1
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Bonab MKF, Guo Z, Li Q. Glycosphingolipids: from metabolism to chemoenzymatic total synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:6665-6683. [PMID: 39120686 PMCID: PMC11341264 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00695j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
GSLs are the major glycolipids in vertebrates and mediate many key biological processes from intercellular recognition to cis regulation of signal transduction. The fast-expanding field of glycobiology has led to a growing demand for diverse and structurally defined GSLs, and enzymatic GSL synthesis is developing rapidly in accordance. This article provides an overview of natural GSL biosynthetic pathways and surveys the bacterial enzymes applied to GSL synthesis and recent progress in synthesis strategies. By correlating these three areas, this article aims to define the gaps between GSL biosynthesis and chemoenzymatic synthesis and evaluate the opportunities for harnessing natural forces to access GSLs efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra K F Bonab
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, USA.
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Qingjiang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, USA.
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2
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Lotfizadeh F, Masoudi AA, Vaez Torshizi R, Emrani H. Genome-wide association study of copy number variations with shank traits in a F 2 crossbred chicken population. Anim Genet 2024; 55:559-574. [PMID: 38764135 DOI: 10.1111/age.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Copy number variations (CNVs) are large-scale changes in the DNA sequence that can affect the genetic structure and phenotype of an organism. The purpose of this study was to investigate the existing CNVs and their associations with the shank diameter (ShD) and shank length (ShL) traits using data from an F2 crossbred chicken population. To carry out the study, 312 chickens were genotyped using the Illumina 60k SNP Beadchip. The shank traits of the birds were measured from day 1 to 12 weeks of age. penncnv and cnvruler tools were used to find copy numbers and regions with copy number changes (CNVR), respectively. The CNVRanger package was used to perform a genome-wide association study between shank traits and CNVs. Gene ontology research in CNVRs was carried out using the david database. In this investigation, 966 CNVs and 606 regions with copy number changes were discovered. The copy number states and variations were randomly distributed along the length of the autosomal chromosomes. Weeks 1-4, 9 and 12 of growth revealed a significant association of copy number variations with shank traits, false discovery rate (FDR-corrected p-value < 0.01), and the majority of CNVs that were statistically significant were found on chromosomes 1-3. These CNV segments are nearby genes such as KCNJ12, FGF6 and MYF5, which are fundamental to growth and development. In addition, gene set analyses revealed terms related to muscle physiology, regulation of cellular processes and potassium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Lotfizadeh
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Masoudi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Vaez Torshizi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Emrani
- Animal Science Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
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3
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Gaschignard G, Millet M, Bruley A, Benzerara K, Dezi M, Skouri-Panet F, Duprat E, Callebaut I. AlphaFold2-guided description of CoBaHMA, a novel family of bacterial domains within the heavy-metal-associated superfamily. Proteins 2024; 92:776-794. [PMID: 38258321 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) structure information, now available at the proteome scale, may facilitate the detection of remote evolutionary relationships in protein superfamilies. Here, we illustrate this with the identification of a novel family of protein domains related to the ferredoxin-like superfold, by combining (i) transitive sequence similarity searches, (ii) clustering approaches, and (iii) the use of AlphaFold2 3D structure models. Domains of this family were initially identified in relation with the intracellular biomineralization of calcium carbonates by Cyanobacteria. They are part of the large heavy-metal-associated (HMA) superfamily, departing from the latter by specific sequence and structural features. In particular, most of them share conserved basic amino acids (hence their name CoBaHMA for Conserved Basic residues HMA), forming a positively charged surface, which is likely to interact with anionic partners. CoBaHMA domains are found in diverse modular organizations in bacteria, existing in the form of monodomain proteins or as part of larger proteins, some of which are membrane proteins involved in transport or lipid metabolism. This suggests that the CoBaHMA domains may exert a regulatory function, involving interactions with anionic lipids. This hypothesis might have a particular resonance in the context of the compartmentalization observed for cyanobacterial intracellular calcium carbonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffroy Gaschignard
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, IMPMC, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Millet
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, IMPMC, Paris, France
| | - Apolline Bruley
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, IMPMC, Paris, France
| | - Karim Benzerara
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, IMPMC, Paris, France
| | - Manuela Dezi
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, IMPMC, Paris, France
| | - Feriel Skouri-Panet
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, IMPMC, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Duprat
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, IMPMC, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Callebaut
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, IMPMC, Paris, France
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4
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Ngotho P, Press KD, Peedell M, Muasya W, Omondi BR, Otoboh SE, Seydel KB, Kapulu M, Laufer M, Taylor T, Bousema T, Marti M. Reversible host cell surface remodelling limits immune recognition and maximizes transmission of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.30.591837. [PMID: 38746342 PMCID: PMC11092622 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.30.591837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Reducing malaria transmission has been a major pillar of control programmes and is considered crucial for achieving malaria elimination. Gametocytes, the transmissible forms of the P. falciparum parasite, arise during the blood stage of the parasite and develop through 5 morphologically distinct stages. Immature gametocytes (stage I-IV) sequester and develop in the extravascular niche of the bone marrow and possibly spleen. Only mature stage V gametocytes re-enter peripheral circulation to be taken up by mosquitoes for successful onward transmission. We have recently shown that immature, but not mature gametocytes are targets of host immune responses and identified putative target surface antigens. We hypothesize that these antigens play a role in gametocyte sequestration and contribute to acquired transmission-reducing immunity. Here we demonstrate that surface antigen expression, serum reactivity by human IgG, and opsonic phagocytosis by macrophages all show similar dynamics during gametocyte maturation, i.e., on in immature and off in mature gametocytes. Moreover, the switch in surface reactivity coincides with reversal in phosphatidylserine (PS) surface exposure, a marker for red blood cell age and clearance. PS is exposed on the surface of immature gametocytes (as well as in late asexual stages) but is removed from the surface in later gametocyte stages (IV-V). Using parasite reverse genetics and drug perturbations, we confirm that parasite protein export into the host cell and phospholipid scramblase activity are required for the observed surface modifications in asexual and sexual P. falciparum stages. These findings suggest that the dynamic surface remodelling allows (i) immature gametocyte sequestration in bone marrow and (ii) mature gametocyte release into peripheral circulation and immune evasion, therefore contributing to mature gametocyte survival in vivo and onward transmission to mosquitoes. Importantly, blocking scramblase activity during gametocyte maturation results in efficient clearance of mature gametocytes, revealing a potential path for transmission blocking interventions. Our studies have important implications for our understanding of parasite biology and form a starting point for novel intervention strategies to simultaneously reduce parasite burden and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Ngotho
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Megan Peedell
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - William Muasya
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Roy Omondi
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stanley E. Otoboh
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Karl B. Seydel
- Department of Osteopathic Medical Specialties, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
- Blantyre Malaria Project, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | - Miriam Laufer
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Terrie Taylor
- Department of Osteopathic Medical Specialties, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
- Blantyre Malaria Project, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Teun Bousema
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Matthias Marti
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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5
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Villa M, Wu J, Hansen S, Pahnke J. Emerging Role of ABC Transporters in Glia Cells in Health and Diseases of the Central Nervous System. Cells 2024; 13:740. [PMID: 38727275 PMCID: PMC11083179 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters play a crucial role for the efflux of a wide range of substrates across different cellular membranes. In the central nervous system (CNS), ABC transporters have recently gathered significant attention due to their pivotal involvement in brain physiology and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Glial cells are fundamental for normal CNS function and engage with several ABC transporters in different ways. Here, we specifically highlight ABC transporters involved in the maintenance of brain homeostasis and their implications in its metabolic regulation. We also show new aspects related to ABC transporter function found in less recognized diseases, such as Huntington's disease (HD) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), as a model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Understanding both their impact on the physiological regulation of the CNS and their roles in brain diseases holds promise for uncovering new therapeutic options. Further investigations and preclinical studies are warranted to elucidate the complex interplay between glial ABC transporters and physiological brain functions, potentially leading to effective therapeutic interventions also for rare CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Villa
- Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, Department of Clinical Medicine (KlinMed), Medical Faculty, University of Oslo (UiO) and Section of Neuropathology Research, Department of Pathology (PAT), Clinics for Laboratory Medicine (KLM), Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Sognsvannsveien 20, NO-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jingyun Wu
- Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, Department of Clinical Medicine (KlinMed), Medical Faculty, University of Oslo (UiO) and Section of Neuropathology Research, Department of Pathology (PAT), Clinics for Laboratory Medicine (KLM), Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Sognsvannsveien 20, NO-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefanie Hansen
- Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, Department of Clinical Medicine (KlinMed), Medical Faculty, University of Oslo (UiO) and Section of Neuropathology Research, Department of Pathology (PAT), Clinics for Laboratory Medicine (KLM), Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Sognsvannsveien 20, NO-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Pahnke
- Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, Department of Clinical Medicine (KlinMed), Medical Faculty, University of Oslo (UiO) and Section of Neuropathology Research, Department of Pathology (PAT), Clinics for Laboratory Medicine (KLM), Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Sognsvannsveien 20, NO-0372 Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine (INUM)/Lübeck Institute of Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck (UzL) and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia (LU), Jelgavas iela 3, LV-1004 Rīga, Latvia
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Georg S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University (TAU), Tel Aviv IL-6997801, Israel
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6
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Lingwood C. Is cholesterol both the lock and key to abnormal transmembrane signals in Autism Spectrum Disorder? Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:114. [PMID: 38643132 PMCID: PMC11032007 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Disturbances in cholesterol homeostasis have been associated with ASD. Lipid rafts are central in many transmembrane signaling pathways (including mTOR) and changes in raft cholesterol content affect their order function. Cholesterol levels are controlled by several mechanisms, including endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation (ERAD) of the rate limiting HMGCoA reductase. A new approach to increase cholesterol via temporary ERAD blockade using a benign bacterial toxin-derived competitor for the ERAD translocon is suggested.A new lock and key model for cholesterol/lipid raft dependent signaling is proposed in which the rafts provide both the afferent and efferent 'tumblers' across the membrane to allow 'lock and key' receptor transmembrane signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Lingwood
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.
