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Moroni I, De Amicis R, Ardissone A, Ravella S, Bertoli S. Nutritional status of children affected by X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. J Hum Nutr Diet 2023; 36:1316-1326. [PMID: 36991579 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a rare X-linked metabolic disorder that causes the accumulation of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) (C26:0) and the subsequent variety of clinical and neurological symptoms. Little is known about nutritional status and dietary habits of children affected by ALD, and so the present study aimed to assess nutritional status and food intake in children with ALD, also exploring the relationship between food intake and the consumption of disease-specific dietary supplements to reduce blood C26:0 concentrations and increase monounsaturated fatty acids (C26:1). METHODS All patients underwent a clinical and neurological evaluation and a comprehensive nutritional assessment. The association of VLCFA concentrations with dietary lipids was assessed. RESULTS Nine boys (11.49 ± 3.61 years) were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. All patients were normal weight, with normal resting energy expenditure. Only six of nine patients followed the low-fat diet and dietary supplements. An inverse association was found between the food intake of polyunsaturated lipids and C26:0; conversely, the C26:0 was positively associated with the dietary saturated lipids. When consumed, dietary supplement consumption correlated positively with C26:1 (ρ = 0.917, p = 0.029) and no correlation was found with C26:0 (ρ = 0.410, p = 0,493). CONCLUSIONS No children were found to be malnourished or overweight or obese; however, half of the children reported excessive body fat, probably as a result of the pharmacotherapies. A low-fat diet could be adjuvant in the management of the accumulation of VLCFAs, but poor dietary compliance to disease-specific nutritional guidelines appears to be a major problem of this condition and underlines the need for a structured and personalised nutritional management in ALD disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Moroni
- Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Ramona De Amicis
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Ardissone
- Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Ravella
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Bertoli
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
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2
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Raas Q, van de Beek MC, Forss-Petter S, Dijkstra IM, Deschiffart A, Freshner BC, Stevenson TJ, Jaspers YR, Nagtzaam L, Wanders RJ, van Weeghel M, Engelen-Lee JY, Engelen M, Eichler F, Berger J, Bonkowsky JL, Kemp S. Metabolic rerouting via SCD1 induction impacts X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:142500. [PMID: 33690217 DOI: 10.1172/jci142500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in ABCD1, the peroxisomal very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) transporter. ABCD1 deficiency results in accumulation of saturated VLCFAs. A drug screen using a phenotypic motor assay in a zebrafish ALD model identified chloroquine as the top hit. Chloroquine increased expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (scd1), the enzyme mediating fatty acid saturation status, suggesting that a shift toward monounsaturated fatty acids relieved toxicity. In human ALD fibroblasts, chloroquine also increased SCD1 levels and reduced saturated VLCFAs. Conversely, pharmacological inhibition of SCD1 expression led to an increase in saturated VLCFAs, and CRISPR knockout of scd1 in zebrafish mimicked the motor phenotype of ALD zebrafish. Importantly, saturated VLCFAs caused ER stress in ALD fibroblasts, whereas monounsaturated VLCFA did not. In parallel, we used liver X receptor (LXR) agonists to increase SCD1 expression, causing a shift from saturated toward monounsaturated VLCFA and normalizing phospholipid profiles. Finally, Abcd1-/y mice receiving LXR agonist in their diet had VLCFA reductions in ALD-relevant tissues. These results suggest that metabolic rerouting of saturated to monounsaturated VLCFAs may alleviate lipid toxicity, a strategy that may be beneficial in ALD and other peroxisomal diseases in which VLCFAs play a key role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Raas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Brain and Spine Center, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Malu-Clair van de Beek
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Inge Me Dijkstra
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Abigail Deschiffart
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Brain and Spine Center, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Briana C Freshner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Brain and Spine Center, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Tamara J Stevenson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Brain and Spine Center, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Yorrick Rj Jaspers
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Liselotte Nagtzaam
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ronald Ja Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michel van Weeghel
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joo-Yeon Engelen-Lee
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marc Engelen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Florian Eichler
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joshua L Bonkowsky
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Brain and Spine Center, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Stephan Kemp
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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3
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Raas Q, Gondcaille C, Hamon Y, Leoni V, Caccia C, Ménétrier F, Lizard G, Trompier D, Savary S. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of Abcd1 and Abcd2 genes in BV-2 cells: novel microglial models for X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:704-714. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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4
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van de Beek MC, Dijkstra IME, Kemp S. Method for Measurement of Peroxisomal Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Beta-Oxidation and De Novo C26:0 Synthesis Activity in Living Cells Using Stable-Isotope Labeled Docosanoic Acid. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1595:45-54. [PMID: 28409450 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6937-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are present in virtually every eukaryotic cell type with the exception of the mature erythrocyte. In higher eukaryotes, one of the main functions of peroxisomes is lipid metabolism by means of beta-oxidation of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA; ≥22 carbon atoms). A dysfunction in peroxisomal VLCFA beta-oxidation results in elevated VLCFA levels in cells, tissue, and plasma. Here, we describe a straightforward and sensitive method to measure peroxisomal beta-oxidation capacity in living cells using stable-isotope labeled docosanoic acid (D3-C22:0).
