1
|
John Peter AT, Kornmann B. Uncovering mechanisms of interorganelle lipid transport by enzymatic mass tagging. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:1292-1298. [PMID: 38268324 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Lipid trafficking is critical for the biogenesis and expansion of organelle membranes. Lipid transport proteins (LTPs) have been proposed to facilitate lipid transport at contact sites between organelles. Despite the fundamental importance of LTPs in cell physiology, our knowledge on the mechanisms of interorganelle lipid distribution remains poor due to the scarcity of assays to monitor lipid flux in vivo. In this review, we highlight the recent development of a versatile method named METALIC (Mass tagging-Enabled Tracking of Lipids in Cells), which uses a combination of enzymatic mass tagging and mass spectrometry to track lipid flux between organelles inside living cells. We discuss the methodology, its distinct advantages, limitations as well as its potential to unearth the pipelines of lipid transport and LTP function in vivo.
Collapse
|
2
|
Jamecna D, Höglinger D. The use of click chemistry in sphingolipid research. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261388. [PMID: 38488070 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipid dysregulation is involved in a range of rare and fatal diseases as well as common pathologies including cancer, infectious diseases or neurodegeneration. Gaining insights into how sphingolipids are involved in these diseases would contribute much to our understanding of human physiology, as well as the pathology mechanisms. However, scientific progress is hampered by a lack of suitable tools that can be used in intact systems. To overcome this, efforts have turned to engineering modified lipids with small clickable tags and to harnessing the power of click chemistry to localize and follow these minimally modified lipid probes in cells. We hope to inspire the readers of this Review to consider applying existing click chemistry tools for their own aspects of sphingolipid research. To this end, we focus here on different biological applications of clickable lipids, mainly to follow metabolic conversions, their visualization by confocal or superresolution microscopy or the identification of their protein interaction partners. Finally, we describe recent approaches employing organelle-targeted and clickable lipid probes to accurately follow intracellular sphingolipid transport with organellar precision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Jamecna
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Doris Höglinger
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kiy Z, Chaud J, Xu L, Brandhorst E, Kamali T, Vargas C, Keller S, Hong H, Specht A, Cambridge S. Towards a Light-mediated Gene Therapy for the Eye using Caged Ethinylestradiol and the Inducible Cre/lox System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317675. [PMID: 38127455 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Increasingly, retinal pathologies are being treated with virus-mediated gene therapies. To be able to target viral transgene expression specifically to the pathological regions of the retina with light, we established an in vivo photoactivated gene expression paradigm for retinal tissue. Based on the inducible Cre/lox system, we discovered that ethinylestradiol is a suitable alternative to Tamoxifen as ethinylestradiol is more amenable to modification with photosensitive protecting compounds, i.e., "caging." Identification of ethinylestradiol as a ligand for the mutated human estradiol receptor was supported by in silico binding studies showing the reduced binding of caged ethinylestradiol. Caged ethinylestradiol was injected into the eyes of double transgenic GFAP-CreERT2 mice with a Cre-dependent tdTomato reporter transgene followed by irradiation with light of 450 nm. Photoactivation significantly increased retinal tdTomato expression compared to controls. We thus demonstrated a first step towards the development of a targeted, light-mediated gene therapy for the eyes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Kiy
- Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juliane Chaud
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Equipe de Chimie et Neurobiologie Moléculaire, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Liang Xu
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Eric Brandhorst
- Sektion Endokrinologie, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tschackad Kamali
- Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Max-Jarecki-Straße 8, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carolyn Vargas
- Biophysics, Institute of Molecular Biosciences (IMB), NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Humboldtstr. 50/III, 8010, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sandro Keller
- Biophysics, Institute of Molecular Biosciences (IMB), NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Humboldtstr. 50/III, 8010, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Huixiao Hong
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Alexandre Specht
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Equipe de Chimie et Neurobiologie Moléculaire, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sidney Cambridge
- Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Anatomy II, Dr. Senckenberg Anatomy, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Uematsu M, Baskin JM. Chemical Approaches for Measuring and Manipulating Lipids at the Organelle Level. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:a041407. [PMID: 37604586 PMCID: PMC10691496 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
As the products of complex and often redundant metabolic pathways, lipids are challenging to measure and perturb using genetic tools. Yet by virtue of being the major constituents of cellular membranes, lipids are highly regulated in space and time. Chemists have stepped into this methodological void, developing an array of techniques for the precise quantification and manipulation of lipids at the subcellular, organelle level. Here, we survey the landscape of these methods. For measuring lipids, we summarize the use of metabolic labeling and click chemistry tagging, photoaffinity labeling, isotopic tagging for Raman microscopy, and chemoenzymatic labeling for tracking lipid production and interorganelle transport. For perturbing lipids, we describe synthetic photocaged lipids and membrane editing approaches using optogenetic enzymes for precise manipulation of lipid signaling. Collectively, these chemical and biochemical tools are revealing phenomena and mechanisms underlying lipid functions at the subcellular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Uematsu
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Jeremy M Baskin
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Socrier L, Steinem C. Photo-Lipids: Light-Sensitive Nano-Switches to Control Membrane Properties. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300203. [PMID: 37395458 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Biological membranes are described as a complex mixture of lipids and proteins organized according to thermodynamic principles. This chemical and spatial complexity can lead to specialized functional membrane domains enriched with specific lipids and proteins. The interaction between lipids and proteins restricts their lateral diffusion and range of motion, thus altering their function. One approach to investigating these membrane properties is to use chemically accessible probes. In particular, photo-lipids, which contain a light-sensitive azobenzene moiety that changes its configuration from trans- to cis- upon light irradiation, have recently gained popularity for modifying membrane properties. These azobenzene-derived lipids serve as nanotools for manipulating lipid membranes in vitro and in vivo. Here, we will discuss the use of these compounds in artificial and biological membranes as well as their application in drug delivery. We will focus mainly on changes in the membrane's physical properties as well as lipid membrane domains in phase-separated liquid-ordered/liquid-disordered bilayers driven by light, and how these changes in membrane physical properties alter transmembrane protein function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Socrier
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Faßberg 17, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Steinem
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang D, Yu S, Ou Yang X, Wang X, Zhu Y, Xiao Z, Tan Y, Wu L, Li C. Untargeted Plasma Lipidomics Reveal Perturbed Metabolites of Glycerophospholipids, and Sphingolipids in Moderate-to-Severe Acne. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2023; 16:2189-2200. [PMID: 37588109 PMCID: PMC10426439 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s426451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Acne vulgaris (AV) is a common inflammatory disorder involving the pilosebaceous unit. The study aimed to explore the plasma lipidome signatures and identify specific lipid biomarkers in moderate-to-severe acne patients. Patients and Methods Untargeted plasma lipidomic analysis using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography system (UHPLC) coupled to q-extraction plus was employed on 30 moderate-to-severe acne patients aged between 16-25 years and 30 healthy controls. Multivariate data analyses were used to identify the distinguishing lipid metabolites. Results All 1449 species of 37 lipid subclasses were identified from the MS data. There were apparent differences in plasma lipid profiles between acne groups and control groups. With variable influence on projection (VIP) > 1.0 and P-value < 0.05, 26 significantly different lipid metabolites were identified. These metabolites consisted mainly of glycerophospholipids (GPs), sphingolipids (SPs), and glycerolipids (GLs). Combining with AUC≥0.800 as the elected criteria, we obtained five differential lipids with good diagnostic performance for acne severity, including 2 sphingomyelins (SM), 1 phosphatidylglycerol (PG), 1 trihexosylceramide (Hex3Cer), and 1 Phosphatidylcholine (PC). Among them, PG (44:0) had the highest AUC values. Conclusion Our study revealed the plasma lipidome signature of patients with moderate-to-severe acne. The results will provide a novel light into the perturbed lipid metabolism leading to the development of acne.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deng Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Simin Yu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoliang Ou Yang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuping Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunxia Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, Taiyuan Central Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanping Tan
