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Schwantes A, Wickert A, Becker S, Baer PC, Weigert A, Brüne B, Fuhrmann DC. Tumor associated macrophages transfer ceruloplasmin mRNA to fibrosarcoma cells and protect them from ferroptosis. Redox Biol 2024; 71:103093. [PMID: 38382185 PMCID: PMC10900931 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors are characterized by hypoxic areas, which are prone for macrophage infiltration. Once infiltrated, macrophages polarize to tumor associated macrophages (TAM) to support tumor progression. Therefore, the crosstalk between TAMs and tumor cells is of current interest for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. These may comprise induction of an iron- and lipid peroxidation-dependent form of cell death, known as ferroptosis. To study the macrophage - tumor cell crosstalk we polarized primary human macrophages towards a TAM-like phenotype, co-cultured them with HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells, and analyzed the tumor cell response to ferroptosis induction. In TAMs the expression of ceruloplasmin mRNA increased, which was driven by hypoxia inducible factor 2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1. Subsequently, ceruloplasmin mRNA was transferred from TAMs to HT1080 cells via extracellular vesicles. In tumor cells, mRNA was translated into protein to protect HT1080 cells from RSL3-induced ferroptosis. Mechanistically this was based on reduced iron abundance and lipid peroxidation. Interestingly, in naïve macrophages also hypoxia induced ceruloplasmin under hypoxia and a co-culture of HT1080 cells with hypoxic macrophages recapitulated the protective effect observed in TAM co-cultures. In conclusion, TAMs provoke tumor cells to release iron and thereby protect them from lipid peroxidation/ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schwantes
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anja Wickert
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sabrina Becker
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Patrick C Baer
- Department of Internal Medicine 4, Nephrology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dominik C Fuhrmann
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
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2
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LeVine SM. Exploring Potential Mechanisms Accounting for Iron Accumulation in the Central Nervous System of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2024; 13:689. [PMID: 38667304 PMCID: PMC11049304 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of iron occur in both cortical and subcortical regions of the CNS in patients with Alzheimer's disease. This accumulation is present early in the disease process as well as in more advanced stages. The factors potentially accounting for this increase are numerous, including: (1) Cells increase their uptake of iron and reduce their export of iron, as iron becomes sequestered (trapped within the lysosome, bound to amyloid β or tau, etc.); (2) metabolic disturbances, such as insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction, disrupt cellular iron homeostasis; (3) inflammation, glutamate excitotoxicity, or other pathological disturbances (loss of neuronal interconnections, soluble amyloid β, etc.) trigger cells to acquire iron; and (4) following neurodegeneration, iron becomes trapped within microglia. Some of these mechanisms are also present in other neurological disorders and can also begin early in the disease course, indicating that iron accumulation is a relatively common event in neurological conditions. In response to pathogenic processes, the directed cellular efforts that contribute to iron buildup reflect the importance of correcting a functional iron deficiency to support essential biochemical processes. In other words, cells prioritize correcting an insufficiency of available iron while tolerating deposited iron. An analysis of the mechanisms accounting for iron accumulation in Alzheimer's disease, and in other relevant neurological conditions, is put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M LeVine
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Mail Stop 3043, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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3
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Karpenko MN, Muruzheva ZM, Ilyechova EY, Babich PS, Puchkova LV. Abnormalities in Copper Status Associated with an Elevated Risk of Parkinson's Phenotype Development. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1654. [PMID: 37759957 PMCID: PMC10525645 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last 15 years, among the many reasons given for the development of idiopathic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD), copper imbalance has been identified as a factor, and PD is often referred to as a copper-mediated disorder. More than 640 papers have been devoted to the relationship between PD and copper status in the blood, which include the following markers: total copper concentration, enzymatic ceruloplasmin (Cp) concentration, Cp protein level, and non-ceruloplasmin copper level. Most studies measure only one of these markers. Therefore, the existence of a correlation between copper status and the development of PD is still debated. Based on data from the published literature, meta-analysis, and our own research, it is clear that there is a connection between the development of PD symptoms and the number of copper atoms, which are weakly associated with the ceruloplasmin molecule. In this work, the link between the risk of developing PD and various inborn errors related to copper metabolism, leading to decreased levels of oxidase ceruloplasmin in the circulation and cerebrospinal fluid, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina N. Karpenko
- I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.N.K.); (Z.M.M.)
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Zamira M. Muruzheva
- I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.N.K.); (Z.M.M.)
- State Budgetary Institution of Health Care “Leningrad Regional Clinical Hospital”, 194291 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Yu. Ilyechova
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- Research Center of Advanced Functional Materials and Laser Communication Systems, ADTS Institute, ITMO University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Polina S. Babich
- Department of Zoology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, 191186 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Ludmila V. Puchkova
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- Research Center of Advanced Functional Materials and Laser Communication Systems, ADTS Institute, ITMO University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Baringer SL, Palsa K, Spiegelman VS, Simpson IA, Connor JR. Apo- and holo-transferrin differentially interact with hephaestin and ferroportin in a novel mechanism of cellular iron release regulation. