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Xie P, Li P, Zhu X, Chen D, Ommati MM, Wang H, Han L, Xu S, Sun P. Hepatotoxic of polystyrene microplastics in aged mice: Focus on the role of gastrointestinal transformation and AMPK/FoxO pathway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170471. [PMID: 38296072 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) toxicity has attracted widespread attention, whereas before triggering hepatotoxicity, ingested MPs first undergo transportation and digestion processes in the gastrointestinal tract, possibly interacting with the gastrointestinal contents (GIC). More alarming is the need for more understanding of how this process may impact the liver health of aged animals. This study selected old mice. Firstly, we incubated polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs, 1 μm) with GIC extract. The results of SEM/EDS indicated a structural alteration in PS-MPs. Additionally, impurities resembling corona, rich in heteroatoms (O, N, and S), were observed. This resulted in an enhanced aggregating phenomenon of MPs. We conducted a 10-day experiment exposing aged mice to four concentrations of PS-MPs, ranging from 1 × 103 to 1 × 1012 particles/L. Subsequent measurements of tissue pathology and body and organ weights were conducted, revealing alterations in liver structure. In the liver, 12 crucial metabolites were found by LC-MS technology, including purines, lipids, and amino acids. The AMPK/FoxO pathway was enriched, activated, and validated in western blotting results. We also comprehensively examined the innate immune system, inflammatory factors, and oxidative stress indicators. The results indicated decreased C3 levels, stable C4 levels, inflammatory factors (IL-6 and IL-8), and antioxidant enzymes were increased to varying degrees. PS-MPs also caused DNA oxidative damage. These toxic effects exhibited a specific dose dependence. Overall, after the formation of the gastrointestinal corona, PS-MPs subsequently impact various cellular processes, such as cycle arrest (p21), leading to hepatic and health crises in the elderly. The presence of gastrointestinal coronas also underscores the MPs' morphology and characteristics, which should be distinguished after ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, China
| | - Deshan Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, China
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Ommati
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, China
| | - Lei Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, China
| | - Shixiao Xu
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China
| | - Ping Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, China.
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Wei D, Wang J, Jiupan Z, Khan R, Abbas Raza SH, Yaping S, Chao J, Ayari-Akkari A, Ahmed DAEM. Roles of MEF2A and HOXA5 in the transcriptional regulation of the bovine FoxO1 gene. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:4367-4379. [PMID: 36449378 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2150632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The Forkhead box factor 1 (FoxO1) gene plays a vital role in the growth and development of skeletal muscle. In the present study, expression analysis of the bovine FoxO1 gene exhibited the highest expression in longissimus dorsi muscle followed by its expression in adipose tissue. Moreover, high mRNA expression of FoxO1 gene was found in differentiated bovine myoblasts and adipocytes at day 6 of induced differentiation (p < 0.05). The regulatory pattern of the bovine FoxO1 gene was investigated through screening and dual-luciferase activity of the 1.7 kb 5'UTR (untranslated region) within pGL3-basic vector and a core promoter region was explored at (-285/-27) upstream of the transcription start site. The transcription factors (TFs) MEF2A and HOXA5 within the core promoter region (-285/-27) were found as the regulatory cis-acting element. The siRNA interference of the TFs, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, and site-directed mutation validated that MEF2A and HOXA5 binding occurs in the region -285/-27 bp and performs an essential role in the transcriptional regulation of bovine FoxO1 gene. These findings explored the regulatory network mechanism of the FoxO1 gene in skeletal muscle development and adipogenesis for the bovine breed improvement program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Wei
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhang Jiupan
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
| | - Rajwali Khan
- Livestock Management, Breeding and Genetics, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | | | - Song Yaping
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jiang Chao
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Amel Ayari-Akkari
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory of Diversity, Management and Conservation of Biological Systems, Faculty of Science of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Dalia Abd El Moneim Ahmed
- Laboratory of Diversity, Management and Conservation of Biological Systems, Faculty of Science of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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Shi P, Ruan Y, Liu W, Sun J, Xu J, Xu H. Analysis of Promoter Methylation of the Bovine FOXO1 Gene and Its Effect on Proliferation and Differentiation of Myoblasts. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020319. [PMID: 36670858 PMCID: PMC9854826 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the regulatory role of FOXO1 promoter methylation on its transcriptional level and unravel the effect of FOXO1 on the proliferation and differentiation of bovine myoblasts. Bisulfite sequencing polymerase chain reaction (BSP) and real-time quantitative PCR were performed to determine the methylation status and transcript levels of the FOXO1 promoter region at different growth stages. BSP results showed that the methylation level in the calf bovine (CB) group was significantly higher than that in the adult bovine (AB) group (p < 0.05). On the other hand, qRT-PCR results indicated that the mRNA expression level in the AB group was significantly higher than that in the CB group (p < 0.05), suggesting a significant decrease in gene expression at high levels of DNA methylation. CCK-8 and flow cytometry were applied to determine the effect of silencing the FOXO1 gene on the proliferation of bovine myoblasts. Furthermore, qRT-PCR and Western blot were conducted to analyze the expression of genes associated with the proliferation and differentiation of bovine myoblasts. Results from CCK-8 revealed that the short hairpin FOXO1 (shFOXO1) group significantly promoted the proliferation of myoblasts compared to the short-hairpin negative control (shNC) group (p < 0.05). Flow cytometry results showed a significant decrease in the number of the G1 phase cells (p < 0.05) and a significant increase in the number of the S phase cells (p < 0.05) in the shFOXO1 group compared to the shNC group. In addition, the expression of key genes for myoblast proliferation (CDK2, PCNA, and CCND1) and differentiation (MYOG, MYOD, and MYHC) was significantly increased at both mRNA and protein levels (p < 0.05). In summary, this study has demonstrated that FOXO1 transcription is regulated by methylation in the promoter region and that silencing FOXO1 promotes the proliferation and differentiation of bovine myoblasts. Overall, our findings lay the foundation for further studies on the regulatory role of epigenetics in the development of bovine myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yong Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Wenjiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jinkui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jiali Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Houqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Correspondence:
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Lin W, Wen X, Li X, Chen L, Wei W, Zhang L, Chen J. MiR-144 regulates adipogenesis by mediating formation of C/EBPα-FOXO1 protein complex. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 612:126-133. [PMID: 35525196 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.04.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CeRNA effect was an important regulation mode of miRNA mediated bio-activities, however, most of the researches of ceRNA were on ncRNAs synergetic with mRNAs, the exploration of ceRNA effect regulated mRNA interaction was still lack of. Besides, C/EBPα was one of the most crucial adipogenic regulators, which has been demonstrated to form a protein complex with FOXO1 to mediate AdipoQ expression. So that, we try to explore whether the ceRNA effect mediated the interaction of C/EBPα and FOXO1, and identified the key miRNAs of their ceRNA effect. In this paper, we found the ceRNA effect of C/EBPα and FOXO1 mediated their protein complex formation, furthermore regulated its transcriptional role for AdipoQ, thereby influencing pre-adipocytes adipogenesis. More importantly, we demonstrated that the miR-144 was the decisive factor that mediated the ceRNA effect of C/EBPα and FOXO1 to influence AdipoQ, thus regulated pre-adipocytes adipogenesis. This research will provide a new supplementary idea of the miRNA role in mediating coding RNA interaction that regulates pre-adipocyte adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Lin
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Xianyu Wen
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Xuexin Li
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Wei Wei
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Lifan Zhang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China.
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Wigger D, Schumacher F, Schneider-Schaulies S, Kleuser B. Sphingosine 1-phosphate metabolism and insulin signaling. Cell Signal 2021; 82:109959. [PMID: 33631318 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.109959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Insulin is the main anabolic hormone secreted by β-cells of the pancreas stimulating the assimilation and storage of glucose in muscle and fat cells. It modulates the postprandial balance of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins via enhancing lipogenesis, glycogen and protein synthesis and suppressing glucose generation and its release from the liver. Resistance to insulin is a severe metabolic disorder related to a diminished response of peripheral tissues to the insulin action and signaling. This leads to a disturbed glucose homeostasis that precedes the onset of type 2 diabetes (T2D), a disease reaching epidemic proportions. A large number of studies reported an association between elevated circulating fatty acids and the development of insulin resistance. The increased fatty acid lipid flux results in the accumulation of lipid droplets in a variety of tissues. However, lipid intermediates such as diacylglycerols and ceramides are also formed in response to elevated fatty acid levels. These bioactive lipids have been associated with the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. More recently, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), another bioactive sphingolipid derivative, has also been shown to increase in T2D and obesity. Although many studies propose a protective role of S1P metabolism on insulin signaling in peripheral tissues, other studies suggest a causal role of S1P on insulin resistance. In this review, we critically summarize the current state of knowledge of S1P metabolism and its modulating role on insulin resistance. A particular emphasis is placed on S1P and insulin signaling in hepatocytes, skeletal muscle cells, adipocytes and pancreatic β-cells. In particular, modulation of receptors and enzymes that regulate S1P metabolism can be considered as a new therapeutic option for the treatment of insulin resistance and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Wigger
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Nutritional Science, Nutritional Toxicology, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Nutritional Science, Nutritional Toxicology, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | | | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Nutritional Science, Nutritional Toxicology, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany.
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Lin W, Tang Y, Zhao Y, Zhao J, Zhang L, Wei W, Chen J. MiR-144-3p Targets FoxO1 to Reduce Its Regulation of Adiponectin and Promote Adipogenesis. Front Genet 2021; 11:603144. [PMID: 33381152 PMCID: PMC7767994 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.603144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), as a series of important short-chain non-coding RNAs, play an important post-transcriptional role in many biological activities, including adipogenesis. miR-144 is significantly upregulated in type II diabetes (T2D), and is considered to be an important biomarker for T2D. However, although the occurrence of T2D is inextricably linked to adipogenesis, whether miR-144 directly regulates adipogenesis remains to be further explored. In this paper, we demonstrate that miR-144 has a higher expression level in a porcine high backfat group, and it has a significant positive effect on promoting the differentiation of pre-adipocytes. FoxO1 is a target gene of miR-144, and inhibits the differentiation of pre-adipocytes. On the other hand, we demonstrate that FoxO1 can bind to the AdipoQ gene promoter, then regulate the AdipoQ expression by binding to the FoxO1 binding site in the AdipoQ promoter -1,499 to -1,489 bp and -1,238 to -1,228 bp regions, especially the -1,499 to -1,489 bp region. Meanwhile, miR-144 and FoxO1 co-expressional research has also shown that both factors regulate adipogenesis. To sum up, our research indicates that miR-144 targets FoxO1, thus reducing its expression and inhibiting its promotional effect on adiponectin, thereby alleviating the inhibitory effect of adiponectin on adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Lin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yonghang Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuelei Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jindi Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lifan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Adipose Tissue and FoxO1: Bridging Physiology and Mechanisms. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040849. [PMID: 32244542 PMCID: PMC7226803 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box O class proteins (FoxOs) are expressed nearly in all tissues and are involved in different functions such as energy metabolism, redox homeostasis, differentiation, and cell cycle arrest. The plasticity of FoxOs is demonstrated by post-translational modifications that determine diverse levels of transcriptional regulations also controlled by their subcellular localization. Among the different members of the FoxO family, we will focus on FoxO1 in adipose tissue, where it is abundantly expressed and is involved in differentiation and transdifferentiation processes. The capability of FoxO1 to respond differently in dependence of adipose tissue subtype underlines the specific involvement of the transcription factor in energy metabolism and the “browning” process of adipocytes. FoxO1 can localize to nuclear, cytoplasm, and mitochondrial compartments of adipocytes responding to different availability of nutrients and source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Specifically, fasted state produced-ROS enhance the nuclear activity of FoxO1, triggering the transcription of lipid catabolism and antioxidant response genes. The enhancement of lipid catabolism, in combination with ROS buffering, allows systemic energetic homeostasis and metabolic adaptation of white/beige adipocytes. On the contrary, a fed state induces FoxO1 to accumulate in the cytoplasm, but also in the mitochondria where it affects mitochondrial DNA gene expression. The importance of ROS-mediated signaling in FoxO1 subcellular localization and retrograde communication will be discussed, highlighting key aspects of FoxO1 multifaceted regulation in adipocytes.
