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Decker D, Aubert J, Wilczynska M, Kleczkowski LA. Exploring Redox Modulation of Plant UDP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108914. [PMID: 37240260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
UDP-glucose (UDPG) pyrophosphorylase (UGPase) catalyzes a reversible reaction, producing UDPG, which serves as an essential precursor for hundreds of glycosyltransferases in all organisms. In this study, activities of purified UGPases from sugarcane and barley were found to be reversibly redox modulated in vitro through oxidation by hydrogen peroxide or oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and through reduction by dithiothreitol or glutathione. Generally, while oxidative treatment decreased UGPase activity, a subsequent reduction restored the activity. The oxidized enzyme had increased Km values with substrates, especially pyrophosphate. The increased Km values were also observed, regardless of redox status, for UGPase cysteine mutants (Cys102Ser and Cys99Ser for sugarcane and barley UGPases, respectively). However, activities and substrate affinities (Kms) of sugarcane Cys102Ser mutant, but not barley Cys99Ser, were still prone to redox modulation. The data suggest that plant UGPase is subject to redox control primarily via changes in the redox status of a single cysteine. Other cysteines may also, to some extent, contribute to UGPase redox status, as seen for sugarcane enzymes. The results are discussed with respect to earlier reported details of redox modulation of eukaryotic UGPases and regarding the structure/function properties of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Decker
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Juliette Aubert
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Leszek A Kleczkowski
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
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2
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Bhayani J, Iglesias MJ, Minen RI, Cereijo AE, Ballicora MA, Iglesias AA, Asencion Diez MD. Carbohydrate Metabolism in Bacteria: Alternative Specificities in ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylases Open Novel Metabolic Scenarios and Biotechnological Tools. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:867384. [PMID: 35572620 PMCID: PMC9093745 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.867384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored the ability of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (ADP-Glc PPase) from different bacteria to use glucosamine (GlcN) metabolites as a substrate or allosteric effectors. The enzyme from the actinobacteria Kocuria rhizophila exhibited marked and distinctive sensitivity to allosteric activation by GlcN-6P when producing ADP-Glc from glucose-1-phosphate (Glc-1P) and ATP. This behavior is also seen in the enzyme from Rhodococcus spp., the only one known so far to portray this activation. GlcN-6P had a more modest effect on the enzyme from other Actinobacteria (Streptomyces coelicolor), Firmicutes (Ruminococcus albus), and Proteobacteria (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) groups. In addition, we studied the catalytic capacity of ADP-Glc PPases from the different sources using GlcN-1P as a substrate when assayed in the presence of their respective allosteric activators. In all cases, the catalytic efficiency of Glc-1P was 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than GlcN-1P, except for the unregulated heterotetrameric protein (GlgC/GgD) from Geobacillus stearothermophilus. The Glc-1P substrate preference is explained using a model of ADP-Glc PPase from A. tumefaciens based on the crystallographic structure of the enzyme from potato tuber. The substrate-binding domain localizes near the N-terminal of an α-helix, which has a partial positive charge, thus favoring the interaction with a hydroxyl rather than a charged primary amine group. Results support the scenario where the ability of ADP-Glc PPases to use GlcN-1P as an alternative occurred during evolution despite the enzyme being selected to use Glc-1P and ATP for α-glucans synthesis. As an associated consequence in such a process, certain bacteria could have improved their ability to metabolize GlcN. The work also provides insights in designing molecular tools for producing oligo and polysaccharides with amino moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaina Bhayani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Maria Josefina Iglesias
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Romina I. Minen
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Antonela E. Cereijo
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Miguel A. Ballicora
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alberto A. Iglesias
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Matias D. Asencion Diez
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Santa Fe, Argentina
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3