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:36. [PMID: 37277838 PMCID: PMC10243088 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00934-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apo- (iron free) and holo- (iron bound) transferrin (Tf) participate in precise regulation of brain iron uptake at endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier. Apo-Tf indicates an iron-deficient environment and stimulates iron release, while holo-Tf indicates an iron sufficient environment and suppresses additional iron release. Free iron is exported through ferroportin, with hephaestin as an aid to the process. Until now, the molecular mechanisms of apo- and holo-Tf influence on iron release was largely unknown. METHODS Here we use a variety of cell culture techniques, including co-immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assay, in iPSC-derived endothelial cells and HEK 293 cells to investigate the mechanism by which apo- and holo-Tf influence cellular iron release. Given the established role of hepcidin in regulating cellular iron release, we further explored the relationship of hepcidin to transferrin in this model. RESULTS We demonstrate that holo-Tf induces the internalization of ferroportin through the established ferroportin degradation pathway. Furthermore, holo-Tf directly interacts with ferroportin, whereas apo-Tf directly interacts with hephaestin. Only pathophysiological levels of hepcidin disrupt the interaction between holo-Tf and ferroportin, but similar hepcidin levels are unable to interfere with the interaction between apo-Tf and hephaestin. The disruption of the holo-Tf and ferroportin interaction by hepcidin is due to hepcidin's ability to more rapidly internalize ferroportin compared to holo-Tf. CONCLUSIONS These novel findings provide a molecular mechanism for apo- and holo-Tf regulation of iron release from endothelial cells. They further demonstrate how hepcidin impacts these protein-protein interactions, and offer a model for how holo-Tf and hepcidin cooperate to suppress iron release. These results expand on our previous reports on mechanisms mediating regulation of brain iron uptake to provide a more thorough understanding of the regulatory mechanisms mediating cellular iron release in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Baringer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Kondaiah Palsa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | | | - Ian A Simpson
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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Gallego-Murillo JS, Yağcı N, Pinho EM, Wahl SA, van den Akker E, von Lindern M. Iron-loaded deferiprone can support full hemoglobinization of cultured red blood cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6960. [PMID: 37117329 PMCID: PMC10147612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32706-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron, supplemented as iron-loaded transferrin (holotransferrin), is an essential nutrient in mammalian cell cultures, particularly for erythroid cultures. The high cost of human transferrin represents a challenge for large scale production of red blood cells (RBCs) and for cell therapies in general. We evaluated the use of deferiprone, a cell membrane-permeable drug for iron chelation therapy, as an iron carrier for erythroid cultures. Iron-loaded deferiprone (Def3·Fe3+, at 52 µmol/L) could eliminate the need for holotransferrin supplementation during in vitro expansion and differentiation of erythroblast cultures to produce large numbers of enucleated RBC. Only the first stage, when hematopoietic stem cells committed to erythroblasts, required holotransferrin supplementation. RBCs cultured in presence of Def3·Fe3+ or holotransferrin (1000 µg/mL) were similar with respect to differentiation kinetics, expression of cell-surface markers CD235a and CD49d, hemoglobin content, and oxygen association/dissociation. Replacement of holotransferrin supplementation by Def3·Fe3+ was also successful in cultures of myeloid cell lines (MOLM13, NB4, EOL1, K562, HL60, ML2). Thus, iron-loaded deferiprone can partially replace holotransferrin as a supplement in chemically defined cell culture medium. This holds promise for a significant decrease in medium cost and improved economic perspectives of the large scale production of red blood cells for transfusion purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Sebastián Gallego-Murillo
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- Meatable, Alexander Fleminglaan 1, 2613AX, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Nurcan Yağcı
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eduardo Machado Pinho
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sebastian Aljoscha Wahl
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- Lehrstuhl Für Bioverfahrenstechnik, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. 3, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Emile van den Akker
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke von Lindern
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Investigations of cellular copper metabolism in ovarian cancer cells using a ratiometric fluorescent copper dye. J Biol Inorg Chem 2023; 28:43-55. [PMID: 36469143 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-022-01978-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Imbalances in metal homeostasis have been implicated in the progression and drug response of cancer cells. Understanding these changes will enable identification of new treatment regimes and precision medicine approaches to cancer treatment. In particular, there has been considerable interest in the interplay between copper homeostasis and response to platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents. Here, we have studied differences in the Cu uptake and distributions in the ovarian cancer cell line, A2780, and its cisplatin resistant form, A2780.CisR, by measuring total Cu content and the bioavailable Cu pool. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) revealed a lower total Cu uptake in A2780.CisR compared to A2780 cells. Conversely, live-cell confocal microscopy studies with the ratiometric Cu(I)-sensitive fluorescent dye, InCCu1, revealed higher relative cellular content of labile Cu in A2780.CisR cells compared with A2780 cells. These results demonstrate that Cu trafficking, homeostasis and speciation are different in the Pt-sensitive and resistant cells and may be associated with the predominance of different phenotypes for A2780 (epithelial) and A2780.CisR (mesenchymal) cells.
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7
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Baringer S, Palsa K, Simpson IA, Connor JR. Apo- and holo- transferrin differentially interact with ferroportin and hephaestin to regulate iron release at the blood-brain barrier. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2429356. [PMID: 36711476 PMCID: PMC9882672 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2429356/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background : Apo- (iron free) and holo- (iron bound) transferrin (Tf) participate in precise regulation of brain iron uptake at endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier. Apo-Tf indicates an iron deficient environment and stimulates iron release, while holo-Tf indicates an iron sufficient environment and suppresses additional iron release. Free iron is exported through ferroportin, with hephaestin as an aid to the process. Until now, the molecular mechanism of apo- and holo-Tf's influence on iron release was largely unknown. Methods : Here we use a variety of cell culture techniques, including co-immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assay, in iPSC-derived endothelial cells and HEK 293 cells to investigate the mechanism of apo- and holo-Tf's influence over iron release. We placed our findings in physiological context by further deciphering how hepcidin played a role in this mechanism as well. Results : We demonstrate that holo-Tf induces the internalization of ferroportin through the established ferroportin degradation pathway. Furthermore, holo-Tf directly binds to ferroportin, whereas apo-Tf directly binds to hephaestin. Only pathological levels of hepcidin disrupt the interaction between holo-Tf and ferroportin, and no amount of hepcidin disrupts the interaction between apo-Tf and hephaestin. The disruption of the holo-Tf and ferroportin interaction by hepcidin is due to hepcidin's ability to rapidly internalize ferroportin compared to holo-Tf. Conclusions : These novel findings provide a molecular mechanism for apo- and holo-Tf regulation of iron release from endothelial cells. They further demonstrate how hepcidin impacts these protein-protein interactions, and offer a model for how holo-Tf and hepcidin corporate to suppress iron release. We have established a more thorough understanding of the mechanisms behind iron release regulation with great clinical impact for a variety of neurological conditions in which iron release is dysregulated.