- Departments of Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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7
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Norris AC, Mansueto AJ, Jimenez M, Yazlovitskaya EM, Jain BK, Graham TR. Flipping the script: Advances in understanding how and why P4-ATPases flip lipid across membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119700. [PMID: 38382846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Type IV P-type ATPases (P4-ATPases) are a family of transmembrane enzymes that translocate lipid substrates from the outer to the inner leaflet of biological membranes and thus create an asymmetrical distribution of lipids within membranes. On the cellular level, this asymmetry is essential for maintaining the integrity and functionality of biological membranes, creating platforms for signaling events and facilitating vesicular trafficking. On the organismal level, this asymmetry has been shown to be important in maintaining blood homeostasis, liver metabolism, neural development, and the immune response. Indeed, dysregulation of P4-ATPases has been linked to several diseases; including anemia, cholestasis, neurological disease, and several cancers. This review will discuss the evolutionary transition of P4-ATPases from cation pumps to lipid flippases, the new lipid substrates that have been discovered, the significant advances that have been achieved in recent years regarding the structural mechanisms underlying the recognition and flipping of specific lipids across biological membranes, and the consequences of P4-ATPase dysfunction on cellular and physiological functions. Additionally, we emphasize the requirement for additional research to comprehensively understand the involvement of flippases in cellular physiology and disease and to explore their potential as targets for therapeutics in treating a variety of illnesses. The discussion in this review will primarily focus on the budding yeast, C. elegans, and mammalian P4-ATPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana C Norris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Mariana Jimenez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Bhawik K Jain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Todd R Graham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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8
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Fang J, Zhang Y, Zhu T, Li Y. Scramblase activity of proteorhodopsin confers physiological advantages to Escherichia coli in the absence of light. iScience 2023; 26:108551. [PMID: 38125024 PMCID: PMC10730872 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial rhodopsins are widely distributed in the aqua-ecosystem due to their simple structure and multifaceted functions. Conventionally, microbial rhodopsins are considered to be exclusively light active. Here, we report the discovery of light-independent function of a proteorhodopsin from a psychrophile Psychroflexus torquis (ptqPR). ptqPR could improve the growth and viability of Escherichia coli cells under stressful conditions in the absence of light, and this was achieved by improving the energy maintenance, membrane potential, membrane fluidity, and membrane integrity. We further show that this non-canonical function of PR is related to its scramblase activity. PR mutants which lost scramblase activities also lost their ability to confer physiological advantages in E. coli. These findings shed light on why microbial rhodopsins are widely distributed in ecological systems where light is inaccessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Taicheng Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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9
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Decaix T, Magny R, Gouin‐Thibaut I, Delavenne X, Mismetti P, Salem J, Narjoz C, Blanchard A, Pépin M, Auzeil N, Loriot M, Laprévote O. Plasma lipidomic analysis to investigate putative biomarkers of P-glycoprotein activity in healthy volunteers. Clin Transl Sci 2023; 16:1935-1946. [PMID: 37529981 PMCID: PMC10582668 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an efflux transporter involved in the bioavailability of many drugs currently on the market. P-gp is responsible for several drug-drug interactions encountered in clinical practice leading to iatrogenic hospital admissions, especially in polypharmacy situations. ABCB1 genotyping only reflects an indirect estimate of P-gp activity. Therefore, it would be useful to identify endogenous biomarkers to determine the P-gp phenotype to predict in vivo activity prior to the initiation of treatment and to assess the effects of drugs on P-gp activity. The objective of this study was to assess changes in plasma lipidome composition among healthy volunteers selected on the basis of their ABCB1 genotype and who received clarithromycin, a known inhibitor of P-gp. Untargeted lipidomic analysis based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was performed before and after clarithromycin administration. Our results revealed changes in plasma levels of some ceramides (Cers) {Cer(d18:1/22:0), Cer(d18:1/22:1), and Cer(d18:1/20:0) by ~38% (p < 0.0001), 13% (p < 0.0001), and 13% (p < 0.0001), respectively} and phosphatidylcholines (PCs) {PC(17:0/14:1), PC(16:0/18:3), and PC(14:0/18:3) by ~24% (p < 0.001), 10% (p < 0.001), and 23.6% (p < 0.001)} associated with both ABCB1 genotype and clarithromycin intake. Through the examination of plasma lipids, our results highlight the relevance of untargeted lipidomics for studying in vivo P-gp activity and, more generally, to safely phenotyping transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xavier Delavenne
- Clinical Pharmacology DepartmentUniversity Hospital of Saint‐EtienneSaint EtienneFrance
- INSERM, U1059Vascular Dysfunction and HemostasisSaint‐EtienneFrance
| | - Patrick Mismetti
- INSERM, U1059Vascular Dysfunction and HemostasisSaint‐EtienneFrance
- Vascular and Therapeutic Medicine DepartmentSaint‐Etienne University Hospital CenterSaint‐EtienneFrance
| | - Joe‐Elie Salem
- Pharmacology Department, APHP, Pitié‐Salpétrière HospitalGHU Sorbonne UniversityParisFrance
- CIC‐1421 and Institut de Cardiométabolisme et Nutrition (ICAN) UMR ICAN_1166INSERMParisFrance
| | - Céline Narjoz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, APHP, GHU Paris‐CentreEuropean Georges Pompidou HospitalParisFrance
- INSERM U1138, Team 26Research Center of CordeliersParisFrance
| | - Anne Blanchard
- Sorbonne Paris CitéParis Descartes UniversityParisFrance
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique, APHP, INSERM CIC‐1418Européen Georges Pompidou HospitalParisFrance
| | - Marion Pépin
- Department of Geriatrics, APHPGHU Paris‐Saclay University, Ambroise Paré HospitalBoulogne‐BillancourtFrance
- Clinical Epidemiology, UVSQ, Inserm U1018, CESPParis‐Saclay UniversityVillejuifFrance
| | | | - Marie‐Anne Loriot
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, APHP, GHU Paris‐CentreEuropean Georges Pompidou HospitalParisFrance
- INSERM U1138, Team 26Research Center of CordeliersParisFrance
- Sorbonne Paris CitéParis Descartes UniversityParisFrance
| | - Olivier Laprévote
- CNRS, CiTCoMParis‐Cité UniversityParisFrance
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, APHP, GHU Paris‐CentreEuropean Georges Pompidou HospitalParisFrance
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10
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Wang S, Wang J, Zhang J, Liu W, Jing W, Lyu B, Yu H, Zhang Z. Insoluble Dietary Fiber from Okara Combined with Intermittent Fasting Treatment Synergistically Confers Antiobesity Effects by Regulating Gut Microbiota and Its Metabolites. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:13346-13362. [PMID: 37651598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) was recently revealed to have an antiobesity impact. However, the impact and potential mechanism of high-purity IDF derived from okara (HPSIDF) on obesity caused by a high-fat diet (HFD) remain unclear. Except for dietary supplementation, intermittent fasting (IF) has attracted extensive interest as a new dietary strategy against obesity. Thus, we hypothesize that HPSIDF combined with IF treatment may be more effective in preventing obesity. In this study, HPSIDF combined with IF treatment synergistically alleviated HFD-induced dyslipidemia, impaired glucose homeostasis, systemic inflammation, and fat accumulation. Furthermore, gut microbiota dysbiosis and lowered short-chain fatty acid synthesis were recovered by HPSIDF combined with IF treatment. Meanwhile, metabolomic analysis of feces revealed that HPSIDF combined with IF treatment obviously reversed the alterations of metabolic pathways and differential metabolites induced by HFD, which were linked to the modulations of the gut microbiota. Collectively, our findings indicated that HPSIDF combined with IF treatment has great potential to substantially enhance antiobesity efficacy by modulating the gut microbiota and its metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sainan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Division of Soybean Processing, Soybean Research & Development Center, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Junyao Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Division of Soybean Processing, Soybean Research & Development Center, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jiarui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Division of Soybean Processing, Soybean Research & Development Center, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Wenhao Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Division of Soybean Processing, Soybean Research & Development Center, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Wendan Jing
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Division of Soybean Processing, Soybean Research & Development Center, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Bo Lyu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Division of Soybean Processing, Soybean Research & Development Center, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Hansong Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Division of Soybean Processing, Soybean Research & Development Center, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Shandong Sinoglory Health Food Co., Ltd., Liaocheng 252000, China
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11