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The Trypanosome UDP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase Is Imported by Piggybacking into Glycosomes, Where Unconventional Sugar Nucleotide Synthesis Takes Place. mBio 2021; 12:e0037521. [PMID: 34044588 PMCID: PMC8262884 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00375-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosomes are peroxisome-related organelles of trypanosomatid parasites containing metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis and biosynthesis of sugar nucleotides, usually present in the cytosol of other eukaryotes. UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGP), the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of the sugar nucleotide UDP-glucose, is localized in the cytosol and glycosomes of the bloodstream and procyclic trypanosomes, despite the absence of any known peroxisome-targeting signal (PTS1 and PTS2). The questions that we address here are (i) is the unusual glycosomal biosynthetic pathway of sugar nucleotides functional and (ii) how is the PTS-free UGP imported into glycosomes? We showed that UGP is imported into glycosomes by piggybacking on the glycosomal PTS1-containing phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and identified the domains involved in the UGP/PEPCK interaction. Proximity ligation assays revealed that this interaction occurs in 3 to 10% of glycosomes, suggesting that these correspond to organelles competent for protein import. We also showed that UGP is essential for the growth of trypanosomes and that both the glycosomal and cytosolic metabolic pathways involving UGP are functional, since the lethality of the knockdown UGP mutant cell line (RNAiUGP, where RNAi indicates RNA interference) was rescued by expressing a recoded UGP (rUGP) in the organelle (RNAiUGP/EXPrUGP-GPDH, where GPDH is glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase). Our conclusion was supported by targeted metabolomic analyses (ion chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry [IC-HRMS]) showing that UDP-glucose is no longer detectable in the RNAiUGP mutant, while it is still produced in cells expressing UGP exclusively in the cytosol (PEPCK null mutant) or glycosomes (RNAiUGP/EXPrUGP-GPDH). Trypanosomatids are the only known organisms to have selected functional peroxisomal (glycosomal) sugar nucleotide biosynthetic pathways in addition to the canonical cytosolic ones.
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4
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Muchut RJ, Calloni RD, Arias DG, Arce AL, Iglesias AA, Guerrero SA. Elucidating carbohydrate metabolism in Euglena gracilis: Reverse genetics-based evaluation of genes coding for enzymes linked to paramylon accumulation. Biochimie 2021; 184:125-131. [PMID: 33675853 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Euglena gracilis is a eukaryotic single-celled and photosynthetic organism grouped under the kingdom Protista. This phytoflagellate can accumulate the carbon photoassimilate as a linear β-1,3-glucan chain called paramylon. This storage polysaccharide can undergo degradation to provide glucose units to obtain ATP and reducing power both in aerobic and anaerobic growth conditions. Our group has recently characterized an essential enzyme for accumulating the polysaccharide, the UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (Biochimie vol 154, 2018, 176-186), which catalyzes the synthesis of UDP-glucose (the substrate for paramylon synthase). Additionally, the identification of nucleotide sequences coding for putative UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylases suggests the occurrence of an alternative source of UDP-glucose. In this study, we demonstrate the active involvement of both pyrophosphorylases in paramylon accumulation. Using techniques of single and combined knockdown of transcripts coding for these proteins, we evidenced a substantial decrease in the polysaccharide synthesis from 39 ± 7 μg/106 cells determined in the control at day 21st of growth. Thus, the paramylon accumulation in Euglena gracilis cells decreased by 60% and 30% after a single knockdown of the expression of genes coding for UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase, respectively. Besides, the combined knockdown of both genes resulted in a ca. 65% reduction in the level of the storage polysaccharide. Our findings indicate the existence of a physiological dependence between paramylon accumulation and the partitioning of sugar nucleotides into other metabolic routes, including the Leloir pathway's functionality in Euglena gracilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robertino J Muchut
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET - UNL), Argentina, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo D Calloni
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET - UNL), Argentina, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
| | - Diego G Arias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET - UNL), Argentina, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
| | - Agustin L Arce
- Laboratorio de Biología del ARN, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET - UNL), Argentina, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
| | - Alberto A Iglesias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET - UNL), Argentina, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
| | - Sergio A Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET - UNL), Argentina, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina.