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8
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Baringer SL, Palsa K, Simpson IA, Connor JR. Apo- and holo- transferrin differentially interact with ferroportin and hephaestin to regulate iron release at the blood-brain barrier. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.10.522344. [PMID: 36712094 PMCID: PMC9882075 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.10.522344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Apo- (iron free) and holo- (iron bound) transferrin (Tf) participate in precise regulation of brain iron uptake at endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier. Apo-Tf indicates an iron deficient environment and stimulates iron release, while holo-Tf indicates an iron sufficient environment and suppresses additional iron release. Free iron is exported through ferroportin, with hephaestin as an aid to the process. Until now, the molecular mechanism of apo- and holo-Tf's influence on iron release was largely unknown. Methods Here we use a variety of cell culture techniques, including co-immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assay, in iPSC-derived endothelial cells and HEK 293 cells to investigate the mechanism of apo- and holo-Tf's influence over iron release. We placed our findings in physiological context by further deciphering how hepcidin played a role in this mechanism as well. Results We demonstrate that holo-Tf induces the internalization of ferroportin through the established ferroportin degradation pathway. Furthermore, holo-Tf directly binds to ferroportin, whereas apo-Tf directly binds to hephaestin. Only pathological levels of hepcidin disrupt the interaction between holo-Tf and ferroportin, and no amount of hepcidin disrupts the interaction between apo-Tf and hephaestin. The disruption of the holo-Tf and ferroportin interaction by hepcidin is due to hepcidin's ability to rapidly internalize ferroportin compared to holo-Tf. Conclusions These novel findings provide a molecular mechanism for apo- and holo-Tf regulation of iron release from endothelial cells. They further demonstrate how hepcidin impacts these protein-protein interactions, and offer a model for how holo-Tf and hepcidin corporate to suppress iron release. We have established a more thorough understanding of the mechanisms behind iron release regulation with great clinical impact for a variety of neurological conditions in which iron release is dysregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kondaiah Palsa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Ian A. Simpson
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - James R. Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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The Emerging Role of Ferroptosis in Liver Cancers. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12122128. [PMID: 36556493 PMCID: PMC9788082 DOI: 10.3390/life12122128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer represents a global health challenge with worldwide growth. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer. Indeed, approximately 90% of HCC cases have a low survival rate. Moreover, cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is another malignant solid tumor originating from cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells of the biliary system. It is the second-most common primary liver tumor, with an increasing course in morbidity and mortality. Tumor cells always show high metabolic levels, antioxidant modifications, and an increased iron uptake to maintain unlimited growth. In recent years, alterations in iron metabolism have been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of HCC. Several findings show that a diet rich in iron can enhance HCC risk. Hence, elevated iron concentration inside the cell may promote the development of HCC. Growing evidence sustains that activating ferroptosis may potentially block the proliferation of HCC cells. Even in CC, it has been shown that ferroptosis plays a crucial role in the treatment of tumors. Several data confirmed the inhibitory effect in cell growth of photodynamic therapy (PDT) that can induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in CC, leading to an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and a decrease in intracellular glutathione (GSH). MDA and GSH depletion/modulation are crucial in inducing ferroptosis, suggesting that PDT may have the potential to induce this kind of cell death through these ways. A selective induction of programmed cell death in cancer cells is one of the main treatments for malignant tumors; thus, ferroptosis may represent a novel therapeutic strategy against HCC and CC.
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de Oliveira J, Denadai MB, Costa DL. Crosstalk between Heme Oxygenase-1 and Iron Metabolism in Macrophages: Implications for the Modulation of Inflammation and Immunity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:861. [PMID: 35624725 PMCID: PMC9137896 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of heme, releasing equimolar amounts of carbon monoxide (CO), biliverdin (BV), and iron. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of HO-1 activity are conferred in part by the release of CO and BV and are extensively characterized. However, iron constitutes an important product of HO-1 activity involved in the regulation of several cellular biological processes. The macrophage-mediated recycling of heme molecules, in particular those contained in hemoglobin, constitutes the major mechanism through which living organisms acquire iron. This process is finely regulated by the activities of HO-1 and of the iron exporter protein ferroportin. The expression of both proteins can be induced or suppressed in response to pro- and anti-inflammatory stimuli in macrophages from different tissues, which alters the intracellular iron concentrations of these cells. As we discuss in this review article, changes in intracellular iron levels play important roles in the regulation of cellular oxidation reactions as well as in the transcriptional and translational regulation of the expression of proteins related to inflammation and immune responses, and therefore, iron metabolism represents a potential target for the development of novel therapeutic strategies focused on the modulation of immunity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseana de Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, Brazil; (J.d.O.); (M.B.D.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Marina B. Denadai
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, Brazil; (J.d.O.); (M.B.D.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Diego L. Costa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, Brazil; (J.d.O.); (M.B.D.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, Brazil
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11
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Silva AM, Moniz T, de Castro B, Rangel M. Human transferrin: An inorganic biochemistry perspective. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Sakajiri T, Nakatsuji M, Teraoka Y, Furuta K, Ikuta K, Shibusa K, Sugano E, Tomita H, Inui T, Yamamura T. Zinc mediates the interaction between ceruloplasmin and apo-transferrin for the efficient transfer of Fe(III) ions. Metallomics 2021; 13:6427378. [PMID: 34791391 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfab065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Fe(II) exported from cells is oxidized to Fe(III), possibly by a multi-copper ferroxidase (MCF) such as ceruloplasmin (CP), to efficiently bind with the plasma iron transport protein transferrin (TF). As unbound Fe(III) is highly insoluble and reactive, its release into the blood during the transfer from MCF to TF must be prevented. A likely mechanism for preventing the release of unbound Fe(III) is via direct interaction between MCF and TF; however, the occurrence of this phenomenon remains controversial. This study aimed to reveal the interaction between these proteins, possibly mediated by zinc. Using spectrophotometric, isothermal titration calorimetric, and surface plasmon resonance methods, we found that Zn(II)-bound CP bound to iron-free TF (apo-TF) with a Kd of 4.2 μM and a stoichiometry CP:TF of ∼2:1. Computational modeling of the complex between CP and apo-TF predicted that each of the three Zn(II) ions that bind to CP further binds to acidic amino acid residues of apo-TF to play a role as a cross-linker connecting both proteins. Domain 4 of one CP molecule and domain 6 of the other CP molecule fit tightly into the clefts in the N- and C-lobes of apo-TF, respectively. Upon the binding of two Fe(III) ions to apo-TF, the resulting diferric TF [Fe(III)2TF] dissociated from CP by conformational changes in TF. In human blood plasma, zinc deficiency reduced the production of Fe(III)2TF and concomitantly increased the production of non-TF-bound iron. Our findings suggest that zinc may be involved in the transfer of iron between CP and TF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Sakajiri
- Laboratory of Biological Macromolecules, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.,Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, the University of Morioka, 808 Sunakomi, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0694, Japan.,Qualtec Co. Ltd., 4-230 Sambo-cho, Sakai, Osaka 590-0906, Japan.,Department of Nutrition, Kyushu Nutrition Welfare University, 5-1-1 Shimoitozu, Kitakyushu Kokurakita-ku, Fukuoka 803-0846, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nakatsuji
- Laboratory of Biological Macromolecules, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Teraoka
- Laboratory of Biological Macromolecules, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Kosuke Furuta
- Laboratory of Biological Macromolecules, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Katsuya Ikuta