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Sirichoat A, Kaewseekhao B, Nithichanon A, Roytrakul S, Faksri K. Proteomic Profiles and Protein Network Analysis of Primary Human Leukocytes Revealed Possible Clearance Biomarkers for Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:335. [PMID: 37665379 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03450-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a serious pathogen that can survive within host cells after a typical course of treatment completion, leading to chronic infection. Knowledge of host proteomic patterns after clearance of this pathogen from cells is limited. Here, we looked for S. aureus clearance biomarkers produced by in vitro-infected leukocytes. Extracellular proteins from primary human leukocytes infected with S. aureus ATCC 25923 were investigated as possible treatment-monitoring clearance biomarkers by applying a proteomics approach combining liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and protein interaction network analysis. It was found that the expression patterns of proteins secreted by S. aureus-infected leukocytes differed among stages of infection. Proteomic profiles showed that an ATPase, aminophospholipid transporter-like, Class I, type 8A, member 2 (ATP8A2) was expressed in the clearance stage and was not detected at any earlier stage or in uninfected controls. Protein network analysis showed that TERF2 (telomeric repeat-binding factor 2), ZNF440 (zinc finger protein 440), and PPP1R14A (phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 14A) were up-regulated, while GLE1, an essential RNA-export mediator, was suppressed in both infection and clearance stages, suggesting their potential roles in S. aureus infection and clearance. These findings are the first to report that the ATP8A2 has potential as a clearance biomarker for S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auttawit Sirichoat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (RCEID), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Benjawan Kaewseekhao
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (RCEID), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Arnone Nithichanon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (RCEID), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Genome Institute, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Kiatichai Faksri
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (RCEID), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
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12
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Patel OV, Partridge C, Plaut K. Space Environment Impacts Homeostasis: Exposure to Spaceflight Alters Mammary Gland Transportome Genes. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050872. [PMID: 37238741 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane transporters and ion channels that play an indispensable role in metabolite trafficking have evolved to operate in Earth's gravity. Dysregulation of the transportome expression profile at normogravity not only affects homeostasis along with drug uptake and distribution but also plays a key role in the pathogenesis of diverse localized to systemic diseases including cancer. The profound physiological and biochemical perturbations experienced by astronauts during space expeditions are well-documented. However, there is a paucity of information on the effect of the space environment on the transportome profile at an organ level. Thus, the goal of this study was to analyze the effect of spaceflight on ion channels and membrane substrate transporter genes in the periparturient rat mammary gland. Comparative gene expression analysis revealed an upregulation (p < 0.01) of amino acid, Ca2+, K+, Na+, Zn2+, Cl-, PO43-, glucose, citrate, pyruvate, succinate, cholesterol, and water transporter genes in rats exposed to spaceflight. Genes associated with the trafficking of proton-coupled amino acids, Mg2+, Fe2+, voltage-gated K+-Na+, cation-coupled chloride, as well as Na+/Ca2+ and ATP-Mg/Pi exchangers were suppressed (p < 0.01) in these spaceflight-exposed rats. These findings suggest that an altered transportome profile contributes to the metabolic modulations observed in the rats exposed to the space environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman V Patel
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA
| | - Charlyn Partridge
- Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University, Muskegon, MI 49441, USA
| | - Karen Plaut
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
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13
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Sakuragi T, Nagata S. Regulation of phospholipid distribution in the lipid bilayer by flippases and scramblases. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023:10.1038/s41580-023-00604-z. [PMID: 37106071 PMCID: PMC10134735 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00604-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Cellular membranes function as permeability barriers that separate cells from the external environment or partition cells into distinct compartments. These membranes are lipid bilayers composed of glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids and cholesterol, in which proteins are embedded. Glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids freely move laterally, whereas transverse movement between lipid bilayers is limited. Phospholipids are asymmetrically distributed between membrane leaflets but change their location in biological processes, serving as signalling molecules or enzyme activators. Designated proteins - flippases and scramblases - mediate this lipid movement between the bilayers. Flippases mediate the confined localization of specific phospholipids (phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) and phosphatidylethanolamine) to the cytoplasmic leaflet. Scramblases randomly scramble phospholipids between leaflets and facilitate the exposure of PtdSer on the cell surface, which serves as an important signalling molecule and as an 'eat me' signal for phagocytes. Defects in flippases and scramblases cause various human diseases. We herein review the recent research on the structure of flippases and scramblases and their physiological roles. Although still poorly understood, we address the mechanisms by which they translocate phospholipids between lipid bilayers and how defects cause human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaharu Sakuragi
- Biochemistry & Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Nagata
- Biochemistry & Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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14
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Pasello M, Giudice AM, Cristalli C, Manara MC, Mancarella C, Parra A, Serra M, Magagnoli G, Cidre-Aranaz F, Grünewald TGP, Bini C, Lollini PL, Longhi A, Donati DM, Scotlandi K. ABCA6 affects the malignancy of Ewing sarcoma cells via cholesterol-guided inhibition of the IGF1R/AKT/MDM2 axis. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2022; 45:1237-1251. [PMID: 36149602 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-022-00713-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The relevance of the subfamily A members of ATP-binding cassette (ABCA) transporters as biomarkers of risk and response is emerging in different tumors, but their mechanisms of action have only been partially defined. In this work, we investigated their role in Ewing sarcoma (EWS), a pediatric cancer with unmet clinical issues. METHODS The expression of ABC members was evaluated by RT-qPCR in patients with localized EWS. The correlation with clinical outcome was established in different datasets using univariate and multivariate statistical methods. Functional studies were conducted in cell lines from patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) using gain- or loss-of-function approaches. The impact of intracellular cholesterol levels and cholesterol lowering drugs on malignant parameters was considered. RESULTS We found that ABCA6, which is usually poorly expressed in EWS, when upregulated became a prognostic factor of a favorable outcome in patients. Mechanistically, high expression of ABCA6 impaired cell migration and increased cell chemosensitivity by diminishing the intracellular levels of cholesterol and by constitutive IGF1R/AKT/mTOR expression/activation. Accordingly, while exposure of cells to exogenous cholesterol increased AKT/mTOR activation, the cholesterol lowering drug simvastatin inhibited IGF1R/AKT/mTOR signaling and prevented Ser166 phosphorylation of MDM2. This, in turn, favored p53 activation and enhanced pro-apoptotic effects of doxorubicin. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals that ABCA6 acts as tumor suppressor in EWS cells via cholesterol-mediated inhibition of IGF1R/AKT/MDM2 signaling, which promotes the pro-apoptotic effects of doxorubicin and reduces cell migration. Our findings also support a role of ABCA6 as biomarker of EWS progression and sustains its assessment for a more rational use of statins as adjuvant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Pasello
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, 40136, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Giudice
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, 40136, Italy.,Alma Mater Institute On Healthy Planet - Alma Healthy Planet, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Camilla Cristalli
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Manara
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Caterina Mancarella
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Alessandro Parra
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Massimo Serra
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Giovanna Magagnoli
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Florencia Cidre-Aranaz
- Division of Translational Pediatric Sarcoma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Hopp-Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas G P Grünewald
- Division of Translational Pediatric Sarcoma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Hopp-Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carla Bini
- Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier-Luigi Lollini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Longhi
- Osteoncologia, Sarcomi dell'osso e dei Tessuti Molli e Terapie Innovative, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Maria Donati
- Unit of 3rd Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic Prevalently Oncologic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Katia Scotlandi
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, 40136, Italy.
