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Mirjalili F, Mahmoodi M, Khazali S. Characterization and in vitro bioactivity evaluation of polyvinyl alcohol incorporated electro spun chitosan/ fluor apatite nanofibrous scaffold for bone tissue engineering. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 150:106322. [PMID: 38142568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan/fluor apatite scaffolds with different concentrations of polyvinyl alcohol of 0.075 g ml-1 and 0.1 g ml-1, respectively named A and B fabricated by electrospinning method to use in tissue engineering. By examining the scaffolds by FE-SEM, an appetite layer formation which was on the scaffold surface was clearly observable. Increasing the concentration of polyvinyl alcohol from 0.075 g ml-1 to 0.1 g ml-1 in the nanofibrous scaffolds improved degradation characteristic with an optimized value of 26 ± 2 and 42 ± 1 % after 28 days, respectively. The mean diameter of fibers both scaffolds was 405 nm and 212 nm, respectively. Furthermore, the percentage of porosity in both scaffolds was calculated as 84% and 91%, separately. The level of hydrophilicity of the scaffolds was measured by the dynamic contact angle method. Moreover, the increase in the percentage of polyvinyl alcohol led to the decrease in the average contact angle in scaffold A and scaffold B from 90° to 70°, respectively. The results of bone marrow culture test with MG-63 (NCBI C555) cell on the surface of scaffolds demonstrated not cytotoxicity in the resulting scaffolds as well as a suitable substrate for the adhesion and growth of the cells. According to our findings, the electrospun fluorapatite-incorporated-chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol scaffold could provide a new nanocomposite for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mirjalili
- Department of Material Engineering, Maybod Branch, Islamic Azad University, Maybod, Iran.
| | - Mahboobeh Mahmoodi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran; Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Khazali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran
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2
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Guo J, Gao W, Wang J, Yao Y, Man Z, Cai Z, Qing Q. Thr22 plays an important role in the efficient catalytic process of Bacillus subtilis chitosanase BsCsn46A. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 167:110242. [PMID: 37099965 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Threonine 22 (Thr22) located in catalytic center near the catalytic amino acid Glu19 was non-conserved in Bacillus species chitosanase. In order to study the function of Thr22, saturation mutagenesis was carried out towards P121N, a mutant previously constructed in our laboratory. Compared with P121N, which was designated as the wild type (WT) in this research, the specific enzyme activity of all mutants was decreased, and that of the T22P mutant was decreased by 91.6 %. Among these mutants, the optimum temperature decreased from 55 °C to 50 °C for 10 mutants and 45 °C for 4 mutants, respectively. The optimum temperature of mutant T22P was 40 °C. In order to analyze the reasons for the changes in enzymatic properties of the mutants, molecular docking analysis of WT and its mutants with substrate were performed. The hydrogen bond analysis around position 22 also conducted. The substitution of Thr22 was found to significantly affect the enzyme-substrate complex interaction. In addition, the hydrogen network near position 22 has undergone obvious changes. These changes may be the main reasons for the changes in enzymatic properties of the mutants. Altogether, this study is valuable for the future research on Bacillus chitosanase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Changzhou University, China; Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, Changzhou University, China
| | - Wenjun Gao
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Changzhou University, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Changzhou University, China
| | - Yao Yao
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Changzhou University, China
| | - Zaiwei Man
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Changzhou University, China; Zao zhuang Key Laboraory of Corn Bioengineering, Zaozhuang Science and Technology Collaborative Innovation Center of Enzyme, Shandong Hengren Gongmao Co. Ltd, Zaozhuang, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Cai
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Changzhou University, China; Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, Changzhou University, China
| | - Qing Qing
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Changzhou University, China; Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, Changzhou University, China
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3
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Xu Y, Wang H, Zhu B, Yao Z, Jiang L. Purification and biochemical characterization of a novel chitosanase cloned from the gene of Kitasatospora setae KM-6054 and its application in the production of chitooligosaccharides. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:111. [PMID: 36905451 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03561-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Chitosanase could degrade chitosan efficiently under mild conditions to prepare chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs). COS possesses versatile physiological activities and has wide application prospects in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields. Herein, a new glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 46 chitosanase (CscB) was cloned from Kitasatospora setae KM-6054 and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant chitosanase CscB was purified by Ni-charged magnetic beads and showed a relative molecular weight of 29.19 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). CscB showed the maximal activity (1094.21 U/mg) at pH 6.0 and 30 °C. It was revealed that CscB is a cold-adapted enzyme. CscB was determined to be an endo-type chitosanase with a polymerization degree of the final product mainly in the range of 2-4. This new cold-adapted chitosanase provides an efficient enzyme tool for clean production of COSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinxiao Xu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Benwei Zhu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhong Yao
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
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4
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Su H, Zhao H, Jia Z, Guo C, Sun J, Mao X. Biochemical Characterization of a GH46 Chitosanase Provides Insights into the Novel Digestion Specificity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:2038-2048. [PMID: 36661321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Endo-chitosanases (EC 3.2.1.132) are generally considered to selectively release functional chito-oligosaccharides (COSs) with degrees of polymerization (DPs) ≥ 2. Although numerous endo-chitosanases have been characterized, the digestion specificity of endo-chitosanases needs to be further explored. In this study, a GH46 endo-chitosanase OUC-CsnPa was cloned, expressed, and characterized from Paenibacillus sp. 1-18. The digestion pattern analysis indicated that OUC-CsnPa could produce monosaccharides from chitotetraose [(GlcN)4], the smallest recognized substrate, in a random endo-acting manner. Especially, the enzyme specificities during chitosan digestion including the regulation of product abundance through a transglycosylation reaction were also evaluated. It was hypothesized that an insertion region in OUC-CsnPa may form a strong force to be involved in stabilizing (GlcN)4 at its negative subsite for efficient hydrolysis. This is the first comprehensive report to reveal the digestion specificity and subsite specificity of monosaccharide production by endo-chitosanases. Overall, OUC-CsnPa described here highlights the previously unknown digestion properties of the endo-acting chitosanases and provides a unique example of possible structure-function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Su
