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The Evolution of Nitric Oxide Function: From Reactivity in the Prebiotic Earth to Examples of Biological Roles and Therapeutic Applications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071222. [PMID: 35883712 PMCID: PMC9311577 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide was once considered to be of marginal interest to the biological sciences and medicine; however, there is now wide recognition, but not yet a comprehensive understanding, of its functions and effects. NO is a reactive, toxic free radical with numerous biological targets, especially metal ions. However, NO and its reaction products also play key roles as reductant and oxidant in biological redox processes, in signal transduction, immunity and infection, as well as other roles. Consequently, it can be sensed, metabolized and modified in biological systems. Here, we present a brief overview of the chemistry and biology of NO—in particular, its origins in geological time and in contemporary biology, its toxic consequences and its critical biological functions. Given that NO, with its intrinsic reactivity, appeared in the early Earth’s atmosphere before the evolution of complex lifeforms, we speculate that the potential for toxicity preceded biological function. To examine this hypothesis, we consider the nature of non-biological and biological targets of NO, the evolution of biological mechanisms for NO detoxification, and how living organisms generate this multifunctional gas.
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2
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Mass spectrometry analysis of S-nitrosylation of proteins and its role in cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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3
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Peroxiredoxins-The Underrated Actors during Virus-Induced Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060977. [PMID: 34207367 PMCID: PMC8234473 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) triggered by various stimuli, including viral infections, has attributed much attention in the past years. It has been shown that different viruses that cause acute or chronic diseases induce oxidative stress in infected cells and dysregulate antioxidant its antioxidant capacity. However, most studies focused on catalase and superoxide dismutases, whereas a family of peroxiredoxins (Prdx), the most effective peroxide scavengers, were given little or no attention. In the current review, we demonstrate that peroxiredoxins scavenge hydrogen and organic peroxides at their physiological concentrations at various cell compartments, unlike many other antioxidant enzymes, and discuss their recycling. We also provide data on the regulation of their expression by various transcription factors, as they can be compared with the imprint of viruses on transcriptional machinery. Next, we discuss the involvement of peroxiredoxins in transferring signals from ROS on specific proteins by promoting the oxidation of target cysteine groups, as well as briefly demonstrate evidence of nonenzymatic, chaperone, functions of Prdx. Finally, we give an account of the current state of research of peroxiredoxins for various viruses. These data clearly show that Prdx have not been given proper attention despite all the achievements in general redox biology.
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Bolduc J, Koruza K, Luo T, Malo Pueyo J, Vo TN, Ezeriņa D, Messens J. Peroxiredoxins wear many hats: Factors that fashion their peroxide sensing personalities. Redox Biol 2021; 42:101959. [PMID: 33895094 PMCID: PMC8113037 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prdxs) sense and assess peroxide levels, and signal through protein interactions. Understanding the role of the multiple structural and post-translational modification (PTM) layers that tunes the peroxiredoxin specificities is still a challenge. In this review, we give a tabulated overview on what is known about human and bacterial peroxiredoxins with a focus on structure, PTMs, and protein-protein interactions. Armed with numerous cellular and atomic level experimental techniques, we look at the future and ask ourselves what is still needed to give us a clearer view on the cellular operating power of Prdxs in both stress and non-stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesalyn Bolduc
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katarina Koruza
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ting Luo
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julia Malo Pueyo
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Trung Nghia Vo
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daria Ezeriņa
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joris Messens
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.
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5
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I'm Infected, Eat Me! Innate Immunity Mediated by Live, Infected Cells Signaling To Be Phagocytosed. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00476-20. [PMID: 33558325 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00476-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity against pathogens is known to be mediated by barriers to pathogen invasion, activation of complement, recruitment of immune cells, immune cell phagocytosis of pathogens, death of infected cells, and activation of the adaptive immunity via antigen presentation. Here, we propose and review evidence for a novel mode of innate immunity whereby live, infected host cells induce phagocytes to phagocytose the infected cell, thereby potentially reducing infection. We discuss evidence that host cells, infected by virus, bacteria, or other intracellular pathogens (i) release nucleotides and chemokines as find-me signals, (ii) expose on their surface phosphatidylserine and calreticulin as eat-me signals, (iii) release and bind opsonins to induce phagocytosis, and (iv) downregulate don't-eat-me signals CD47, major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC1), and sialic acid. As long as the pathogens of the host cell are destroyed within the phagocyte, then infection can be curtailed; if antigens from the pathogens are cross-presented by the phagocyte, then an adaptive response would also be induced. Phagocytosis of live infected cells may thereby mediate innate immunity.