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Ezquer I, Salameh I, Colombo L, Kalaitzis P. Plant Cell Walls Tackling Climate Change: Insights into Plant Cell Wall Remodeling, Its Regulation, and Biotechnological Strategies to Improve Crop Adaptations and Photosynthesis in Response to Global Warming. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E212. [PMID: 32041306 PMCID: PMC7076711 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant cell wall (CW) is a complex and intricate structure that performs several functions throughout the plant life cycle. The CW of plants is critical to the maintenance of cells' structural integrity by resisting internal hydrostatic pressures, providing flexibility to support cell division and expansion during tissue differentiation, and acting as an environmental barrier that protects the cells in response to abiotic stress. Plant CW, comprised primarily of polysaccharides, represents the largest sink for photosynthetically fixed carbon, both in plants and in the biosphere. The CW structure is highly varied, not only between plant species but also among different organs, tissues, and cell types in the same organism. During the developmental processes, the main CW components, i.e., cellulose, pectins, hemicelluloses, and different types of CW-glycoproteins, interact constantly with each other and with the environment to maintain cell homeostasis. Differentiation processes are altered by positional effect and are also tightly linked to environmental changes, affecting CW both at the molecular and biochemical levels. The negative effect of climate change on the environment is multifaceted, from high temperatures, altered concentrations of greenhouse gases such as increasing CO2 in the atmosphere, soil salinity, and drought, to increasing frequency of extreme weather events taking place concomitantly, therefore, climate change affects crop productivity in multiple ways. Rising CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is expected to increase photosynthetic rates, especially at high temperatures and under water-limited conditions. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge regarding the effects of climate change on CW biogenesis and modification. We discuss specific cases in crops of interest carrying cell wall modifications that enhance tolerance to climate change-related stresses; from cereals such as rice, wheat, barley, or maize to dicots of interest such as brassica oilseed, cotton, soybean, tomato, or potato. This information could be used for the rational design of genetic engineering traits that aim to increase the stress tolerance in key crops. Future growing conditions expose plants to variable and extreme climate change factors, which negatively impact global agriculture, and therefore further research in this area is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Ezquer
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Ilige Salameh
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (MAICh), P.O. Box 85, 73100 Chania, Greece; (I.S.); (P.K.)
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Panagiotis Kalaitzis
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (MAICh), P.O. Box 85, 73100 Chania, Greece; (I.S.); (P.K.)
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6
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Kumpf A, Partzsch A, Pollender A, Bento I, Tischler D. Two Homologous Enzymes of the GalU Family in Rhodococcus opacus 1CP- RoGalU1 and RoGalU2. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225809. [PMID: 31752319 PMCID: PMC6888414 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Uridine-5’-diphosphate (UDP)-glucose is reported as one of the most versatile building blocks within the metabolism of pro- and eukaryotes. The activated sugar moiety is formed by the enzyme UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (GalU). Two homologous enzymes (designated as RoGalU1 and RoGalU2) are encoded by most Rhodococcus strains, known for their capability to degrade numerous compounds, but also to synthesize natural products such as trehalose comprising biosurfactants. To evaluate their functionality respective genes of a trehalose biosurfactant producing model organism—Rhodococcus opacus 1CP—were cloned and expressed, proteins produced (yield up to 47 mg per L broth) and initially biochemically characterized. In the case of RoGalU2, the Vmax was determined to be 177 U mg−1 (uridine-5’-triphosphate (UTP)) and Km to be 0.51 mM (UTP), respectively. Like other GalUs this enzyme seems to be rather specific for the substrates UTP and glucose 1-phosphate, as it accepts only dTTP and galactose 1-phoshate in addition, but both with solely 2% residual activity. In comparison to other bacterial GalU enzymes the RoGalU2 was found to be somewhat higher in activity (factor 1.8) even at elevated temperatures. However, RoGalU1 was not obtained in an active form thus it remains enigmatic if this enzyme participates in metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Kumpf
- Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biosciences, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany; (A.P.); (A.P.)
- EMBL Hamburg, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany;
- Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology & Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (D.T.); Tel.: +49-234-32-22082 (A.K.); +49-234-32-22656 (D.T.)
| | - Anett Partzsch
- Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biosciences, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany; (A.P.); (A.P.)
| | - André Pollender
- Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biosciences, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany; (A.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Isabel Bento
- EMBL Hamburg, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Dirk Tischler
- Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology & Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (D.T.); Tel.: +49-234-32-22082 (A.K.); +49-234-32-22656 (D.T.)