- Department of Dermatology, Jiangxi Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunming Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Iglesias-Artola JM, Nadler A. The Road to Quantitative Lipid Biochemistry in Living Cells. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:810-820. [PMID: 36943016 PMCID: PMC10077588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusTraditional cell biological techniques are not readily suitable for studying lipid signaling events because genetic perturbations are much slower than the interconversion of lipids in complex metabolic networks. For this reason, novel chemical biological approaches have been developed. One approach is to chemically modify a lipid with a so-called "caging group" that renders it inactive, but this cage can be removed photochemically inside cells to release the bioactive molecule. These caged compounds offer unique advantages for studying the kinetics of cellular biochemistry and have been extensively used in the past. However, a limitation of conventional caged compounds is their ability to diffuse freely inside the cell, which does not permit localized activation below optical precision. This poses a challenge for studying lipid signaling as lipid function inside cells is tightly linked to their parent membrane. An ideal lipid probe should, therefore, be restricted to a single organelle membrane or preferentially to a single leaflet. We first demonstrated the plasma-membrane-specific photorelease of fatty acids by employing sulfonated caging groups. Using these caged fatty acid probes we demonstrated that lipid localization determines signaling outcome. Generalizing this approach, we designed a so-called "click cage" that can be coupled to lipids and offers the possibility to attach organelle targeting groups via click chemistry. Using this strategy, we have synthesized plasma membrane, lysosomal, mitochondria, and endoplasmic-reticulum-targeted lipids that can be used to dissect organelle-specific signaling events. To reduce the synthetic effort associated with generating caged compounds, we designed a coumarin triflate reagent that allows the direct functionalization of phosphate- or carboxylate-containing compounds. With this novel reagent, we synthesized a small library of photocaged G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) ligands to study the underlying lipid signaling dynamics. Most recently, we have focused on quantifying the kinetics of lipid signaling for different diacylglycerol (DAG) species using plasma-membrane-targeted caged DAGs. Using this approach, we quantitatively measured lipid-protein affinities and lipid transbilayer dynamics in living cells. After analyzing DAGs with different acyl chain length and saturation degree, we discovered that affinities can vary by up to an order of magnitude. This finding clearly shows that cells are able to distinguish between individual DAG species, thereby demonstrating that lipid diversity matters in cellular signal processing. Although the recent advances have yielded valuable tools to study lipid signaling, challenges remain on specifically targeting the different leaflets of organelle membranes. Furthermore, it is necessary to simplify the experimental approaches required for parametrizing and corroborating quantitative kinetic models of lipid signaling. In the future, we envision that the application of leaflet-specific caged lipids to model membrane systems will be of crucial importance for understanding lipid asymmetry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Iglesias-Artola
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - André Nadler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, Dresden 01307, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ellis-Davies GCR. Reverse Engineering Caged Compounds: Design Principles for their Application in Biology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202206083. [PMID: 36646644 PMCID: PMC10015297 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Light passes through biological tissue, and so it is used for imaging biological processes in situ. Such observation is part of the very essence of science, but mechanistic understanding requires intervention. For more than 50 years a "second function" for light has emerged; namely, that of photochemical control. Caged compounds are biologically inert signaling molecules that are activated by light. These optical probes enable external instruction of biological processes by stimulation of an individual element in complex signaling cascades in its native environment. Cause and effect are linked directly in spatial, temporal, and frequency domains in a quantitative manner by their use. I provide a guide to the basic properties required to make effective caged compounds for the biological sciences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graham C R Ellis-Davies
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, (Previously, Mount Sinai School of Medicine), 10029, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jiménez-López C, Nadler A. Caged lipid probes for controlling lipid levels on subcellular scales. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2023; 72:102234. [PMID: 36493527 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipids exert their cellular functions in individual organelles, in some cases on the scale of even smaller, specialized membrane domains. Thus, the experimental capacity to precisely manipulate lipid levels at the subcellular level is crucial for studying lipid-related processes in cell biology. Photo-caged lipid probes which partition into specific cellular membranes prior to photoactivation have emerged as key tools for localized and selective perturbation of lipid concentration in living cells. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent advances in the area and outline which developments are still required for the methodology to be more widely implemented in the wider membrane biology community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - André Nadler
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ellis‐Davies GCR. Reverse Engineering Caged Compounds: Design Principles for their Application in Biology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Graham C. R. Ellis‐Davies
- Department of Neuroscience Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (Previously, Mount Sinai School of Medicine) 10029 New York NY USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Brion A, Chaud J, Léonard J, Bolze F, Chassaing S, Frisch B, Heurtault B, Kichler A, Specht A. Red Light-Responsive Upconverting Nanoparticles for Quantitative and Controlled Release of a Coumarin-Based Prodrug. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2201474. [PMID: 36222265 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Photolytic reactions allow the optical control of the liberation of biological effectors by photolabile protecting groups. The development of versatile technologies enabling the use of deep-red or NIR light excitation still represents a challenging issue, in particular for light-induced drug release (e.g., light-induced prodrug activation). Here, light-sensitive biocompatible lipid nanocapsules able to liberate an antitumoral drug through photolysis are presented. It is demonstrated that original photon upconverting nanoparticles (LNC-UCs) chemically conjugated to a coumarin-based photocleavable linker can quantitatively and efficiently release a drug by upconversion luminescence-assisted photolysis using a deep-red excitation wavelength. In addition, it is also able to demonstrate that such nanoparticles are stable in the dark, without any drug leakage in the absence of light. These findings open new avenues to specifically liberate diverse drugs using deep-red or NIR excitations for future therapeutic applications in nanomedicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Brion
- 3Bio Team, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, F-67401 Cedex, France
| | - Juliane Chaud
- 3Bio Team, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, F-67401 Cedex, France.,Équipe de chimie et neurobiologie moléculaire, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, F-67401 Cedex, France
| | - Jérémie Léonard
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, UMR 7504, Strasbourg, F-67034, France
| | - Frédéric Bolze
- Équipe de chimie et neurobiologie moléculaire, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, F-67401 Cedex, France
| | - Stefan Chassaing
- Institut de Chimie, Laboratoire de Synthèse, Réactivité Organiques & Catalyse, (LASYROC), Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177 Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| | - Benoît Frisch
- 3Bio Team, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, F-67401 Cedex, France
| | - Béatrice Heurtault
- 3Bio Team, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, F-67401 Cedex, France
| | - Antoine Kichler
- 3Bio Team, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, F-67401 Cedex, France
| | - Alexandre Specht