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan.,Japanese Red Cross Hokkaido Blood Center, 2-1 Nijuyonken, Nishi-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 063-0802, Japan
| | - Kotoe Shibusa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan.,Hokkaido System Science Co., Ltd., 2-1 Shinkawa Nishi, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0932, Japan
| | - Eriko Sugano
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tomita
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan
| | - Takashi Inui
- Laboratory of Biological Macromolecules, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Takaki Yamamura
- Laboratory of Biological Macromolecules, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.,Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, the University of Morioka, 808 Sunakomi, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0694, Japan
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13
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Kuo MT, Huang YF, Chou CY, Chen HHW. Targeting the Copper Transport System to Improve Treatment Efficacies of Platinum-Containing Drugs in Cancer Chemotherapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14060549. [PMID: 34201235 PMCID: PMC8227247 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The platinum (Pt)-containing antitumor drugs including cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II, cDDP), carboplatin, and oxaliplatin, have been the mainstay of cancer chemotherapy. These drugs are effective in treating many human malignancies. The major cell-killing target of Pt drugs is DNA. Recent findings underscored the important roles of Pt drug transport system in cancer therapy. While many mechanisms have been proposed for Pt-drug transport, the high-affinity copper transporter (hCtr1), Cu chaperone (Atox1), and Cu exporters (ATP7A and ATP7B) are also involved in cDDP transport, highlighting Cu homeostasis regulation in Pt-based cancer therapy. It was demonstrated that by reducing cellular Cu bioavailable levels by Cu chelators, hCtr1 is transcriptionally upregulated by transcription factor Sp1, which binds the promoters of Sp1 and hCtr1. In contrast, elevated Cu poisons Sp1, resulting in suppression of hCtr1 and Sp1, constituting the Cu-Sp1-hCtr1 mutually regulatory loop. Clinical investigations using copper chelator (trientine) in carboplatin treatment have been conducted for overcoming Pt drug resistance due in part to defective transport. While results are encouraging, future development may include targeting multiple steps in Cu transport system for improving the efficacies of Pt-based cancer chemotherapy. The focus of this review is to delineate the mechanistic interrelationships between Cu homeostasis regulation and antitumor efficacy of Pt drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macus Tien Kuo
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Yu-Fang Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Yang Chou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.C.); (H.H.W.C.)
| | - Helen H. W. Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Center of Applied Nanomedicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.C.); (H.H.W.C.)
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14
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Ajsuvakova OP, Skalnaya MG, Michalke B, Tinkov AA, Serebryansky EP, Karganov MY, Medvedeva YS, Skalny AV. Alteration of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) tissue levels and speciation in rats with desferioxamine-induced iron deficiency. Biometals 2021; 34:923-936. [PMID: 34003408 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-021-00318-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of iron deficiency and iron replenishment on serum iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) speciation and tissue accumulation in a deferrioxamine-induced model of iron deficiency. A total of 26 male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control; Fe-deficient; Fe-replenished (with iron (II) gluconate). Serum ferritin and transferrin levels were assessed using immunoturbudimetric method. Liver, spleen, and serum metal levels were assessed using ICP-MS. Speciation analysis was performed using a hyphenated HPLC-ICP-MS technique. Desferrioxamine injections resulted in a significant decrease in tissue iron content that was reversed by Fe supplementation. Iron speciation revealed a significant increase in serum transferrin-bound iron and reduced ferritin-bound Fe levels. Serum but not tissue Cu levels were characterized by a significant decrease in hypoferremic rats, whereas ceruloplasmin-bound fraction tended to increase. At the same time, Zn levels were found to be higher in liver, spleen, and serum of Fe-deficient rats with a predominant increase in low molecular weight fraction.Both iron-deficient and iron-replenished rats were characteirzed by increased transferrin-bound Mn levels and reduced low-molecular weight fraction. Hypothetically, these differences may be associated with impaired Fe metabolism under Fe-deficient conditions predisposing to impairment of essential metal handling. However, further studies aimed at assessment of the impact on Fe deficiency on metal metabolism are highly required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga P Ajsuvakova
- Micronutrients Ltd, Moscow, Russia. .,Odintsovo Distr., All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Bolshie Vyazemy, Moscow reg, Russia. .,Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia.
| | | | - Bernhard Michalke
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia.,IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119146, Moscow, Russia.,Orenburg State University, Moscow, Russia.,K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Yulia S Medvedeva
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia.,IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119146, Moscow, Russia.,Orenburg State University, Moscow, Russia.,K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management, Moscow, Russia
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15
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Richard C, Verdier F. Transferrin Receptors in Erythropoiesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249713. [PMID: 33352721 PMCID: PMC7766611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoiesis is a highly dynamic process giving rise to red blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells present in the bone marrow. Red blood cells transport oxygen to tissues thanks to the hemoglobin comprised of α- and β-globin chains and of iron-containing hemes. Erythropoiesis is the most iron-consuming process to support hemoglobin production. Iron delivery is mediated via transferrin internalization by the endocytosis of transferrin receptor type 1 (TFR1), one of the most abundant membrane proteins of erythroblasts. A second transferrin receptor—TFR2—associates with the erythropoietin receptor and has been implicated in the regulation of erythropoiesis. In erythroblasts, both transferrin receptors adopt peculiarities such as an erythroid-specific regulation of TFR1 and a trafficking pathway reliant on TFR2 for iron. This review reports both trafficking and signaling functions of these receptors and reassesses the debated role of TFR2 in erythropoiesis in the light of recent findings. Potential therapeutic uses targeting the transferrin-TFR1 axis or TFR2 in hematological disorders are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrielle Richard
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, 75014 Paris, France;
- Laboratoire d’excellence GR-Ex, Université de Paris, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Verdier
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, 75014 Paris, France;
- Laboratoire d’excellence GR-Ex, Université de Paris, 75014 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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16
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The molecular mechanisms of copper metabolism and its roles in human diseases. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1415-1429. [PMID: 32506322 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02412-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Copper is an essential element in cells; it can act as either a recipient or a donor of electrons, participating in various reactions. However, an excess of copper ions in cells is detrimental as these copper ions can generate free radicals and increase oxidative stress. In multicellular organisms, copper metabolism involves uptake, distribution, sequestration, and excretion, at both the cellular and systemic levels. Mammalian enterocytes take in bioavailable copper ions from the diet in a Ctr1-dependent manner. After incorporation, cuprous ions are delivered to ATP7A, which pumps Cu+ from enterocytes into the blood. Copper ions arrive at the liver through the portal vein and are incorporated into hepatocytes by Ctr1. Then, Cu+ can be secreted into the bile or the blood via the Atox1/ATP7B/ceruloplasmin route. In the bloodstream, this micronutrient can reach peripheral tissues and is again incorporated by Ctr1. In peripheral tissue cells, cuprous ions are either sequestrated by molecules such as metallothioneins or targeted to utilization pathways by chaperons such as Atox1, Cox17, and CCS. Copper metabolism must be tightly controlled in order to achieve homeostasis and avoid disorders. A hereditary or acquired copper unbalance, including deficiency, overload, or misdistribution, may cause or aggravate certain diseases such as Menkes disease, Wilson disease, neurodegenerative diseases, anemia, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. A full understanding of copper metabolism and its roles in diseases underlies the identification of novel effective therapies for such diseases.