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15
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Miyata Y, Segawa K. Protocol to analyze lipid asymmetry in the plasma membrane. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101870. [PMID: 36595929 PMCID: PMC9692065 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane containing cholesterol exhibits phospholipid asymmetry, with phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin enriched in its outer leaflet and phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) on the cytoplasmic side. We herein describe steps for bacterial expression of recombinant proteins that bind to membrane lipids, followed by affinity purification. Using fluorescence-labeled phospholipid analogs, we further detail the assay to detect flippase activity, which maintains the single-sided distribution of PtdSer and PtdEtn, in mammalian cells. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Segawa et al. (2021).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Miyata
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Katsumori Segawa
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan,Corresponding author
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16
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Nakao H, Nakano M. Flip-Flop Promotion Mechanisms by Model Transmembrane Peptides. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2022; 70:519-523. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c22-00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Nakao
- Department of Biointerface Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Minoru Nakano
- Department of Biointerface Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
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17
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Juhl AD, Wüstner D. Pathways and Mechanisms of Cellular Cholesterol Efflux-Insight From Imaging. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:834408. [PMID: 35300409 PMCID: PMC8920967 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.834408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential molecule in cellular membranes, but too much cholesterol can be toxic. Therefore, mammalian cells have developed complex mechanisms to remove excess cholesterol. In this review article, we discuss what is known about such efflux pathways including a discussion of reverse cholesterol transport and formation of high-density lipoprotein, the function of ABC transporters and other sterol efflux proteins, and we highlight their role in human diseases. Attention is paid to the biophysical principles governing efflux of sterols from cells. We also discuss recent evidence for cholesterol efflux by the release of exosomes, microvesicles, and migrasomes. The role of the endo-lysosomal network, lipophagy, and selected lysosomal transporters, such as Niemann Pick type C proteins in cholesterol export from cells is elucidated. Since oxysterols are important regulators of cellular cholesterol efflux, their formation, trafficking, and secretion are described briefly. In addition to discussing results obtained with traditional biochemical methods, focus is on studies that use established and novel bioimaging approaches to obtain insight into cholesterol efflux pathways, including fluorescence and electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray tomography as well as mass spectrometry imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Wüstner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, PhyLife, Physical Life Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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18
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The Effect of Fatty Acids on Ciprofloxacin Cytotoxic Activity in Prostate Cancer Cell Lines. Does Lipid Component Enhance Anticancer Ciprofloxacin Potential? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020409. [PMID: 35053570 PMCID: PMC8773529 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Most prostate cancers are initially hormone-dependent but later gain a hormone-independent phenotype associated with changes in lipid metabolism, including enhanced absorption of extracellular fatty acids. The aim of our study was to assess the effect of ciprofloxacin conjugates with fatty acids on different type of prostate cancer (LNCaP and DU-145) and normal (RWPE-1) cells, as well as their influence on cell lipid metabolism by proteomic analysis. All tested conjugates exhibited cytotoxic potential, the most powerful for oleic, elaidic and docosahexaenoic acids. The hormone-independent DU145 line was more sensitive to derivatives than the hormone-dependent LNCaP line. These results are consistent with previously observed pronounced cytotoxic effect of conjugates on a hormone-insensitive PC3 line. Tested derivatives decreased intensity of proteins involved in prostate cancer lipid metabolism. Our findings confirm the involvement of lipid metabolism in prostate carcinogenesis indicating a target for fatty acids as drug carriers. Abstract Purpose: To assess cytotoxic effect of ciprofloxacin conjugates with fatty acids on prostate cancer cells (LNCaP and DU-145) with different hormone sensitivity, based on previous promising results from the PC3 cells. Methods: Cytotoxicity were estimated using MTT and LDH tests, whereas its mechanisms were estimated by apoptosis and IL-6 assays. The intensity of proteins involved in lipid metabolism was determined using ML-CS assay. Results: The hormone insensitive DU-145 cells were more vulnerable than the hormone sensitive LNCaP cells. The IC50 values for oleic (4), elaidic (5) and docosahexaenoic acid (8) conjugates were 20.2 µM, 17.8 µM and 16.5 µM, respectively, in DU-145 cells, whereas in LNCaP cells IC50 exceeded 20 µM. The strong conjugate cytotoxicity was confirmed in the LDH test, the highest (70.8%) for compound (5) and 64.2% for compound (8) in DU-145 cells. This effect was weaker for LNCaP cells (around 60%). The cytotoxic effect of unconjugated ciprofloxacin and fatty acids was weaker. The early apoptosis was predominant in LNCaP while in DU-145 cells both early and late apoptosis was induced. The tested conjugates decreased IL-6 release in both cancer cell lines by almost 50%. Proteomic analysis indicated influence of the ciprofloxacin conjugates on lipid metabolic proteins in prostatic cancer. Conclusion: Our findings suggested the cytotoxic potential of ciprofloxacin conjugates with reduction in proteins involved in prostate cancer progress.
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19
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Hasegawa J, Uchida Y, Mukai K, Lee S, Matsudaira T, Taguchi T. A Role of Phosphatidylserine in the Function of Recycling Endosomes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:783857. [PMID: 35004683 PMCID: PMC8740049 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.783857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells internalize proteins and lipids in the plasma membrane (PM) and solutes in the extracellular space by endocytosis. The removal of PM by endocytosis is constantly balanced by the replenishment of proteins and lipids to PM through recycling pathway. Recycling endosomes (REs) are specific subsets of endosomes. Besides the established role of REs in recycling pathway, recent studies have revealed unanticipated roles of REs in membrane traffic and cell signalling. In this review, we highlight these emerging issues, with a particular focus on phosphatidylserine (PS), a phospholipid that is highly enriched in the cytosolic leaflet of RE membranes. We also discuss the pathogenesis of Hermansky Pudlak syndrome type 2 (HPS2) that arises from mutations in the AP3B1 gene, from the point of view of dysregulated RE functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Hasegawa
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Uchida
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kojiro Mukai
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoken Lee
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Matsudaira
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Taguchi
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Yang C, Zheng B, Wang R, Chang H, Liu P, Li B, Norvienyeku J, Chen Q. A Putative P-Type ATPase Regulates the Secretion of Hydrolytic Enzymes, Phospholipid Transport, Morphogenesis, and Pathogenesis in Phytophthora capsici. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:852500. [PMID: 35620687 PMCID: PMC9127794 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.852500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora capsici is an important plant pathogenic oomycete with multiple hosts. The P4-ATPases, aminophospholipid translocases (APTs), play essential roles in the growth and pathogenesis of fungal pathogens. However, the function of P4-ATPase in P. capsici remains unclear. This study identified and characterized PcApt1, a P4-ATPase Drs2 homolog, in P. capsici. Deletion of PcAPT1 by CRISPR/Cas9 knock-out strategy impaired hyphal growth, extracellular laccase activity. Cytological analyses have shown that PcApt1 participates in phosphatidylserine (PS) transport across the plasma membrane. Also, we showed that targeted deletion of PcAPT1 triggered a significant reduction in the virulence of P. capsici. Secretome analyses have demonstrated that secretion of hydrolytic enzymes decreased considerably in the PcAPT1 gene deletion strains compared to the wild-type. Overall, our results showed that PcApt1 plays a pivotal role in promoting morphological development, phospholipid transport, secretion of hydrolytic enzymes, and the pathogenicity of the polycyclic phytopathogenic oomycete P. capsici. This study underscores the need for comprehensive evaluation of subsequent members of the P-type ATPase family to provide enhanced insights into the dynamic contributions to the pathogenesis of P. capsici and their possible deployment in the formulation of effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengdong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Bowen Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rongbo Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongyang Chang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Benjin Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Justice Norvienyeku
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
- Justice Norvienyeku,
| | - Qinghe Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qinghe Chen,
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21
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Molday RS, Garces FA, Scortecci JF, Molday LL. Structure and function of ABCA4 and its role in the visual cycle and Stargardt macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 89:101036. [PMID: 34954332 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.101036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
ABCA4 is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters that is preferentially localized along the rim region of rod and cone photoreceptor outer segment disc membranes. It uses the energy from ATP binding and hydrolysis to transport N-retinylidene-phosphatidylethanolamine (N-Ret-PE), the Schiff base adduct of retinal and phosphatidylethanolamine, from the lumen to the cytoplasmic leaflet of disc membranes. This ensures that all-trans-retinal and excess 11-cis-retinal are efficiently cleared from photoreceptor cells thereby preventing the accumulation of toxic retinoid compounds. Loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding ABCA4 cause autosomal recessive Stargardt macular degeneration, also known as Stargardt disease (STGD1), and related autosomal recessive retinopathies characterized by impaired central vision and an accumulation of lipofuscin and bis-retinoid compounds. High resolution structures of ABCA4 in its substrate and nucleotide free state and containing bound N-Ret-PE or ATP have been determined by cryo-electron microscopy providing insight into the molecular architecture of ABCA4 and mechanisms underlying substrate recognition and conformational changes induced by ATP binding. The expression and functional characterization of a large number of disease-causing missense ABCA4 variants have been determined. These studies have shed light into the molecular mechanisms underlying Stargardt disease and a classification that reliably predicts the effect of a specific missense mutation on the severity of the disease. They also provide a framework for developing rational therapeutic treatments for ABCA4-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Molday
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.
