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Tripathy RK, Khandave PY, Bzdrenga J, Nachon F, Brazzolotto X, Pande AH. Role of paraoxonase 1 in organophosphate G-series nerve agent poisoning and future therapeutic strategies. Arch Toxicol 2024:10.1007/s00204-024-03884-2. [PMID: 39356346 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03884-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024]
Abstract
Chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNA) are neurotoxic chemicals unethically used as agents of mass destruction by terrorist outfits and during war. The available antidote against CWNA-mediated toxicity is not sufficiently effective and possesses several limitations. As a countermeasure, paraoxonase 1 (PON1), a catalytic bioscavenger, is being developed as a prophylactic treatment. However, the catalytic activity and substrate specificity of human PON1 are insufficient to be used as a potential antidote. Several laboratories have made different approaches to enhance the CWNA hydrolytic activity against various nerve agents. This review explores the holistic view of PON1 as a potential prophylactic agent against G-series CWNA poisoning, from its initial development to recent advancements and limitations. Apart from this, the review also provides an overview of all available PON1 variants that could be used as a potential prophylactic agent and discusses several possible ways to counteract immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan K Tripathy
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Sector 67, Mohali, 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Prakash Y Khandave
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Sector 67, Mohali, 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Janek Bzdrenga
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Place du Général Valérie André, 91220, Brétigny-Sur-Orge, France
| | - Florian Nachon
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Place du Général Valérie André, 91220, Brétigny-Sur-Orge, France
| | - Xavier Brazzolotto
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Place du Général Valérie André, 91220, Brétigny-Sur-Orge, France
| | - Abhay H Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Sector 67, Mohali, 160062, Punjab, India.
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Wang Y, Huang X, Yang D, He J, Chen Z, Li K, Liu J, Zhang W. A green-inspired method to prepare non-split high-density lipoprotein (HDL) carrier with anti-dysfunctional activities superior to reconstituted HDL. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 182:115-127. [PMID: 36529255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that dysfunctional high-density lipoprotein (HDL), especially oxidized HDL (OxHDL), could generate multifaceted in vivo proatherogenic effects that run counter to the antiatherogenic activities of HDL. It thereby reminded us that the in vitro reconstituted HDL (rHDL) might encountered with oxidation-induced dysfunction. Accordingly, a green-inspired method was employed to recycle non-split HDL from human plasma fraction IV. Then it was compared with rHDL formulated by an ethanol-injection method in terms of physicochemical properties and anti-dysfunctional activities. Results exhibited that rHDL oxidation extent exceeded that of non-split HDL evidenced by higher malondialdehy content, weaker inhibition on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and more superoxide anion. The reserved paraoxonase-1 activity on non-split HDL could partially explain for above experimental results. In the targeted transport mechanism experiment, upon SR-BI receptor inhibition and/or CD36 receptor blockage, the almost unchanged non-split HDL uptake in lipid-laden macrophage indicated its negligible oxidation modification profile with regard to rHDL again. Furthermore, compared to rHDL, better macrophage biofunctions were observed for non-split HDL as illustrated by accelerated cholesterol efflux, inhibited oxidized LDL uptake and lessened cellular lipid accumulation. Along with decreased ROS secretion, obviously weakened oxidative stress damage was also detected under treatment with non-split HDL. More importantly, foam cells with non-split HDL-intervention inspired an enhanced inflammation repression and apoptosis inhibition effect. Collectively, the anti-dysfunctional activities of non-split HDL make it suitable as a potential nanocarrier platform for cardiovascular drug payload and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Xinya Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Danni Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Jianhua He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Zhaoan Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Kexuan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Jianping Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China.
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China.
