-2-benzoyl-3-(substituted phenyl)acrylonitriles. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:4259-68. [PMID: 26347064 PMCID: PMC4531033 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s89976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Tyrosinase is the most prominent target for inhibitors of hyperpigmentation because it plays a critical role in melaninogenesis. Although many tyrosinase inhibitors have been identified, from both natural and synthetic sources, there remains a considerable demand for novel tyrosinase inhibitors that are safer and more effective. Methods (E)-2-Benzoyl-3-(substituted phenyl)acrylonitriles (BPA analogs) with a linear β-phenyl-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl scaffold were designed and synthesized as potential tyrosinase inhibitors. We evaluated their effects on cellular tyrosinase activity and melanin biosynthesis in murine B16F10 melanoma cells and their ability to inhibit mushroom tyrosinase activity. Results BPA analogs exhibited inhibitory activity against mushroom tyrosinase. In particular, BPA13 significantly suppressed melanin biosynthesis and inhibited cellular tyrosinase activity in B16F10 cells in a dose-dependent manner. A docking study revealed that BPA13 had higher binding affinity for tyrosinase than kojic acid. Conclusion BPA13, which possesses a linear β-phenyl-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl scaffold, is a potential candidate skin-whitening agent and treatment for diseases associated with hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwi Young Yun
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Son
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sultan Ullah
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Jeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Wook Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunjin Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Pusoon Chun
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Ryong Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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AlTarabeen M, Hassan Aly A, Perez Hemphill CF, Rasheed M, Wray V, Proksch P. New nitrogenous compounds from a Red Sea sponge from the Gulf of Aqaba. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 70:75-8. [DOI: 10.1515/znc-2014-4197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Chemical investigation of an unknown marine sponge, which was collected in the Gulf of Aqaba (Jordan), afforded a new brominated alkaloid 3-amino-1-(2-amino-4-bromophenyl)propan-1-one (1), as well as 7-bromoquinolin-4(1H)-one (2) which had previously only been reported as a synthetic compound. In addition, caulerpin (6), previously only known to be produced by algae, was likewise isolated. Furthermore, three known alkaloids including (Z)-5-(4-hydroxybenzylidene)-hydantoin, (Z)-6-bromo-3′-deimino-2′,4′-bis(demethyl)-3′-oxoaplysinopsin, and 6-bromoindole-3-carbaldehyde (3–5), were also obtained. All compounds were unambiguously elucidated based on extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, LCMS, as well as by comparison with the literature and tested for their cytotoxic activity toward the mouse lymphoma cell line L5178Y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousa AlTarabeen
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Geb.26.23, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Amal Hassan Aly
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Geb.26.23, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Catalina Francis Perez Hemphill
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Geb.26.23, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mohammed Rasheed
- Marine Science Station, University of Jordan and Yarmouk University, 77110 Aqaba, Jordan
| | - Victor Wray
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter Proksch
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Geb.26.23, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Abstract
Tyrosinase plays a pivotal role in the synthesis of melanin pigment synthesis on skin utilizing tyrosine as a substrate. Melanin is responsible for the protection against harmful ultraviolet irradiation, which can cause significant pathological conditions, such as skin cancers. However, it can also create esthetic problems when accumulated as hyperpigmented spots. Various skin-whitening ingredients which inhibit tyrosinase activity have been identified. Some of them, especially ones with natural product origins, possess phenolic moiety and have been employed in cosmetic products. Semi-synthetic and synthetic inhibitors have also been developed under inspiration of the natural inhibitors yet some of which have no phenolic groups. In this review, tyrosinase inhibitors with natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic origins are listed up with their structures, activities and characteristics. Further, a recent report on the adverse effect of a natural melanin synthesis inhibitor which was included in skin-whitening cosmetics is also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Yeul Lee
- a Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology , Hanyang University , Ansan , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Namhuk Baek
- a Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology , Hanyang University , Ansan , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Tae-gyu Nam
- a Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology , Hanyang University , Ansan , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