| | - Fabian A Garces
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | | | - Laurie L Molday
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
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22
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Choudhuri S, Klaassen CD. MOLECULAR REGULATION OF BILE ACID HOMEOSTASIS. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 50:425-455. [PMID: 34686523 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids have been known for decades to aid in the digestion and absorption of dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the intestine. The development of gene knockout mice models and transgenic humanized mouse models have helped us understand other function of bile acids, such as their role in modulating fat, glucose, and energy metabolism, and in the molecular regulation of the synthesis, transport, and homeostasis of bile acids. The G-protein coupled receptor TGR5 regulates the bile acid induced alterations of intermediary metabolism, while the nuclear receptor FXR regulates bile acid synthesis and homeostasis. However, this review indicates that unidentified factors in addition to FXR must exist to aid in the regulation of bile acid synthesis and homeostasis. Significance Statement This review captures the present understanding of bile acid synthesis, the role of bile acid transporters in the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids, the role of the nuclear receptor FXR on the regulation of bile acid synthesis and bile acid transporters, and the importance of bile acids in activating GPCR signaling via TGR5 to modify intermediary metabolism. This information is useful for developing drugs for the treatment of various hepatic and intestinal diseases, as well as the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Curtis D Klaassen
- Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, Univ Washington, United States
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23
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Inoue H, Takatsu H, Hamamoto A, Takayama M, Nakabuchi R, Muranaka Y, Yagi T, Nakayama K, Shin HW. The interaction of ATP11C-b with ezrin contributes to its polarized localization. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:272204. [PMID: 34528675 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP11C, a member of the P4-ATPase family, translocates phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine at the plasma membrane. We previously revealed that its C-terminal splice variant ATP11C-b exhibits polarized localization in motile cell lines, such as MDA-MB-231 and Ba/F3. In the present study, we found that the C-terminal cytoplasmic region of ATP11C-b interacts specifically with ezrin. Notably, the LLxY motif in the ATP11C-b C-terminal region is crucial for its interaction with ezrin as well as its polarized localization on the plasma membrane. A constitutively active, C-terminal phosphomimetic mutant of ezrin was colocalized with ATP11C-b in polarized motile cells. ATP11C-b was partially mislocalized in cells depleted of ezrin alone, and exhibited greater mislocalization in cells simultaneously depleted of the family members ezrin, radixin and moesin (ERM), suggesting that ERM proteins, particularly ezrin, contribute to the polarized localization of ATP11C-b. Furthermore, Atp11c knockout resulted in C-terminally phosphorylated ERM protein mislocalization, which was restored by exogenous expression of ATP11C-b but not ATP11C-a. These observations together indicate that the polarized localizations of ATP11C-b and the active form of ezrin to the plasma membrane are interdependently stabilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Inoue
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takatsu
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Asuka Hamamoto
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takayama
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Riki Nakabuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yumeka Muranaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Yagi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Nakayama
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hye-Won Shin
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Segawa K, Kikuchi A, Noji T, Sugiura Y, Hiraga K, Suzuki C, Haginoya K, Kobayashi Y, Matsunaga M, Ochiai Y, Yamada K, Nishimura T, Iwasawa S, Shoji W, Sugihara F, Nishino K, Kosako H, Ikawa M, Uchiyama Y, Suematsu M, Ishikita H, Kure S, Nagata S. A sublethal ATP11A mutation associated with neurological deterioration causes aberrant phosphatidylcholine flipping in plasma membranes. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e148005. [PMID: 34403372 DOI: 10.1172/jci148005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP11A translocates phosphatidylserine (PtdSer), but not phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), from the outer to the inner leaflet of plasma membranes, thereby maintaining the asymmetric distribution of PtdSer. Here, we detected a de novo heterozygous point mutation of ATP11A in a patient with developmental delays and neurological deterioration. Mice carrying the corresponding mutation died perinatally of neurological disorders. This mutation caused an amino acid substitution (Q84E) in the first transmembrane segment of ATP11A, and mutant ATP11A flipped PtdCho. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the mutation allowed PtdCho binding at the substrate entry site. Aberrant PtdCho flipping markedly decreased the concentration of PtdCho in the outer leaflet of plasma membranes, whereas sphingomyelin (SM) concentrations in the outer leaflet increased. This change in the distribution of phospholipids altered cell characteristics, including cell growth, cholesterol homeostasis, and sensitivity to sphingomyelinase. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) showed a marked increase of SM levels in the brains of Q84E-knockin mouse embryos. These results provide insights into the physiological importance of the substrate specificity of plasma membrane flippases for the proper distribution of PtdCho and SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumori Segawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsuo Kikuchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Noji
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Sugiura
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keita Hiraga
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chigure Suzuki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and.,Department of Cellular and Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Haginoya
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Takuto Rehabilitation Center for Children, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.,Department of Pediatric Neurology, Miyagi Children's Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yasuko Kobayashi
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Takuto Rehabilitation Center for Children, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Sendai-Nishitaga Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Ochiai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kyoko Yamada
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuo Nishimura
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinya Iwasawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Wataru Shoji
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Fuminori Sugihara
- Central Instrumentation Laboratory, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kohei Nishino
- Division of Cell Signaling, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kosako
- Division of Cell Signaling, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchiyama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and.,Department of Cellular and Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Suematsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishikita
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Kure
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.,Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Nagata
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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25
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Behl T, Sehgal A, Grover M, Singh S, Sharma N, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Aleya L, Bungau S. Uncurtaining the pivotal role of ABC transporters in diabetes mellitus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:41533-41551. [PMID: 34085197 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14675-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic disorders are the edge points for the initiation of various diseases. These disorders comprised of several diseases including diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular complications. Worldwide, the prevalence of these disorders is increasing day by day. The world's population is at higher threat of developing metabolic disease, especially diabetes. Therefore, there is an impregnable necessity of searching for a newer therapeutic target to reduce the burden of these disorders. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is marked with the dysregulated insulin secretion and resistance. The lipid and glucose transporters portray a pivotal role in the metabolism and transport of both of these. The excess production of lipid and glucose and decreased clearance of these leads to the emergence of DM. The ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABCT) are important for the metabolism of glucose and lipid. Various studies suggest the key involvement of ABCT in the pathologic process of different diseases. In addition, the involvement of other pathways, including IGF signaling, P13-Akt/PKC/MAPK signaling, and GLP-1 via regulation of ABCT, may help develop new treatment strategies to cope with insulin resistance dysregulated glucose metabolism, key features in DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Madhuri Grover
- BS Anangpuria Institute of Pharmacy, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environment Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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26
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Ristovski M, Farhat D, Bancud SEM, Lee JY. Lipid Transporters Beam Signals from Cell Membranes. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:562. [PMID: 34436325 PMCID: PMC8399137 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11080562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipid composition in cellular membranes plays an important role in maintaining the structural integrity of cells and in regulating cellular signaling that controls functions of both membrane-anchored and cytoplasmic proteins. ATP-dependent ABC and P4-ATPase lipid transporters, two integral membrane proteins, are known to contribute to lipid translocation across the lipid bilayers on the cellular membranes. In this review, we will highlight current knowledge about the role of cholesterol and phospholipids of cellular membranes in regulating cell signaling and how lipid transporters participate this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miliça Ristovski
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (M.R.); (D.F.); (S.E.M.B.)
- Translational and Molecular Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Danny Farhat
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (M.R.); (D.F.); (S.E.M.B.)
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 6N5, Canada
| | - Shelly Ellaine M. Bancud
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (M.R.); (D.F.); (S.E.M.B.)
- Translational and Molecular Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jyh-Yeuan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (M.R.); (D.F.); (S.E.M.B.)