- Équipe de chimie et neurobiologie moléculaire, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, F-67401 Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lou J, Sagar R, Best MD. Metabolite-Responsive Liposomes Employing Synthetic Lipid Switches Driven by Molecular Recognition Principles. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:2882-2891. [PMID: 36174148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The ability to exert control over lipid properties, including structure, charge, function, and self-assembly characteristics is a powerful tool that can be implemented to achieve a wide range of biomedical applications. Examples in this arena include the development of caged lipids for controlled activation of signaling properties, metabolic labeling strategies for tracking lipid biosynthesis, lipid activity probes for identifying cognate binding partners, approaches for in situ membrane assembly, and liposome triggered release strategies. In this Account, we describe recent advancements in the latter area entailing the development of stimuli-responsive liposomes through programmable changes to lipid self-assembly properties, which can be harnessed to drive the release of encapsulated contents toward applications including drug delivery. We will focus on an emerging paradigm involving liposomal platforms that are sensitized toward chemical agents ranging from metal cations to small organic molecules that exhibit dysregulation in disease states. This has been achieved by developing synthetic lipid switches that are designed to undergo programmed conformational changes upon the recognition of specific target analytes. These structural alterations are leveraged to perturb the packing of lipids within the membrane and thereby drive the release of encapsulated contents.We provide an overview of the inspiration, design, and characterization of liposomes that selectively respond to wide-ranging target analytes. This series of studies began with the development of calcium-responsive liposomes utilizing a lipid switch inspired by sensors including indo-1. Following this successful demonstration, we next showed that the selectivity of the lipid switch could be altered among different metal cations by producing a liposomal platform for which release is induced through zinc binding. Our next goal was to develop metabolite-responsive liposomes in which switching is driven by molecular recognition events involving phosphorylated small molecules. In this work, screening of lipid switches designed to interact with phosphorylated metabolites led to the identification of liposomal formulations that selectivity release contents in the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Finally, we were able to modulate the metabolite selectivity by rationally designing a modified lipid switch structure that is activated through complexation of inositol-(1,4,5)-trisphosphate (IP3). These projects show the progression of our approaches for liposome release triggered by molecular recognition principles, building from ion-responsive lipid switches to structures that are activated by small molecules. These "smart" liposomal platforms provide an important addition to the toolbox for controlled cargo release since they respond to ions or small molecules that are commonly overproduced by diseased cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Lou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Ruhani Sagar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Michael D Best
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Schultz M, Müller R, Ermakova Y, Hoffmann JE, Schultz C. Membrane-Permeant, Bioactivatable Coumarin Derivatives for In-Cell Labelling. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202100699. [PMID: 35199435 PMCID: PMC9305936 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of small molecule fluorophores with minimal compartmentalization is currently one of the most critical technical problems in intracellular labelling. Here we introduce sulfonated and phosphonated coumarin dyes, demonstrate rapid cell entry via a prodrug approach, and show a lack of interaction with membranes, organelles, or other compartments. The dyes show no specific localization and are evenly distributed in the cells. Our fluorogenic, clickable phosphonate derivatives successfully tagged model targets in intact cells and the increase in brightness upon click reaction was around 60‐fold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Schultz
- Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstr. 1, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Müller
- Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstr. 1, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yulia Ermakova
- Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstr. 1, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan-Erik Hoffmann
- Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstr. 1, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Schultz
- Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstr. 1, Heidelberg, Germany.,Dept. of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Simon C, Feng S, Riezman H. Chemical Biology Tools to Study Lipids and their Metabolism with Increased Spatial and Temporal Resolution. Chimia (Aarau) 2021; 75:1012-1016. [PMID: 34920769 DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2021.1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are important cellular components providing many essential functions. To fulfill these various functions evolution has selected for a diverse set of lipids and this diversity is seen at the organismal, cellular and subcellular level. Understanding how cells maintain this complex lipid organization is a very challenging problem, which for lipids, is not easily addressed using biochemical and genetic techniques. Therefore, chemical tools have an important role to play in our quest to understand the complexities of lipid metabolism. Here we discuss new chemical tools to study lipids, their distribution and metabolism with increased spatial and temporal resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Simon
- NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva
| | - Suihan Feng
- NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva; Current Address : Center for Microbes, Health and Development (CMDH), Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Howard Riezman
- NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva;,
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ryan A, Hammond GRV, Deiters A. Optical Control of Phosphoinositide Binding: Rapid Activation of Subcellular Protein Translocation and Cell Signaling. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:2886-2895. [PMID: 34748306 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cells utilize protein translocation to specific compartments for spatial and temporal regulation of protein activity, in particular in the context of signaling processes. Protein recognition and binding to various subcellular membranes is mediated by a network of phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP) species bearing one or multiple phosphate moieties on the polar inositol head. Here, we report a new, highly efficient method for optical control of protein localization through the site-specific incorporation of a photocaged amino acid for steric and electrostatic disruption of inositol phosphate recognition and binding. We demonstrate general applicability of the approach by photocaging two unrelated proteins, sorting nexin 3 (SNX3) and the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of phospholipase C delta 1 (PLCδ1), with two distinct PIP binding domains and distinct subcellular localizations. We have established the applicability of this methodology through its application to Son of Sevenless 2 (SOS2), a signaling protein involved in the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) cascade. Upon fusing the photocaged plasma membrane-targeted construct PH-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), to the catalytic domain of SOS2, we demonstrated light-induced membrane localization of the construct resulting in fast and extensive activation of the ERK signaling pathway in NIH 3T3 cells. This approach can be readily extended to other proteins, with minimal protein engineering, and provides a method for acute optical control of protein translocation with rapid and complete activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Gerald R. V. Hammond
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Alexander Deiters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Citir M, Müller R, Hauke S, Traynor-Kaplan A, Schultz C. Monitoring the cellular metabolism of a membrane-permeant photo-caged phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate derivative. Chem Phys Lipids 2021; 241:105124. [PMID: 34509466 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2021.105124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
To deliver charged lipid derivatives to the cell interior, bioactivatable and photo-activatable protecting groups are frequently used. The intracellular metabolism of the protecting groups, as well as the lipid itself, are key factors that determine biological activity. Here we followed the cellular metabolism of cell-permeant photo-activatable ("caged") and non-caged membrane-permeant analogs of dioctanoyl phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (diC8PIP3) carrying biodegradable protecting groups by mass spectrometry. After successful cell entry, the photo-activatable group can be removed on demand by a light pulse. Hence, UV irradiation acts as a switch to expose the cellular metabolism to a bolus of active compound. To investigate lipid metabolites and to capture a more complete metabolome, we adapted standard extraction methods and employed multi-reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (MRM-MS). This required a previously developed permethylation method that stabilized metabolites and enhanced volatility of the phosphoinositide metabolites. The mass spectrometric analysis allowed for the monitoring of the intracellular removal of photo-activatable caging as well as biodegradable protecting groups from the membrane-permeant phosphoinositides along with cellular turnover, namely by dephosphorylation. We found that phosphate masking groups, namely acetoxymethyl esters, were rapidly removed by endogenous enzymes while butyrates masking hydroxy groups showed a longer lifetime, giving rise to trapped intermediates. We further identified key intermediate metabolites and demonstrated the beneficial effect of caging groups and their removal on the formation of favorable metabolites. Surprisingly, caging and protecting groups were found to influence each other's stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mevlut Citir