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hongjun Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhenrong Jia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Chaoran Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jianan Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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Mavrogeni ME, Asadpoor M, Henricks PAJ, Keshavarzian A, Folkerts G, Braber S. Direct Action of Non-Digestible Oligosaccharides against a Leaky Gut. Nutrients 2022; 14:4699. [PMID: 36364961 PMCID: PMC9655944 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial monolayer is the primary determinant of mucosal barrier function, and tight junction (TJ) complexes seal the paracellular space between the adjacent epithelial cells and represent the main "gate-keepers" of the paracellular route. Impaired TJ functionality results in increased permeation of the "pro-inflammatory" luminal contents to the circulation that induces local and systemic inflammatory and immune responses, ultimately triggering and/or perpetuating (chronic) systemic inflammatory disorders. Increased gut leakiness is associated with intestinal and systemic disease states such as inflammatory bowel disease and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Modulation of TJ dynamics is an appealing strategy aiming at inflammatory conditions associated with compromised intestinal epithelial function. Recently there has been a growing interest in nutraceuticals, particularly in non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDOs). NDOs confer innumerable health benefits via microbiome-shaping and gut microbiota-related immune responses, including enhancement of epithelial barrier integrity. Emerging evidence supports that NDOs also exert health-beneficial effects on microbiota independently via direct interactions with intestinal epithelial and immune cells. Among these valuable features, NDOs promote barrier function by directly regulating TJs via AMPK-, PKC-, MAPK-, and TLR-associated pathways. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the epithelial barrier-protective effects of different NDOs with a special focus on their microbiota-independent modulation of TJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eleni Mavrogeni
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mostafa Asadpoor
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A. J. Henricks
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Braber
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Xu Y, Li L, Cao S, Zhu B, Yao Z. An updated comprehensive review of advances on structural features, catalytic mechanisms, modification methods and applications of chitosanases. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Qiu S, Zhou S, Tan Y, Feng J, Bai Y, He J, Cao H, Che Q, Guo J, Su Z. Biodegradation and Prospect of Polysaccharide from Crustaceans. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:310. [PMID: 35621961 PMCID: PMC9146327 DOI: 10.3390/md20050310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine crustacean waste has not been fully utilized and is a rich source of chitin. Enzymatic degradation has attracted the wide attention of researchers due to its unique biocatalytic ability to protect the environment. Chitosan (CTS) and its derivative chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs) with various biological activities can be obtained by the enzymatic degradation of chitin. Many studies have shown that chitosan and its derivatives, chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs), have beneficial properties, including lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities, and have important application value in the medical treatment field, the food industry and agriculture. In this review, we describe the classification, biochemical characteristics and catalytic mechanisms of the major degrading enzymes: chitinases, chitin deacetylases (CDAs) and chitosanases. We also introduced the technology for enzymatic design and modification and proposed the current problems and development trends of enzymatic degradation of chitin polysaccharides. The discussion on the characteristics and catalytic mechanism of chitosan-degrading enzymes will help to develop new types of hydrolases by various biotechnology methods and promote their application in chitosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Qiu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (S.Q.); (S.Z.); (Y.T.); (J.F.)
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shipeng Zhou
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (S.Q.); (S.Z.); (Y.T.); (J.F.)
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yue Tan
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (S.Q.); (S.Z.); (Y.T.); (J.F.)
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiayao Feng
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (S.Q.); (S.Z.); (Y.T.); (J.F.)
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yan Bai
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China; (Y.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Jincan He
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China; (Y.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Hua Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China;
| | - Qishi Che
- Guangzhou Rainhome Pharm & Tech Co., Ltd., Science City, Guangzhou 510663, China;
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (S.Q.); (S.Z.); (Y.T.); (J.F.)
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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8
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Biochemical characterization and cleavage pattern analysis of a novel chitosanase with cellulase activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:1979-1990. [PMID: 35175399 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11829-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Chitosanases are critical tools for the preparation of active oligosaccharides, whose composition is related to the cleavage pattern of the enzyme. Although numerous chitosanases have been characterized, the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 5 chitosanases with other activities have rarely been investigated. Herein, a novel and second GH5 chitosanase OUC-Csngly from Streptomyces bacillaris was cloned and further characterized by expression in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Interestingly, OUC-Csngly possessed dual chitosanase and cellulase activities. Molecular docking analysis showed that the C-2 group of sugar units affected the binding of the enzyme to oligosaccharides, which could result in different cleavage patterns toward chito-oligosaccharides (COSs) and cello-oligosaccharides. Further, we characterized OUC-Csngly's distinctive cleavage patterns toward two different types of oligosaccharides. Meanwhile, endo-type chitosanase OUC-Csngly generated (GlcN) - (GlcN)4 from chitosan, was significantly different from other chitosanases. To our knowledge, this is the first report to investigate the different cleavage patterns of chitosanase for COSs and cello-oligosaccharides.Key points• The molecular docking showed C-2 group of sugar units in substrate affecting the cleavage pattern.• The first chitosanase exhibited different cleavage patterns towards chito- and cello-oligosaccharides.• The groups at C-2 influence the subsite composition of the enzyme's active cleft.