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27
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Thiagarajan P, Parker CJ, Prchal JT. How Do Red Blood Cells Die? Front Physiol 2021; 12:655393. [PMID: 33790808 PMCID: PMC8006275 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.655393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal human red blood cells have an average life span of about 120 days in the circulation after which they are engulfed by macrophages. This is an extremely efficient process as macrophages phagocytose about 5 million erythrocytes every second without any significant release of hemoglobin in the circulation. Despite large number of investigations, the precise molecular mechanism by which macrophages recognize senescent red blood cells for clearance remains elusive. Red cells undergo several physicochemical changes as they age in the circulation. Several of these changes have been proposed as a recognition tag for macrophages. Most prevalent hypotheses for red cell clearance mechanism(s) are expression of neoantigens on red cell surface, exposure phosphatidylserine and decreased deformability. While there is some correlation between these changes with aging their causal role for red cell clearance has not been established. Despite plethora of investigations, we still have incomplete understanding of the molecular details of red cell clearance. In this review, we have reviewed the recent data on clearance of senescent red cells. We anticipate recent progresses in in vivo red cell labeling and the explosion of modern proteomic techniques will, in near future, facilitate our understanding of red cell senescence and their destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perumal Thiagarajan
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Charles J Parker
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Josef T Prchal
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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28
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Shukla S, Baumgart T. Enzymatic trans-bilayer lipid transport: Mechanisms, efficiencies, slippage, and membrane curvature. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183534. [PMID: 33340491 PMCID: PMC8351443 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The eukaryotic plasma membrane's lipid composition is found to be ubiquitously asymmetric comparing inner and outer leaflets. This membrane lipid asymmetry plays a crucial role in diverse cellular processes critical for cell survival. A specialized set of transmembrane proteins called translocases, or flippases, have evolved to maintain this membrane lipid asymmetry in an energy-dependent manner. One potential consequence of local variations in membrane lipid asymmetry is membrane remodeling, which is essential for cellular processes such as intracellular trafficking. Recently, there has been a surge in the identification and characterization of flippases, which has significantly advanced the understanding of their functional mechanisms. Furthermore, there are intriguing possibilities for a coupling between membrane curvature and flippase activity. In this review we highlight studies that link membrane shape and remodeling to differential stresses generated by the activity of lipid flippases with an emphasis on data obtained through model membrane systems. We review the common mechanistic models of flippase-mediated lipid flipping and discuss common techniques used to test lipid flippase activity. We then compare the existing data on lipid translocation rates by flippases and conclude with potential future directions for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankalp Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Tobias Baumgart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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29
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Nakao H, Kimura Y, Sakai A, Ikeda K, Nakano M. Development of membrane-insertable lipid scrambling peptides: A time-resolved small-angle neutron scattering study. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2021; 8:024301. [PMID: 33758768 PMCID: PMC7980860 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipid transbilayer movement (flip-flop) in the plasma membrane is regulated by membrane proteins to maintain cell homeostasis and interact with other cells. The promotion of flip-flop by phospholipid scramblases causes the loss of membrane lipid asymmetry, which is involved in apoptosis, blood coagulation, and viral infection. Therefore, compounds that can artificially control flip-flop in the plasma membrane are of biological and medical interest. Here, we have developed lipid scrambling transmembrane peptides that can be inserted into the membrane. Time-resolved small-angle neutron scattering measurements revealed that the addition of peptides containing a glutamine residue at the center of the hydrophobic sequence to lipid vesicles induces the flip-flop of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. Peptides without the glutamine residue had no effect on the flip-flop. Because the glutamine-containing peptides exhibited scramblase activity in monomeric form, the polar glutamine residue would be exposed to the hydrocarbon region of the membrane, perturbing the membrane and promoting the lipid flip-flop. These scrambling peptides would be valuable tools to regulate lipid flip-flop in the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Minoru Nakano
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: . Tel.: +81 76 434 7565. Fax: +81 76 434 7568
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30
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Fraser M, Jing W, Bröer S, Kurth F, Sander LE, Matuschewski K, Maier AG. Breakdown in membrane asymmetry regulation leads to monocyte recognition of P. falciparum-infected red blood cells. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009259. [PMID: 33600495 PMCID: PMC7891792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum relies on lipids to survive; this makes its lipid metabolism an attractive drug target. The lipid phosphatidylserine (PS) is usually confined to the inner leaflet of the red blood cell membrane (RBC) bilayer; however, some studies suggest that infection with the intracellular parasite results in the presence of this lipid in the RBC membrane outer leaflet, where it could act as a recognition signal to phagocytes. Here, we used fluorescent lipid analogues and probes to investigate the enzymatic reactions responsible for maintaining asymmetry between membrane leaflets, and found that in parasitised RBCs the maintenance of membrane asymmetry was partly disrupted, and PS was increased in the outer leaflet. We examined the underlying causes for the differences between uninfected and infected RBCs using fluorescent dyes and probes, and found that calcium levels increased in the infected RBC cytoplasm, whereas membrane cholesterol was depleted from the erythrocyte plasma membrane. We explored the resulting effect of PS exposure on enhanced phagocytosis by monocytes, and show that infected RBCs must expend energy to limit phagocyte recognition, and provide experimental evidence that PS exposure contributes to phagocytic recognition of P. falciparum-infected RBCs. Together, these findings underscore the pivotal role for PS exposure on the surface of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes for in vivo interactions with the host immune system, and provide a rationale for targeted antimalarial drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merryn Fraser
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Weidong Jing
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Stefan Bröer
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Florian Kurth
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leif-Erik Sander
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Matuschewski
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander G. Maier
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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31
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Chen Q, Zhang Y, Zhao Q. Expression analysis of immune-associated genes in hemocytes of mud crab Scylla paramamosain under low salinity challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:16-25. [PMID: 32947031 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To gain knowledge on the immune response in Scylla paramamosain under low salinity challenge, S. paramamosain we investigated digital gene expression (DEG) in S. paramamosain hemocytes using the deep-sequencing platform Illumina Hiseq XTen. A total of 97,257 high quality unigenes with mean length 786.59 bp were found to be regulated by low salinity challenge, among which 93 unigenes were significantly up regulated, and 71 were significantly down regulated. Functional categorization and pathways analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed that immune signaling pathway including cAMP and cGMP signaling pathway were affected in low salinity stress. Cellular immunity-related genes including low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) and xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) were down-regulated, indicating phagocytosis and oxygen dependent mechanism of phagocyte were suppressed in low salinity stress; Humoral immunity-related genes serine proteases and serpins 3 were up- and down-regulated, respectively, suggest that the proPO system was influenced by low salinity significantly; Moreover, processes related to immune response including carbohydrate metabolism, protein synthesis and lipid transport were found differentially regulated, implying the integrity of the immune response in low salinity stress. This study gained comprehensive insights on the immune mechanism of S. paramamosain at low salinity stress at the molecular level. The findings provide a theoretical basis for understanding immune mechanisms of S. paramamosain under low salinity stress, and technical reference for evaluating physiological adaptation in fresh water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinsheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Qun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China.
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32
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Bionaz M, Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Busato S. Advances in fatty acids nutrition in dairy cows: from gut to cells and effects on performance. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:110. [PMID: 33292523 PMCID: PMC7667790 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00512-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High producing dairy cows generally receive in the diet up to 5-6% of fat. This is a relatively low amount of fat in the diet compared to diets in monogastrics; however, dietary fat is important for dairy cows as demonstrated by the benefits of supplementing cows with various fatty acids (FA). Several FA are highly bioactive, especially by affecting the transcriptome; thus, they have nutrigenomic effects. In the present review, we provide an up-to-date understanding of the utilization of FA by dairy cows including the main processes affecting FA in the rumen, molecular aspects of the absorption of FA by the gut, synthesis, secretion, and utilization of chylomicrons; uptake and metabolism of FA by peripheral tissues, with a main emphasis on the liver, and main transcription factors regulated by FA. Most of the advances in FA utilization by rumen microorganisms and intestinal absorption of FA in dairy cows were made before the end of the last century with little information generated afterwards. However, large advances on the molecular aspects of intestinal absorption and cellular uptake of FA were made on monogastric species in the last 20 years. We provide a model of FA utilization in dairy cows by using information generated in monogastrics and enriching it with data produced in dairy cows. We also reviewed the latest studies on the effects of dietary FA on milk yield, milk fatty acid composition, reproduction, and health in dairy cows. The reviewed data revealed a complex picture with the FA being active in each step of the way, starting from influencing rumen microbiota, regulating intestinal absorption, and affecting cellular uptake and utilization by peripheral tissues, making prediction on in vivo nutrigenomic effects of FA challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bionaz
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sebastiano Busato
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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33
