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Garaiova M, Ding Y, Holic R, Valachovic M, Zhang C, Hapala I, Liu P. Yeast perilipin Pet10p/Pln1p interacts with Erg6p in ergosterol metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159506. [PMID: 38734059 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2024.159506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LD) are highly dynamic organelles specialized for the regulation of energy storage and cellular homeostasis. LD consist of a neutral lipid core surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer membrane with embedded proteins, most of which are involved in lipid homeostasis. In this study, we focused on one of the major LD proteins, sterol C24-methyltransferase, encoded by ERG6. We found that the absence of Erg6p resulted in an increased accumulation of yeast perilipin Pet10p in LD, while the disruption of PET10 was accompanied by Erg6p LD over-accumulation. An observed reciprocal enrichment of Erg6p and Pet10p in pet10Δ and erg6Δ mutants in LD, respectively, was related to specific functional changes in the LD and was not due to regulation on the expression level. The involvement of Pet10p in neutral lipid homeostasis was observed in experiments that focused on the dynamics of neutral lipid mobilization as time-dependent changes in the triacylglycerols (TAG) and steryl esters (SE) content. We found that the kinetics of SE hydrolysis was reduced in erg6Δ cells and the mobilization of SE was completely lost in mutants that lacked both Erg6p and Pet10p. In addition, we observed that decreased levels of SE in erg6Δpet10Δ was linked to an overexpression of steryl ester hydrolase Yeh1p. Lipid analysis of erg6Δpet10Δ showed that PET10 deletion altered the composition of ergosterol intermediates which had accumulated in erg6Δ. In conclusion, yeast perilipin Pet10p functionally interacts with Erg6p during the metabolism of ergosterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Garaiova
- Department of Biochemistry of Biomembranes, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 840 05, Slovakia.
| | - Yunfeng Ding
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Roman Holic
- Department of Biochemistry of Biomembranes, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 840 05, Slovakia
| | - Martin Valachovic
- Department of Biochemistry of Biomembranes, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 840 05, Slovakia
| | - Congyan Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ivan Hapala
- Department of Biochemistry of Biomembranes, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 840 05, Slovakia
| | - Pingsheng Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Šťastný D, Petrisková L, Tahotná D, Bauer J, Pokorná L, Holič R, Valachovič M, Pevala V, Cockcroft S, Griač P. Yeast Sec14-like lipid transfer proteins Pdr16 and Pdr17 bind and transfer the ergosterol precursor lanosterol in addition to phosphatidylinositol. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:504-514. [PMID: 36482167 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Yeast Sec14-like phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITPs) contain a hydrophobic cavity capable of accepting a single molecule of phosphatidylinositol (PI) or another molecule in a mutually exclusive manner. We report here that two yeast Sec14 family PITPs, Pdr16p (Sfh3p) and Pdr17p (Sfh4p), possess high-affinity binding and transfer towards lanosterol. To our knowledge, this is the first identification of lanosterol transfer proteins. In addition, a pdr16Δpdr17Δ double mutant had a significantly increased level of cellular lanosterol compared with the corresponding wild-type. Based on the lipid profiles of wild-type and pdr16Δpdr17Δ cells grown in aerobic and anaerobic conditions, we suggest that PI-lanosterol transfer proteins are important predominantly for the optimal functioning of the post-lanosterol part of sterol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Šťastný
- Centre of Biosciences, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lívia Petrisková
- Centre of Biosciences, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dana Tahotná
- Centre of Biosciences, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jacob Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Pokorná
- Centre of Biosciences, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Roman Holič
- Centre of Biosciences, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Valachovič
- Centre of Biosciences, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimír Pevala
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Shamshad Cockcroft
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, UK
| | - Peter Griač
- Centre of Biosciences, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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3
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Lehmayer L, Bernauer L, Emmerstorfer-Augustin A. ‘Applying the auxin-based degron system for the inducible, reversible and complete protein degradation in Komagataella phaffii’. iScience 2022; 25:104888. [PMID: 36043049 PMCID: PMC9420516 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The auxin-inducible degron (AID) system is a useful technique to rapidly deplete any protein of interest “on-demand.” In this study, we successfully established the AID system for the “biotech” yeast Komagataella phaffii. First, we tested different expression levels of TIR1 for auxin-induced degradation of the glycerol kinase Gut1. Moderate expression of TIR1 resulted in complete degradation of the target protein within several minutes. Second, we show that the absence of all three Wsc type sensors is detrimental to cell growth, which indicates that these are the dominant cell wall sensors this yeast. Third, down-regulation of Erg1, an essential enzyme of the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway, resulted in quick and efficient accumulation of squalene, a pharmaceutically relevant reagent. We conclude that AID is an extremely powerful tool that, for the first time, enables the analysis of gene essentiality and function in K. phaffii. Conditional AID mutants are generated in Komagataella phaffii expressing OsTIR1 Target proteins fused to AID are depleted rapidly on the addition of auxin The deletion of all three Wsc-type severely reduces the growth of K. phaffii Cells degrading Erg1 quickly and efficiently accumulated squalene