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Identification of key genes, MicroRNAs and potentially regulated pathways in alcoholic hepatitis by integrative analysis. Gene 2019; 720:144035. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Zaarur N, Desevin K, Mackenzie J, Lord A, Grishok A, Kandror KV. ATGL-1 mediates the effect of dietary restriction and the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway on longevity in C. elegans. Mol Metab 2019; 27:75-82. [PMID: 31311719 PMCID: PMC6717769 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Animal lifespan is controlled through genetic pathways that are conserved from nematodes to humans. Lifespan-promoting conditions in nematodes include fasting and a reduction of insulin/IGF signaling. Here we aimed to investigate the input of the Caenorhabditis elegans homologue of the mammalian rate-limiting lipolytic enzyme Adipose Triglyceride Lipase, ATGL-1, in longevity control. Methods We used a combination of genetic and biochemical approaches to determine the role of ATGL-1 in accumulation of triglycerides and regulation of longevity. Results We found that expression of ATGL is increased in the insulin receptor homologue mutant daf-2 in a FoxO/DAF-16-dependent manner. ATGL-1 is also up-regulated by fasting and in the eat-2 loss-of-function mutant strain. Overexpression of ATGL-1 increases basal and maximal oxygen consumption rate and extends lifespan in C. elegans. Reduction of ATGL-1 function suppresses longevity of the long-lived mutants eat-2 and daf-2. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that ATGL is required for extended lifespan downstream of both dietary restriction and reduced insulin/IGF signaling. Expression of ATGL-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans is regulated by fasting and insulin/IGF1 signaling. Over-expression of ATGL-1 extends lifespan while loss-of-function mutant decreases lifespan of long-lived C. elegans models. The effect of ATGL-1 on longevity may be mediated by an increase in mitochondrial oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nava Zaarur
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Kathleen Desevin
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - James Mackenzie
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Avery Lord
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Alla Grishok
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Konstantin V Kandror
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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Lettieri-Barbato D, Ioannilli L, Aquilano K, Ciccarone F, Rosina M, Ciriolo MR. FoxO1 localizes to mitochondria of adipose tissue and is affected by nutrient stress. Metabolism 2019; 95:84-92. [PMID: 30974111 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mitochondria play pivotal roles in orchestrating signaling pathways in order to guarantee metabolic homeostasis under different stimuli. It has been demonstrated that the mito-nuclear communication is fundamental for facing physiological and/or stress-mediated cellular response through the activation of nuclear transcription factors. Here, we focused on the Forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1) transcription factor that belongs to the FoxOs family proteins and is considered a "nutrients sensor" modulating the expression of nutrient-stress response genes. METHODS In vitro and in vivo experimental systems, including 3T3-L1 white, X-9 beige and T37i brown adipocytes and different fat depots from C57BL/6 mice were used. The mitochondrial localization of FoxO1 was demonstrated by western blot analysis, confocal microscopy and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, after sub-cellular compartment isolation. RT-qPCR analysis was used to evaluate the expression of antioxidant and mitochondrial genes after modulation of FoxO1 activity/localization. Treatment with diverse reactive oxygen species (ROS) species/sources were performed and assessed by cytofluorimetric analysis. RESULTS We demonstrated that FoxO1 not exclusively localizes to cytosol and nucleus of adipocytes but also to mitochondria where it binds to mitochondrial DNA. We also proved that mitochondrial FoxO1 is phosphorylated upon normal feeding condition. Mitochondrial FoxO1 responds to starvation leaving mitochondrial compartment by ROS-mediated activation of the mitochondrial phosphatase PTPMT1. Indeed, FoxO1 de-phosphorylation and mito-to-nucleus shuttling was observed under starvation. Moreover, we provided evidence that ROS species/sources are able to differently modulate the mitochondrial localization of FoxO1. CONCLUSION The ability to localize at different cell compartments, including mitochondria, highlights a different layer of regulation of FoxO1 necessary for assuring a fast and efficient nutrient-stress response in white/beige adipose tissue. FoxO1 could be thus endorsed in the list of transcription factors involved in the mito-nuclear communication where ROS can act as upstream signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lettieri-Barbato
- Dept. of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Ioannilli
- Dept. of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Katia Aquilano
- Dept. of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Ciccarone
- Dept. of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Rosina
- Dept. of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Ciriolo
- Dept. of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy; IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy.