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17
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Diouf I, Bush AI, Ayton S. Cerebrospinal fluid ceruloplasmin levels predict cognitive decline and brain atrophy in people with underlying β-amyloid pathology. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 139:104810. [PMID: 32087292 PMCID: PMC7150625 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD) may involve oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Ceruloplasmin (Cp) is a circulating protein that intersects both these pathways, since its expression is increased during the acute phase response, and the protein acts to lower pro-oxidant iron in cells. Since the role of Cp in AD, and its potential for use as a biomarker is not established, we investigated CSF Cp and its association with longitudinal outcome measures related to AD. METHODS This was an observational study of 268 people from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging (ADNI) cohort. Subjects were classified clinically as having AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or were cognitively normal (CN), and were also classified as being positive for β-amyloid using established thresholds in the CSF t-tau/Aβ42 ratio. Subjects underwent cognitive tests and MRI studies every 6 months for 2 years, then yearly thereafter for up to 6 years. RESULTS At baseline, CSF Cp was not associated with clinical or pathological diagnosis, but we found an unexpected association between CSF Cp and levels of CSF apolipoprotein E. In longitudinal analysis, high level of CSF Cp was associated with accelerated cognitive decline (as assessed by ADAS-Cog, CDR-SB, and MMSE) and ventricular volume enlargement in people classified as MCI and who had underlying β-amyloid pathology. CONCLUSION These results raise new questions into the role of Cp in neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and APOE pathways involved in AD, and reveal the potential for this protein to be used as a biomarker in disease prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahima Diouf
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; CSIRO Health and Biosecurity/Australian E-Health Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott Ayton
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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18
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Parrow NL, Li Y, Feola M, Guerra A, Casu C, Prasad P, Mammen L, Ali F, Vaicikauskas E, Rivella S, Ginzburg YZ, Fleming RE. Lobe specificity of iron binding to transferrin modulates murine erythropoiesis and iron homeostasis. Blood 2019; 134:1373-1384. [PMID: 31434707 PMCID: PMC6839954 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2018893099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transferrin, the major plasma iron-binding molecule, interacts with cell-surface receptors to deliver iron, modulates hepcidin expression, and regulates erythropoiesis. Transferrin binds and releases iron via either or both of 2 homologous lobes (N and C). To test the hypothesis that the specificity of iron occupancy in the N vs C lobe influences transferrin function, we generated mice with mutations to abrogate iron binding in either lobe (TfN-bl or TfC-bl). Mice homozygous for either mutation had hepatocellular iron loading and decreased liver hepcidin expression (relative to iron concentration), although to different magnitudes. Both mouse models demonstrated some aspects of iron-restricted erythropoiesis, including increased zinc protoporphyrin levels, decreased hemoglobin levels, and microcytosis. Moreover, the TfN-bl/N-bl mice demonstrated the anticipated effect of iron restriction on red cell production (ie, no increase in red blood cell [RBC] count despite elevated erythropoietin levels), along with a poor response to exogenous erythropoietin. In contrast, the TfC-bl/C-bl mice had elevated RBC counts and an exaggerated response to exogenous erythropoietin sufficient to ameliorate the anemia. Observations in heterozygous mice further support a role for relative N vs C lobe iron occupancy in transferrin-mediated regulation of iron homeostasis and erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermi L Parrow
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Yihang Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Maria Feola
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Amaliris Guerra
- Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; and
| | - Carla Casu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; and
| | - Princy Prasad
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Luke Mammen
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Faris Ali
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Edvinas Vaicikauskas
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Stefano Rivella
- Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; and
| | - Yelena Z Ginzburg
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Robert E Fleming
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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19
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Wang B, Wang XP. Does Ceruloplasmin Defend Against Neurodegenerative Diseases? Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:539-549. [PMID: 29737252 PMCID: PMC6712297 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180508113025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceruloplasmin (CP) is the major copper transport protein in plasma, mainly produced by the liver. Glyco-sylphosphatidylinositol-linked CP (GPI-CP) is the predominant form expressed in astrocytes of the brain. A growing body of evidence has demonstrated that CP is an essential protein in the body with multiple functions such as regulating the home-ostasis of copper and iron ions, ferroxidase activity, oxidizing organic amines, and preventing the formation of free radicals. In addition, as an acute-phase protein, CP is induced during inflammation and infection. The fact that patients with genetic disorder aceruloplasminemia do not suffer from tissue copper deficiency, but rather from disruptions in iron metabolism shows essential roles of CP in iron metabolism rather than copper. Furthermore, abnormal metabolism of metal ions and ox-idative stress are found in other neurodegenerative diseases, such as Wilson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Brain iron accumulation and decreased activity of CP have been shown to be associated with neurodegeneration. We hypothesize that CP may play a protective role in neurodegenerative diseases. However, whether iron accumulation is a cause or a result of neurodegeneration remains unclear. Further research on molecular mechanisms is required before a con-sensus can be reached regarding a neuroprotective role for CP in neurodegeneration. This review article summarizes
the main physiological functions of CP and the current knowledge of its role in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 200080, China.,Department of Neurology Baoshan Branch, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, 200940, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 200080, China.,Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tong- Ren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
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20
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Zhang WZ, Butler JJ, Cloonan SM. Smoking-induced iron dysregulation in the lung. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 133:238-247. [PMID: 30075191 PMCID: PMC6355389 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron is one of the most abundant transition elements and is indispensable for almost all organisms. While the ability of iron to participate in redox chemistry is an essential requirement for participation in a range of vital enzymatic reactions, this same feature of iron also makes it dangerous in the generation of hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions. Given the high local oxygen tensions in the lung, the regulation of iron acquisition, utilization, and storage therefore becomes vitally important, perhaps more so than in any other biological system. Iron plays a critical role in the biology of essentially every cell type in the lung, and in particular, changes in iron levels have important ramifications on immune function and the local lung microenvironment. There is substantial evidence that cigarette smoke causes iron dysregulation, with the implication that iron may be the link between smoking and smoking-related lung diseases. A better understanding of the connection between cigarette smoke, iron, and respiratory diseases will help to elucidate pathogenic mechanisms and aid in the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Z Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - James J Butler