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Wang J, Wang P, Zhu M, Chen W, Yu S, Zhong B. Overexpression and Biochemical Properties of a GH46 Chitosanase From Marine Streptomyces hygroscopicus R1 Suitable for Chitosan Oligosaccharides Preparation. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:816845. [PMID: 35173697 PMCID: PMC8841797 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.816845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the various biological activities of chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs), they have great potential value for use in many areas. Chitosanase plays an important role in enzymatic preparation of COSs. Herein, a gene encoding a chitosanase (ShCsn46) from marine Streptomyces hygroscopicus R1 was cloned and the sequences encoding ShCsn46 without signal peptide were optimized based on the codon usage of Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris). In addition, the optimized gene was ligated to pPICZαA and transformed to P. pastoris X33. After screening, a recombinant strain named X33-Sh33 with the highest activity was isolated from 96 recombinant colonies. The maximum activity and total protein concentration of the recombinant strain ShCsn46 were 2250 U/ml and 3.98 g/l, respectively. The optimal pH and temperature of purified ShCsn46 were 5.5 and 55°C, respectively. Meanwhile, ShCsn46 was stable from pH 5.0 to 10.0 and 40 to 55°C, respectively. The purified ShCsn46 was activated by Mn2+ and inhibited by Cu2+, Fe2+, and Al3+. In addition, substrate specificity of the purified ShCsn46 showed highest activity toward colloidal chitosan with 95% degree of deacetylation. Furthermore, the purified ShCsn46 exhibited high efficiency to hydrolyze 4% colloidal chitosan to prepare COSs. COSs with degree of polymerization of 2–6, 2–5, and 2–4 were controllably produced by adjusting the reaction time. This study provides an excellent chitosanase for the controllable preparation of COSs with a desirable degree of polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Wang
- Shenzhen Raink Ecology & Environment Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianrong Wang,
| | - Ping Wang
- Shenzhen Raink Ecology & Environment Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Mujin Zhu
- Shenzhen Raink Ecology & Environment Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Shenzhen Raink Ecology & Environment Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Si Yu
- Shenzhen Raink Ecology & Environment Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Zhong
- Shenzhen Raink Ecology & Environment Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
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10
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Wang J, Li X, Chen H, Lin B, Zhao L. Heterologous Expression and Characterization of a High-Efficiency Chitosanase From Bacillus mojavensis SY1 Suitable for Production of Chitosan Oligosaccharides. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:781138. [PMID: 34912320 PMCID: PMC8667621 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.781138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosanase plays an important role in enzymatic production of chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs). The present study describes the gene cloning and high-level expression of a high-efficiency chitosanase from Bacillus mojavensis SY1 (CsnBm). The gene encoding CsnBm was obtained by homologous cloning, ligated to pPICZαA, and transformed into Pichia pastoris X33. A recombinant strain designated X33-C3 with the highest activity was isolated from 120 recombinant colonies. The maximum activity and total protein concentration of recombinant strain X33-C3 were 6,052 U/ml and 3.75 g/l, respectively, which were obtained in fed-batch cultivation in a 50-l bioreactor. The optimal temperature and pH of purified CsnBm were 55°C and 5.5, respectively. Meanwhile, CsnBm was stable from pH 4.0 to 9.0 and 40 to 55°C. The purified CsnBm exhibited high activity toward colloidal chitosan with degrees of deacetylation from 85 to 95%. Furthermore, CsnBm exhibited high efficiency to hydrolyze different concentration of colloidal chitosan to produce COSs. The result of this study not only identifies a high-efficiency chitosanase for preparation of COSs, but also casts some insight into the high-level production of chitosanase in heterologous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Wang
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soybean Products Processing and Safety Control, Shaoyang, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Bioengineering Research Center, Guangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soybean Products Processing and Safety Control, Shaoyang, China
| | - Bilian Lin
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soybean Products Processing and Safety Control, Shaoyang, China
| | - Liangzhong Zhao
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soybean Products Processing and Safety Control, Shaoyang, China
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11
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Cui D, Yang J, Lu B, Shen H. Efficient Preparation of Chitooligosaccharide With a Potential Chitosanase Csn-SH and Its Application for Fungi Disease Protection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:682829. [PMID: 34220769 PMCID: PMC8249199 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.682829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosanase plays a vital role in bioactive chitooligosaccharide preparation. Here, we characterized and prepared a potential GH46 family chitosanase from Bacillus atrophaeus BSS. The purified recombinant enzyme Csn-SH showed a molecular weight of 27.0 kDa. Csn-SH displayed maximal activity toward chitosan at pH 5.0 and 45°C. Thin-layer chromatography and electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry indicated that Csn-SH mainly hydrolyzed chitosan into (GlcN)2, (GlcN)3, and (GlcN)4 with an endo-type cleavage pattern. Molecular docking analysis demonstrated that Csn-SH cleaved the glycoside bonds between subsites −2 and + 1 of (GlcN)6. Importantly, the chitosan hydrolysis rate of Csn-SH reached 80.57% within 40 min, which could reduce time and water consumption. The hydrolysates prepared with Csn-SH exhibited a good antifungal activity against Magnaporthe oryzae and Colletotrichum higginsianum. The above results suggested that Csn-SH could be used to produce active chitooligosaccharides efficiently that are biocontrol agents applicable for safe and sustainable agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Cui