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Lehmayer
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 14/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lukas Bernauer
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 14/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Anita Emmerstorfer-Augustin
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 14/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Corresponding author
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Jiang YQ, Lin JP. Recent progress in strategies for steroid production in yeasts. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:93. [PMID: 35441962 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
As essential structural molecules of fungal cell membrane, ergosterol is not only an important component of fungal growth and stress-resistance but also a key precursor for manufacturing steroid drugs of pharmaceutical or agricultural significance. So far, ergosterol biosynthesis in yeast has been elucidated elaborately, and efforts have been made to increase ergosterol production through regulation of ergosterol metabolism and storage. Furthermore, the same intermediates shared by yeasts and animals or plants make the construction of heterologous sterol pathways in yeast a promising approach to synthesize valuable steroids, such as phytosteroids and animal steroid hormones. During these challenging processes, several obstacles have arisen and been combated with great endeavors. This paper reviews recent research progress of yeast metabolic engineering for improving the production of ergosterol and heterologous steroids. The remaining tactics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jian-Ping Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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Guo XJ, Yao MD, Xiao WH, Wang Y, Zhao GR, Yuan YJ. Compartmentalized Reconstitution of Post- squalene Pathway for 7-Dehydrocholesterol Overproduction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:663973. [PMID: 34093477 PMCID: PMC8175624 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.663973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
7-Dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) is the direct precursor to manufacture vitamin D3. Our previous study has achieved 7-DHC synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae based on the endogenous post-squalene pathway. However, the distribution of post-squalene enzymes between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and lipid bodies (LD) might raise difficulties for ERG proteins to catalyze and deliver sterol intermediates, resulting in unbalanced metabolic flow and low product yield. Herein, we intended to rearrange the subcellular location of post-squalene enzymes to alleviate metabolic bottleneck and boost 7-DHC production. After identifying the location of DHCR24 (C-24 reductase, the only heterologous protein for 7-DHC biosynthesis) on ER, all the ER-located enzymes were grouped into four modules: ERG1/11/24, ERG25/26/27, ERG2/3, and DHCR24. These modules attempted to be overexpressed either on ER or on LDs. As a result, expression of LD-targeted DHCR24 and ER-located ERG1/11/24 could promote the conversion efficiency among the sterol intermediates to 7-DHC, while locating module ERG2/3 into LDs improved the whole metabolic flux of the post-squalene pathway. Coexpressing LD-targeted ERG2/3 and DHCR24 (generating strain SyBE_Sc01250035) improved 7-DHC production from 187.7 to 308.2 mg/L at shake-flask level. Further expressing ER-targeted module ERG1/11/24 in strain SyBE_Sc01250035 dramatically reduced squalene accumulation from 620.2 mg/L to the lowest level (by 93.8%) as well as improved 7-DHC production to the highest level (to 342.2 mg/L). Then targeting module ERG25/26/27 to LDs further increased 7-DHC titer to 360.6 mg/L, which is the highest shake-flask level production for 7-DHC ever reported. Our study not only proposes and further proves the concept of pathway compartmentalized reconstitution to regulate metabolic flux but also provides a promising chassis to produce other steroidal compounds through the post-squalene pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Guo
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming-Dong Yao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen-Hai Xiao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guang-Rong Zhao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying-Jin Yuan
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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6