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Suzanne M Cloonan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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21
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Burkhardt NB, Röll S, Staudt A, Elleder D, Härtle S, Costa T, Alber A, Stevens MP, Vervelde L, Schusser B, Kaspers B. The Long Pentraxin PTX3 Is of Major Importance Among Acute Phase Proteins in Chickens. Front Immunol 2019; 10:124. [PMID: 30774632 PMCID: PMC6367253 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression level of acute phase proteins (APPs) mirrors the health status of an individual. In human medicine, C-reactive protein (CRP), and other members of the pentraxin family are of significant relevance for assessing disease severity and prognosis. In chickens, however, which represent the most common livestock species around the world, no such marker has yet gained general acceptance. The aim of this study was therefore, to characterize chicken pentraxin 3 (chPTX3) and to evaluate its applicability as a general marker for inflammatory conditions. The mammalian and chicken PTX3 proteins were predicted to be similar in sequence, domain organization and polymeric structure. Nevertheless, some characteristics like certain sequence sections, which have varied during the evolution of mammals, and species-specific glycosylation patterns, suggest distinct biological functions. ChPTX3 is constitutively expressed in various tissues but, interestingly, could not be found in splenic tissue samples without stimulation. However, upon treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), PTX3 expression in chicken spleens increased to 95-fold within hours. A search for PTX3 reads in various publicly available RNA-seq data sets of chicken spleen and bursa of Fabricius also showed that PTX3 expression increases within days after experimental infection with viral and bacterial pathogens. An experimental infection with avian pathogenic E.coli and qPCR analysis of spleen samples further established a challenge dose-dependent significant up-regulation of chPTX3 in subclinically infected birds of up to over 150-fold as compared to untreated controls. Our results indicate the potential of chPTX3 as an APP marker to monitor inflammatory conditions in poultry flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina B. Burkhardt
- Department for Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Röll
- Department for Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anke Staudt
- Department for Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Elleder
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Sonja Härtle
- Department for Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Taiana Costa
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Alber
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P. Stevens
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Schusser
- Reproductive Biotechnology, Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Bernd Kaspers
- Department for Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
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22
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Luo T, Lei L, Chen F, Zheng S, Deng Z. Iron homeostasis in the human body and nutritional iron deficiency and solutions in China. J Food Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University Nanchang China
| | - Lin Lei
- College of Food Science Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Fang Chen
- School of Public Health Nanchang University Nanchang China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention Medicine Nanchang University Nanchang China
| | - Shilian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University Nanchang China
| | - Ze‐yuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University Nanchang China
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23
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Skoczeń A, Matusiak K, Setkowicz Z, Kubala-Kukuś A, Stabrawa I, Ciarach M, Janeczko K, Chwiej J. Low Doses of Polyethylene Glycol Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Cause Significant Elemental Changes within Main Organs. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:876-884. [PMID: 30070467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The main goal of this study was to evaluate the elemental changes occurring in the main rat organs (kidneys, spleen, heart, brain) as a result of polyethylene glycol-coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (PEG-IONPs) administration. For this purpose, 24 animals were divided into four equinumerous groups, and the three of them were intravenously injected with PEG-IONPs dispersed in 15% solution of mannitol in dose of 0.03 mg of Fe per 1 kg of body weight. The organs were collected 2 h, 24 h and 7 days passing from NPs administration, respectively, for the 2H, 24H, and 7D experimental groups. The forth group of animals, namely control group, was injected with 1 mL of physiological saline solution. For the analysis of subtle elemental changes occurring in the organs after nanoparticles injection, highly sensitive method of total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy was used. Obtained results showed that administration of even such low doses of PEG-IONPs may lead to statistically significant changes in the accumulation of selected elements within kidneys and heart. Two hours and 7 days from NPs injection, the Fe level in kidneys was higher compared to that of control rats. Elevated levels of Cu, possibly associated with systemic action of ceruloplasmine enzyme, were found within kidneys in 24H and 7D groups, while in heart the similar observation was done only for 24H group. The levels of Ca and Zn increased in kidneys and heart during the first 2 h from the injection and were again elevated in these organs 7 days later. The abnormalities in Ca and Zn accumulations occurring exactly in the same manner may suggest that these elements may interplay either in the mechanisms responsible for the detoxification of the PEG-IONPs or pathological processes occurring as a result of their action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Skoczeń
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics , AGH University of Science and Technology , 30-059 Krakow , Poland
| | - Katarzyna Matusiak
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics , AGH University of Science and Technology , 30-059 Krakow , Poland
| | - Zuzanna Setkowicz
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Department of Neuroanatomy , Jagiellonian University , 31-007 Krakow , Poland
| | - Aldona Kubala-Kukuś
- Institute of Physics , Jan Kochanowski University , 25-001 Kielce , Poland.,Holy Cross Cancer Center, 25-734 Kielce , Poland
| | - Ilona Stabrawa
- Institute of Physics , Jan Kochanowski University , 25-001 Kielce , Poland.,Holy Cross Cancer Center, 25-734 Kielce , Poland
| | - Małgorzata Ciarach
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Department of Neuroanatomy , Jagiellonian University , 31-007 Krakow , Poland
| | - Krzysztof Janeczko
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Department of Neuroanatomy , Jagiellonian University , 31-007 Krakow , Poland
| | - Joanna Chwiej
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics , AGH University of Science and Technology , 30-059 Krakow , Poland
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Mirończuk-Chodakowska I, Witkowska AM, Zujko ME. Endogenous non-enzymatic antioxidants in the human body. Adv Med Sci 2018; 63:68-78. [PMID: 28822266 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The exposure of cells, tissues and extracellular matrix to harmful reactive species causes a cascade of reactions and induces activation of multiple internal defence mechanisms (enzymatic or non-enzymatic) that provide removal of reactive species and their derivatives. The non-enzymatic antioxidants are represented by molecules characterized by the ability to rapidly inactivate radicals and oxidants. This paper focuses on the major intrinsic non-enzymatic antioxidants, including metal binding proteins (MBPs), glutathione (GSH), uric acid (UA), melatonin (MEL), bilirubin (BIL) and polyamines (PAs).