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Abstract
Background Thermogenic adipocytes reorganize their metabolism during cold exposure. Metabolic reprogramming requires readily available bioenergetics substrates, such as glucose and fatty acids, to increase mitochondrial respiration and produce heat via the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). This condition generates a finely-tuned production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) that support non-shivering thermogenesis. Scope of review Herein, the findings underlining the mechanisms that regulate ROS production and control of the adaptive responses tuning thermogenesis in adipocytes are described. Furthermore, this review describes the metabolic responses to substrate availability and the consequence of mitochondrial failure to switch fuel oxidation in response to changes in nutrient availability. A framework to control mitochondrial ROS threshold to maximize non-shivering thermogenesis in adipocytes is provided. Major conclusions Thermogenesis synchronizes fuel oxidation with an acute and transient increase of mitochondrial ROS that promotes the activation of redox-sensitive thermogenic signaling cascade and UCP1. However, an overload of substrate flux to mitochondria causes a massive and damaging mitochondrial ROS production that affects mitochondrial flexibility. Finding novel thermogenic redox targets and manipulating ROS concentration in adipocytes appears to be a promising avenue of research for improving thermogenesis and counteracting metabolic diseases. Mitochondrial ROS support non-shivering thermogenesis. Thermogenic ROS are tightly related to mitochondrial metabolic reorganization. Uncontrolled mitochondrial ROS production is causative of metabolic inflexibility.
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Lettieri-Barbato D, Cannata SM, Casagrande V, Ciriolo MR, Aquilano K. Time-controlled fasting prevents aging-like mitochondrial changes induced by persistent dietary fat overload in skeletal muscle. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195912. [PMID: 29742122 PMCID: PMC5942780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence suggests that persistent dietary fat overload causes mitochondrial dysfunction and systemic metabolic gridlock. Mitochondrial and lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle (SkM) are severely affected upon persistent high fat diet (HFD) leading to premature tissue aging. Here, we designed weekly cycles of fasting (called as time-controlled fasting, TCF) and showed that they were effective in limiting mitochondrial damage and metabolic disturbances induced by HFD. Specifically, TCF was able to prevent the decline of adipose triglyceride lipase (Atgl), maintain efficient mitochondrial respiration in SkM as well as improve blood glucose and lipid profile. Atgl was found to be the mediator of such preventive effects as its downregulation or up-regulation in C2C12 myotubes triggers mitochondrial alteration or protects against the deleterious effects of high fat levels respectively. In conclusion, TCF could represent an effective strategy to limit mitochondrial impairment and metabolic inflexibility that are typically induced by modern western diets or during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria Rosa Ciriolo
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Dept. Biology, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele La Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Katia Aquilano
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Dept. Biology, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail: (KA); (DL)
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Lettieri-Barbato D, Giovannetti E, Aquilano K. Effects of dietary restriction on adipose mass and biomarkers of healthy aging in human. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 8:3341-3355. [PMID: 27899768 PMCID: PMC5270672 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In developing countries the rise of obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders, such as cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, reflects the changes in lifestyle habits and wrong dietary choices. Dietary restriction (DR) regimens have been shown to extend health span and lifespan in many animal models including primates. Identifying biomarkers predictive of clinical benefits of treatment is one of the primary goals of precision medicine. To monitor the clinical outcomes of DR interventions in humans, several biomarkers are commonly adopted. However, a validated link between the behaviors of such biomarkers and DR effects is lacking at present time. Through a systematic analysis of human intervention studies, we evaluated the effect size of DR (i.e. calorie restriction, very low calorie diet, intermittent fasting, alternate day fasting) on health-related biomarkers. We found that DR is effective in reducing total and visceral adipose mass and improving inflammatory cytokines profile and adiponectin/leptin ratio. By analysing the levels of canonical biomarkers of healthy aging, we also validated the changes of insulin, IGF-1 and IGFBP-1,2 to monitor DR effects. Collectively, we developed a useful platform to evaluate the human responses to dietary regimens low in calories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele La Pisana, Rome, Italy
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14
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Lettieri-Barbato D, D'Angelo F, Sciarretta F, Tatulli G, Tortolici F, Ciriolo MR, Aquilano K. Maternal high calorie diet induces mitochondrial dysfunction and senescence phenotype in subcutaneous fat of newborn mice. Oncotarget 2017; 8:83407-83418. [PMID: 29137352 PMCID: PMC5663524 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation and senescence-like features are observed in adipose depots in aging and obesity. Herein, we evaluated how maternal high calorie diet (HCD) may impact on subcutaneous adipose tissue (sAT) of the newborn mice. Adult C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided in three groups: normal calorie diet (NCD), HCD and HCD supplemented with niacin 8 weeks before mating. Mothers and pups were then sacrificed and metabolic and molecular analyses were carried out on sAT. HCD induced mitochondria dysfunction in mothers without inflammation and senescence, whereas in pups we also revealed the occurrence of senescent phenotype. The mitochondrial dysfunction-associated senescence in pups was accompanied by a drop in NAD+/NADH ratio and alteration in the NAD+-dependent enzymes PARP1 and SIRT1. Importantly, maternal dietary supplementation with niacin during gestation and lactation restrained NAD+/NADH decrease imposed by HCD limiting inflammatory cytokine production and senescence phenotype in newborn sAT. Given the fundamental role of sAT in buffering nutrient overload and avoiding pathogenic ectopic fat accumulation, we suggest that NAD+ boosting strategies during maternal HCD could be helpful in limiting sAT dysfunction in newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lettieri-Barbato
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana D'Angelo
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Flavia Tortolici
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Ciriolo
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
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15
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Validation of optimal reference genes for quantitative real time PCR in muscle and adipose tissue for obesity and diabetes research. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3612. [PMID: 28620170 PMCID: PMC5472619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03730-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The global incidence of obesity has led to an increasing need for understanding the molecular mechanisms that drive this epidemic and its comorbidities. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) is the most reliable and widely used method for gene expression analysis. The selection of suitable reference genes (RGs) is critical for obtaining accurate gene expression information. The current study aimed to identify optimal RGs to perform quantitative transcriptomic analysis based on RT-qPCR for obesity and diabetes research, employing in vitro and mouse models, and human tissue samples. Using the ReFinder program we evaluated the stability of a total of 15 RGs. The impact of choosing the most suitable RGs versus less suitable RGs on RT-qPCR results was assessed. Optimal RGs differed between tissue and cell type, species, and experimental conditions. By employing different sets of RGs to normalize the mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α), we show that sub-optimal RGs can markedly alter the PGC1α gene expression profile. Our study demonstrates the importance of validating RGs prior to normalizing transcriptional expression levels of target genes and identifies optimal RG pairs for reliable RT-qPCR normalization in cells and in human and murine muscle and adipose tissue for obesity/diabetes research.