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Gutiérrez-García L, Arró M, Altabella T, Ferrer A, Boronat A. Structural and functional analysis of tomato sterol C22 desaturase. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:141. [PMID: 33731007 PMCID: PMC7972189 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02898-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sterols are structural and functional components of eukaryotic cell membranes. Plants produce a complex mixture of sterols, among which β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, and cholesterol in some Solanaceae, are the most abundant species. Many reports have shown that the stigmasterol to β-sitosterol ratio changes during plant development and in response to stresses, suggesting that it may play a role in the regulation of these processes. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), changes in the stigmasterol to β-sitosterol ratio correlate with the induction of the only gene encoding sterol C22-desaturase (C22DES), the enzyme specifically involved in the conversion of β-sitosterol to stigmasterol. However, despite the biological interest of this enzyme, there is still a lack of knowledge about several relevant aspects related to its structure and function. RESULTS In this study we report the subcellular localization of tomato C22DES in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) based on confocal fluorescence microscopy and cell fractionation analyses. Modeling studies have also revealed that C22DES consists of two well-differentiated domains: a single N-terminal transmembrane-helix domain (TMH) anchored in the ER-membrane and a globular (or catalytic) domain that is oriented towards the cytosol. Although TMH is sufficient for the targeting and retention of the enzyme in the ER, the globular domain may also interact and be retained in the ER in the absence of the N-terminal transmembrane domain. The observation that a truncated version of C22DES lacking the TMH is enzymatically inactive revealed that the N-terminal membrane domain is essential for enzyme activity. The in silico analysis of the TMH region of plant C22DES revealed several structural features that could be involved in substrate recognition and binding. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study contributes to expand the current knowledge on the structure and function of plant C22DES and to unveil novel aspects related to plant sterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gutiérrez-García
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Arró
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Altabella
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Ferrer
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Boronat
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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Three-Dimensional Visualization of APEX2-Tagged Erg11 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Using Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscopy. mSphere 2020; 5:5/1/e00981-19. [PMID: 32024705 PMCID: PMC7002314 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00981-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The determination of the exact location of a protein in the cell is essential to the understanding of biological processes. Here, we report for the first time the visualization of a protein of interest in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). As a proof of concept, the integral endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane protein Erg11 has been C-terminally tagged with APEX2, which is an engineered peroxidase that catalyzes an electron-dense deposition of 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB), as such marking the location of the fused protein of interest in electron microscopic images. As DAB is unable to cross the yeast cell wall to react with APEX2, cell walls have been partly removed by the formation of spheroplasts. This has resulted in a clear electron-dense ER signal for the Erg11 protein using FIB-SEM. With this study, we have validated the use of the APEX2 tag for visualization of yeast proteins in electron microscopy. Furthermore, we have introduced a methodology that enables precise and three-dimensional (3D) localization studies in yeast, with nanometer resolution and without the need for antibody staining. Because of these properties, the described technique can offer valuable information on the molecular functions of studied proteins.IMPORTANCE With this study, we have validated the use of the APEX2 tag to define the localization of proteins in the model yeast S. cerevisiae As such, FIB-SEM can identify the exact 3D location of a protein of interest in the cell with nanometer-scale resolution. Such detailed imaging could provide essential information on the elucidation of various biological processes. APEX2, which adds electron density to a fused protein of interest upon addition of the substrate DAB, originally was used in mammalian studies. With this study, we expand its use to protein localization studies in one of the most important models in molecular biology.
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Outline of the biosynthesis and regulation of ergosterol in yeast. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:98. [PMID: 31222401 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2673-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sterols are crucial functional components for eukaryotic cell membrane. Due to versatile activities, sterols show wide applications in food and pharmaceutical industries. Ergosterol not only reflects cell growth but also serves as the precursor for manufacturing steroid drugs. To date, the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway in yeast has been reported, and the industrial production of ergosterol is achieved by yeast fermentation or extraction from fungal mycelia. Here, we summarize its biosynthesis, regulation, transportation, and subcellular location of enzymes in yeast. In particular, we review the regulation of ergosterol biosynthesis at transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels. Furthermore, we advocate metabolic engineering and fermentation strategies for high-level production of ergosterol. This study may provide evaluable insights into metabolic engineering of yeast for scaled-up fermentation production of ergosterol or beyond.