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7
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Decker D, Kleczkowski LA. UDP-Sugar Producing Pyrophosphorylases: Distinct and Essential Enzymes With Overlapping Substrate Specificities, Providing de novo Precursors for Glycosylation Reactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1822. [PMID: 30662444 PMCID: PMC6329318 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide sugars are the key precursors for all glycosylation reactions and are required both for oligo- and polysaccharides synthesis and protein and lipid glycosylation. Among all nucleotide sugars, UDP-sugars are the most important precursors for biomass production in nature (e.g., synthesis of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins for cell wall production). Several recent studies have already suggested a potential role for UDP-Glc in plant growth and development, and UDP-Glc has also been suggested as a signaling molecule, in addition to its precursor function. In this review, we will cover primary mechanisms of formation of UDP-sugars, by focusing on UDP-sugar metabolizing pyrophosphorylases. The pyrophosphorylases can be divided into three families: UDP-Glc pyrophosphorylase (UGPase), UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase (USPase), and UDP-N-acetyl glucosamine pyrophosphorylase (UAGPase), which can be distinguished both by their amino acid sequences and by differences in substrate specificity. Substrate specificities of these enzymes are discussed, along with structure-function relationships, based on their crystal structures and homology modeling. Earlier studies with transgenic plants have revealed that each of the pyrophosphorylases is essential for plant survival, and their loss or a decrease in activity results in reproductive impairment. This constitutes a problem when studying exact in vivo roles of the enzymes using classical reverse genetics approaches. Thus, strategies involving the use of specific inhibitors (reverse chemical genetics) are also discussed. Further characterization of the properties/roles of pyrophosphorylases should address fundamental questions dealing with mechanisms and control of carbohydrate synthesis and may allow to identify targets for manipulation of biomass production in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leszek A. Kleczkowski
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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8
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Muchut RJ, Calloni RD, Herrera FE, Garay SA, Arias DG, Iglesias AA, Guerrero SA. Elucidating paramylon and other carbohydrate metabolism in Euglena gracilis: Kinetic characterization, structure and cellular localization of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. Biochimie 2018; 154:176-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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9
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Luo M, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Shi Z, Zhang P, Zhang Y, Song W, Zhao J. Comparative Proteomics of Contrasting Maize Genotypes Provides Insights into Salt-Stress Tolerance Mechanisms. J Proteome Res 2017; 17:141-153. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meijie Luo
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding,
Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yanxin Zhao
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding,
Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yuandong Wang
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding,
Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), Beijing 100097, China
| | - Zi Shi
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding,
Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), Beijing 100097, China
| | - Panpan Zhang
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding,
Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yunxia Zhang
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding,
Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), Beijing 100097, China
| | - Wei Song
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding,
Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jiuran Zhao
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding,
Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), Beijing 100097, China
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10
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Decker D, Öberg C, Kleczkowski LA. Identification and characterization of inhibitors of UDP-glucose and UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylases for in vivo studies. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:1093-1107. [PMID: 28273406 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
UDP-sugars serve as ultimate precursors in hundreds of glycosylation reactions (e.g. for protein and lipid glycosylation, synthesis of sucrose, cell wall polysaccharides, etc.), underlying an important role of UDP-sugar-producing enzymes in cellular metabolism. However, genetic studies on mechanisms of UDP-sugar formation were frequently hampered by reproductive impairment of the resulting mutants, making it difficult to assess an in vivo role of a given enzyme. Here, a chemical library containing 17 500 compounds was separately screened against purified UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase) and UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase (USPase), both enzymes representing the primary mechanisms of UDP-sugar formation. Several compounds have been identified which, at 50 μm, exerted at least 50% inhibition of the pyrophosphorylase activity. In all cases, both UGPase and USPase activities were inhibited, probably reflecting common structural features of active sites of these enzymes. One of these compounds (cmp #6), a salicylamide derivative, was found as effective inhibitor of Arabidopsis pollen germination and Arabidopsis cell culture growth. Hit optimization on cmp #6 yielded two analogs (cmp #6D and cmp #6D2), which acted as uncompetitive inhibitors against both UGPase and USPase, and were strong inhibitors in the pollen test, with apparent inhibition constants of less than 1 μm. Their effects on pollen germination were relieved by addition of UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose, suggesting that the inhibitors targeted UDP-sugar formation. The results suggest that cmp #6 and its analogs may represent useful tools to study in vivo roles of the pyrophosphorylases, helping to overcome the limitations of genetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Decker