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Affiliation(s)
- Malu-Clair van de Beek
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F0-226), Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inge M E Dijkstra
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F0-226), Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Kemp
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F0-226), Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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5
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Potze L, Di Franco S, Grandela C, Pras-Raves ML, Picavet DI, van Veen HA, van Lenthe H, Mullauer FB, van der Wel NN, Luyf A, van Kampen AHC, Kemp S, Everts V, Kessler JH, Vaz FM, Medema JP. Betulinic acid induces a novel cell death pathway that depends on cardiolipin modification. Oncogene 2015; 35:427-37. [PMID: 25893306 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is associated with strong changes in lipid metabolism. For instance, normal cells take up fatty acids (FAs) from the circulation, while tumour cells generate their own and become dependent on de novo FA synthesis, which could provide a vulnerability to target tumour cells. Betulinic acid (BetA) is a natural compound that selectively kills tumour cells through an ill-defined mechanism that is independent of BAX and BAK, but depends on mitochondrial permeability transition-pore opening. Here we unravel this pathway and show that BetA inhibits the activity of steroyl-CoA-desaturase (SCD-1). This enzyme is overexpressed in tumour cells and critically important for cells that utilize de novo FA synthesis as it converts newly synthesized saturated FAs to unsaturated FAs. Intriguingly, we find that inhibition of SCD-1 by BetA or, alternatively, with a specific SCD-1 inhibitor directly and rapidly impacts on the saturation level of cardiolipin (CL), a mitochondrial lipid that has important structural and metabolic functions and at the same time regulates mitochondria-dependent cell death. As a result of the enhanced CL saturation mitochondria of cancer cells, but not normal cells that do not depend on de novo FA synthesis, undergo ultrastructural changes, release cytochrome c and quickly induce cell death. Importantly, addition of unsaturated FAs circumvented the need for SCD-1 activity and thereby prevented BetA-induced CL saturation and subsequent cytotoxicity, supporting the importance of this novel pathway in the cytotoxicity induced by BetA.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Potze
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Di Franco
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology Laboratory, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - C Grandela
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M L Pras-Raves
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Laboratory, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D I Picavet
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Core facility Cellular Imaging University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H A van Veen
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Core facility Cellular Imaging University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H van Lenthe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F B Mullauer
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N N van der Wel
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Core facility Cellular Imaging University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Luyf
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Laboratory, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A H C van Kampen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Laboratory, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Kemp
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - V Everts
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Core facility Cellular Imaging University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J H Kessler
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F M Vaz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J P Medema
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Engelen M, Ofman R, Dijkgraaf M, van Geel B, de Visser M, Wanders R, Poll-The BT, Kemp S. Comment on the paper “Effect of statin treatment on adrenomyeloneuropathy with cerebral inflammation: A revisit”. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2013; 115:2401-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2013.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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7
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Engelen M, Schackmann MJA, Ofman R, Sanders RJ, Dijkstra IME, Houten SM, Fourcade S, Pujol A, Poll-The BT, Wanders RJA, Kemp S. Bezafibrate lowers very long-chain fatty acids in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy fibroblasts by inhibiting fatty acid elongation. J Inherit Metab Dis 2012; 35:1137-45. [PMID: 22447153 PMCID: PMC3470694 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-012-9471-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene encoding ALDP, an ATP-binding-cassette (ABC) transporter located in the peroxisomal membrane. ALDP deficiency results in impaired peroxisomal β-oxidation and the subsequent accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA; > C22:0) in plasma and tissues. VLCFA are primarily derived from endogenous synthesis by