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Tian H, Li Y, Kang P, Wang Z, Yue F, Jiao P, Yang N, Qin S, Yao S. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent autophagy inhibits glycated high-density lipoprotein-induced macrophage apoptosis by inhibiting CHOP pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:2954-2969. [PMID: 30746902 PMCID: PMC6433656 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to explore the inductive effect of glycated high‐density lipoprotein (gly‐HDL) on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress‐C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP)‐mediated macrophage apoptosis and its relationship with autophagy. Our results showed that gly‐HDL caused macrophage apoptosis with concomitant activation of ER stress pathway, including nuclear translocation of activating transcription factor 6, phosphorylation of protein kinase‐like ER kinase (PERK) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α, and CHOP up‐regulation, which were inhibited by 4‐phenylbutyric acid (PBA, an ER stress inhibitor) and the gene silencing of PERK and CHOP. Similar data were obtained from macrophages treated by HDL isolated from diabetic patients. Gly‐HDL induced macrophage autophagy as assessed by up‐regulation of beclin‐1, autophagy‐related gene 5 and microtubule‐associated protein one light chain 3‐II, which were depressed by PBA and PERK siRNA. Gly‐HDL‐induced apoptosis, PERK phosphorylation and CHOP up‐regulation were suppressed by rapamycin (an autophagy inducer), whereas aggravated by 3‐methyladenine (an autophagy inhibitor) and beclin‐1 siRNA. Administration of diabetic apoE−/− mice with rapamycin attenuated MOMA‐2 and CHOP up‐regulation and apoptosis in atherosclerotic lesions. These data indicate that gly‐HDL may induce macrophage apoptosis through activating ER stress‐CHOP pathway and ER stress mediates gly‐HDL‐induced autophagy, which in turn protects macrophages against apoptosis by alleviating CHOP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Tian
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong and Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong and Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Panpan Kang
- Affiliated hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Zhichao Wang
- College of Nursing, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Feng Yue
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Hospital of Taian, Taian, China
| | - Peng Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong and Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Nana Yang
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong and Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Shucun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong and Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Shutong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong and Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China.,College of Basic Medical Sciences, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
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The discovery and investigation of a crystalline solid solution of an active pharmaceutical ingredient. Int J Pharm 2017; 532:166-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.08.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Yao S, Tian H, Zhao L, Li J, Yang L, Yue F, Li Y, Jiao P, Yang N, Wang Y, Zhang X, Qin S. Oxidized high density lipoprotein induces macrophage apoptosis via toll-like receptor 4-dependent CHOP pathway. J Lipid Res 2016; 58:164-177. [PMID: 27895089 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m071142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized HDL (ox-HDL), unlike native HDL that exerts antiatherogenic effects, plays a proatherogenic role. However, the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. This study was designed to explore the inductive effect of ox-HDL on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP)-mediated macrophage apoptosis and its upstream mechanisms. Our results showed that ox-HDL could be ingested by macrophages, causing intracellular lipid accumulation. As with tunicamycin (an ER stress inducer), ox-HDL induced macrophage apoptosis with concomitant activation of ER stress pathway, including nuclear translocation of activating transcription factor 6, phosphorylation of protein kinase-like ER kinase and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α, and upregulation of glucose-regulated protein 78 and CHOP, which were inhibited by 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA, an ER stress inhibitor) and CHOP gene silencing. Additionally, diphenyleneiodonium (DPI, an oxidative stress inhibitor), probucol (a reactive oxygen species scavenger), and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) silencing reduced ox-HDL-induced macrophage apoptosis, oxidative stress, and CHOP upregulation. Moreover, HDL isolated from patients with metabolic syndrome induced macrophage apoptosis, oxidative stress, and CHOP upregulation, which were blocked by PBA and DPI. These data indicate that ox-HDL may activate ER stress-CHOP-induced apoptotic pathway in macrophages via enhanced oxidative stress and that this pathway may be mediated by TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong and Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China.,College of Basic Medical Sciences, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Hua Tian
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong and Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Affiliated Hospital, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Jinguo Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Libo Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Hospital of Taian, Taian, China
| | - Feng Yue
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Hospital of Taian, Taian, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong and Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Peng Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong and Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Nana Yang
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong and Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Affiliated Hospital, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Xiangjian Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Shucun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong and Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