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bosi Lu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Shen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Li Y, Gou Y, Liu Z, Xie T, Wang G. Structure-based rational design of chitosanase CsnMY002 for high yields of chitobiose. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 202:111692. [PMID: 33744813 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) are attractive active molecules for biomedical applications. Currently, the prohibitively high cost of producing fully defined COS hampers extensive studies on their biological activity and restricts their use in various industries. Thus, cost-effective production of pure COS is of major importance. In this report, chitosanase from Bacillus subtilis MY002 (CsnMY002) was prepared for COS production. The structure of apo CsnMY002 displayed an unexpected tunnel-like substrate-binding site and the structure of the CsnMY002_E19A/(GlcN)6 complex highlighted the "4 + 2″ splitting of hexaglucosamine even though the "3 + 3″ splitting is also observed in the TLC analysis of the enzyme products for hexaglucosamine. Structure based rational design was performed to generate mutants for chitobiose production. The CsnMY002_G21 K mutant produced chitobiose with a relative content > 87 % from chitosan with a low degree of acetylation, and 50.65 mg chitobiose with a purity > 98 % was prepared from 100 mg chitosan. The results provide insight on the catalytic mechanism of chitosanase and underpin future biomedical applications of pure chitobiose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China; College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yan Gou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhongchuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ganggang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China; The Innovative Academy of Seed Design (INASEED), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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13
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Zheng Q, Meng X, Cheng M, Li Y, Liu Y, Chen X. Cloning and Characterization of a New Chitosanase From a Deep-Sea Bacterium Serratia sp. QD07. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:619731. [PMID: 33717008 PMCID: PMC7943732 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.619731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosanase is a significant chitosan-degrading enzyme involved in industrial applications, which forms chitooligosaccharides (COS) as reaction products that are known to have various biological activities. In this study, the gene csnS was cloned from a deep-sea bacterium Serratia sp. QD07, as well as over-expressed in Escherichia coli, which is a new chitosanase encoding gene. The recombinant strain was cultured in a 5 L fermenter, which yielded 324 U/mL chitosanases. After purification, CsnS is a cold-adapted enzyme with the highest activity at 60°C, showing 37.5% of the maximal activity at 0°C and 42.6% of the maximal activity at 10°C. It exhibited optimum activity at pH 5.8 and was stable at a pH range of 3.4–8.8. Additionally, CsnS exhibited an endo-type cleavage pattern and hydrolyzed chitosan polymers to yield disaccharides and trisaccharides as the primary reaction products. These results make CsnS a potential candidate for the industrial manufacture of COS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuling Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Mingyang Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanfeng Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuanpeng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuehong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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14
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Wang Y, Qin Z, Fan L, Zhao L. Structure-function analysis of Gynuella sunshinyii chitosanase uncovers the mechanism of substrate binding in GH family 46 members. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2038-2048. [PMID: 33080262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (COS) is a kind of functional carbohydrates with great application potential as its various biological functions in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical fields. Exploring the relationship between structure and function of chitosanase is essential for the controllable preparation of chitooligosaccharides with the specific degree of polymerization (DP). GsCsn46A is a cold-adapted glycosyl hydrolase (GH) family 46 chitosanase with application potential for the controllable preparation of chitooligosaccharides. Here, we present two complex structures with substrate chitopentaose and chitotetraose of GsCsn46A, respectively. The overall structure of GsCsn46A contains nine α-helices and two β-strands that folds into two globular domains with the substrate between them. The unique binding positions of both chitopentaose and chitotetraose revealed two novel sugar residues in the negatively-numbered subsites of GH family 46 chitosanases. The structure-function analysis of GsCsn46A uncovers the substrate binding and catalysis mechanism of GH family 46 chitosanases. Structural basis mutagenesis in GsCsn46A indicated that altering interactions near +3 subsite would help produce hydrolysis products with higher DP. Specifically, the mutant N21W of GsCsn46A nearly eliminated the ability of hydrolyzing chitotetraose after long-time degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yani Wang
- School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhen Qin
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Liqiang Fan
- School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Liming Zhao
- School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology (SCICBT), Shanghai 200237, China.
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15
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Secretory production in Escherichia coli of a GH46 chitosanase from Chromobacterium violaceum, suitable to generate antifungal chitooligosaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:1482-1495. [PMID: 33017605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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16
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Liu P, Wang R, Su W, Qian C, Li X, Gao L, Jiao T. Research advances in preparation and application of chitosan nanofluorescent probes. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:1884-1896. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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17
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Effects of carboxymethyl chitosan oligosaccharide on regulating immunologic function and inhibiting tumor growth. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 250:116994. [PMID: 33049904 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the effects of carboxymethyl chitosan oligosaccharide (CM-COS) on regulating immunologic function and inhibiting hepatocellular tumor growth were evaluated. Results showed that CM-COS caused dramatic viability loss of hepatocellular carcinoma BEL-7402 with non-toxicity towards normal liver L-02 cells. CM-COS repressed tumor growth of hepatoma-22, and elevated the spleen index and thymus index of tumor-bearing mice. Contents of VEGF and MMP-9 were significantly down-regulated by CM-COS. Histological analyses revealed that CM-COS promoted tumor cell necrosis and produced no significant toxicity to spleen tissues. Moreover, expressions of Caspase-3 in tumor tissues and IL-2 in spleen tissues were significantly activated by CM-COS. Additionally, in vitro cell viability, phagocytic capability and NO production of mouse peritoneal macrophages exposed to CM-COS were significantly higher. CM-COS remarkably increased the in vivo phagocytosing capacity of peritoneal macrophages of Kunming mice. Taken together, our findings suggested that CM-COS might be potentially effective and non-toxic candidate as anti-hepatoma agents.