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16
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FOXO1 expression in keratinocytes promotes connective tissue healing. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42834. [PMID: 28220813 PMCID: PMC5318899 DOI: 10.1038/srep42834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is complex and highly orchestrated. It is well appreciated that leukocytes, particularly macrophages, are essential for inducing the formation of new connective tissue, which requires the generation of signals that stimulate mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), myofibroblasts and fibroblasts. A key role for keratinocytes in this complex process has yet to be established. To this end, we investigated possible involvement of keratinocytes in connective tissue healing. By lineage-specific deletion of the forkhead box-O 1 (FOXO1) transcription factor, we demonstrate for the first time that keratinocytes regulate proliferation of fibroblasts and MSCs, formation of myofibroblasts and production of collagen matrix in wound healing. This stimulation is mediated by a FOXO1 induced TGFβ1/CTGF axis. The results provide direct evidence that epithelial cells play a key role in stimulating connective tissue healing through a FOXO1-dependent mechanism. Thus, FOXO1 and keratinocytes may be an important therapeutic target where healing is deficient or compromised by a fibrotic outcome.
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Sun J, Xiao PZ, Chang ZG, Ji H, Du ZY, Chen LQ. Forkhead box O1 in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella: Molecular characterization, gene structure, tissue distribution and mRNA expression in insulin-inhibited adipocyte lipolysis. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 204:76-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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18
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Liu J, Zhou J, Wu Z, Wang X, Liu L, Yao C. Cyanidin 3-O-β-Glucoside Ameliorates Ethanol-Induced Acute Liver Injury by Attenuating Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis: The Role of SIRT1/FOXO1 Signaling. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 40:457-66. [PMID: 26934204 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to examine the effects of Cyanidin 3-O-β-glucoside (C3G) on ethanol (EtOH)-induced acute liver injury in mice as well as in cultured hepatic cells exposed to EtOH, with a focus on the involvement of Silent Mating Type Information Regulation 2 Homolog 1 (SIRT1)/Forkhead fox-O-1 (FOXO1) signaling pathway, and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS C57BL/6 adolescent male mice were given EtOH via intraperitoneal injection for 2 consecutive days, and the changes in the livers were detected via hematoxylin-eosin staining. The levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured by biochemical methods. Protein expression of SIRT1, FOXO1, acetylated FOXO1 (ac-FOXO1), GRP78, p-eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF2α), and apoptosis (p-JNK, p-c-Jun, and Bax) parameters was determined by Western blot. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected by flow cytometry. Human hepatocytes Chang cell line was used to assay cell apoptosis by Annexin V and propidium iodide. In addition, mRNA levels of SIRT1, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in liver tissues were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS This study demonstrated that C3G (10 mg/kg) administration diminished EtOH-induced acute liver injury compared to control group, as evidenced by the significant decreases in ALT and AST levels. Pretreatment with C3G exerted anti-inflammatory effects as indicated by the decreased TNF-α and IL-6 levels, as well as decreased inflammatory foci and ballooning cells in liver tissue. The lessened hepatic injury was associated with enhanced SIRT1 protein expression and activity by C3G in vitro and in vivo. C3G treatment also provoked significant attenuation of endoplasmic reticulum stress parameters (GRP78, p-eIF2α), which was consistent with reduced levels of both p-c-Jun and Bax. Interestingly, EX527 inhibitor did not affect the protective function of C3G on alcohol-induced cell apoptosis. Moreover, alcohol exposure increased ROS level and decreased ac-FOXO1, while C3G intervention reversed this abnormality, and this may be related to SIRT1 activity by C3G. CONCLUSIONS Anthocyanin C3G has significant potency in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects on hepatocytes exposed to EtOH by modulating the SIRT1/FOXO1 signaling pathway. Our findings illustrate a novel and definitive therapeutic action of C3G and represent an economically feasible therapeutic intervention to treat alcoholic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncheng Liu
- Clinical Medicine College, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Center of Minimally Invasive Surgery , Xiangya No. 2 Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhonghua Wu
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- School of Pharmacy , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqiong Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Chonghua Yao
- Department of Rheumatism , Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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19
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Zhang Y, Zhang L, Sun H, Lv Q, Qiu C, Che X, Liu Z, Jiang J. Forkhead transcription factor 1 inhibits endometrial cancer cell proliferation via sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1. Oncol Lett 2016; 13:731-737. [PMID: 28356952 PMCID: PMC5351304 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The morbidity and mortality associated with endometrial cancer (EC) has increased in recent years. Regarded as a tumor suppressor, forkhead transcription factor 1 (FOXO1) has various biological activities and participates in cell cycle progression, apoptosis and differentiation. Notably, FOXO1 also functions in the regulation of lipogenesis and energy metabolism. Lipogenesis is a feature of cancer and is upregulated in EC. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) is a transcription factor that is also able to regulate lipogenesis. Increased expression of SREBP1 is directly correlated with malignant transformation of tumors. A previous study demonstrated that SREBP1 was highly expressed in EC and directly resulted in tumorigenesis. However, the association between FOXO1 and SREBP1 in EC is not clear. In the present study, lentiviruses overexpressing FOXO1 were used in cell transfection and transduction. Cell viability assays demonstrated that the overexpression of FOXO1 was able to suppress cell proliferation significantly in Ishikawa and AN3 CA cell lines. In addition, FOXO1 overexpression significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion ability in vitro. In xenograft models, overexpression of FOXO1 suppressed cell tumorigenesis, and western blot analysis demonstrated that SREBP1 expression was markedly reduced in the FOXO1-overexpressing cells. It may therefore be concluded that FOXO1 is able to inhibit the proliferative capacity of cells in vitro and in vivo, in addition to the migratory and invasive capacities in vitro by directly targeting SREBP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Hengzi Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Qingtao Lv
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Chunping Qiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Che
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Zhiming Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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20
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Herndon MK, Law NC, Donaubauer EM, Kyriss B, Hunzicker-Dunn M. Forkhead box O member FOXO1 regulates the majority of follicle-stimulating hormone responsive genes in ovarian granulosa cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 434:116-26. [PMID: 27328024 PMCID: PMC4983523 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
FSH promotes maturation of ovarian follicles. One pathway activated by FSH in granulosa cells (GCs) is phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/AKT. The AKT target FOXO1 is reported to function primarily as a repressor of FSH genes, including Ccnd2 and Inha. Based on its broad functions in other tissues, we hypothesized that FOXO1 may regulate many more GC genes. We transduced GCs with empty adenovirus or constitutively active FOXO1 followed by treatment with FSH for 24 h, and conducted RNA deep sequencing. Results show that FSH regulates 3772 genes ≥2.0-fold; 60% of these genes are activated or repressed by FOXO1. Pathway Studio Analysis revealed enrichment of genes repressed by FOXO1 in metabolism, signaling, transport, development, and activated by FOXO1 in signaling, cytoskeletal functions, and apoptosis. Gene regulation was verified by q-PCR (eight genes) and ChIP analysis (two genes). We conclude that FOXO1 regulates the majority of FSH target genes in GCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Herndon
- School of Molecular Biosciences and the Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman WA 99163, USA.
| | - Nathan C Law
- School of Molecular Biosciences and the Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman WA 99163, USA.
| | - Elyse M Donaubauer
- School of Molecular Biosciences and the Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman WA 99163, USA.
| | - Brandon Kyriss
- School of Molecular Biosciences and the Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman WA 99163, USA.
| | - Mary Hunzicker-Dunn
- School of Molecular Biosciences and the Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman WA 99163, USA.
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21
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Lettieri Barbato D, Tatulli G, Aquilano K, Ciriolo MR. Mitochondrial Hormesis links nutrient restriction to improved metabolism in fat cell. Aging (Albany NY) 2016; 7:869-81. [PMID: 26540513 PMCID: PMC4637211 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fasting promotes longevity by reprogramming metabolic and stress resistance pathways. However, although the impact on adipose tissue physiology through hormonal inputs is well established, the direct role of fasting on adipose cells is poorly understood. Herein we show that white and beige adipocytes, as well as mouse epididymal and subcutaneous adipose depots, respond to nutrient scarcity by acquiring a brown-like phenotype. Indeed, they improve oxidative metabolism through modulating the expression of mitochondrial-and nuclear-encoded oxidative phosphorylation genes as well as mitochondrial stress defensive proteins (UCP1, SOD2). Such adaptation is placed in a canonical mitohormetic response that proceeds via mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) production and redistribution of FoxO1 transcription factor into nucleus. Nuclear FoxO1 (nFoxO1) mediates retrograde communication by inducing the expression of mitochondrial oxidative and stress defensive genes. Collectively, our findings describe an unusual white/beige fat cell response to nutrient availability highlighting another health-promoting mechanism of fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00163 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria R Ciriolo
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
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22
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Lettieri Barbato D, Aquilano K. Feast and famine: Adipose tissue adaptations for healthy aging. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 28:85-93. [PMID: 27223996 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Proper adipose tissue function controls energy balance with favourable effects on metabolic health and longevity. The molecular and metabolic asset of adipose tissue quickly and dynamically readapts in response to nutrient fluctuations. Once delivered into cells, nutrients are managed by mitochondria that represent a key bioenergetics node. A persistent nutrient overload generates mitochondrial exhaustion and uncontrolled reactive oxygen species ((mt)ROS) production. In adipocytes, metabolic/molecular reorganization is triggered culminating in the acquirement of a hypertrophic and hypersecretory phenotype that accelerates aging. Conversely, dietary regimens such as caloric restriction or time-controlled fasting endorse mitochondrial functionality and (mt)ROS-mediated signalling, thus promoting geroprotection. In this perspective view, we argued some important molecular and metabolic aspects related to adipocyte response to nutrient stress. Finally we delineated hypothetical routes by which molecularly and metabolically readapted adipose tissue promotes healthy aging.