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6
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Rhizobia: highways to NO. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:495-505. [PMID: 33544133 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between rhizobia and their legume host plants conduces to the formation of specialized root organs called nodules where rhizobia differentiate into bacteroids which fix atmospheric nitrogen to the benefit of the plant. This beneficial symbiosis is of importance in the context of sustainable agriculture as legumes do not require the addition of nitrogen fertilizer to grow. Interestingly, nitric oxide (NO) has been detected at various steps of the rhizobium-legume symbiosis where it has been shown to play multifaceted roles. Both bacterial and plant partners are involved in NO synthesis in nodules. To better understand the role of NO, and in particular the role of bacterial NO, at all steps of rhizobia-legumes interaction, the enzymatic sources of NO have to be elucidated. In this review, we discuss different enzymatic reactions by which rhizobia may potentially produce NO. We argue that there is most probably no NO synthase activity in rhizobia, and that instead the NO2- reductase nirK, which is part of the denitrification pathway, is the main bacterial source of NO. The nitrate assimilation pathway might contribute to NO production but only when denitrification is active. The different approaches to measure NO in rhizobia are also addressed.
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Peroxiredoxin-1 Overexpression Attenuates Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2405135. [PMID: 32802259 PMCID: PMC7411498 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2405135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background. Previous research has shown that peroxiredoxin 1 (Prdx1) is an important modulator of physiological and pathophysiological cardiovascular events. This study is aimed at investigating the role and underlying mechanism of Prdx1 in doxorubicin- (DOX-) induced cardiotoxicity. Cardiac-specific expression of Prdx1 was induced in mice, and the mice received a single dose of DOX (15 mg/kg) to generate cardiotoxicity. First, our study demonstrated that Prdx1 expression was upregulated in the heart and in cardiomyocytes after DOX treatment. Second, we provided direct evidence that Prdx1 overexpression ameliorated DOX-induced cardiotoxicity by attenuating oxidative stress and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Mechanistically, we found that DOX treatment increased the phosphorylation level of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1 (ASK1) and the downstream protein p38 in the heart and in cardiomyocytes, and these effects were decreased by Prdx1 overexpression. In contrast, inhibiting Prdx1 promoted DOX-induced cardiac injury via the ASK1/p38 pathway. These results suggest that Prdx1 may be an effective therapeutic option to prevent DOX-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Rhee SG, Woo HA. Multiple functions of 2-Cys peroxiredoxins, I and II, and their regulations via post-translational modifications. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:107-115. [PMID: 32151745 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are an unusual family of thiol-specific peroxidases that possess a binding site for H2O2 and rely on a conserved cysteine residue for rapid reaction with H2O2. Among 6 mammalian isoforms (Prx I to VI), Prx I and Prx II are mainly found in the cytosol and nucleus. Prx I and Prx II function as antioxidant enzymes and protein chaperone under oxidative distress conditions. Under oxidative eustress conditions, Prx I and Prx II regulate the levels of H2O2 at specific area of the cells as well as sense and transduce H2O2 signaling to target proteins. Prx I and Prx II are known to be covalently modified on multiple sites: Prx I is hyperoxidized on Cys52; phosphorylated on Ser32, Thr90, and Tyr194; acetylated on Lys7, Lys16, Lys27, Lys35, and Lys197; glutathionylated on Cys52, Cys83, and Cys173; and nitrosylated on Cys52 and Cys83, whereas Prx II is hyperoxidized on Cys51; phosphorylated on Thr89, Ser112, and Thr182; acetylated on Ala2 and Lys196; glutathionylated on Cys51 and Cys172; and nitrosylated on Cys51 and Cys172. In this review, we describe how these post-translational modifications affect various functions of Prx I and Prx II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Goo Rhee
- Yonsei Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea; The Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Hyun Ae Woo
- College of Pharmacy and College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, South Korea