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18
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Ma C, Li X, Yang K, Li S. Characterization of a New Chitosanase from a Marine Bacillus sp. and the Anti-Oxidant Activity of Its Hydrolysate. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18020126. [PMID: 32092959 PMCID: PMC7073567 DOI: 10.3390/md18020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharide (COS) has been recognized to exhibit efficient anti-oxidant activity. Enzymatic hydrolysis using chitosanases can retain all the amino and hydroxyl groups of chitosan, which are necessary for its activity. In this study, a new chitosanase encoding gene, csnQ, was cloned from the marine Bacillus sp. Q1098 and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant chitosanase, CsnQ, showed maximal activity at pH 5.31 and 60 °C. Determination of CsnQ pH-stability showed that CsnQ could retain more than 50% of its activity over a wide pH, from 3.60 to 9.80. CsnQ is an endo-type chitosanase, yielding chitodisaccharide as the main product. Additionally, in vitro and in vivo analyses indicated that chitodisaccharide possesses much more effective anti-oxidant activity than glucosamine and low molecular weight chitosan (LMW-CS) (~5 kDa). Notably, to our knowledge, this is the first evidence that chitodisaccharide is the minimal COS fragment required for free radical scavenging.
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19
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Qian M, Lyu Q, Liu Y, Hu H, Wang S, Pan C, Duan X, Gao Y, Qi LW, Liu W, Wang L. Chitosan Oligosaccharide Ameliorates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17070391. [PMID: 31269758 PMCID: PMC6669476 DOI: 10.3390/md17070391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global epidemic, and there is no standard and efficient therapy for it. Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is widely known to have various biological effects, and in this study we aimed to evaluate the liver-protective effect in diet-induced obese mice for an enzymatically digested product of COS called COS23 which is mainly composed of dimers and trimers. An integrated analysis of the lipidome and gut microbiome were performed to assess the effects of COS23 on lipids in plasma and the liver as well as on intestinal microbiota. Our results revealed that COS23 obviously attenuated hepatic steatosis and ameliorated liver injury in diet-induced obese mice. The hepatic toxic lipids—especially triglycerides (TGs) and free fatty acids (FFAs)—were decreased dramatically after COS23 treatment. COS23 regulated lipid-related pathways, especially inhibiting the expressions of FFA-synthesis-related genes and inflammation-related genes. Furthermore, COS23 could alter lipid profiles in plasma. More importantly, COS23 also decreased the abundance of Mucispirillum and increased the abundance of Coprococcus in gut microbiota and protected the intestinal barrier by up-regulating the expression of tight-junction-related genes. In conclusion, COS23, an enzymatically digested product of COS, might serve as a promising candidate in the clinical treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyi Qian
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- College of pharmacy and chemistry, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
| | - Qianqian Lyu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Yujie Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Haiyang Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Shilei Wang
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Chuyue Pan
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xubin Duan
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yingsheng Gao
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Lian-Wen Qi
- Clinical Metabolomics Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Weizhi Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China.
| | - Lirui Wang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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20
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Potential Analysis and Preparation of Chitosan Oligosaccharides as Oral Nutritional Supplements of Cancer Adjuvant Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040920. [PMID: 30791594 PMCID: PMC6412339 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is considered to have an adverse influence on health around the world. Chitosan, a linear polysaccharide that contains copolymers of β-1-4 linked d-glucosamine and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine units, has been widely used in the field of biomedicine, owing to its nontoxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and hemocompatibility. This study was aimed at preparing the chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) and examining its ability on suppressing lung cancer in vitro and in vivo. Human non-small-cell lung cancer A549 cells model and C57BL/6 mice bearing lung cancer model were adopted. COS showed inhibition on the viability and proliferation of lung carcinoma cells (A549) in time-dependent manners, but no cytotoxicity to human liver cell (HL-7702). Moreover, COS could significantly increase Bax expression of A549 cells while decreasing Bcl-2 expression. COS supplementation significantly inhibited the growth of Lewis tissues and promoted necrosis of tumor cells in vivo. After treatment with COS, significantly elevated concentrations of Bax and reduced expression of Bcl-2 in tumor tissues, as well as elevated levels of TNF-α, IL-2, Fas and Fas-L in mice serum were observed (p < 0.05). In conclusion, COS had certain anti-tumor effects and potential application as a synergic functional food ingredient to prevent cancer.