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Rainer Müller
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Hauke
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Alexis Traynor-Kaplan
- ATK Innovation, Analytics and Discovery, North Bend, WA, 98045, USA; University of Washington, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Carsten Schultz
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany; Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, L334 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Guo Y, Liu F, Chen M, Tian Q, Tian X, Xiong Q, Huang C. Huangjinsan ameliorates adenine-induced chronic kidney disease by regulating metabolic profiling. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:4384-4394. [PMID: 34688222 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is an increasingly serious public health problem worldwide. Our recent studies have shown that Huangjinsan has a renal protective effect on chronic kidney disease, but the specific mechanism by which this effect occurs is not clear. To study the therapeutic effect of Huangjinsan on chronic kidney disease and to explore its possible mechanism of action through nontargeted metabolomics methods, a chronic kidney disease rat model was induced by adenine, and the Huangjinsan extract was given by oral gavage. Body weight, the kidney index, pathological sections, and a series of biochemical indicators were measured. High-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to analyze the changes in the plasma metabolome. Huangjinsan significantly reduced indicators of kidney damage, including total protein, albumin, the total protein to creatinine ratio, and the albumin to creatinine ratio in urine, as well as IL-2, MCP-1α, and blood urea levels in plasma. Based on nontargeted metabolomics, 13 metabolites related to chronic kidney disease were discovered. These metabolites are closely related to glycerophospholipid metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, and sphingolipid metabolism. We found that Huangjinsan can restore the renal function of adenine-induced chronic kidney disease by regulating the metabolic profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuejiao Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Fang Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - MingCang Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Tian
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoting Tian
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Xiong
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Chenggang Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chaud J, Morville C, Bolze F, Garnier D, Chassaing S, Blond G, Specht A. Two-Photon Sensitive Coumarinyl Photoremovable Protecting Groups with Rigid Electron-Rich Cycles Obtained by Domino Reactions Initiated by a 5- exo-Dig Cyclocarbopalladation. Org Lett 2021; 23:7580-7585. [PMID: 34506156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We herein report the design, synthesis, and photophysical characterization of extended and rigid coumarinyl derivatives showing large two-photon sensitivities (δaΦu ≤ 125 GM) at 740 and 800 nm. To efficiently synthesize these complex photoremovable protecting groups (PPGs), we used step-economic domino reactions. Moreover, those new coumarinyl PPGs display unique bathochromic shifts (≤100 nm) of the uncaging subproducts as a result of the formation of a more conjugated fulvene moiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Chaud
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Clément Morville
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Frédéric Bolze
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Delphine Garnier
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Plateforme d'Analyse Chimique de Strasbourg-Illkirch, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, PACSI GDS 3670, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Stefan Chassaing
- Institut de Chimie, Laboratoire de Synthèse, Réactivité Organiques & Catalyse (LASYROC), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7177, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Gaëlle Blond
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7200, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexandre Specht
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
UPLC-MS/MS-Based Rat Serum Metabolomics Reveals the Detoxification Mechanism of Psoraleae Fructus during Salt Processing. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5597233. [PMID: 34567215 PMCID: PMC8457953 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5597233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Psoraleae Fructus (PF) is a botanical medicine widely used in Asian countries, of which salt products have higher safety and efficacy. However, the biological mechanism of the detoxification of salt-processing Psoraleae Fructus (SPF) has not yet been revealed. In this study, UPLC-MS/MS technology was used to explore the metabolic differences between SPF and PF in normal rats and reveal the mechanism of salt processing. The histopathological results of rat liver and kidney showed that the degree of liver and kidney injure in the SPF group was less than that in the PF group. The results of metabolomics showed that the detoxification mechanism of PF by salt processing might be related to glycerophospholipid metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis, arginine and proline metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, and linoleic acid metabolism. PF-induced inflammation could be reduced by regulating the expression of metabolites to achieve the purpose of salt processing and detoxification. It included reducing the production of metabolites such as 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, tyrosine, arginine, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, and phenylacetylglycine/hippuric acid ratio and upregulating the expression of metabolites such as creatine.
Collapse
|
20
|
Canals D, Clarke CJ. Compartmentalization of Sphingolipid metabolism: Implications for signaling and therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 232:108005. [PMID: 34582834 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SLs) are a family of bioactive lipids implicated in a variety of cellular processes, and whose levels are controlled by an interlinked network of enzymes. While the spatial distribution of SL metabolism throughout the cell has been understood for some time, the implications of this for SL signaling and biological outcomes have only recently begun to be fully explored. In this review, we outline the compartmentalization of SL metabolism and describe advances in tools for investigating and probing compartment-specific SL functions. We also briefly discuss the implications of SL compartmentalization for cell signaling and therapeutic approaches to targeting the SL network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Canals
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - Christopher J Clarke
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lechner VM, Nappi M, Deneny PJ, Folliet S, Chu JCK, Gaunt MJ. Visible-Light-Mediated Modification and Manipulation of Biomacromolecules. Chem Rev 2021; 122:1752-1829. [PMID: 34546740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemically modified biomacromolecules-i.e., proteins, nucleic acids, glycans, and lipids-have become crucial tools in chemical biology. They are extensively used not only to elucidate cellular processes but also in industrial applications, particularly in the context of biopharmaceuticals. In order to enable maximum scope for optimization, it is pivotal to have a diverse array of biomacromolecule modification methods at one's disposal. Chemistry has driven many significant advances in this area, and especially recently, numerous novel visible-light-induced photochemical approaches have emerged. In these reactions, light serves as an external source of energy, enabling access to highly reactive intermediates under exceedingly mild conditions and with exquisite spatiotemporal control. While UV-induced transformations on biomacromolecules date back decades, visible light has the unmistakable advantage of being considerably more biocompatible, and a spectrum of visible-light-driven methods is now available, chiefly for proteins and nucleic acids. This review will discuss modifications of native functional groups (FGs), including functionalization, labeling, and cross-linking techniques as well as the utility of oxidative degradation mediated by photochemically generated reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, transformations at non-native, bioorthogonal FGs on biomacromolecules will be addressed, including photoclick chemistry and DNA-encoded library synthesis as well as methods that allow manipulation of the activity of a biomacromolecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian M Lechner
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Nappi
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick J Deneny
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Folliet
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - John C K Chu
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Gaunt
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Synthetic probes and chemical tools in sphingolipid research. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 65:126-135. [PMID: 34509716 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SLs) are a unique class of nitrogen-linked lipids that are involved in membrane structure, cell signaling, and other important cellular processes. Abnormal sphingolipid metabolism is observed in several diseases including cancer, diabetes, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's. However, the direct study of SLs has been hampered by their ubiquitous presence in cells and their complex metabolism. In the past few decades, efforts have been focused on creating synthetic probes and chemical tools to study SLs and decipher their roles in cellular biology. In this brief perspective, we seek to provide a concise snapshot of recently developed state-of-the-art chemical tools in SL research and the challenges that can be addressed through further development of SL probes.