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Truzzi DR, Alves SV, Netto LES, Augusto O. The Peroxidatic Thiol of Peroxiredoxin 1 is Nitrosated by Nitrosoglutathione but Coordinates to the Dinitrosyl Iron Complex of Glutathione. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9040276. [PMID: 32218363 PMCID: PMC7222187 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein S-nitrosation is an important consequence of NO●·metabolism with implications in physiology and pathology. The mechanisms responsible for S-nitrosation in vivo remain debatable and kinetic data on protein S-nitrosation by different agents are limited. 2-Cys peroxiredoxins, in particular Prx1 and Prx2, were detected as being S-nitrosated in multiple mammalian cells under a variety of conditions. Here, we investigated the kinetics of Prx1 S-nitrosation by nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), a recognized biological nitrosating agent, and by the dinitrosyl-iron complex of glutathione (DNIC-GS; [Fe(NO)2(GS)2]−), a hypothetical nitrosating agent. Kinetics studies following the intrinsic fluorescence of Prx1 and its mutants (C83SC173S and C52S) were complemented by product analysis; all experiments were performed at pH 7.4 and 25 ℃. The results show GSNO-mediated nitrosation of Prx1 peroxidatic residue (k+NOCys52 = 15.4 ± 0.4 M−1. s−1) and of Prx1 Cys83 residue (k+NOCys83 = 1.7 ± 0.4 M−1. s−1). The reaction of nitrosated Prx1 with GSH was also monitored and provided a second-order rate constant for Prx1Cys52NO denitrosation of k−NOCys52 = 14.4 ± 0.3 M−1. s−1. In contrast, the reaction of DNIC-GS with Prx1 did not nitrosate the enzyme but formed DNIC-Prx1 complexes. The peroxidatic Prx1 Cys was identified as the residue that more rapidly replaces the GS ligand from DNIC-GS (kDNICCys52 = 7.0 ± 0.4 M−1. s−1) to produce DNIC-Prx1 ([Fe(NO)2(GS)(Cys52-Prx1)]−). Altogether, the data showed that in addition to S-nitrosation, the Prx1 peroxidatic residue can replace the GS ligand from DNIC-GS, forming stable DNIC-Prx1, and both modifications disrupt important redox switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela R. Truzzi
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
- Correspondence:
| | - Simone V. Alves
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (S.V.A.); (L.E.S.N.)
| | - Luis E. S. Netto
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (S.V.A.); (L.E.S.N.)
| | - Ohara Augusto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
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Abstract
Mounting evidence in recent years supports the extensive interaction between the circadian and redox systems. The existence of such a relationship is not surprising because most organisms, be they diurnal or nocturnal, display daily oscillations in energy intake, locomotor activity, and exposure to exogenous and internally generated oxidants. The transcriptional clock controls the levels of many antioxidant proteins and redox-active cofactors, and, conversely, the cellular redox poise has been shown to feed back to the transcriptional oscillator via redox-sensitive transcription factors and enzymes. However, the circadian cycles in the S-sulfinylation of the peroxiredoxin (PRDX) proteins constituted the first example of an autonomous circadian redox oscillation, which occurred independently of the transcriptional clock. Importantly, the high phylogenetic conservation of these rhythms suggests that they might predate the evolution of the transcriptional oscillator, and therefore could be a part of a primordial circadian redox/metabolic oscillator. This discovery forced the reappraisal of the dogmatic transcription-centered view of the clockwork and opened a new avenue of research. Indeed, the investigation into the links between the circadian and redox systems is still in its infancy, and many important questions remain to be addressed.
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Hutfless EH, Chaudhari SS, Thomas VC. Emerging Roles of Nitric Oxide Synthase in Bacterial Physiology. Adv Microb Physiol 2018; 72:147-191. [PMID: 29778214 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent inhibitor of diverse cellular processes in bacteria. Therefore, it was surprising to discover that several bacterial species, primarily Gram-positive organisms, harboured a gene encoding nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Recent attempts to characterize bacterial NOS (bNOS) have resulted in the discovery of structural features that may allow it to function as a NO dioxygenase and produce nitrate in addition to NO. Consistent with this characterization, investigations into the biological function of bNOS have also emphasized a role for NOS-dependent nitrate and nitrite production in aerobic and microaerobic respiration. In this review, we aim to compare, contrast, and summarize the structure, biochemistry, and biological role of bNOS with mammalian NOS and discuss how recent advances in our understanding of bNOS have enabled efforts at designing inhibitors against it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vinai C Thomas
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.
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