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Umeå University, Umeå, 90187, Sweden
| | - Christopher Öberg
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratories for Chemical Biology Umeå, Umeå University, Umeå, 90187, Sweden
| | - Leszek A Kleczkowski
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Umeå University, Umeå, 90187, Sweden
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11
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Robles-Martinez L, Mendez TL, Apodaca J, Das S. Glucosylceramide transferase in Giardia preferentially catalyzes the synthesis of galactosylceramide during encystation. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 211:75-83. [PMID: 27840079 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The stage differentiation from trophozoite to cyst (i.e., encystation) is an essential step for Giardia to survive outside its human host and spread the infection via the fecal-oral route. We have previously shown that Giardia expresses glucosylceramide transferase 1 (GlcT1) enzyme, the activity of which is elevated during encystation. We have also reported that blocking the activity of gGlcT1 interferes with the biogenesis of encystation-specific vesicles (ESVs) and cyst viability in Giardia. To further understand the role of this enzyme and how it regulates encystation, we overexpressed, knocked down, and rescued the giardial GlcT1 (gGlcT1) gene and measured its enzymatic activity in live parasites as well as in isolated membrane fractions using NBD-ceramide and UDP-glucose or UDP-galactose. We observed that gGlcT1 is able to catalyze the synthesis of both glucosylceramide (GlcCer) and galactosylceramide (GalCer), however the synthesis of GalCer is 2-3 fold higher than of GlcCer. Although both activities follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics, the bindings of UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose with the enzyme appear to be non-competitive and independent of each other. The modulation of gGlcT1 synthesis concomitantly influenced the expression cyst-wall protein (CWP) and overall encystation. We propose that gGlcT1 is a unique enzyme and that Giardia uses this enzyme to synthesize both GlcCer and GalCer to facilitate the process of encystation/cyst production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leobarda Robles-Martinez
- Infectious Disease and Immunology Cluster, Border Biomedical Research Center (BBRC), University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968-0519/USA, Tel: (915) 747-6896∥.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968-0519/USA, Tel: (915) 747-6896∥
| | - Tavis L Mendez
- Infectious Disease and Immunology Cluster, Border Biomedical Research Center (BBRC), University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968-0519/USA, Tel: (915) 747-6896∥.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968-0519/USA, Tel: (915) 747-6896∥
| | - Jennifer Apodaca
- Infectious Disease and Immunology Cluster, Border Biomedical Research Center (BBRC), University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968-0519/USA, Tel: (915) 747-6896∥.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968-0519/USA, Tel: (915) 747-6896∥
| | - Siddhartha Das
- Infectious Disease and Immunology Cluster, Border Biomedical Research Center (BBRC), University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968-0519/USA, Tel: (915) 747-6896∥.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968-0519/USA, Tel: (915) 747-6896∥
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Cereijo AE, Asencion Diez MD, Dávila Costa JS, Alvarez HM, Iglesias AA. On the Kinetic and Allosteric Regulatory Properties of the ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase from Rhodococcus jostii: An Approach to Evaluate Glycogen Metabolism in Oleaginous Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:830. [PMID: 27313571 PMCID: PMC4890535 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhodococcus spp. are oleaginous bacteria that accumulate glycogen during exponential growth. Despite the importance of these microorganisms in biotechnology, little is known about the regulation of carbon and energy storage, mainly the relationship between glycogen and triacylglycerols metabolisms. Herein, we report the molecular cloning and heterologous expression of the gene coding for ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.27) of Rhodococcus jostii, strain RHA1. The recombinant enzyme was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity to accurately characterize its oligomeric, kinetic, and regulatory properties. The R. jostii ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase is a homotetramer of 190 kDa exhibiting low basal activity to catalyze synthesis of ADP-glucose, which is markedly influenced by different allosteric effectors. Glucose-6P, mannose-6P, fructose-6P, ribose-5P, and phosphoenolpyruvate were major activators; whereas, NADPH and 6P-gluconate behaved as main inhibitors of the enzyme. The combination of glucose-6P and other effectors (activators or inhibitors) showed a cross-talk effect suggesting that the different metabolites could orchestrate a fine regulation of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in R. jostii. The enzyme exhibited some degree of affinity toward ATP, GTP, CTP, and other sugar-1P substrates. Remarkably, the use of glucosamine-1P was sensitive to allosteric activation. The relevance of the fine regulation of R. jostii ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase is further analyzed in the framework of proteomic studies already determined for the bacterium. Results support a critical role for glycogen as a temporal reserve that provides a pool of carbon able of be re-routed to produce long-term storage of lipids under certain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonela E Cereijo