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Balsano C, Porcu C, Sideri S. Is copper a new target to counteract the progression of chronic diseases? Metallomics 2018; 10:1712-1722. [DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00219c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we highlight the importance of a Cu imbalance in the pathogenesis of several chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Matusiak K, Skoczen A, Setkowicz Z, Kubala-Kukus A, Stabrawa I, Ciarach M, Janeczko K, Jung A, Chwiej J. The elemental changes occurring in the rat liver after exposure to PEG-coated iron oxide nanoparticles: total reflection x-ray fluorescence (TXRF) spectroscopy study. Nanotoxicology 2017; 11:1225-1236. [PMID: 29183205 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2017.1408151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The main goal of this study was to evaluate in vivo effects of low dose of PEG-coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) on the rat liver. The IONPs was intravenously injected into rats at a dose equaled to 0.03 mg of Fe per 1 kg of an animal body weight. The elemental composition of liver tissue in rats subjected to IONPs action and controls were compared. Moreover, in order to determine the dynamics of nanoparticles (NPs) induced elemental changes, the tissues taken from animals 2 hours, 24 hours, and 7 days from IONPs injection were examined. The analysis of subtle elemental anomalies occurring as a result of IONPs action required application of highly sensitive analytical method. The total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy perfectly meets such requirements and therefore it was used in this study. The obtained results showed increasing trend of Fe level within liver occurring 2 hours from IONPs injection. One day after NPs administration, the liver Fe content presented the baseline level what suggests only the short-term accumulation of nanoparticles in the organ. The Ca, Cu, and Zn levels changed significantly as a result of NPs action. Moreover, the anomalies in their accumulation were still observed 7 days after IONPs injection. The level of Cu decreased while those of Ca and Zn increased in the liver of NPs-treated animals. The reduced liver Cu, followed by elevated serum level of this element, might be related in triggering the mechanisms responsible for Fe metabolism in the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Matusiak
- a Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science , AGH University of Science and Technology , Krakow , Poland
| | - Agnieszka Skoczen
- a Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science , AGH University of Science and Technology , Krakow , Poland
| | - Zuzanna Setkowicz
- b Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research , Jagiellonian University , Krakow , Poland
| | - Aldona Kubala-Kukus
- c Institute of Physics , Jan Kochanowski University , Kielce , Poland.,d Holly Cross Center , Kielce , Poland
| | - Ilona Stabrawa
- c Institute of Physics , Jan Kochanowski University , Kielce , Poland.,d Holly Cross Center , Kielce , Poland
| | - Małgorzata Ciarach
- b Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research , Jagiellonian University , Krakow , Poland
| | - Krzysztof Janeczko
- b Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research , Jagiellonian University , Krakow , Poland
| | - Aleksandra Jung
- a Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science , AGH University of Science and Technology , Krakow , Poland
| | - Joanna Chwiej
- a Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science , AGH University of Science and Technology , Krakow , Poland
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Sokolov AV, Voynova IV, Kostevich VA, Vlasenko AY, Zakharova ET, Vasilyev VB. Comparison of interaction between ceruloplasmin and lactoferrin/transferrin: to bind or not to bind. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:1073-1078. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917090115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Han THL, Camadro JM, Santos R, Lesuisse E, El Hage Chahine JM, Ha-Duong NT. Mechanisms of iron and copper-frataxin interactions. Metallomics 2017; 9:1073-1085. [PMID: 28573291 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00031f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Frataxin is a mitochondrial protein whose deficiency is the cause of Friedreich's ataxia, a hereditary neurodegenerative disease. This protein plays a role in iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis, protection against oxidative stress and iron metabolism. In an attempt to provide a better understanding of the role played by metals in its metabolic functions, the mechanisms of mitochondrial metal binding to frataxin in vitro have been investigated. A purified recombinant yeast frataxin homolog Yfh1 binds two Cu(ii) ions with a Kd1(CuII) of 1.3 × 10-7 M and a Kd2(CuII) of 3.1 × 10-4 M and a single Cu(i) ion with a higher affinity than for Cu(ii) (Kd(CuI) = 3.2 × 10-8 M). Mn(ii) forms two complexes with Yfh1 (Kd1(MnII) = 4.0 × 10-8 M; Kd2(MnII) = 4.0 × 10-7 M). Cu and Mn bind Yfh1 with higher affinities than Fe(ii). It is established for the first time that the mechanisms of the interaction of iron and copper with frataxin are comparable and involve three kinetic steps. The first step occurs in the 50-500 ms range and corresponds to a first metal uptake. This is followed by two other kinetic processes that are related to a second metal uptake and/or to a change in the conformation leading to thermodynamic equilibrium. Frataxin deficient Δyfh1 yeast cells exhibited a marked growth defect in the presence of exogenous Cu or Mn. Mitochondria from Δyfh1 strains also accumulated higher amounts of copper, suggesting a functional role of frataxin in vivo in copper homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H L Han
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, "Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes", CNRS-UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France.