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Safari J, Javadian L. Chitosan decorated Fe3O4nanoparticles as a magnetic catalyst in the synthesis of phenytoin derivatives. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra06618a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Suthar SK, Aggarwal V, Chauhan M, Sharma A, Bansal S, Sharma M. Molecular docking and biological evaluation of hydroxy-substituted (Z)-3-benzylideneindolin-2-one chalcones for the lead identification as tyrosinase inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1225-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Mendes E, Perry MDJ, Francisco AP. Design and discovery of mushroom tyrosinase inhibitors and their therapeutic applications. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:533-54. [PMID: 24708040 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.907789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tyrosinase inhibitors could have a huge importance in medicine, cosmetics and agriculture. Although many tyrosinase inhibitors are available, they have demonstrated only mild efficacy and safety concerns. This has led to the discovery of novel tyrosinase inhibitors that are more safe, potent and efficacious. AREAS COVERED The authors provide an overview of the recent scientific accounts describing the design of new molecules. These compounds belong to different chemical families. The review emphasizes the rationale behind the discovery, the study of structure-activity relationships, the study of the mechanism and kinetic of inhibition and the cellular effect of the inhibitors. The article is based on the literature published from 2007 onward related with the development of synthetic tyrosinase inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION Although a great number of tyrosinase inhibitors have been published in the literature, none, as of yet, have reached the potency and safety requirements needed to enter clinical trials. The emergence of new in vitro and in vivo tests will finally allow the arrival of new compounds that are more potent and safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda Mendes
- Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Department of Toxicological and Bromatological Sciences , Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa , Portugal
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Kim HR, Lee HJ, Choi YJ, Park YJ, Woo Y, Kim SJ, Park MH, Lee HW, Chun P, Chung HY, Moon HR. Benzylidene-linked thiohydantoin derivatives as inhibitors of tyrosinase and melanogenesis: importance of the β-phenyl-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl functionality. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00171k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The “β-phenyl-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl” group might serve as a key pharmacophore for high tyrosinase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Rim Kim
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA)
- College of Pharmacy
- Pusan National University
- Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Lee
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA)
- College of Pharmacy
- Pusan National University
- Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Ja Choi
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA)
- College of Pharmacy
- Pusan National University
- Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Jung Park
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA)
- College of Pharmacy
- Pusan National University
- Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngwoo Woo
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA)
- College of Pharmacy
- Pusan National University
- Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Jin Kim
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA)
- College of Pharmacy
- Pusan National University
- Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hi Park
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA)
- College of Pharmacy
- Pusan National University
- Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Won Lee
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA)
- College of Pharmacy
- Pusan National University
- Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Pusoon Chun
- College of Pharmacy
- Inje University
- Gimhae, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA)
- College of Pharmacy
- Pusan National University
- Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Ryong Moon
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA)
- College of Pharmacy
- Pusan National University
- Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
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Chen XX, Zhang J, Chai WM, Feng HL, Xiang ZH, Shen DY, Chen QX. Reversible and competitive inhibitory kinetics of amoxicillin on mushroom tyrosinase. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 62:726-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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De novo tyrosinase inhibitor: 4-(6,7-Dihydro-5H-indeno[5,6-d]thiazol-2-yl)benzene-1,3-diol (MHY1556). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4172-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Anti-melanogenic effect of (Z)-5-(2,4-dihydroxybenzylidene) thiazolidine-2,4-dione, a novel tyrosinase inhibitor. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 36:1189-97. [PMID: 23812774 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized (Z)-5-(2,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (MHY498) as a potential tyrosinase inhibitor. MHY498 potently inhibited mushroom tyrosinase activity (mean IC50 = 3.55 μM) in a dose-dependent manner. MHY498 was more potent than the well-known tyrosinase inhibitor, kojic acid (mean IC50 = 22.79 μM). When tested in B16F10 melanoma cells treated with α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), MHY498 inhibited murine tyrosinase activity and decreased melanin production without inducing cytotoxicity. Docking models showed that the binding affinity of MHY498 to tyrosinase was higher than that of kojic acid, and docking simulation results indicated that the tyrosinase binding moieties of MHY498 and kojic acid were similar. Western blotting showed that tyrosinase inhibition by MHY498 partly resulted from the expressional modulations of tyrosinase and its transcription factor, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, via the cAMP-PKA-CREB pathway. These findings suggest that MHY498 could be useful as an antimelanogenic agent for the prevention and treatment of diseases associated with skin pigmentation.