Collapse
|
23
|
Müller R, Kojic A, Citir M, Schultz C. Synthesis and Cellular Labeling of Multifunctional Phosphatidylinositol Bis- and Trisphosphate Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19759-19765. [PMID: 34075669 PMCID: PMC8390440 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized the first multifunctionalized phosphoinositide polyphosphate derivatives featuring a photo-removable protecting group ("cage"), a photo-crosslinkable diazirine group, and a terminal alkyne group useful for click chemistry. We demonstrate that the lipid derivatives readily enter cells. After photo-crosslinking, cell fixation and fluorescent tagging via click chemistry, we determined the intracellular location of the lipid derivatives before and after uncaging of the lipids. We find that there is rapid trafficking of PI(3,4)P2 and PI(3,4,5)P3 derivatives to the plasma membrane, opening the intriguing possibility that there is active transport of these lipids involved. We employed the photo-crosslinking and click chemistry functions to analyze the proteome of PI(3,4,5)P3 -binding proteins. From the latter, we validated by RNAi that the putative lipid binding proteins ATP11A and MPP6 are involved in the transport of PI(3,4,5)P3 to the plasma membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Müller
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)Cell Biology & Biophysics UnitMeyerhofstr. 169117HeidelbergGermany
| | - Ana Kojic
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)Cell Biology & Biophysics UnitMeyerhofstr. 169117HeidelbergGermany
- Faculty of BiosciencesCollaboration for Joint Ph.D. Degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University69117HeidelbergGermany
- Oregon Health & Science UniversityDepartment of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry3181 SW Sam Jackson Park RdPortlandOR97239-3098USA
| | - Mevlut Citir
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)Cell Biology & Biophysics UnitMeyerhofstr. 169117HeidelbergGermany
- Faculty of BiosciencesCollaboration for Joint Ph.D. Degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University69117HeidelbergGermany
| | - Carsten Schultz
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)Cell Biology & Biophysics UnitMeyerhofstr. 169117HeidelbergGermany
- Oregon Health & Science UniversityDepartment of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry3181 SW Sam Jackson Park RdPortlandOR97239-3098USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Müller R, Kojic A, Citir M, Schultz C. Synthesis and Cellular Labeling of Multifunctional Phosphatidylinositol Bis‐ and Trisphosphate Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Müller
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit Meyerhofstr. 1 69117 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Ana Kojic
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit Meyerhofstr. 1 69117 Heidelberg Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences Collaboration for Joint Ph.D. Degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University 69117 Heidelberg Germany
- Oregon Health & Science University Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd Portland OR 97239-3098 USA
| | - Mevlut Citir
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit Meyerhofstr. 1 69117 Heidelberg Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences Collaboration for Joint Ph.D. Degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University 69117 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Carsten Schultz
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit Meyerhofstr. 1 69117 Heidelberg Germany
- Oregon Health & Science University Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd Portland OR 97239-3098 USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tei R, Morstein J, Shemet A, Trauner D, Baskin JM. Optical Control of Phosphatidic Acid Signaling. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:1205-1215. [PMID: 34345670 PMCID: PMC8323247 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidic acids (PAs) are glycerophospholipids that regulate key cell signaling pathways governing cell growth and proliferation, including the mTOR and Hippo pathways. Their acyl chains vary in tail length and degree of saturation, leading to marked differences in the signaling functions of different PA species. For example, in mTOR signaling, saturated forms of PA are inhibitory, whereas unsaturated forms are activating. To enable rapid control over PA signaling, we describe here the development of photoswitchable analogues of PA, termed AzoPA and dAzoPA, that contain azobenzene groups in one or both lipid tails, respectively. These photolipids enable optical control of their tail structure and can be reversibly switched between a straight trans form and a relatively bent cis form. We found that cis-dAzoPA selectively activates mTOR signaling, mimicking the bioactivity of unsaturated forms of PA. Further, in the context of Hippo signaling, whose growth-suppressing activity is blocked by PA, we found that the cis forms of both AzoPA and dAzoPA selectively inhibit this pathway. Collectively, these photoswitchable PA analogues enable optical control of mTOR and Hippo signaling, and we envision future applications of these probes to dissect the pleiotropic effects of physiological and pathological PA signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reika Tei
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Weill Institute for Cell and
Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Johannes Morstein
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Andrej Shemet
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Jeremy M. Baskin
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Weill Institute for Cell and
Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Farley S, Laguerre A, Schultz C. Caged lipids for subcellular manipulation. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 65:42-48. [PMID: 34119744 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We present recently developed strategies to manipulate lipid levels in live cells by light. We focus on photoremovable protecting groups that lead to subcellular restricted localization and activation and discuss alternative techniques. We emphasize the development of organelle targeting of caged lipids and discuss recent advances in chromatic orthogonality of caging groups for future applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scotland Farley
- Dept. Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Aurélien Laguerre
- Dept. Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Carsten Schultz
- Dept. Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Photolytical reactions for light induced biological effectors release: on the road to the phototherapeutic window. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-021-01071-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
28
|
Morstein J, Impastato AC, Trauner D. Photoswitchable Lipids. Chembiochem 2020; 22:73-83. [PMID: 32790211 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Photoswitchable lipids are emerging tools for the precise manipulation and study of lipid function. They can modulate many aspects of membrane biophysics, including permeability, fluidity, lipid mobility and domain formation. They are also very useful in lipid physiology and enable optical control of a wide array of lipid receptors, such as ion channels, G protein-coupled receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, and enzymes that translocate to membranes. Enzymes involved in lipid metabolism often process them in a light-dependent fashion. Photoswitchable lipids complement other functionalized lipids widely used in lipid chemical biology, including isotope-labeled lipids (lipidomics), fluorescent lipids (imaging), bifunctional lipids (lipid-protein crosslinking), photocaged lipids (photopharmacology), and other labeled variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Morstein
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY, 10003-6699, USA
| | - Anna C Impastato
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY, 10003-6699, USA
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY, 10003-6699, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Nakad EA, Chaud J, Morville C, Bolze F, Specht A. Monitoring of uncaging processes by designing photolytical reactions. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:1122-1133. [PMID: 32756690 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00169d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The use of photolabile protecting groups (PPGs) has been growing in emphasis for decades, and nowadays they enable cutting-edge results in numerous fields ranging from organic synthesis to neurosciences. PPGs are chemical entities that can be conjugated to a biomolecule to hide its biological activity, forming a stable so called "caged compound". This conjugate can be simply cleaved by light and therefore, the functionality of the biomolecule is restored with the formation of a PPG by-product. However, there is a sizeable need for PPGs that are able to quantify the "uncaging" process. In this review, we will discuss several strategies leading to an acute quantification of the uncaging events by fluorescence. In particular, we will focus on how molecular engineering of PPG could open new opportunities by providing easy access to photoactivation protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Abou Nakad
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Equipe de Chimie et Neurobiologie Moléculaire, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - J Chaud
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Equipe de Chimie et Neurobiologie Moléculaire, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - C Morville
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Equipe de Chimie et Neurobiologie Moléculaire, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - F Bolze
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Equipe de Chimie et Neurobiologie Moléculaire, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, F-67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - A Specht
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Equipe de Chimie et Neurobiologie Moléculaire, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Huey J, Keutler K, Schultz C. Chemical Biology Toolbox for Studying Pancreatic Islet Function - A Perspective. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:1015-1031. [PMID: 32822616 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The islets of Langerhans represent one of the many complex endocrine organs in mammals. Traditionally, islet function is studied by a mixture of physiological, cell biological, and molecular biological methods. Recently, novel techniques stemming from the ever-increasing toolbox provided by chemical laboratories have been added to the repertoire. Many emerging techniques will soon be available to manipulate and monitor islet function at the single-cell level and potentially in intact model animals, as well as in isolated human islets. Here, we review the most current small-molecule-based and genetically encoded molecular tool sets available to study islet function. We provide an outlook regarding future tool developments that will impact islet research, with a special focus on the interplay between different islet cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Huey
- Program in Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97210, USA; Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97210, USA
| | - Kaya Keutler
- Program in Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97210, USA; Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97210, USA
| | - Carsten Schultz
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