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Guo XJ, Xiao WH, Wang Y, Yao MD, Zeng BX, Liu H, Zhao GR, Yuan YJ. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for 7-dehydrocholesterol overproduction. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:192. [PMID: 30026807 PMCID: PMC6047132 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1194-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 7-Dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) has attracted increasing attentions due to its great medical value and the enlarging market demand of its ultraviolet-catalyzed product vitamin D3. Microbial production of 7-DHC from simple carbon has been recognized as an attractive complement to the traditional sources. Even though our previous work realized 7-DHC biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the current productivity of 7-DHC is still too low to satisfy the demand of following industrialization. As increasing the compatibility between heterologous pathway and host cell is crucial to realize microbial overproduction of natural products with complex structure and relative long pathway, in this study, combined efforts in tuning the heterologous Δ24-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR24) and manipulating host cell were applied to promote 7-DHC accumulation. RESULTS In order to decouple 7-DHC production with cell growth, inducible GAL promoters was employed to control 7-DHC synthesis. Meanwhile, the precursor pool was increased via overexpressing all the mevalonate (MVA) pathway genes (ERG10, ERG13, tHMG1, ERG12, ERG8, ERG19, IDI1, ERG20). Through screening DHCR24s from eleven tested sources, it was found that DHCR24 from Gallus gallus (Gg_DHCR24) achieved the highest 7-DHC production. Then 7-DHC accumulation was increased by 27.5% through stepwise fine-tuning the transcription level of Gg_DHCR24 in terms of altering its induction strategy, integration position, and the used promoter. By blocking the competitive path (ΔERG6) and supplementing another copy of Gg_DHCR24 in locus ERG6, 7-DHC accumulation was further enhanced by 1.07-fold. Afterward, 7-DHC production was improved by 48.3% (to 250.8 mg/L) by means of deleting NEM1 that was involved in lipids metabolism. Eventually, 7-DHC production reached to 1.07 g/L in 5-L bioreactor, which is the highest reported microbial titer as yet known. CONCLUSIONS Combined engineering of the pathway and the host cell was adopted in this study to boost 7-DHC output in the yeast. 7-DHC titer was stepwise improved by 26.9-fold compared with the starting strain. This work not only opens large opportunities to realize downstream de novo synthesis of other steroids, but also highlights the importance of the combinatorial engineering of heterologous pathway and host to obtain microbial overproduction of many other natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical & Engineering, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Hai Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical & Engineering, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical & Engineering, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming-Dong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical & Engineering, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo-Xuan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical & Engineering, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical & Engineering, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guang-Rong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical & Engineering, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying-Jin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical & Engineering, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
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Ke X, Ding GJ, Ma BX, Liu ZQ, Zhang JF, Zheng YG. Characterization of a novel CYP51 from Rhodococcus triatomae and its NADH-ferredoxin reductase-coupled application in lanosterol 14α-demethylation. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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St. Clair JR, Wang Q, Li G, London E. Preparation and Physical Properties of Asymmetric Model Membrane Vesicles. SPRINGER SERIES IN BIOPHYSICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6244-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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12