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Chung KW, Jeong HO, Jang EJ, Choi YJ, Kim DH, Kim SR, Lee KJ, Lee HJ, Chun P, Byun Y, Moon HR, Chung HY. Characterization of a small molecule inhibitor of melanogenesis that inhibits tyrosinase activity and scavenges nitric oxide (NO). Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:4752-61. [PMID: 23769841 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive melanin production and accumulation are characteristics of a large number of skin diseases, including melasma, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. During our on-going search for new agents with an inhibitory effect on tyrosinase, we synthesized a new type of tyrosinase inhibitor, 4-(thiazolidin-2-yl)benzene-1,2-diol (MHY-794), which directly inhibits mushroom tyrosinase. METHODS The inhibitory effect of MHY-794 on tyrosinase activity and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity was evaluated in cell free system. Additional experiments were performed using B16F10 melanoma cells to demonstrate the effects of MHY-794 in vitro. HRM2 hairless mice were used to evaluate anti-melanogenic effects of MHY-794 in vivo. RESULTS MHY-794 effectively inhibited mushroom tyrosinase activity in cell free system. In silico docking simulation also supported the inhibitory effects of MHY-794 on mushroom tyrosinase. MHY-794 also proved to be effective at scavenging nitric oxide (NO), which serves as an important modulator in the melanogenesis signaling pathway. In addition, MHY-794 effectively inhibited SNP (NO donor)-induced melanogenesis by directly inhibiting tyrosinase and diminishing NO-mediated melanogenesis signaling in B16 melanoma cells. The anti-melanogenic effects of MHY-794 were further confirmed in HRM2 hairless mice. Ultraviolet light (UV) significantly up-regulated NO-mediated melanogenesis signaling in HRM2 hairless mice, but MHY-794 effectively inhibited both melanogenesis and diminished UV-induced NO-signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that MHY-794 is highly effective at inhibiting NO-mediated melanogenesis in vitro and in vivo by direct NO scavenging and directly inhibiting tyrosinase activity, and suggest that MHY-794 be considered a new developmental candidate for the treatment of hyper-pigmentation disorders. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE MHY-794, which showed great efficacy on NO-mediated melanogenesis by direct NO scavenging as well as direct inhibition of tyrosinase catalytic activity, might be utilized for the development of a new candidate for treatment of the hyper-pigmentation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Wung Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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A novel synthesized tyrosinase inhibitor: (E)-2-((2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)diazenyl)phenyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate as an azo-resveratrol analog. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2013; 77:65-72. [PMID: 23291747 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized a novel series of (E)-2-((substituted phenyl)diazenyl)phenyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate derivatives (2 and 3) and (E)-2-((substituted phenyl)diazenyl)phenol derivatives (4 and 5), and conducted an evaluation in order to determine their inhibitory effects on mushroom tyrosinase, with the aim of discovering a tyrosinase inhibitor. Most of the compounds (3-5) exhibited higher inhibitory effects than kojic acid (IC(50) = 49.08 µM), a representative tyrosinase inhibitor. A novel synthesized compound, (E)-2-((2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)diazenyl)phenyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate (3), showed the best results with an IC(50) of 17.85 µM, and showed competitive inhibition on Lineweaver-Burk plots, as further confirmed by the docking results. In addition, active compounds 3-5 were not cytotoxic to cultured B16F10 cells at the concentrations tested, and inhibited both tyrosinase and melanin synthesis. Therefore the active compounds (3-5) might be considered excellent candidates for use in the development of therapeutic agents for diseases associated with hyperpigmentation.