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Buechel ER, Pinkett HW. Transcription factors and ABC transporters: from pleiotropic drug resistance to cellular signaling in yeast. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3943-3964. [PMID: 33089887 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae survives in microenvironments utilizing networks of regulators and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters to circumvent toxins and a variety of drugs. Our understanding of transcriptional regulation of ABC transporters in yeast is mainly derived from the study of multidrug resistance protein networks. Over the past two decades, this research has not only expanded the role of transcriptional regulators in pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) but evolved to include the role that regulators play in cellular signaling and environmental adaptation. Inspection of the gene networks of the transcriptional regulators and characterization of the ABC transporters has clarified that they also contribute to environmental adaptation by controlling plasma membrane composition, toxic-metal sequestration, and oxidative stress adaptation. Additionally, ABC transporters and their regulators appear to be involved in cellular signaling for adaptation of S. cerevisiae populations to nutrient availability. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the S. cerevisiae transcriptional regulatory networks and highlight recent work in other notable fungal organisms, underlining the expansion of the study of these gene networks across the kingdom fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan R Buechel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Heather W Pinkett
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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34
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George SS, Steele CR, Ricci AJ. Rat Auditory Inner Hair Cell Mechanotransduction and Stereociliary Membrane Diffusivity Are Similarly Modulated by Calcium. iScience 2020; 23:101773. [PMID: 33294782 PMCID: PMC7689183 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipid bilayer plays a pivotal role in force transmission to many mechanically-gated channels. We developed the technology to monitor membrane diffusivity in order to test the hypothesis positing that Ca2+ regulates open probability (P o) of cochlear hair cell mechanotransduction (MET) channels via the plasma membrane. The stereociliary membrane was more diffusive (9x) than the basolateral membrane. Elevating intracellular Ca2+ buffering or lowering extracellular Ca2+ reduced stereociliary diffusivity and increased MET P o. In contrast, prolonged depolarization increased stereociliary diffusivity and reduced MET P o. No comparable effects were noted for soma measurements. Although MET channels are located in the shorter stereocilia rows, both rows had similar baseline diffusivity and showed similar responses to Ca2+ manipulations and MET channel blocks, suggesting that diffusivity is independent of MET. Together, these data suggest that the stereociliary membrane is a component of a calcium-modulated viscoelastic-like element regulating hair cell mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefin S George
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 240 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Charles R Steele
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Building 520, 440 Escondido Mall, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anthony J Ricci
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 240 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 291 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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35
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Identification of ATP8B1 as a Tumor Suppressor Gene for Colorectal Cancer and Its Involvement in Phospholipid Homeostasis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:2015648. [PMID: 33062669 PMCID: PMC7542516 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2015648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Homeostasis of membrane phospholipids plays an important role in cell oncogenesis and cancer progression. The flippase ATPase class I type 8b member 1 (ATP8B1), one of the P4-ATPases, translocates specific phospholipids from the exoplasmic to the cytoplasmic leaflet of membranes. ATP8B1 is critical for maintaining the epithelium membrane stability and polarity. However, the prognostic values of ATP8B1 in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients remain unclear. We analyzed transcriptomics, genomics, and clinical data of CRC samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). ATP8B1 was the only potential biomarker of phospholipid transporters in CRC. Its prognostic value was also validated with the data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Compared to the normal group, the expression of ATP8B1 was downregulated in the tumor group and the CRC cell lines, which declined with disease progression. The lower expression level of ATP8B1 was also significantly associated with worse survival outcomes in both the discovery samples (359 patients) and the validation samples (566 patients). In multivariate analyses, low ATP8B1 levels predicted unfavorable OS (adjusted HR 1.512, 95% CI: 1.069-2.137; P = 0.019) and were associated with poor progress-free interval (PFI) (adjusted HR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.207-2.174; P = 0.001). The pathway analysis results showed that the underexpression of ATP8B1 was negatively associated with phospholipid transport, phospholipid metabolic process, and cell-cell adherent junction and positively associated with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in CRC. Our analysis suggests that ATP8B1 is a potential cancer suppressor in CRC patients and may offer new strategies for CRC therapy.
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36
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Curtis SB, Molday LL, Garces FA, Molday RS. Functional analysis and classification of homozygous and hypomorphic ABCA4 variants associated with Stargardt macular degeneration. Hum Mutat 2020; 41:1944-1956. [PMID: 32845050 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stargardt macular degeneration (Stargardt disease 1 [STGD1]) is caused by mutations in the gene encoding ABCA4, an ATP-binding cassette protein that transports N-retinylidene-phosphatidylethanolamine (N-Ret-PE) across photoreceptor membranes. Reduced ABCA4 activity results in retinoid accumulation leading to photoreceptor degeneration. The disease onset and severity vary from severe loss in visual acuity in the first decade to mild visual impairment late in life. We determined the effect of 22 disease-causing missense mutations on the expression and ATPase activity of ABCA4 in the absence and presence of N-Ret-PE. Three classes were identified that correlated with the disease onset in homozygous STGD1 individuals: Class 1 exhibited reduced ABCA4 expression and ATPase activity that was not stimulated by N-Ret-PE; individuals homozygous for these variants had an early disease onset (≤13 years); Class 2 showed reduced ATPase activity with limited stimulation by N-Ret-PE; these correlated with moderate disease onset (14-40 years); and Class 3 displayed high expression and ATPase activity that was strongly activated by N-Ret-PE; these were associated with late disease onset (>40 years). On the basis of our results, we introduce a functionality index for gauging the effect of missense mutations on STGD1 severity. Our studies support the mild phenotype exhibited by the p.Gly863Ala, p.Asn1868Ile, and p.Gly863Ala/p.Asn1868Ile variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan B Curtis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Laurie L Molday
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Fabian A Garces
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert S Molday
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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37
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Transport Cycle of Plasma Membrane Flippase ATP11C by Cryo-EM. Cell Rep 2020; 32:108208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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38
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Lyons JA, Timcenko M, Dieudonné T, Lenoir G, Nissen P. P4-ATPases: how an old dog learnt new tricks — structure and mechanism of lipid flippases. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 63:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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39
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Wu A, Wojtowicz K, Savary S, Hamon Y, Trombik T. Do ABC transporters regulate plasma membrane organization? Cell Mol Biol Lett 2020; 25:37. [PMID: 32647530 PMCID: PMC7336681 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-020-00224-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane (PM) spatiotemporal organization is one of the major factors controlling cell signaling and whole-cell homeostasis. The PM lipids, including cholesterol, determine the physicochemical properties of the membrane bilayer and thus play a crucial role in all membrane-dependent cellular processes. It is known that lipid content and distribution in the PM are not random, and their transversal and lateral organization is highly controlled. Mainly sphingolipid- and cholesterol-rich lipid nanodomains, historically referred to as rafts, are extremely dynamic “hot spots” of the PM controlling the function of many cell surface proteins and receptors. In the first part of this review, we will focus on the recent advances of PM investigation and the current PM concept. In the second part, we will discuss the importance of several classes of ABC transporters whose substrates are lipids for the PM organization and dynamics. Finally, we will briefly present the significance of lipid ABC transporters for immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambroise Wu
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Stephane Savary
- Lab. Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Yannick Hamon
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Tomasz Trombik
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
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40
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Okamoto S, Naito T, Shigetomi R, Kosugi Y, Nakayama K, Takatsu H, Shin HW. The N- or C-terminal cytoplasmic regions of P4-ATPases determine their cellular localization. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:2115-2124. [PMID: 32614659 PMCID: PMC7530900 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-04-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian P4-ATPases specifically localize to the plasma membrane and the membranes of intracellular compartments. P4-ATPases contain 10 transmembrane domains, and their N- and C-terminal (NT and CT) regions face the cytoplasm. Among the ATP10 and ATP11 proteins of P4-ATPases, ATP10A, ATP10D, ATP11A, and ATP11C localize to the plasma membrane, while ATP10B and ATP11B localize to late endosomes and early/recycling endosomes, respectively. We previously showed that the NT region of ATP9B is critical for its localization to the Golgi apparatus, while the CT regions of ATP11C isoforms are critical for Ca2+-dependent endocytosis or polarized localization at the plasma membrane. Here, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of chimeric proteins and found that the NT region of ATP10 proteins and the CT region of ATP11 proteins are responsible for their specific subcellular localization. Importantly, the ATP10B NT and the ATP11B CT regions were found to harbor a trafficking and/or targeting signal that allows these P4-ATPases to localize to late endosomes and early/recycling endosomes, respectively. Moreover, dileucine residues in the NT region of ATP10B were required for its trafficking to endosomal compartments. These results suggest that the NT and CT sequences of P4-ATPases play a key role in their intracellular trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Okamoto
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoki Naito
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ryo Shigetomi
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kosugi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Nakayama
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takatsu
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hye-Won Shin
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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41
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Disease Mutation Study Identifies Critical Residues for Phosphatidylserine Flippase ATP11A. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7342817. [PMID: 32596364 PMCID: PMC7288202 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7342817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine flippase (P4-ATPase) transports PS from the outer to the inner leaflet of the lipid bilayer in the membrane to maintain PS asymmetry, which is important for biological activities of the cell. ATP11A is expressed in multiple tissues and plays a role in myotube formation. However, the detailed cellular function of ATP11A remains elusive. Mutation analysis revealed that I91, L308, and E897 residues in ATP8A2 are important for flippase activity. In order to investigate the roles of these corresponding amino acid residues in ATP11A protein, we assessed the expression and cellular localization of the respective ATP11A mutant proteins. ATP11A mainly localizes to the Golgi and plasma membrane when coexpressed with the β-subunit of the complex TMEM30A. Y300F mutation causes reduced ATP11A expression, and Y300F and D913K mutations affect correct localization of the Golgi and plasma membrane. In addition, Y300F and D913K mutations also affect PS flippase activity. Our data provides insight into important residues of ATP11A.