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21
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Singh R, Weikert T, Basa S, Moerschbacher BM. Structural and biochemical insight into mode of action and subsite specificity of a chitosan degrading enzyme from Bacillus spec. MN. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1132. [PMID: 30718524 PMCID: PMC6362164 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36213-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosans, partially de-N-acetylated derivatives of chitin, are multifunctional biopolymers. In nature, biological activities of partially acetylated chitosan polymers are mediated in part by their oligomeric breakdown products, which are generated in situ by the action of chitosanolytic enzymes. Understanding chitosanolytic enzymes, therefore, can lead to the production of chitosan oligomers with fully defined structures that may confer specific bioactivities. To address whether defined oligomer products can be produced via chitosanolytic enzymes, we here characterized a GH8 family chitosanase from Bacillus spec. MN, determining its mode of action and product profiles. We found that the enzyme has higher activity towards polymers with lower degree of acetylation. Oligomeric products were dominated by GlcN3, GlcN3GlcNAc1, and GlcN4GlcNAc1. The product distribution from oligomers were GlcN3 > GlcN2. Modeling and simulations show that the binding site comprises subsites ranging from (-3) to (+3), and a putative (+4) subsite, with defined preferences for GlcN or GlcNAc at each subsite. Flexible loops at the binding site facilitate enzyme-substrate interactions and form a cleft at the active site which can open and close. The detailed insight gained here will help to engineer enzyme variants to produce tailored chitosan oligomers with defined structures that can then be used to probe their specific biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Singh
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Tobias Weikert
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Sven Basa
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany.
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22
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Li S, Wang L, Chen X, Sun M, Han Y. Design and Synthesis of a Chitodisaccharide-Based Affinity Resin for Chitosanases Purification. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17010068. [PMID: 30669556 PMCID: PMC6356299 DOI: 10.3390/md17010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (CHOS) have gained increasing attention because of their important biological activities. Enhancing the efficiency of CHOS production essentially requires screening of novel chitosanase with unique characteristics. Therefore, a rapid and efficient one-step affinity purification procedure plays important roles in screening native chitosanases. In this study, we report the design and synthesis of affinity resin for efficient purification of native chitosanases without any tags, using chitodisaccharides (CHDS) as an affinity ligand, to couple with Sepharose 6B via a spacer, cyanuric chloride. Based on the CHDS-modified affinity resin, a one-step affinity purification method was developed and optimized, and then applied to purify three typical glycoside hydrolase (GH) families: 46, 75, and 80 chitosanase. The three purified chitosanases were homogeneous with purities of greater than 95% and bioactivity recovery of more than 40%. Moreover, we also developed a rapid and efficient affinity purification procedure, in which tag-free chitosanase could be directly purified from supernatant of bacterial culture. The purified chitosanases samples using such a procedure had apparent homogeneity, with more than 90% purity and 10⁻50% yield. The novel purification methods established in this work can be applied to purify native chitosanases in various scales, such as laboratory and industrial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangyong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Linna Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xuehong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Mi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yantao Han
- Department of Pharmacology, College of basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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23
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Fukamizo T, Shinya S. Chitin/Chitosan-Active Enzymes Involved in Plant–Microbe Interactions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1142:253-272. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7318-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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24
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You X, Qin Z, Yan Q, Yang S, Li Y, Jiang Z. Structural insights into the catalytic mechanism of a novel glycoside hydrolase family 113 β-1,4-mannanase from Amphibacillus xylanus. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:11746-11757. [PMID: 29871927 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
β-1,4-Mannanase degrades β-1,4-mannan polymers into manno-oligosaccharides with a low degree of polymerization. To date, only one glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 113 β-1,4-mannanase, from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius (AaManA), has been structurally characterized, and no complex structure of enzyme-manno-oligosaccharides from this family has been reported. Here, crystal structures of a GH family 113 β-1,4-mannanase from Amphibacillus xylanus (AxMan113A) and its complexes with mannobiose, mannotriose, mannopentaose, and mannahexaose were solved. AxMan113A had higher affinity for -1 and +1 mannoses, which explains why the enzyme can hydrolyze mannobiose. At least six subsites (-4 to +2) exist in the groove, but mannose units preferentially occupied subsites -4 to -1 because of steric hindrance formed by Lys-238 and Trp-239. Based on the structural information and bioinformatics, rational design was implemented to enhance hydrolysis activity. Enzyme activity of AxMan113A mutants V139C, N237W, K238A, and W239Y was improved by 93.7, 63.4, 112.9, and 36.4%, respectively, compared with the WT. In addition, previously unreported surface-binding sites were observed. Site-directed mutagenesis studies and kinetic data indicated that key residues near the surface sites play important roles in substrate binding and recognition. These first GH family 113 β-1,4-mannanase-manno-oligosaccharide complex structures may be useful in further studying the catalytic mechanism of GH family 113 members, and provide novel insight into protein engineering of GHs to improve their hydrolysis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin You
- From the Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083
| | - Zhen Qin
- the School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, and
| | - Qiaojuan Yan
- From the Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083
| | - Shaoqing Yang
- the College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanxiao Li
- From the Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083
| | - Zhengqiang Jiang
- the College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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25
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You X, Qin Z, Li YX, Yan QJ, Li B, Jiang ZQ. Structural and biochemical insights into the substrate-binding mechanism of a novel glycoside hydrolase family 134 β-mannanase. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1376-1388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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26
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Expression and characterization of a novel cold-adapted chitosanase suitable for chitooligosaccharides controllable preparation. Food Chem 2018; 253:139-147. [PMID: 29502814 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.01.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharide is widely used as a functional food additive and a valuable pharmacological agent. The transformation of chitinous biomass into valuable bioactive chitooligosaccharides is one of the most exciting applications of chitosanase. A novel glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 46 chitosanase (GsCsn46A) from rhizobacterium Gynuella sunshinyii was cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. GsCsn46A showed maximal activity at pH 5.5 and 30 °C. GsCsn46A featured remarkable cold-adapted property, which controllably hydrolyzed chitosan to three types of chitooligosaccharides at the mild reaction condition (reaction condition: pH 5.5 at 30 °C; method for stopping the reaction: 50 °C for 30 min). The yields of three types of chitooligosaccharides products (degree of polymerization (DP): 2-7, 2-5 and 2-3) were 70.9%, 87.1% and 94.6% respectively. This novel cold-adapted chitosanase provides a cleaner production process for the controllable preparation of chitooligosaccharides with the specific DP.