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23
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Rajan MR, Nyman E, Kjølhede P, Cedersund G, Strålfors P. Systems-wide Experimental and Modeling Analysis of Insulin Signaling through Forkhead Box Protein O1 (FOXO1) in Human Adipocytes, Normally and in Type 2 Diabetes. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:15806-19. [PMID: 27226562 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.715763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a major aspect of type 2 diabetes (T2D), which results from impaired insulin signaling in target cells. Signaling to regulate forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) may be the most important mechanism for insulin to control transcription. Despite this, little is known about how insulin regulates FOXO1 and how FOXO1 may contribute to insulin resistance in adipocytes, which are the most critical cell type in the development of insulin resistance. We report a detailed mechanistic analysis of insulin control of FOXO1 in human adipocytes obtained from non-diabetic subjects and from patients with T2D. We show that FOXO1 is mainly phosphorylated through mTORC2-mediated phosphorylation of protein kinase B at Ser(473) and that this mechanism is unperturbed in T2D. We also demonstrate a cross-talk from the MAPK branch of insulin signaling to stimulate phosphorylation of FOXO1. The cellular abundance and consequently activity of FOXO1 are halved in T2D. Interestingly, inhibition of mTORC1 with rapamycin reduces the abundance of FOXO1 to the levels in T2D. This suggests that the reduction of the concentration of FOXO1 is a consequence of attenuation of mTORC1, which defines much of the diabetic state in human adipocytes. We integrate insulin control of FOXO1 in a network-wide mathematical model of insulin signaling dynamics based on compatible data from human adipocytes. The diabetic state is network-wide explained by attenuation of an mTORC1-to-insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1) feedback and reduced abundances of insulin receptor, GLUT4, AS160, ribosomal protein S6, and FOXO1. The model demonstrates that attenuation of the mTORC1-to-IRS1 feedback is a major mechanism of insulin resistance in the diabetic state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elin Nyman
- Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, SE58185 Linköping, Sweden and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines, and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca Research and Development, 43150 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Preben Kjølhede
- From the Departments of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and
| | - Gunnar Cedersund
- From the Departments of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, SE58185 Linköping, Sweden and
| | - Peter Strålfors
- From the Departments of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and
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24
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Lettieri Barbato D, Tatulli G, Vegliante R, Cannata SM, Bernardini S, Ciriolo MR, Aquilano K. Dietary fat overload reprograms brown fat mitochondria. Front Physiol 2015; 6:272. [PMID: 26483700 PMCID: PMC4586425 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic nutrient overload accelerates the onset of several aging-related diseases reducing life expectancy. Although the mechanisms by which overnutrition affects metabolic processes in many tissues are known, its role on BAT physiology is still unclear. Herein, we investigated the mitochondrial responses in BAT of female mice exposed to high fat diet (HFD) at different steps of life. Although adult mice showed an unchanged mitochondrial amount, both respiration and OxPHOS subunits were strongly affected. Differently, offspring pups exposed to HFD during pregnancy and lactation displayed reduced mitochondrial mass but high oxidative efficiency that, however, resulted in increased bioenergetics state of BAT rather than augmented uncoupling respiration. Interestingly, the metabolic responses triggered by HFD were accompanied by changes in mitochondrial dynamics characterized by decreased content of the fragmentation marker Drp1 both in mothers and offspring pups. HFD-induced inactivation of the FoxO1 transcription factor seemed to be the up-stream modulator of Drp1 levels in brown fat cells. Furthermore, HFD offspring pups weaned with normal diet only partially reverted the mitochondrial dysfunctions caused by HFD. Finally these mice failed in activating the thermogenic program upon cold exposure. Collectively our findings suggest that maternal dietary fat overload irreversibly commits BAT unresponsiveness to physiological stimuli such as cool temperature and this dysfunction in the early stage of life might negatively modulate health and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rolando Vegliante
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano M Cannata
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Bernardini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Maria R Ciriolo
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy ; IRCCS San Raffaele Roma Rome, Italy
| | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy ; IRCCS San Raffaele Roma Rome, Italy
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25
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Lettieri Barbato D, Tatulli G, Maria Cannata S, Bernardini S, Aquilano K, Ciriolo MR. Glutathione Decrement Drives Thermogenic Program In Adipose Cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13091. [PMID: 26260892 PMCID: PMC4531326 DOI: 10.1038/srep13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue metabolically adapts to external stimuli. We demonstrate that the induction of the thermogenic program in white adipocytes, through cold exposure in mice or in vitro adrenergic stimulation, is accompanied by a decrease in the intracellular content of glutathione (GSH). Moreover, the treatment with a GSH depleting agent, buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), recapitulates the effect of cold exposure resulting in the induction of thermogenic program. In particular, BSO treatment leads to enhanced uncoupling respiration as demonstrated by increased expression of thermogenic genes (e.g. Ucp1, Ppargc1a), augmented oxygen consumption and decreased mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Buffering GSH decrement by pre-treatment with GSH ester prevents the up-regulation of typical markers of uncoupling respiration. We demonstrate that FoxO1 activation is responsible for the conversion of white adipocytes into a brown phenotype as the “browning” effects of BSO are completely abrogated in cells down-regulating FoxO1. In mice, the BSO-mediated up-regulation of uncoupling genes results in weight loss that is at least in part ascribed to adipose tissue mass reduction. The induction of thermogenic program has been largely proposed to counteract obesity-related diseases. Based on these findings, we propose GSH as a novel therapeutic target to increase energy expenditure in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lettieri Barbato
- Dept. Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tatulli
- Scientific Institute for Research Hospitalization and Health Care and Università Telematica San Raffaele Roma, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Maria Cannata
- Dept. Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Bernardini
- Dept. Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Katia Aquilano
- 1] Dept. Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy [2] Scientific Institute for Research Hospitalization and Health Care and Università Telematica San Raffaele Roma, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria R Ciriolo