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Refolded Recombinant Human Paraoxonase 1 Variant Exhibits Prophylactic Activity Against Organophosphate Poisoning. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 180:165-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2091-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ru D, Zhiqing H, Lin Z, Feng W, Feng Z, Jiayou Z, Yusheng R, Min F, Chun L, Zonggui W. Oxidized high-density lipoprotein accelerates atherosclerosis progression by inducing the imbalance between treg and teff in LDLR knockout mice. APMIS 2015; 123:410-21. [PMID: 25912129 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
High density lipoprotein (HDL) dysfunction has been widely reported in clinic, and oxidation of HDL (ox-HDL) was shown to be one of the most common modifications in vivo and participate in the progression of atherosclerosis. But the behind mechanisms are still elusive. In this study, we firstly analyzed and found strong relationship between serum ox-HDL levels and risk factors of coronary artery diseases in clinic, then the effects of ox-HDL in initiation and progression of atherosclerosis in LDLR knockout mice were investigated by infusion of ox-HDL dissolved in chitosan hydrogel before the formation of lesions in vivo. Several new evidence were shown: (i) the serum levels of ox-HDL peaked early before the formation of lesions in LDLR mice fed with high fat diet similar to oxidative low density lipoprotein, (ii) the formation of atherosclerotic lesions could be accelerated by infusion of ox-HDL, (iii) the pro-atherosclerotic effects of ox-HDL were accompanied by imbalanced levels of effector and regulatory T cells and relative gene expressions, which implied that imbalance of teff and treg might contribute to the pro-atherosclerosis effects of ox-HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Ru
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Rosenblat M, Volkova N, Aviram M. HDL3 stimulates paraoxonase 1 antiatherogenic catalytic and biological activities in a macrophage model system: in vivo and in vitro studies. Biofactors 2014; 40:536-45. [PMID: 25230879 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed in-vivo and in-vitro high density lipoprotein (HDL) effects on paraoxonase 1 (PON1) antiatherogenic properties in serum and in macrophages. Intraperitoneal injection to C57BL/6 mice of recombinant PON1 (rePON1) + HDL, in comparison to HDL or to rePON1 alone, significantly increased serum PON1 arylesterase activity (by 20%), and serum-mediated cholesterol efflux from J774A.1 macrophages (by 18%). Similarly, in peritoneal macrophages (MPM) harvested from mice injected with HDL + rePON1 versus rePON1 alone, we observed reduction in oxidative stress (by 11%), increase in cellular PON1 activity (by 14%) and in HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux (by 38%). Incubation of serum or HDL with rePON1, substantially increased PON1 arylesterase activity, two-fold more than the expected additive values. HDL2 and HDL3 increased PON1 activity by 199% or 274%, respectively. Macrophage (J774A.1) cholesterol efflux rate significantly increased by HDL3 + rePON1 versus HDL3 alone (by 19%), but not by HDL2 + rePON1 versus HDL2 alone. Oxidation of HDL3 reduced its ability to induce macrophage cholesterol efflux, and abolished HDL3 stimulatory effects on rePON1. Addition of exogenous polyphenol quercetin (60 µM), but not phosphatidylcholine or apolipoprotein A1, to HDL + rePON1 increased PON1 activity (by 404%), increased the ability to reduce oxidative stress in J774A.1 macrophages (by 53%) and to stimulate macrophage cholesterol efflux (by 14%). Upon adding the hypocholesterolemic drug simvastatin (15 µg/mL) to HDL + rePON1, PON1 activity and the ability to induce macrophage cholesterol efflux increased, in comparison to HDL + rePON1. We thus concluded that HDL (mostly HDL3), stimulates PON1 antiatherogenic activities in macrophages, and these PON1 activities were further stimulated by quercetin, or by simvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Rosenblat
- The Lipid Research Laboratory, the Technion Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Yadav R, France M, Aghamohammadzadeh R, Liu Y, Hama S, Kwok S, Schofield J, Turkington P, Syed AA, Malik R, Pemberton P, Greenstein A, Durrington P, Ammori B, Gibson M, Jeziorska M, Soran H. Impairment of high-density lipoprotein resistance to lipid peroxidation and adipose tissue inflammation in obesity complicated by obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:3390-8. [PMID: 24823455 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) complicates morbid obesity and is associated with increased cardiovascular disease incidence. An increase in the circulating markers of chronic inflammation and dysfunctional high-density lipoprotein (HDL) occur in severe obesity. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to establish whether the effects of obesity on inflammation and HDL dysfunction are more marked when complicated by OSA. DESIGN AND PATIENTS Morbidly obese patients (n = 41) were divided into those whose apnea-hypoapnea index (AHI) was more or less than the median value and on the presence of OSA [OSA and no OSA (nOSA) groups]. We studied the antioxidant function of HDL and measured serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity, TNFα, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) levels in these patients. In a subset of 19 patients, we immunostained gluteal sc adipose tissue (SAT) for TNFα, macrophages, and measured adipocyte size. RESULTS HDL lipid peroxide levels were higher and serum PON1 activity was lower in the high AHI group vs the low AHI group (P < .05 and P < .0001, respectively) and in the OSA group vs the nOSA group (P = .005 and P < .05, respectively). Serum TNFα and ICAM-1 levels and TNFα immunostaining in SAT increased with the severity of OSA. Serum PON1 activity was inversely correlated with AHI (r = -0.41, P < .03) in the OSA group. TNFα expression in SAT directly correlated with AHI (r = 0.53, P < .03) in the subset of 19 patients from whom a biopsy was obtained. CONCLUSION Increased serum TNFα, ICAM-1, and TNFα expression in SAT provide a mechanistic basis for enhanced inflammation in patients with OSA. Decreased serum PON1 activity, impaired HDL antioxidant function, and increased adipose tissue inflammation in these patients could be a mechanism for HDL and endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Yadav
- Cardiovascular Research Group (R.Y., M.F., R.A., Y.L., S.H., S.K., J.S., R.M., A.G., P.D., M.J., H.S.), Core Technologies Facility, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; Cardiovascular Trials Unit (R.Y., M.F. S.K., J.S., H.S.) and Department of Clinical Biochemistry (M.F., P.P.), Central Manchester University Hospitals, National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom; and Departments of Medicine (P.T., A.A.S.) and Surgery (B.A.), the North West Diabetes Local Research Network (M.G.), Salford Royal National Health Service Foundation Trust, Salford M6 8HD, United Kingdom
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