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, CONICET, Centro Científico Tecnológico, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Matías D Asencion Diez
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, CONICET, Centro Científico Tecnológico, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - José S Dávila Costa
- Centro Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Científico Tecnológico, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
| | - Héctor M Alvarez
- Centro Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Científico Tecnológico, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
| | - Alberto A Iglesias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, CONICET, Centro Científico Tecnológico, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral Santa Fe, Argentina
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13
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De Smet J, Zimmermann M, Kogadeeva M, Ceyssens PJ, Vermaelen W, Blasdel B, Bin Jang H, Sauer U, Lavigne R. High coverage metabolomics analysis reveals phage-specific alterations to Pseudomonas aeruginosa physiology during infection. ISME JOURNAL 2016; 10:1823-35. [PMID: 26882266 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2016.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Phage-mediated metabolic changes in bacteria are hypothesized to markedly alter global nutrient and biogeochemical cycles. Despite their theoretic importance, experimental data on the net metabolic impact of phage infection on the bacterial metabolism remains scarce. In this study, we tracked the dynamics of intracellular metabolites using untargeted high coverage metabolomics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells infected with lytic bacteriophages from six distinct phage genera. Analysis of the metabolomics data indicates an active interference in the host metabolism. In general, phages elicit an increase in pyrimidine and nucleotide sugar metabolism. Furthermore, clear phage-specific and infection stage-specific responses are observed, ranging from extreme metabolite depletion (for example, phage YuA) to complete reorganization of the metabolism (for example, phage phiKZ). As expected, pathways targeted by the phage-encoded auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) were enriched among the metabolites changing during infection. The effect on pyrimidine metabolism of phages encoding AMGs capable of host genome degradation (for example, YuA and LUZ19) was distinct from those lacking nuclease-encoding genes (for example, phiKZ), which demonstrates the link between the encoded set of AMGs of a phage and its impact on host physiology. However, a large fraction of the profound effect on host metabolism could not be attributed to the phage-encoded AMGs. We suggest a potentially crucial role for small, 'non-enzymatic' peptides in metabolism take-over and hypothesize on potential biotechnical applications for such peptides. The highly phage-specific nature of the metabolic impact emphasizes the potential importance of the 'phage diversity' parameter when studying metabolic interactions in complex communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen De Smet
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Michael Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Kogadeeva
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pieter-Jan Ceyssens
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.,Unit Bacterial Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wesley Vermaelen
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Bob Blasdel
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Ho Bin Jang
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Uwe Sauer
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
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14
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Zhang L, Vertes A. Energy Charge, Redox State, and Metabolite Turnover in Single Human Hepatocytes Revealed by Capillary Microsampling Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10397-405. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Linwen Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry,
W. M. Keck Institute for Proteomics Technology and Applications, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department
of Chemistry,
W. M. Keck Institute for Proteomics Technology and Applications, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
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15
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Kleczkowski LA, Decker D. Sugar Activation for Production of Nucleotide Sugars as Substrates for Glycosyltransferases in Plants. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2015. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2015_003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Decker
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University
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