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Blosser SJ, Merriman B, Grahl N, Chung D, Cramer RA. Two C4-sterol methyl oxidases (Erg25) catalyse ergosterol intermediate demethylation and impact environmental stress adaptation in Aspergillus fumigatus. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 160:2492-2506. [PMID: 25107308 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.080440-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus adapts to stress encountered in the mammalian host as part of its ability to cause disease. The transcription factor SrbA plays a significant role in this process by regulating genes involved in hypoxia and low-iron adaptation, antifungal drug responses and virulence. SrbA is a direct transcriptional regulator of genes encoding key enzymes in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway, including erg25A and erg25B, and ΔsrbA accumulates C4-methyl sterols, suggesting a loss of Erg25 activity [C4-sterol methyl oxidase (SMO)]. Characterization of the two genes encoding SMOs in Aspergillus fumigatus revealed that both serve as functional C4-demethylases, with Erg25A serving in a primary role, as Δerg25A accumulates more C4-methyl sterol intermediates than Δerg25B. Single deletion of these SMOs revealed alterations in canonical ergosterol biosynthesis, indicating that ergosterol may be produced in an alternative fashion in the absence of SMO activity. A Δerg25A strain displayed moderate susceptibility to hypoxia and the endoplasmic reticulum stress-inducing agent DTT, but was not required for virulence in murine or insect models of invasive aspergillosis. Inducing expression of erg25A partially restored the hypoxia growth defect of ΔsrbA. These findings implicated Aspergillus fumigatus SMOs in the maintenance of canonical ergosterol biosynthesis and indicated an overall involvement in the fungal stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Blosser
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Brittney Merriman
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Nora Grahl
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Dawoon Chung
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Robert A Cramer
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
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13
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A novel cholesterol-producing Pichia pastoris strain is an ideal host for functional expression of human Na,K-ATPase α3β1 isoform. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:9465-78. [PMID: 23955473 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5156-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The heterologous expression of mammalian membrane proteins in lower eukaryotes is often hampered by aberrant protein localization, structure, and function, leading to enhanced degradation and, thus, low expression levels. Substantial quantities of functional membrane proteins are necessary to elucidate their structure-function relationships. Na,K-ATPases are integral, human membrane proteins that specifically interact with cholesterol and phospholipids, ensuring protein stability and enhancing ion transport activity. In this study, we present a Pichia pastoris strain which was engineered in its sterol pathway towards the synthesis of cholesterol instead of ergosterol to foster the functional expression of human membrane proteins. Western blot analyses revealed that cholesterol-producing yeast formed enhanced and stable levels of human Na,K-ATPase α3β1 isoform. ATPase activity assays suggested that this Na,K-ATPase isoform was functionally expressed in the plasma membrane. Moreover, [(3)H]-ouabain cell surface-binding studies underscored that the Na,K-ATPase was present in high numbers at the cell surface, surpassing reported expression strains severalfold. This provides evidence that the humanized sterol composition positively influenced Na,K-ATPase α3β1 stability, activity, and localization to the yeast plasma membrane. Prospectively, cholesterol-producing yeast will have high potential for functional expression of many mammalian membrane proteins.
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Šimová Z, Poloncová K, Tahotná D, Holič R, Hapala I, Smith AR, White TC, Griač P. The yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiaePdr16p restricts changes in ergosterol biosynthesis caused by the presence of azole antifungals. Yeast 2013; 30:229-41. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.2956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Šimová
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Ivanka pri Dunaji; Slovakia
| | - Katarína Poloncová
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Ivanka pri Dunaji; Slovakia
| | - Dana Tahotná
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Ivanka pri Dunaji; Slovakia
| | - Roman Holič
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Ivanka pri Dunaji; Slovakia
| | - Ivan Hapala
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Ivanka pri Dunaji; Slovakia
| | - Adam R. Smith
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics; University of Missouri at Kansas City; Kansas City; MO; USA
| | - Theodore C. White
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics; University of Missouri at Kansas City; Kansas City; MO; USA
| | - Peter Griač
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Ivanka pri Dunaji; Slovakia
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15