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42
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Kitano VJF, Ohyama Y, Hayashida C, Ito J, Okayasu M, Sato T, Ogasawara T, Tsujita M, Kakino A, Shimada J, Sawamura T, Hakeda Y. LDL uptake-dependent phosphatidylethanolamine translocation to the cell surface promotes fusion of osteoclast-like cells. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs243840. [PMID: 32295848 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.243840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is associated with vessel diseases attributed to hyperlipidemia, and bone resorption by multinucleated osteoclasts is related to lipid metabolism. In this study, we generated low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)/lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1, also known as Olr1) double knockout (dKO) mice. We found that, like LDLR single KO (sKO), LDLR/LOX-1 dKO impaired cell-cell fusion of osteoclast-like cells (OCLs). LDLR/LOX-1 dKO and LDLR sKO preosteoclasts exhibited decreased uptake of LDL. The cell surface cholesterol levels of both LDLR/LOX-1 dKO and LDLR sKO osteoclasts were lower than the levels of wild-type OCLs. Additionally, the amount of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) on the cell surface was attenuated in LDLR/LOX-1 dKO and LDLR sKO preosteoclasts, whereas the PE distribution in wild-type OCLs was concentrated on the filopodia in contact with neighboring cells. Abrogation of the ATP binding cassette G1 (ABCG1) transporter, which transfers PE to the cell surface, caused decreased PE translocation to the cell surface and subsequent cell-cell fusion. The findings of this study indicate the involvement of a novel cascade (LDLR∼ABCG1∼PE translocation to cell surface∼cell-cell fusion) in multinucleation of OCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor J F Kitano
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
| | - Yoko Ohyama
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
| | - Chiyomi Hayashida
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
| | - Junta Ito
- Josai University, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Mari Okayasu
- Division of Oral-maxillofacial Surgery, Dentistry and Orthodontics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Hongo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Takuya Sato
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
| | - Toru Ogasawara
- Division of Oral-maxillofacial Surgery, Dentistry and Orthodontics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Hongo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Maki Tsujita
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Akemi Kakino
- Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Jun Shimada
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Hakeda
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Won Shin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takatsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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44
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Günay-Esiyok Ö, Gupta N. Chimeras of P4-ATPase and Guanylate Cyclase in Pathogenic Protists. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:382-392. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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45
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Calpain cleaves phospholipid flippase ATP8A1 during apoptosis in platelets. Blood Adv 2020; 3:219-229. [PMID: 30674456 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018023473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The asymmetric distribution of phospholipids in the plasma/organellar membranes is generated and maintained through phospholipid flippases in resting cells, but becomes disrupted in apoptotic cells and activated platelets, resulting in phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure on the cell surface. Stable PS exposure during apoptosis requires inactivation of flippases to prevent PS from being reinternalized. Here we show that flippase ATP8A1 is highly expressed in both murine and human platelets, but is not present in the plasma membrane. ATP8A1 is cleaved by the cysteine protease calpain during apoptosis, and the cleavage is prevented indirectly by caspase inhibition, involving blockage of calcium influx into platelets and subsequent calpain activation. In contrast, in platelets activated with thrombin and collagen and exposing PS, ATP8A1 remains intact. These data reveal a novel mechanism of flippase cleavage and suggest that flippase activity in intracellular membranes differs between platelets undergoing apoptosis and activation.
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46
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Pasello M, Giudice AM, Scotlandi K. The ABC subfamily A transporters: Multifaceted players with incipient potentialities in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 60:57-71. [PMID: 31605751 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters is a cause of drug resistance in a plethora of tumors. More recent evidence indicates additional contribution of these transporters to other processes, such as tumor cell dissemination and metastasis, thereby extending their possible roles in tumor progression. While the role of some ABC transporters, such as ABCB1, ABCC1 and ABCG2, in multidrug resistance is well documented, the mechanisms by which ABC transporters affect the proliferation, differentiation, migration and invasion of cancer cells are still poorly defined and are frequently controversial. This review, summarizes recent advances that highlight the role of subfamily A members in cancer. Emerging evidence highlights the potential value of ABCA members as biomarkers of risk and response in different tumors, but information is disperse and very little is known about their possible mechanisms of action. The only clear evidence is that ABCA members are involved in lipid metabolism and homeostasis. In particular, the relationship between ABCA1 and cholesterol is becoming evident in different fields of biology, including cancer. In parallel, emerging findings indicate that cholesterol, the main component of cell membranes, can influence many physiological and pathological processes, including cell migration, cancer progression and metastasis. This review aims to link the dispersed knowledge regarding the relationship of ABCA members with lipid metabolism and cancer in an effort to stimulate and guide readers to areas that the writers consider to have significant impact and relevant potentialities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Pasello
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, 40136, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Giudice
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, 40136, Italy; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Katia Scotlandi
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, 40136, Italy.
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47
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Rizzo J, Stanchev LD, da Silva VK, Nimrichter L, Pomorski TG, Rodrigues ML. Role of lipid transporters in fungal physiology and pathogenicity. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:1278-1289. [PMID: 31921394 PMCID: PMC6944739 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal cell wall and membrane are the most common targets of antifungal agents, but the potential of membrane lipid organization in regulating drug-target interactions has yet to be investigated. Energy-dependent lipid transporters have been recently associated with virulence and drug resistance in many pathogenic fungi. To illustrate this view, we discuss (i) the structural and biological aspects of ATP-driven lipid transporters, comprising P-type ATPases and ATP-binding cassette transporters, (ii) the role of these transporters in fungal physiology and virulence, and (iii) the potential of lipid transporters as targets for the development of novel antifungals. These recent observations indicate that the lipid-trafficking machinery in fungi is a promising target for studies on physiology, pathogenesis and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Rizzo
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lyubomir Dimitrov Stanchev
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C,Denmark
| | - Vanessa K.A. da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Nimrichter
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thomas Günther Pomorski
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C,Denmark
| | - Marcio L. Rodrigues
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Curitiba, Brazil
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48
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Wang J, Li W, Zhou F, Feng R, Wang F, Zhang S, Li J, Li Q, Wang Y, Xie J, Wen T. ATP11B deficiency leads to impairment of hippocampal synaptic plasticity. J Mol Cell Biol 2019; 11:688-702. [PMID: 31152587 PMCID: PMC7261485 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjz042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is known to regulate and support signal transduction between neurons, while synaptic dysfunction contributes to multiple neurological and other brain disorders; however, the specific mechanism underlying this process remains unclear. In the present study, abnormal neural and dendritic morphology was observed in the hippocampus following knockout of Atp11b both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, ATP11B modified synaptic ultrastructure and promoted spine remodeling via the asymmetrical distribution of phosphatidylserine and enhancement of glutamate release, glutamate receptor expression, and intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Furthermore, experimental results also indicate that ATP11B regulated synaptic plasticity in hippocampal neurons through the MAPK14 signaling pathway. In conclusion, our data shed light on the possible mechanisms underlying the regulation of synaptic plasticity and lay the foundation for the exploration of proteins involved in signal transduction during this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihao Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruili Feng
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fushuai Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shibo Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajiang Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Xie
- School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tieqiao Wen
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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49
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Nakano M. Evaluation of Interbilayer and Transbilayer Transfer Dynamics of Phospholipids Using Time-Resolved Small-Angle Neutron Scattering. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2019; 67:316-320. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Nakano
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
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50
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Liou AY, Molday LL, Wang J, Andersen JP, Molday RS. Identification and functional analyses of disease-associated P4-ATPase phospholipid flippase variants in red blood cells. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:6809-6821. [PMID: 30850395 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-dependent phospholipid flippase activity crucial for generating lipid asymmetry was first detected in red blood cell (RBC) membranes, but the P4-ATPases responsible have not been directly determined. Using affinity-based MS, we show that ATP11C is the only abundant P4-ATPase phospholipid flippase in human RBCs, whereas ATP11C and ATP8A1 are the major P4-ATPases in mouse RBCs. We also found that ATP11A and ATP11B are present at low levels. Mutations in the gene encoding ATP11C are responsible for blood and liver disorders, but the disease mechanisms are not known. Using heterologous expression, we show that the T415N substitution in the phosphorylation motif of ATP11C, responsible for congenital hemolytic anemia, reduces ATP11C expression, increases retention in the endoplasmic reticulum, and decreases ATPase activity by 61% relative to WT ATP11C. The I355K substitution in the transmembrane domain associated with cholestasis and anemia in mice was expressed at WT levels and trafficked to the plasma membrane but was devoid of activity. We conclude that the T415N variant causes significant protein misfolding, resulting in low protein expression, cellular mislocalization, and reduced functional activity. In contrast, the I355K variant folds and traffics normally but lacks key contacts required for activity. We propose that the loss in ATP11C phospholipid flippase activity coupled with phospholipid scramblase activity results in the exposure of phosphatidylserine on the surface of RBCs, decreasing RBC survival and resulting in anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Y Liou
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada and
| | - Laurie L Molday
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada and
| | - Jiao Wang
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada and
| | - Jens Peter Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 4, Building 1160, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Robert S Molday
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada and
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