de Mos J, Jakob A, Becker-Baldus J, Heckel A, Glaubitz C. Light-Induced Uncaging for Time-Resolved Observations of Biochemical Reactions by MAS NMR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2020; 26:6789-6792. [PMID: 32240561 PMCID: PMC7317521 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Light‐induced activation of biomolecules by uncaging of photolabile protection groups has found many applications for triggering biochemical reactions with minimal perturbations directly within cells. Such an approach might also offer unique advantages for solid‐state NMR experiments on membrane proteins for initiating reactions within or at the membrane directly within the closed MAS rotor. Herein, we demonstrate that the integral membrane protein E. coli diacylglycerol kinase (DgkA), which catalyzes the phosphorylation of diacylglycerol, can be controlled by light under MAS‐NMR conditions. Uncaging of NPE‐ATP or of lipid substrate NPE‐DOG by in situ illumination triggers its enzymatic activity, which can be monitored by real‐time 31P‐MAS NMR. This proof‐of‐concept illustrates that combining MAS‐NMR with uncaging strategies and illumination methods offers new possibilities for controlling biochemical reactions at or within lipid bilayers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian de Mos
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Jakob
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Johanna Becker-Baldus
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Clemens Glaubitz
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Müller R, Citir M, Hauke S, Schultz C. Synthesis and Cellular Labeling of Caged Phosphatidylinositol Derivatives. Chemistry 2019; 26:384-389. [PMID: 31550056 PMCID: PMC6973124 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol (PI) is the biosynthetic precursor for seven phosphoinositides, important signaling lipids in cells. A membrane‐permeant caged PI derivative featuring a photo‐removable coumarinyl group masking the negative charge of the phosphate, as well as two enzymatically removable butyrate esters for increased lipophilicity and for preventing phosphate migration, were synthesized. Rapid cell entry and cellular labeling in fixed cells was demonstrated by a photo‐cross‐linkable diazirine followed by attachment of a fluorophore through click chemistry. Using this technique, we found that the multifunctional caged PI derivative resided predominantly at internal membranes but rapidly changed to the plasma membrane after uncaging. Accordingly, a preliminary proteomic analysis of the lipid–protein conjugates revealed that the two major PI transport proteins PITPα and β were prime targets of the photo‐cross‐linked PI derivative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Müller
- Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mevlut Citir
- Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hauke
- Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Schultz
- Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Laguerre A, Hauke S, Qiu J, Kelly MJ, Schultz C. Photorelease of 2-Arachidonoylglycerol in Live Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:16544-16547. [PMID: 31560527 PMCID: PMC7607907 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is acting as a full agonist of cannabinoid receptor 1 and 2. Direct manipulation of 2-AG levels is a challenging task. The amphiphilic properties and the instability of 2-AG in aqueous media complicate its use as a drug-like molecule. Additionally, inhibition of the protein machinery that regulates 2-AG levels may also affect other monoacylglycerols. Therefore, we developed a novel method to elevate 2-AG levels with a flash of light. The resulting tool is a photoactivatable "caged" 2-arachidonoylglycerol (cg2-AG) allowing for the rapid photorelease of the signaling lipid in live cells. We characterized the mechanism of uncaging and the effect of 2-AG on the regulation of the β-cell signaling network. After uncaging of 2-AG, we monitored calcium levels, CB1-GIRK channel coupling, and CB1-mediated inhibition of adenylate cyclase and protein kinase A activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Laguerre
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, OHSU, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Sebastian Hauke
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jian Qiu
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, OHSU, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Martin J. Kelly
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, OHSU, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Carsten Schultz
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, OHSU, Portland, Oregon, United States,European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany,Corresponding Author
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Avota E, de Lira MN, Schneider-Schaulies S. Sphingomyelin Breakdown in T Cells: Role of Membrane Compartmentalization in T Cell Signaling and Interference by a Pathogen. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:152. [PMID: 31457008 PMCID: PMC6700246 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are major components of cellular membranes, and at steady-state level, their metabolic fluxes are tightly controlled. On challenge by external signals, they undergo rapid turnover, which substantially affects the biophysical properties of membrane lipid and protein compartments and, consequently, signaling and morphodynamics. In T cells, external cues translate into formation of membrane microdomains where proximal signaling platforms essential for metabolic reprograming and cytoskeletal reorganization are organized. This review will focus on sphingomyelinases, which mediate sphingomyelin breakdown and ensuing ceramide release that have been implicated in T-cell viability and function. Acting at the sphingomyelin pool at the extrafacial or cytosolic leaflet of cellular membranes, acid and neutral sphingomyelinases organize ceramide-enriched membrane microdomains that regulate T-cell homeostatic activity and, upon stimulation, compartmentalize receptors, membrane proximal signaling complexes, and cytoskeletal dynamics as essential for initiating T-cell motility and interaction with endothelia and antigen-presenting cells. Prominent examples to be discussed in this review include death receptor family members, integrins, CD3, and CD28 and their associated signalosomes. Progress made with regard to experimental tools has greatly aided our understanding of the role of bioactive sphingolipids in T-cell biology at a molecular level and of targets explored by a model pathogen (measles virus) to specifically interfere with their physiological activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elita Avota
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maria Nathalia de Lira
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Dore TM. Light-Activated Chemotaxis. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 23:531-532. [PMID: 27203370 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Using light to control cellular processes is one of the attractive areas of research. Here, availability of different, light-responsive caged compounds has played a critical role. In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Hövelmann et al. (2016) give us an example of how to design and use caged lipids to guide chemotaxis at the single cell level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Dore
- New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Carreira AC, Santos TC, Lone MA, Zupančič E, Lloyd-Evans E, de Almeida RFM, Hornemann T, Silva LC. Mammalian sphingoid bases: Biophysical, physiological and pathological properties. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 75:100988. [PMID: 31132366 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.100988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sphingoid bases encompass a group of long chain amino alcohols which form the essential structure of sphingolipids. Over the last years, these amphiphilic molecules were moving more and more into the focus of biomedical research due to their role as bioactive molecules. In fact, free sphingoid bases interact with specific receptors and target molecules, and have been associated with numerous biological and physiological processes. In addition, they can modulate the biophysical properties of biological membranes. Several human diseases are related to pathological changes in the structure and metabolism of sphingoid bases. Yet, the mechanisms underlying their biological and pathophysiological actions remain elusive. Within this review, we aimed to summarize the current knowledge on the biochemical and biophysical properties of the most common sphingoid bases and to discuss their importance in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Carreira
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisboa 1649-003, Portugal; Centro de Química e Bioquímica (CQB) e Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Campo Grande, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal; Sir Martin Evans Building, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - T C Santos
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisboa 1649-003, Portugal; Centro de Química-Física Molecular - Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CQFM-IN), IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M A Lone
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E Zupančič
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisboa 1649-003, Portugal
| | - E Lloyd-Evans
- Sir Martin Evans Building, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - R F M de Almeida
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica (CQB) e Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Campo Grande, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
| | - T Hornemann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L C Silva
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisboa 1649-003, Portugal; Centro de Química-Física Molecular - Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CQFM-IN), IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Collenburg L, Schneider-Schaulies S, Avota E. The neutral sphingomyelinase 2 in T cell receptor signaling and polarity. Biol Chem 2019; 399:1147-1155. [PMID: 29337691 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
By hydrolyzing its substrate sphingomyelin at the cytosolic leaflet of cellular membranes, the neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (NSM2) generates microdomains which serve as docking sites for signaling proteins and thereby, functions to regulate signal relay. This has been particularly studied in cellular stress responses while the regulatory role of this enzyme in the immune cell compartment has only recently emerged. In T cells, phenotypic polarization by co-ordinated cytoskeletal remodeling is central to motility and interaction with endothelial or antigen-presenting cells during tissue recruitment or immune synapse formation, respectively. This review highlights studies adressing the role of NSM2 in T cell polarity in which the enzyme plays a major role in regulating cytoskeletal dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Collenburg
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 7, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sibylle Schneider-Schaulies
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 7, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Elita Avota
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 7, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Optical control of sphingosine-1-phosphate formation and function. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:623-631. [PMID: 31036923 PMCID: PMC7428055 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0269-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) plays important roles as a signaling lipid in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. S1P signals via a family of G protein-coupled receptors (S1P1–5) and intracellular targets. Here, we report on photoswitchable analogs of S1P and its precursor sphingosine, respectively termed PhotoS1P and PhotoSph. PhotoS1P enables optical control of S1P1–3, shown through electrophysiology and Ca2+ mobilization assays. We evaluated PhotoS1Pin vivo, where it reversibly controlled S1P3-dependent pain hypersensitivity in mice. The hypersensitivity induced by PhotoS1P is comparable to that induced by S1P. PhotoS1P is uniquely suited for the study of S1P biology in cultured cells and in vivo because it exhibits prolonged metabolic stability compared to the rapidly metabolized S1P. Using lipid mass spectrometry analysis, we constructed a metabolic map of PhotoS1P and PhotoSph. The formation of these photoswitchable lipids was found to be light-dependent, providing a novel approach to optically probe sphingolipid biology.