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Silvestro D, Andersen TG, Schaller H, Jensen PE. Plant sterol metabolism. Δ(7)-Sterol-C5-desaturase (STE1/DWARF7), Δ(5,7)-sterol-Δ(7)-reductase (DWARF5) and Δ(24)-sterol-Δ(24)-reductase (DIMINUTO/DWARF1) show multiple subcellular localizations in Arabidopsis thaliana (Heynh) L. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56429. [PMID: 23409184 PMCID: PMC3568079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterols are crucial lipid components that regulate membrane permeability and fluidity and are the precursors of bioactive steroids. The plant sterols exist as three major forms, free sterols, steryl glycosides and steryl esters. The storage of steryl esters in lipid droplets has been shown to contribute to cellular sterol homeostasis. To further document cellular aspects of sterol biosynthesis in plants, we addressed the question of the subcellular localization of the enzymes implicated in the final steps of the post-squalene biosynthetic pathway. In order to create a clear localization map of steroidogenic enzymes in cells, the coding regions of Δ7-sterol-C5-desaturase (STE1/DWARF7), Δ24-sterol-Δ24-reductase (DIMINUTO/DWARF1) and Δ5,7-sterol-Δ7-reductase (DWARF5) were fused to the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana mutant lines deficient in the corresponding enzymes. All fusion proteins were found to localize in the endoplasmic reticulum in functionally complemented plants. The results show that both Δ5,7-sterol-Δ7-reductase and Δ24-sterol-Δ24-reductase are in addition localized to the plasma membrane, whereas Δ7-sterol-C5-desaturase was clearly detected in lipid particles. These findings raise new challenging questions about the spatial and dynamic cellular organization of sterol biosynthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Silvestro
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Villum Kann Rasmussen Foundation VKR Research Centre Pro-Active Plants, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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16
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Alvarez-Vasquez F, Riezman H, Hannun YA, Voit EO. Mathematical modeling and validation of the ergosterol pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28344. [PMID: 22194828 PMCID: PMC3237449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The de novo biosynthetic machinery for both sphingolipid and ergosterol production in yeast is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi. The interconnections between the two pathways are still poorly understood, but they may be connected in specialized membrane domains, and specific knockouts strongly suggest that both routes have different layers of mutual control and are co-affected by drugs. With the goal of shedding light on the functional integration of the yeast sphingolipid-ergosterol (SL-E) pathway, we constructed a dynamic model of the ergosterol pathway using the guidelines of Biochemical Systems Theory (BST) (Savageau., J. theor. Biol., 25, 365–9, 1969). The resulting model was merged with a previous mathematical model of sphingolipid metabolism in yeast (Alvarez-Vasquez et al., J. theor. Biol., 226, 265–91, 2004; Alvarez-Vasquez et al., Nature433, 425–30, 2005). The S-system format within BST was used for analyses of consistency, stability, and sensitivity of the SL-E model, while the GMA format was used for dynamic simulations and predictions. Model validation was accomplished by comparing predictions from the model with published results on sterol and sterol-ester dynamics in yeast. The validated model was used to predict the metabolomic dynamics of the SL-E pathway after drug treatment. Specifically, we simulated the action of drugs affecting sphingolipids in the endoplasmic reticulum and studied changes in ergosterol associated with microdomains of the plasma membrane (PM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Alvarez-Vasquez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America.
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17
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A molecular barcoded yeast ORF library enables mode-of-action analysis of bioactive compounds. Nat Biotechnol 2009; 27:369-77. [PMID: 19349972 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We present a yeast chemical-genomics approach designed to identify genes that when mutated confer drug resistance, thereby providing insight about the modes of action of compounds. We developed a molecular barcoded yeast open reading frame (MoBY-ORF) library in which each gene, controlled by its native promoter and terminator, is cloned into a centromere-based vector along with two unique oligonucleotide barcodes. The MoBY-ORF resource has numerous genetic and chemical-genetic applications, but here we focus on cloning wild-type versions of mutant drug-resistance genes using a complementation strategy and on simultaneously assaying the fitness of all transformants with barcode microarrays. The complementation cloning was validated by mutation detection using whole-genome yeast tiling microarrays, which identified unique polymorphisms associated with a drug-resistant mutant. We used the MoBY-ORF library to identify the genetic basis of several drug-resistant mutants and in this analysis discovered a new class of sterol-binding compounds.