ELOVL1. Therefore inhibiting this enzyme might constitute a feasible therapeutic approach. In this paper we demonstrate that bezafibrate, a PPAR pan agonist used for the treatment of patients with hyperlipidaemia reduces VLCFA levels in X-ALD fibroblasts. Surprisingly, the VLCFA-lowering effect was independent of PPAR activation and not caused by the increase in either mitochondrial or peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation capacity. In fact, our results show that bezafibrate reduces VLCFA synthesis by decreasing the synthesis of C26:0 through a direct inhibition of fatty acid elongation activity. Taken together, our data indicate bezafibrate as a potential pharmacotherapeutic treatment for X-ALD. A clinical trial is currently ongoing to evaluate the effect in patients with X-ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Engelen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Neurology/ Emma Children’s Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin J. A. Schackmann
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Ofman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert-Jan Sanders
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inge M. E. Dijkstra
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander M. Houten
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stéphane Fourcade
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, The Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aurora Pujol
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, The Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA (Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bwee Tien Poll-The
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Neurology/ Emma Children’s Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald J. A. Wanders
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Kemp
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Neurology/ Emma Children’s Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatric Neurology, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Terre'Blanche G, van der Walt MM, Bergh JJ, Mienie LJ. Treatment of an adrenomyeloneuropathy patient with Lorenzo's oil and supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid--a case report. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:152. [PMID: 21871076 PMCID: PMC3177782 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a case report of adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN), the adult variant of adrenoleukodystryphy (ALD). The diagnoses in the patient, aged 34, was confirmed via increased serum very long chain fatty acid concentration (VLCFA). Treatment started with the cholesterol lowering drug, atorvastatin, followed by add-on therapy with Lorenzo's oil (LO) and finally supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the AMN patient before DHA treatment, already showed abnormal white matter in the brain. Although the MRI showed no neurological improvement after 6 months of DHA treatment, no selective progression of demyelination was detected in the AMN patient. Contrary to what was expected, LO failed to sustain or normalize the VLCFA levels or improve clinical symptoms. It was however, shown that DHA supplementation in addition to LO, increased DHA levels in both plasma and red blood cells (RBC). Additionally, the study showed evidence that the elongase activity in the elongation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) to docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) might have been significantly compromised, due to the increased DHA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisella Terre'Blanche
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Unit for Drug Research and Development, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
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9
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Zhang X, De Marcos Lousa C, Schutte-Lensink N, Ofman R, Wanders RJ, Baldwin SA, Baker A, Kemp S, Theodoulou FL. Conservation of targeting but divergence in function and quality control of peroxisomal ABC transporters: an analysis using cross-kingdom expression. Biochem J 2011; 436:547-57. [PMID: 21476988 DOI: 10.1042/bj20110249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
ABC (ATP-binding cassette) subfamily D transporters are found in all eukaryotic kingdoms and are known to play essential roles in mammals and plants; however, their number, organization and physiological contexts differ. Via cross-kingdom expression experiments, we have explored the conservation of targeting, protein stability and function between mammalian and plant ABCD transporters. When expressed in tobacco epidermal cells, the mammalian ABCD proteins ALDP (adrenoleukodystrophy protein), ALDR (adrenoleukodystrophy-related protein) and PMP70 (70 kDa peroxisomal membrane protein) targeted faithfully to peroxisomes and P70R (PMP70-related protein) targeted to the ER (endoplasmic reticulum), as in the native host. The Arabidopsis thaliana peroxin AtPex19_1 interacted with human peroxisomal ABC transporters both in vivo and in vitro, providing an explanation for the fidelity of targeting. The fate of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy disease-related mutants differed between fibroblasts and plant cells. In fibroblasts, levels of ALDP in some 'protein-absent' mutants were increased by low-temperature culture, in some cases restoring function. In contrast, all mutant ALDP proteins examined were stable and correctly targeted in plant cells, regardless of their fate in fibroblasts. ALDR complemented the seed germination defect of the Arabidopsis cts-1 mutant which lacks the peroxisomal ABCD transporter CTS (Comatose), but neither ALDR nor ALDP was able to rescue the defect in fatty acid β-oxidation in establishing seedlings. Taken together, our results indicate that the mechanism for trafficking of peroxisomal membrane proteins is shared between plants and mammals, but suggest differences in the sensing and turnover of mutant ABC transporter proteins and differences in substrate specificity and/or function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Zhang