Collapse
|
39
|
Feng S, Harayama T, Chang D, Hannich JT, Winssinger N, Riezman H. Lysosome-targeted photoactivation reveals local sphingosine metabolism signatures. Chem Sci 2019; 10:2253-2258. [PMID: 30881649 PMCID: PMC6385812 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03614d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are essential components of eukaryotic cell membranes and play crucial roles in cellular signaling and metabolism. While increasing evidence shows that the activities of lipids are dependent upon subcellular localization, tools to study local lipid metabolism and signaling are limited. Herein, we report an approach that enabled us to selectively deliver photo-caged lipids into lysosomes and thereafter to quickly release the lipid molecules by illumination. On combining this method with genetic techniques and lipidomics, we were able to investigate the localization-dependent metabolism of an important intermediate of sphingolipid metabolism, sphingosine. Our data reveal a distinct metabolic pattern of lysosomal sphingosine. In general, this method has the potential to serve as a platform to study lysosomal metabolism and signaling of various lipids and metabolites in living cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suihan Feng
- Department of Biochemistry , NCCR Chemical Biology , University of Geneva , Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30 , 1211 , Geneva , Switzerland .
| | - Takeshi Harayama
- Department of Biochemistry , NCCR Chemical Biology , University of Geneva , Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30 , 1211 , Geneva , Switzerland .
| | - Dalu Chang
- Department of Organic Chemistry , NCCR Chemical Biology , University of Geneva , Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30 , 1211 , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - J Thomas Hannich
- Department of Biochemistry , NCCR Chemical Biology , University of Geneva , Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30 , 1211 , Geneva , Switzerland .
| | - Nicolas Winssinger
- Department of Organic Chemistry , NCCR Chemical Biology , University of Geneva , Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30 , 1211 , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Howard Riezman
- Department of Biochemistry , NCCR Chemical Biology , University of Geneva , Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30 , 1211 , Geneva , Switzerland .
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kol M, Williams B, Toombs-Ruane H, Franquelim HG, Korneev S, Schroeer C, Schwille P, Trauner D, Holthuis JC, Frank JA. Optical manipulation of sphingolipid biosynthesis using photoswitchable ceramides. eLife 2019; 8:43230. [PMID: 30720434 PMCID: PMC6386522 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramides are central intermediates of sphingolipid metabolism that also function as potent messengers in stress signaling and apoptosis. Progress in understanding how ceramides execute their biological roles is hampered by a lack of methods to manipulate their cellular levels and metabolic fate with appropriate spatiotemporal precision. Here, we report on clickable, azobenzene-containing ceramides, caCers, as photoswitchable metabolic substrates to exert optical control over sphingolipid production in cells. Combining atomic force microscopy on model bilayers with metabolic tracing studies in cells, we demonstrate that light-induced alterations in the lateral packing of caCers lead to marked differences in their metabolic conversion by sphingomyelin synthase and glucosylceramide synthase. These changes in metabolic rates are instant and reversible over several cycles of photoswitching. Our findings disclose new opportunities to probe the causal roles of ceramides and their metabolic derivatives in a wide array of sphingolipid-dependent cellular processes with the spatiotemporal precision of light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs Kol
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Ben Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Henry Toombs-Ruane
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Henri G Franquelim
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sergei Korneev
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christian Schroeer
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Petra Schwille
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Joost Cm Holthuis
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - James A Frank
- The Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gaur P, Kucherak OA, Ermakova YG, Shvadchak VV, Yushchenko DA. Nitrobenzyl-based fluorescent photocages for spatial and temporal control of signalling lipids in cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:12288-12291. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05602e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Here we present a set of fluorescent cages prepared by tethering fluorescent dyes to a photolabile group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Gaur
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- 16610 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Oleksandr A. Kucherak
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- 16610 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Yulia G. Ermakova
- Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
- 69117 Heidelberg
- Germany
| | - Volodymyr V. Shvadchak
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- 16610 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Dmytro A. Yushchenko
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- 16610 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
- Group of Bioconjugation Chemistry
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Frank JA, Broichhagen J, Yushchenko DA, Trauner D, Schultz C, Hodson DJ. Optical tools for understanding the complexity of β-cell signalling and insulin release. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2018; 14:721-737. [PMID: 30356209 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-018-0105-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Following stimulation, pancreatic β-cells must orchestrate a plethora of signalling events to ensure the appropriate release of insulin and maintenance of normal glucose homeostasis. Failure at any point in this cascade leads to impaired insulin secretion, elevated blood levels of glucose and eventually type 2 diabetes mellitus. Likewise, β-cell replacement or regeneration strategies for the treatment of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus might fail if the correct cell signalling phenotype cannot be faithfully recreated. However, current understanding of β-cell function is complicated because of the highly dynamic nature of their intracellular and intercellular signalling as well as insulin release itself. β-Cells must precisely integrate multiple signals stemming from multiple cues, often with differing intensities, frequencies and cellular and subcellular localizations, before converging these signals onto insulin exocytosis. In this respect, optical approaches with high resolution in space and time are extremely useful for properly deciphering the complexity of β-cell signalling. An increased understanding of β-cell signalling might identify new mechanisms underlying insulin release, with relevance for future drug therapy and de novo stem cell engineering of functional islets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James A Frank
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Johannes Broichhagen
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dmytro A Yushchenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carsten Schultz
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - David J Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wagner N, Stephan M, Höglinger D, Nadler A. A Click Cage: Organelle-Specific Uncaging of Lipid Messengers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13339-13343. [PMID: 30048020 PMCID: PMC6175159 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lipid messengers exert their function on short time scales at distinct subcellular locations, yet most experimental approaches for perturbing their levels trigger cell-wide concentration changes. Herein, we report on a coumarin-based photocaging group that can be modified with organelle-targeting moieties by click chemistry and thus enables photorelease of lipid messengers in distinct organelles. We show that caged arachidonic acid and sphingosine derivatives can be selectively delivered to mitochondria, the ER, lysosomes, and the plasma membrane. By comparing the cellular calcium transients induced by localized uncaging of arachidonic acid and sphingosine, we show that the precise intracellular localization of the released second messenger is crucial for the signaling outcome. Ultimately, we anticipate that this new class of caged compounds will greatly facilitate the study of cellular processes on the organelle level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Wagner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsPfotenhauerstraße 10801307DresdenGermany
| | - Milena Stephan
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsPfotenhauerstraße 10801307DresdenGermany
| | - Doris Höglinger
- Biochemistry Center (BZH)Heidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 32869128HeidelbergGermany
| | - André Nadler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsPfotenhauerstraße 10801307DresdenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wagner N, Stephan M, Höglinger D, Nadler A. Der Click‐Cage: Organell‐spezifische Photoaktivierung von Lipid‐Botenstoffen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Wagner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie und Genetik Pfotenhauerstraße 108 01307 Dresden Deutschland