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29
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Liu W, Worms IAM, Herlin-Boime N, Truffier-Boutry D, Michaud-Soret I, Mintz E, Vidaud C, Rollin-Genetet F. Interaction of silver nanoparticles with metallothionein and ceruloplasmin: impact on metal substitution by Ag(i), corona formation and enzymatic activity. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:6581-6594. [PMID: 28474724 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr01075c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The release of Ag(i) from silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) unintentionally spread in the environment is suspected to impair some key biological functions. In comparison with AgNO3, in-depth investigations were carried out into the interactions between citrate-coated AgNPs (20 nm) and two metalloproteins, intracellular metallothionein 1 (MT1) and plasmatic ceruloplasmin (Cp), both involved in metal homeostasis. These were chosen for their physiological relevance and the diversity of their various native metals bound because of thiol groups and/or their structural differences. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS), UV-vis and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopies were used to study the effects of such intricate interactions on AgNP dissolution and proteins in terms of metal exchanges and structural modifications. The isolation of the different populations formed together with on-line quantifications of their metal content were performed by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) linked to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). For the 2 proteins, Ag(i) dissolved from the AgNPs, substituted for the native metal, to different extents and with different types of dynamics for the corona formed: the MT1 rapidly surrounded the AgNPs with the transient reticulate corona thus promoting their dissolution associated with the metal substitution, whereas the Cp established a more stable layer around the AgNPs, with a limited substitution of Cu and a decrease in its ferroxidase activity. The accessibility and lability of the metal binding sites inside these proteins and their relative affinities for Ag(i) are discussed, taking into account the structural characteristics of the proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- CEA, DRF-BIAM, Site de Marcoule, F-30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France.
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Linder MC. Ceruloplasmin and other copper binding components of blood plasma and their functions: an update. Metallomics 2016; 8:887-905. [PMID: 27426697 DOI: 10.1039/c6mt00103c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We know that blood plasma contains many proteins and also other components that bind copper. The largest contributor to copper in the plasma is ceruloplasmin, which accounts for 40-70 percent. Apart from ceruloplasmin and albumin, most of these components have not been studied extensively, and even for ceruloplasmin and albumin, much remains to be discovered. New components with new functions, and new functions of known components are emerging, some warranting reconsideration of earlier findings. The author's laboratory has been actively involved in research on this topic. This review summarizes and updates our knowledge of the nature and functions of ceruloplasmin and the other known and emerging copper-containing molecules (principally proteins) in this fluid, to better understand how they contribute to copper homeostasis and consider their potential significance to health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Linder
- California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA.
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Saçlıgil D, Şenel S, Yavuz H, Denizli A. Purification of transferrin by magnetic immunoaffinity beads. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2729-36. [PMID: 25980364 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunoaffinity adsorbent for transferrin (Tf) purification was prepared by immobilizing anti-transferrin (Anti-Tf) antibody on magnetic monosizepoly(glycidyl methacrylate) beads, which were synthesized by dispersion polymerization technique in the presence of Fe3 O4 nanopowder and obtained with an average size of 2.0 μm. The magnetic poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (mPGMA) beads were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, swelling tests, scanning electron microscopy, electron spin resonance spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and zeta sizing analysis. The density and swelling ratio of the beads were 1.08 g/cm(3) and 52%, respectively. Anti-Tf molecules were covalently coupled through epoxy groups of mPGMA. Optimum binding of anti-Tf was 2.0 mg/g. Optimum Tf binding from aqueous Tf solutions was determined as 1.65 mg/g at pH 6.0 and initial Tf concentration of 1.0 mg/mL. There was no remarkable loss in the Tf adsorption capacity of immunoaffinity beads after five adsorption-desorption cycles. Tf adsorption from artificial plasma was also investigated and the purity of the Tf molecules was shown with gel electrophoresis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilara Saçlıgil
- Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serap Şenel
- Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Handan Yavuz
- Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Adil Denizli
- Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
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Lane DJR, Richardson DR. The active role of vitamin C in mammalian iron metabolism: much more than just enhanced iron absorption! Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 75:69-83. [PMID: 25048971 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate is a cofactor in numerous metabolic reactions. Humans cannot synthesize ascorbate owing to inactivation of the gene encoding the enzyme l-gulono-γ-lactone oxidase, which is essential for ascorbate synthesis. Accumulating evidence strongly suggests that in addition to the known ability of dietary ascorbate to enhance nonheme iron absorption in the gut, ascorbate within mammalian systems can regulate cellular iron uptake and metabolism. Ascorbate modulates iron metabolism by stimulating ferritin synthesis, inhibiting lysosomal ferritin degradation, and decreasing cellular iron efflux. Furthermore, ascorbate cycling across the plasma membrane is responsible for ascorbate-stimulated iron uptake from low-molecular-weight iron-citrate complexes, which are prominent in the plasma of individuals with iron-overload disorders. Importantly, this iron-uptake pathway is of particular relevance to astrocyte brain iron metabolism and tissue iron loading in disorders such as hereditary hemochromatosis and β-thalassemia. Recent evidence also indicates that ascorbate is a novel modulator of the classical transferrin-iron uptake pathway, which provides almost all iron for cellular demands and erythropoiesis under physiological conditions. Ascorbate acts to stimulate transferrin-dependent iron uptake by an intracellular reductive mechanism, strongly suggesting that it may act to stimulate iron mobilization from the endosome. The ability of ascorbate to regulate transferrin iron uptake could help explain the metabolic defect that contributes to ascorbate-deficiency-induced anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius J R Lane
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Transendothelial Transport and Its Role in Therapeutics. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2014; 2014:309404. [PMID: 27355037 PMCID: PMC4897564 DOI: 10.1155/2014/309404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Present review paper highlights role of BBB in endothelial transport of various substances into the brain. More specifically, permeability functions of BBB in transendothelial transport of various substances such as metabolic fuels, ethanol, amino acids, proteins, peptides, lipids, vitamins, neurotransmitters, monocarbxylic acids, gases, water, and minerals in the peripheral circulation and into the brain have been widely explained. In addition, roles of various receptors, ATP powered pumps, channels, and transporters in transport of vital molecules in maintenance of homeostasis and normal body functions have been described in detail. Major role of integral membrane proteins, carriers, or transporters in drug transport is highlighted. Both diffusion and carrier mediated transport mechanisms which facilitate molecular trafficking through transcellular route to maintain influx and outflux of important nutrients and metabolic substances are elucidated. Present review paper aims to emphasize role of important transport systems with their recent advancements in CNS protection mainly for providing a rapid clinical aid to patients. This review also suggests requirement of new well-designed therapeutic strategies mainly potential techniques, appropriate drug formulations, and new transport systems for quick, easy, and safe delivery of drugs across blood brain barrier to save the life of tumor and virus infected patients.
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