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Ha YM, Lee HJ, Park D, Jeong HO, Park JY, Park YJ, Lee KJ, Lee JY, Moon HR, Chung HY. Molecular Docking Studies of (1 E,3 E,5 E)-1,6-Bis(substituted phenyl)hexa-1,3,5-triene and 1,4-Bis(substituted trans-styryl)benzene Analogs as Novel Tyrosinase Inhibitors. Biol Pharm Bull 2013; 36:55-65. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b12-00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young Mi Ha
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University
| | - Hye Jin Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University
| | - Daeui Park
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University
| | - Hyoung Oh Jeong
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University
| | - Ji Young Park
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University
| | - Yun Jung Park
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University
| | - Kyung Jin Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University
| | - Ji Yeon Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University
| | - Hyung Ryong Moon
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University
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Synthesis and Preliminary In Vitro Biological Evaluation of 5-Chloro-2-(Substituted Phenyl)Benzo[d]Thiazole Derivatives Designed As Novel Antimelanogenesis Agents. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 168:1416-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9867-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Inhibitory effects of naphthols on the activity of mushroom tyrosinase. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 51:32-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Loizzo MR, Tundis R, Menichini F. Natural and Synthetic Tyrosinase Inhibitors as Antibrowning Agents: An Update. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2012.00191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Chung KW, Park YJ, Choi YJ, Park MH, Ha YM, Uehara Y, Yoon JH, Chun P, Moon HR, Chung HY. Evaluation of in vitro and in vivo anti-melanogenic activity of a newly synthesized strong tyrosinase inhibitor (E)-3-(2,4 dihydroxybenzylidene)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (3-DBP). Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:962-9. [PMID: 22498140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tyrosinase inhibitors have become increasingly important because of their ability to inhibit the synthesis of the pigment melanin. A search for new agents with strong tyrosinase activity led to the synthesis of the tyrosinase inhibitor (E)-3-(2,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (3-DBP). METHODS The inhibitory effect of 3-DBP on tyrosinase activity and melanin production was examined in murine melanoma B16F10 cells. Additional experiments were performed using HRM2 hairless mice to demonstrate the effects of 3-DBP in vivo. RESULTS The novel compound, 3-DBP, showed an inhibitory effect against mushroom tyrosinase (IC50=0.53 μM), which indicated that it was more potent than the well-known tyrosinase inhibitor kojic acid (IC50=8.2 μM). When tested in B16F10 melanoma cells treated with α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), 3-DBP also inhibited murine tyrosinase activity, which in turn induced a decrease in melanin production in these cells. The anti-melanogenic effect of 3-DBP was further verified in HRM2 hairless mice. The skin-whitening index (L value) of HRM2 hairless mice treated with 3-DBP before irradiation with UVB was greater than that of UVB-irradiated mice that were not treated with 3-DBP. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The newly synthesized 3-DBP has a potent inhibitory effect on tyrosinase. In addition to an in vitro investigation of the effects of 3-DBP on tyrosinase, in vivo studies using an HRM2 hairless mouse model demonstrated the anti-melanogenic potency of 3-DBP. Our newly synthesized 3-DBP showed efficient tyrosinase inhibitory effect in vivo and in vitro. Our finding suggests that 3-DBP can be an effective skin-whitening agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Wung Chung
- MRCA, Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
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Ha YM, Park YJ, Kim JA, Park D, Park JY, Lee HJ, Lee JY, Moon HR, Chung HY. Design and synthesis of 5-(substituted benzylidene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives as novel tyrosinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 49:245-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Han YK, Park YJ, Ha YM, Park D, Lee JY, Lee N, Yoon JH, Moon HR, Chung HY. Characterization of a novel tyrosinase inhibitor, (2RS,4R)-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (MHY384). Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:542-9. [PMID: 22251576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We synthesized (2RS,4R)-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (MHY384) as a potential tyrosinase inhibitor and investigated its antityrosinase activity. METHODS The structure of MHY384 was established using (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy and mass spectral analyses. To investigate dual mechanisms of action of MHY384 for the inhibition of melanin synthesis, we confirmed the inhibitory effect of tyrosinase catalytic activity of MHY384. Then, we confirmed the inhibitory effect of MHY384 on transcription of tyrosinase mRNA through alpha-MSH-induced cAMP-PKA-MITF signaling. In addition, we supported the inhibitory mechanism of MHY384 against tyrosinase using a kinetic study and docking programs. RESULTS To determine how MHY384 regulates melanogenesis, we measured melanin levels and expression of the genes for microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase in α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced B16F10 melanoma cells. MHY384 potently inhibited tyrosinase activity and melanin production in B16F10 melanoma cells. Through docking models, we were able to construct the tertiary structure of mushroom tyrosinase and simulate its docking with MHY384. The result supports that MHY384 strongly interacts with tyrosinase residues in the active site and it can directly inhibit tyrosinase. To investigate additional mechanisms of action of MHY384, we confirmed that the inhibition of tyrosinase activity was found to be due to the modulation of the expression of tyrosinase and its transcription factor, MITF, through cAMP, which regulates protein kinase A. CONCLUSIONS This study strongly indicates that the depigmenting effect of MHY384 results from the down-regulation of MITF and tyrosinase through direct tyrosinase inhibition. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our findings suggest that MHY384 can be an effective skin-whitening agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kyeong Han
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
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