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18
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Wagner A, Grillitsch K, Leitner E, Daum G. Mobilization of steryl esters from lipid particles of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2008; 1791:118-24. [PMID: 19111628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the yeast as in other eukaryotes, formation and hydrolysis of steryl esters (SE) are processes linked to lipid storage. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the three SE hydrolases Tgl1p, Yeh1p and Yeh2p contribute to SE mobilization from their site of storage, the lipid particles/droplets. Here, we provide evidence for enzymatic and cellular properties of these three hydrolytic enzymes. Using the respective single, double and triple deletion mutants and strains overexpressing the three enzymes, we demonstrate that each SE hydrolase exhibits certain substrate specificity. Interestingly, disturbance in SE mobilization also affects sterol biosynthesis in a type of feedback regulation. Sterol intermediates stored in SE and set free by SE hydrolases are recycled to the sterol biosynthetic pathway and converted to the final product, ergosterol. This recycling implies that the vast majority of sterol precursors are transported from lipid particles to the endoplasmic reticulum, where sterol biosynthesis is completed. Ergosterol formed through this route is then supplied to its subcellular destinations, especially the plasma membrane. Only a minor amount of sterol precursors are randomly distributed within the cell after cleavage from SE. Conclusively, SE storage and mobilization although being dispensable for yeast viability contribute markedly to sterol homeostasis and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Wagner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/II, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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19
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Griac P. Sec14 related proteins in yeast. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2007; 1771:737-45. [PMID: 17395532 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2007.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2006] [Revised: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lipid transport between membranes of eukaryotic organisms represents an essential aspect of organelle biogenesis. This transport must be strictly selective and directional to assure specific lipid composition of individual membranes. Despite the intensive research effort in the last few years, our understanding of how lipids are sorted and moved within cells is still rather limited. Evidence indicates that at least some of the mechanisms generating and maintaining non-random distribution of lipids in cells are linked to the action of phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITPs). The major PITP in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sec14p, is essential in promoting Golgi secretory function by modulating of its membrane lipid composition. This review focuses on a group of five yeast proteins that share significant sequence homology with Sec14p. Based on this sequence identity, they were termed Sfh (Sec fourteen homologue) proteins. It is a diverse group of proteins with distinct subcellular localizations and varied physiological functions related to lipid metabolism, phosphoinositide mediated signaling and membrane trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Griac
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Moyzesova 61, 900 28 Ivanka pri Dunaji, Slovakia.
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20
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Schulz TA, Prinz WA. Sterol transport in yeast and the oxysterol binding protein homologue (OSH) family. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2007; 1771:769-80. [PMID: 17434796 PMCID: PMC2034499 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2007.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Revised: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sterols such as cholesterol are a significant component of eukaryotic cellular membranes, and their unique physical properties influence a wide variety of membrane processes. It is known that the concentration of sterol within the membrane varies widely between organelles, and that the cell actively maintains this distribution through various transport processes. Vesicular pathways such as secretion or endocytosis may account for this traffic, but increasing evidence highlights the importance of nonvesicular routes as well. The structure of an oxysterol-binding protein homologue (OSH) in yeast (Osh4p/Kes1p) has recently been solved, identifying it as a sterol binding protein, and there is evidence consistent with the role of a cytoplasmic, nonvesicular sterol transporter. Yeast have seven such proteins, which appear to have distinct but overlapping functions with regard to maintaining intracellular sterol distribution and homeostasis. Control of sterol distribution can have far-reaching effects on membrane-related functions, and Osh proteins have been implicated in a variety of processes such as secretory vesicle budding from the Golgi and establishment of cell polarity. This review summarizes the current body of knowledge regarding this family and its potential functions, placing it in the context of known and hypothesized pathways of sterol transport in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Schulz
- Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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21
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Dumas B, Brocard-Masson C, Assemat-Lebrun K, Achstetter T. Hydrocortisone made in yeast: metabolic engineering turns a unicellular microorganism into a drug-synthesizing factory. Biotechnol J 2006; 1:299-307. [PMID: 16897710 DOI: 10.1002/biot.200500046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the successful work of converting Saccharomyces cerevisiae into an microorganism capable of synthesizing hydrocortisone, a 27-carbon molecule, from ethanol, a 2-carbon molecule, this review provides an overview of the potential of yeast as a recombinant organism in the 21st century. Yeast has been used by man for more than 6,000 years, and is still paving the way to new discoveries. It was the first eukaryotic organism to be sequenced, in 1996, and the first to produce hydrocortisone in 2003. In addition, extensive genome-wide analyses have been performed with yeast. In this review, we discuss the pros and cons of using yeast to produce small therapeutic molecules. It is obvious that S. cerevisiae has a cutting edge advantage of being a well-known organism and time will tell if yeast "biohydrocortisone" is a unique example or the beginning of a long list of yeast bioproducts. Other organisms, such as plants and bacteria, are competing with yeast. Bacteria produce a wealth of marketed molecules and plants are capable of producing extremely complex molecules with an unbeatable yield. However, S. cerevisiae offers a unique mix of the simplicity of a recombinant organism combined with the complexity of a eukaryote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Dumas
- Sanofi-Aventis, Yeast Genomic-Genomic Sciences Department, Vitry sur Seine, France.
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22
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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