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27
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Regel EK, Weikert T, Niehues A, Moerschbacher BM, Singh R. Protein-engineering of chitosanase from Bacillus sp. MN to alter its substrate specificity. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:863-873. [PMID: 29280476 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Partially acetylated chitosan oligosaccharides (paCOS) have various potential applications in agriculture, biomedicine, and pharmaceutics due to their suitable bioactivities. One method to produce paCOS is partial chemical hydrolysis of chitosan polymers, but that leads to poorly defined mixtures of oligosaccharides. However, the effective production of defined paCOS is crucial for fundamental research and for developing applications. A more promising approach is enzymatic depolymerization of chitosan using chitinases or chitosanases, as the substrate specificity of the enzyme determines the composition of the oligomeric products. Protein-engineering of these enzymes to alter their substrate specificity can overcome the limitations associated with naturally occurring enzymes and expand the spectrum of specific paCOS that can be produced. Here, engineering the substrate specificity of Bacillus sp. MN chitosanase is described for the first time. Two muteins with active site substitutions can accept N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units at their subsite (-2), which is impossible for the wildtype enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva K Regel
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tobias Weikert
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Anna Niehues
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ratna Singh
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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28
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Zhang H, Lu Y, Wang Y, Zhang X, Wang T. d-Glucosamine production from chitosan hydrolyzation over a glucose-derived solid acid catalyst. RSC Adv 2018; 8:5608-5613. [PMID: 35542433 PMCID: PMC9078138 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra12490b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A glucose-based solid acid catalyst (GSA) was synthesized by hydrothermal carbonization and its physicochemical properties were explored by various characterization techniques including IR, TG and SEM. In addition, its catalytic performance towards d-glucosamine formation from the hydrolysis of chitosan was extensively investigated to determine the effects of reaction parameters, such as reaction temperature, time and mass ratio of catalyst and reactants. The experimental results revealed that the yield of targeted product d-glucosamine could reach as high as 98.1% under optimal conditions (temperature: 110 °C; time: 6 h). After six catalytic cycles, no evident deactivation was observed, suggesting the satisfactory stability of the investigated solid acid catalyst. This might provide insight on the development of suitable catalyst systems for d-glucosamine formation to replace homogeneous catalysts. A method for preparing d-glucosamine in aqueous phase by chitosan degradation by a solid acid, which resulted in high yields.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkui Zhang
- Faculty of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering
- Dalian Polytechnic University
- Dalian 116023
- China
| | - Yuting Lu
- Faculty of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering
- Dalian Polytechnic University
- Dalian 116023
- China
| | - Yuanhao Wang
- Faculty of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering
- Dalian Polytechnic University
- Dalian 116023
- China
| | - Xingrong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mineral Processing
- Beijing General Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
- Beijing 102600
- China
| | - Tingyu Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215006
- China
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29
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Han Y, Yu R, Gao P, Lu X, Yu W. The hydrogen-bond network around Glu160 contributes to the structural stability of chitosanase CsnA from Renibacterium sp. QD1. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 109:880-887. [PMID: 29155203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
CsnA, a chitosanase from Renibacterium sp. QD1, has great potential for industrial applications due to its high yield and broad pH stability. In this study, a specific Glu160 in CsnA was identified by sequence alignment, and structural analysis and MD simulation predicted that Glu160 formed a hydrogen-bond network with Lys163 and Thr114. To evaluate the effect of the network, we constructed four mutants, including E160A, E160Q, K163A, and T114A, which partially or completely destroy this network. Characterization of these mutants demonstrated that the disruption of the network significantly decreased the enzyme thermostability. The underlying mechanisms responsible for the change of thermostability analyzed by circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed that the hydrogen-bond network conferred the structural stability of CsnA. Moreover, the length of the side chain of residue at 160 impacted conformational stability of the enzyme. Taken together, the hydrogen-bond network around Glu160 plays important roles in stabilization of CsnA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Han
- Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Rilei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Peixin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xinzhi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Wengong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China.
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30
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Zitouni M, Viens P, Ghinet MG, Brzezinski R. Diversity of family GH46 chitosanases in Kitasatospora setae KM-6054. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:7877-7888. [PMID: 28924834 PMCID: PMC5635096 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8517-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The genome of Kitasatospora setae KM-6054, a soil actinomycete, has three genes encoding chitosanases belonging to GH46 family. The genes (csn1-3) were cloned in Streptomyces lividans and the corresponding enzymes were purified from the recombinant cultures. The csn2 clone yielded two proteins (Csn2BH and Csn2H) differing by the presence of a carbohydrate-binding domain. Sequence analysis showed that Csn1 and Csn2H were canonical GH46 chitosanases, while Csn3 resembled chitosanases from bacilli. The activity of the four chitosanases was tested in a variety of conditions and on diverse chitosan forms, including highly N-deacetylated chitosan or chitosan complexed with humic or polyphosphoric acid. Kinetic parameters were also determined. These tests unveiled the biochemical diversity among these chitosanases and the peculiarity of Csn3 compared with the other three enzymes. The observed biochemical diversity is discussed based on structural 3D models and sequence alignment. This is a first study of all the GH46 chitosanases produced by a single microbial strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Zitouni
- Centre d'Étude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne; Département de Biologie; Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, boul.de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Pascal Viens
- Centre d'Étude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne; Département de Biologie; Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, boul.de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
- Innomalt Inc, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Mariana G Ghinet
- Centre d'Étude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne; Département de Biologie; Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, boul.de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
- Département de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Ryszard Brzezinski
- Centre d'Étude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne; Département de Biologie; Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, boul.de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada.