- Biological Chemistry Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts. AL5 2JQ, UK
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10
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Ofman R, Dijkstra IME, van Roermund CWT, Burger N, Turkenburg M, van Cruchten A, van Engen CE, Wanders RJA, Kemp S. The role of ELOVL1 in very long-chain fatty acid homeostasis and X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. EMBO Mol Med 2010; 2:90-7. [PMID: 20166112 PMCID: PMC3377275 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene encoding the peroxisomal ABC transporter adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP). X-ALD is characterized by the accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA; ≥C24) in plasma and tissues. In this manuscript we provide insight into the pathway underlying the elevated levels of C26:0 in X-ALD. ALDP transports VLCFacyl-CoA across the peroxisomal membrane. A deficiency in ALDP impairs peroxisomal β-oxidation of VLCFA but also raises cytosolic levels of VLCFacyl-CoA which are substrate for further elongation. We identify ELOVL1 (elongation of very-long-chain-fatty acids) as the single elongase catalysing the synthesis of both saturated VLCFA (C26:0) and mono-unsaturated VLCFA (C26:1). ELOVL1 expression is not increased in X-ALD fibroblasts suggesting that increased levels of C26:0 result from increased substrate availability due to the primary deficiency in ALDP. Importantly, ELOVL1 knockdown reduces elongation of C22:0 to C26:0 and lowers C26:0 levels in X-ALD fibroblasts. Given the likely pathogenic effects of high C26:0 levels, our findings highlight the potential of modulating ELOVL1 activity in the treatment of X-ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Ofman
- Academic Medical Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Arnauld S, Fidaleo M, Clémencet MC, Chevillard G, Athias A, Gresti J, Wanders RJ, Latruffe N, Nicolas-Francès V, Mandard S. Modulation of the hepatic fatty acid pool in peroxisomal 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase B-null mice exposed to the selective PPARalpha agonist Wy14,643. Biochimie 2009; 91:1376-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Semmler A, Köhler W, Jung HH, Weller M, Linnebank M. Therapy of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Expert Rev Neurother 2008; 8:1367-79. [PMID: 18759549 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.8.9.1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD; OMIM #300100) is caused by defects of the ABCD1 gene on chromosome Xq28, resulting in an impairment of peroxisomal beta-oxidation and the accumulation of saturated very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). Primary manifestations occur in the CNS, the adrenal cortex and the testes' Leydig cells. The clinical presentation shows a marked variability which is not explained by the different X-ALD genotypes. Phenotypes range from rapidly progressive cerebral disease with childhood (childhood cerebral ALD [CCALD]) or adulthood (adult cerebral ALD [ACALD]) onset leading to death within a few years, over adult-onset adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) with or without focal CNS demyelination, AMN converting into a rapidly progressive, cerebral demyelinating phenotype resembling CCALD, to slow disease progression over decades, or adrenal insufficiency only. Approximately 50% of female heterozygotes develop moderate spastic paresis resembling the AMN phenotype. This review focuses on current experiences with different therapeutic approaches. Lorenzo's oil did not prove to be effective in cerebral inflammatory disease variants, but asymptomatic patients, and speculatively AMN variants without cerebral involvement, as well as female carriers may benefit from early intake of oleic and erucic acids in addition to VLCFA restriction. Hormone-replacement therapy is necessary in all patients with adrenal insufficiency. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been reported to be effective in presymptomatic or early symptomatic CCALD, and may well also be a final therapeutic option in early ACALD patients. Early detection of mutation carriers and timely initiation of therapy is important for the effectiveness of all therapeutic efforts. Gene therapy of endogenous hematopoietic stem cells, pharmacological upregulation of other genes encoding proteins involved in peroxisomal beta-oxidation, reduction of oxidative stress, and possibly lovastatin are candidates for future X-ALD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Semmler
- University Hospital Zürich, Department of Neurology, Frauenklinikstr. 26, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
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