| | - Milena Stephan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie und Genetik Pfotenhauerstraße 108 01307 Dresden Deutschland
| | - Doris Höglinger
- Biochemiezentrum (BZH)Universtität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 328 69128 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - André Nadler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie und Genetik Pfotenhauerstraße 108 01307 Dresden Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bhatt-Wessel B, Jordan TW, Miller JH, Peng L. Role of DGAT enzymes in triacylglycerol metabolism. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 655:1-11. [PMID: 30077544 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The esterification of a fatty acyl moiety to diacylglycerol to form triacylglycerol (TAG) is catalysed by two diacylglycerol O-acyltransferases (DGATs) encoded by genes belonging to two distinct gene families. The enzymes are referred to as DGAT1 and DGAT2 in order of their identification. Both proteins are transmembrane proteins localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Their membrane topologies are however significantly different. This difference is hypothesized to give the two isozymes different abilities to interact with other proteins and organelles and access to different pools of fatty acids, thereby creating a distinction between the enzymes in terms of their role and contribution to lipid metabolism. DGAT1 is proposed to have dual topology contributing to TAG synthesis on both sides of the ER membrane and esterifying only the pre-formed fatty acids. There is evidence to suggest that DGAT2 translocates to the lipid droplet (LD), associates with other proteins, and synthesizes cytosolic and luminal apolipoprotein B associated LD-TAG from both endogenous and exogenous fatty acids. The aim of this review is to differentiate between the two DGAT enzymes by comparing the genes that encode them, their proposed topologies, the proteins they interact with, and their roles in lipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhumika Bhatt-Wessel
- Centre for Biodiscovery and School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
| | - T William Jordan
- Centre for Biodiscovery and School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
| | - John H Miller
- Centre for Biodiscovery and School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Lifeng Peng
- Centre for Biodiscovery and School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Laguerre A, Schultz C. Novel lipid tools and probes for biological investigations. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 53:97-104. [PMID: 30015291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We present the latest advances in lipid tool development for studying cellular membrane trafficking and metabolism. We focus on chemical modifications that are introduced to natural lipid structures. The new functionalities are used to follow and interfere with lipid dynamics in intact cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Laguerre
- Dept. of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Carsten Schultz
- Dept. of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Hunter CD, Guo T, Daskhan G, Richards MR, Cairo CW. Synthetic Strategies for Modified Glycosphingolipids and Their Design as Probes. Chem Rev 2018; 118:8188-8241. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmanah D. Hunter
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Tianlin Guo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Gour Daskhan
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michele R. Richards
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Christopher W. Cairo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Feng S, Harayama T, Montessuit S, David FP, Winssinger N, Martinou JC, Riezman H. Mitochondria-specific photoactivation to monitor local sphingosine metabolism and function. eLife 2018; 7:34555. [PMID: 29376826 PMCID: PMC5819948 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoactivation ('uncaging’) is a powerful approach for releasing bioactive small-molecules in living cells. Current uncaging methods are limited by the random distribution of caged molecules within cells. We have developed a mitochondria-specific photoactivation method, which permitted us to release free sphingosine inside mitochondria and thereafter monitor local sphingosine metabolism by lipidomics. Our results indicate that sphingosine was quickly phosphorylated into sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) driven by sphingosine kinases. In time-course studies, the mitochondria-specific uncaged sphingosine demonstrated distinct metabolic patterns compared to globally-released sphingosine, and did not induce calcium spikes. Our data provide direct evidence that sphingolipid metabolism and signaling are highly dependent on the subcellular location and opens up new possibilities to study the effects of lipid localization on signaling and metabolic fate. Fatty or oily molecules called lipids are essential components of the membranes of cells and important signaling molecules too. They are made in specific compartments of the cell, but most are found in all membranes, albeit in varying amounts. Their widespread distribution suggests that there are extensive networks for transporting lipids within cells. Yet scientists know little about lipid transport inside living cells because it is difficult to detect their movements. Mitochondria are cellular compartments that are often referred to as the “powerhouses of the cell”. Many lipids are found in mitochondria including one called sphingosine, which is a common component of many other cell membranes too. Sphingosine can increase the concentration of calcium ions inside the cells, and when converted to a molecule called sphingosine 1 phosphate it forms a signaling molecule that regulates fundamental processes like cell survival and migration. However, it was not known if sphingosine localized in the mitochondria was processed differently to the same molecule elsewhere in the cell, or if its signaling activity was affected by its location. In the laboratory, Feng et al. synthesized an inactive sphingosine-like molecule that would only localize to mitochondria and which could be activated with a flash of light. By adding this molecule to human cells, they showed that sphingosine could be converted to sphingosine 1 phosphate within the mitochondria, before being exported rapidly to another compartment in the cell. The experiments allowed Feng et al. to observe the process in enough detail to to conclude that, despite its rapid transport, when localized only inside mitochondria, sphingosine could not trigger its normal signaling response. This new light-activated lipid molecule will be a useful tool for many researchers studying both metabolism and signaling. In principle, a similar tool could be developed for many compounds and it should also be possible to localize the compound to different locations within the cell. This new generation of compounds would give scientists a better understanding of mitochondria biology. They could be applied to the study of diseases where the mitochondria do not function as they should, for example Barth syndrome, where a mitochondria specific lipid called cardiolipin is not properly synthesized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suihan Feng
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Takeshi Harayama
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sylvie Montessuit
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabrice Pa David
- Gene Expression Core Facility, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Winssinger
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) in Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Howard Riezman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Suzuki K, Machida K, Yamaguchi K, Sugawara T. Photo-triggered recognition between host and guest compounds in a giant vesicle encapsulating photo-pierceable vesicles. Chem Phys Lipids 2018; 210:70-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
50
|
Wallroth A, Haucke V. Phosphoinositide conversion in endocytosis and the endolysosomal system. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:1526-1535. [PMID: 29282290 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r117.000629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PIs) are phospholipids that perform crucial cell functions, ranging from cell migration and signaling to membrane trafficking, by serving as signposts of compartmental membrane identity. Although phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, 3-phosphate, and 3,5-bisphosphate are commonly considered as hallmarks of the plasma membrane, endosomes, and lysosomes, these compartments contain other functionally important PIs. Here, we review the roles of PIs in different compartments of the endolysosomal system in mammalian cells and discuss the mechanisms that spatiotemporally control PI conversion in endocytosis and endolysosomal membrane dynamics during endosome maturation and sorting. As defective PI conversion underlies human genetic diseases, including inherited myopathies, neurological disorders, and cancer, PI-converting enzymes represent potential targets for drug-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wallroth
- From the Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin and
| | - Volker Haucke
- From the Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin and .,the Faculty of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|