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31
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Shinya S, Ghinet MG, Brzezinski R, Furuita K, Kojima C, Shah S, Kovrigin EL, Fukamizo T. NMR line shape analysis of a multi-state ligand binding mechanism in chitosanase. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2017; 67:309-319. [PMID: 28393280 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-017-0109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan interaction with chitosanase was examined through analysis of spectral line shapes in the NMR HSQC titration experiments. We established that the substrate, chitosan hexamer, binds to the enzyme through the three-state induced-fit mechanism with fast formation of the encounter complex followed by slow isomerization of the bound-state into the final conformation. Mapping of the chemical shift perturbations in two sequential steps of the mechanism highlighted involvement of the substrate-binding subsites and the hinge region in the binding reaction. Equilibrium parameters of the three-state model agreed with the overall thermodynamic dissociation constant determined by ITC. This study presented the first kinetic evidence of the induced-fit mechanism in the glycoside hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Shinya
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505, Japan
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mariana G Ghinet
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
- Département de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Ryszard Brzezinski
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Kyoko Furuita
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chojiro Kojima
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sneha Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA
| | - Evgenii L Kovrigin
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA.
| | - Tamo Fukamizo
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505, Japan.
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32
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Shinya S, Fukamizo T. Interaction between chitosan and its related enzymes: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 104:1422-1435. [PMID: 28223213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan-related enzymes including chitosanases, exo-β-glucosaminidases, and enzymes having chitosan-binding modules recognize ligands through electrostatic interactions between the acidic amino acids in proteins and amino groups of chitosan polysaccharides. However, in GH8 chitosanases, several aromatic residues are also involved in substrate recognition through stacking interactions, and these enzymes consequently hydrolyze β-1,4-glucan as well as chitosan. The binding grooves of these chitosanases are extended and opened at both ends of the grooves, so that the enzymes can clamp a long chitosan polysaccharide. The association/dissociation of positively charged glucosamine residues to/from the binding pocket of a GH2 exo-β-glucosaminidase controls the p Ka of the catalytic acid, thereby maintaining the high catalytic potency of the enzyme. In contrast to chitosanases, chitosan-binding modules only accommodate a couple of glucosamine residues, predominantly recognizing the non-reducing end glucosamine residue of chitosan by electrostatic interactions and a hydrogen-bonding network. These structural findings on chitosan-related enzymes may contribute to future applications for the efficient conversion of the chitin/chitosan biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Shinya
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Tamo Fukamizo
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan.
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33
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Yorinaga Y, Kumasaka T, Yamamoto M, Hamada K, Kawamukai M. Crystal structure of a family 80 chitosanase fromMitsuaria chitosanitabida. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:540-547. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Yorinaga
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology; Faculty of Life and Environmental Science; Shimane University; Matsue Japan
| | - Takashi Kumasaka
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI); Sayo Hyogo Japan
| | | | - Kensaku Hamada
- X-ray Research Laboratory; Rigaku Co.; Akishima Tokyo Japan
| | - Makoto Kawamukai
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology; Faculty of Life and Environmental Science; Shimane University; Matsue Japan
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34
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A highly Conserved Aspartic Acid Residue of the Chitosanase from Bacillus Sp. TS Is Involved in the Substrate Binding. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 180:1167-1179. [PMID: 27318711 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2159-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The chitosanase from Bacillus sp. TS (CsnTS) is an enzyme belonging to the glycoside hydrolase family 8. The sequence of CsnTS shares 98 % identity with the chitosanase from Bacillus sp. K17. Crystallography analysis and site-direct mutagenesis of the chitosanase from Bacillus sp. K17 identified the important residues involved in the catalytic interaction and substrate binding. However, despite progress in understanding the catalytic mechanism of the chitosanase from the family GH8, the functional roles of some residues that are highly conserved throughout this family have not been fully elucidated. This study focused on one of these residues, i.e., the aspartic acid residue at position 318. We found that apart from asparagine, mutation of Asp318 resulted in significant loss of enzyme activity. In-depth investigations showed that mutation of this residue not only impaired enzymatic activity but also affected substrate binding. Taken together, our results showed that Asp318 plays an important role in CsnTS activity.
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35
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Chitosanases from Family 46 of Glycoside Hydrolases: From Proteins to Phenotypes. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:6566-87. [PMID: 26516868 PMCID: PMC4663542 DOI: 10.3390/md13116566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosanases, enzymes that catalyze the endo-hydrolysis of glycolytic links in chitosan, are the subject of numerous studies as biotechnological tools to generate low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC) or chitosan oligosaccharides (CHOS) from native, high molecular weight chitosan. Glycoside hydrolases belonging to family GH46 are among the best-studied chitosanases, with four crystallography-derived structures available and more than forty enzymes studied at the biochemical level. They were also subjected to numerous site-directed mutagenesis studies, unraveling the molecular mechanisms of hydrolysis. This review is focused on the taxonomic distribution of GH46 proteins, their multi-modular character, the structure-function relationships and their biological functions in the host organisms.
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