- 1] Dept. Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy [2] Scientific Institute for Research Hospitalization and Health Care and Università Telematica San Raffaele Roma, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Acne vulgaris, an epidemic inflammatory skin disease of adolescence, is closely related to Western diet. Three major food classes that promote acne are: 1) hyperglycemic carbohydrates, 2) milk and dairy products, 3) saturated fats including trans-fats and deficient ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Diet-induced insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)-signaling is superimposed on elevated IGF-1 levels during puberty, thereby unmasking the impact of aberrant nutrigenomics on sebaceous gland homeostasis. Western diet provides abundant branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), glutamine, and palmitic acid. Insulin and IGF-1 suppress the activity of the metabolic transcription factor forkhead box O1 (FoxO1). Insulin, IGF-1, BCAAs, glutamine, and palmitate activate the nutrient-sensitive kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), the key regulator of anabolism and lipogenesis. FoxO1 is a negative coregulator of androgen receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), liver X receptor-α, and sterol response element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), crucial transcription factors of sebaceous lipogenesis. mTORC1 stimulates the expression of PPARγ and SREBP-1c, promoting sebum production. SREBP-1c upregulates stearoyl-CoA- and Δ6-desaturase, enhancing the proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids in sebum triglycerides. Diet-mediated aberrations in sebum quantity (hyperseborrhea) and composition (dysseborrhea) promote Propionibacterium acnes overgrowth and biofilm formation with overexpression of the virulence factor triglyceride lipase increasing follicular levels of free palmitate and oleate. Free palmitate functions as a "danger signal," stimulating toll-like receptor-2-mediated inflammasome activation with interleukin-1β release, Th17 differentiation, and interleukin-17-mediated keratinocyte proliferation. Oleate stimulates P. acnes adhesion, keratinocyte proliferation, and comedogenesis via interleukin-1α release. Thus, diet-induced metabolomic alterations promote the visible sebofollicular inflammasomopathy acne vulgaris. Nutrition therapy of acne has to increase FoxO1 and to attenuate mTORC1/SREBP-1c signaling. Patients should balance total calorie uptake and restrict refined carbohydrates, milk, dairy protein supplements, saturated fats, and trans-fats. A paleolithic-like diet enriched in vegetables and fish is recommended. Plant-derived mTORC1 inhibitors and ω-3-PUFAs are promising dietary supplements supporting nutrition therapy of acne vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Germany
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27
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You M, Jogasuria A, Taylor C, Wu J. Sirtuin 1 signaling and alcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2015; 4:88-100. [PMID: 26005675 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2014.12.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) is one of the most prevalent forms of liver disease worldwide and can progress to inflammation (hepatitis), fibrosis/cirrhosis, and ultimately lead to end stage liver injury. The mechanisms, by which ethanol consumption leads to AFLD, are complicated and multiple, and remain incompletely understood. Nevertheless, understanding its pathogenesis will facilitate the development of effective pharmacological or nutritional therapies for treating human AFLD. Chronic ethanol consumption causes steatosis and inflammation in rodents or humans by disturbing several important hepatic transcriptional regulators, including AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), lipin-1, sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP-1), PPARγ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α), and nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB). Remarkably, the effects of ethanol on these regulators are mediated in whole or in part by inhibition of a central signaling molecule, sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), which is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+), NADH)-dependent class III protein deacetylase. In recent years, SIRT1 has emerged as a pivotal molecule controlling the pathways of hepatic lipid metabolism, inflammatory responses and in the development of AFLD in rodents and in humans. Ethanol-mediated SIRT1 inhibition suppresses or stimulates the activities of above described transcriptional regulators and co-regulators, thereby deregulating diverse lipid metabolism and inflammatory response pathways including lipogenesis, fatty acid β-oxidation, lipoprotein uptake and secretion and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the liver. This review aims to highlight our current understanding of SIRT1 regulatory mechanisms and its response to ethanol-induced toxicity, thus, affirming significant role of SIRT1 signaling in the development of AFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min You
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Alvin Jogasuria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Charles Taylor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Jiashin Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
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28
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Aquilano K, Lettieri Barbato D, Rosa CM. The multifaceted role of nitric oxide synthases in mitochondrial biogenesis and cell differentiation. Commun Integr Biol 2015; 8:e1017158. [PMID: 26479127 PMCID: PMC4594549 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2015.1017158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is physiologically synthetized by a family of enzymes called NO synthases (NOSs). NO is a pleiotropic second messenger having a fundamental role in several cellular processes including cell differentiation. Being a high reactive molecule, NO must be synthetized in close proximity to the effector/target. For this reason, the subcellular localization of NOSs is tightly regulated by different post-translation mechanisms. Recently, in murine C2C12 myoblasts, we have demonstrated that mitochondrial biogenesis, an essential event for cell differentiation, can be effective only if the site of NO production is located at nuclear level, where NO favors the CREB-dependent expression of PGC-1α gene. The increase of NO flux in nuclei is elicited by the up-regulation and redistribution of neuronal NOS (nNOS) toward nuclei. Herein we show that an upregulation of endothelial NOS (eNOS) occurs during adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. However, differently to differentiating myocytes, a concomitant redistribution of eNOS toward nuclei was not detected. We also observed that, upon treatment with the NO synthesis inhibitor L-NAME, mitochondrial biogenesis as well as triglyceride accumulation that normally occurs during adipogenesis were not impeded. The absence of eNOS in nuclei together with the ineffectiveness of L-NAME suggest that, at least during 3T3-L1 differentiation, NO is not fundamental for the induction of mitochondrial biogenesis and adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology; University of Rome "Tor Vergata" ; Rome, Italy ; IRCCS San Raffaele ; Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ciriolo Maria Rosa
- Department of Biology; University of Rome "Tor Vergata" ; Rome, Italy ; IRCCS San Raffaele ; Rome, Italy
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