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Mejlachowicz D, Lassiaz P, Zola M, Leclercq B, Gélizé E, Achiedo S, Zhao M, Rousseau A, Behar-Cohen F. Identification of Structures Labeled by Indocyanine Green in the Rat Choroid and Retina Can Guide Interpretation of Indocyanine Green Angiography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:25. [PMID: 38193758 PMCID: PMC10784846 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Indocyanine green (ICG) is an albumin and lipoprotein binding dye absorbing in the far red used in angiography to visualize choroidal vessels (ICG angiography [ICGA]). To guide interpretation, ICG transport in the choroid, RPE, and retina of rats was studied. Methods Two conditions were used: RPE/choroid organoculture, incubated for 45 minutes in DMEM medium, 1% fetal bovine serum containing 0.25 mg/mL ICG and RPE/choroid and neural retina flat-mounts at 1 and 6 hours after intravenous ICG injection. Early and late sequences of ICGA were recorded until 6 hours. Ultra-deep red confocal microscope was used to localize ICG in flat-mounts and immunohistochemistry was performed for caveolin-1, tryptase (mast cell marker), and tubulin β3 (a nerve marker). Results In the organoculture, ICG penetrated homogeneously in the cytoplasm and stained the membranes of the RPE. At 1 hour after intravenous injection, ICG appeared in fine granules in RPE, partly labeled with caveolin-1 and decreasing at 6 hours. At 1 hour and 6 hours, ICG was found in the retinal vessels, faintly in the inner retina, and in the photoreceptor outer segments at 6 hours. In the choroid, ICG colocalized with mast cells, immunostained with tryptase, and accumulated along the large tubulin β3-labeled nerve bundles. The hypothesis was raised on the interpretation of late ICGA infrared photography in case of transthyretin amyloidosis with neuropathy. Conclusions Beside being a vascular dye, ICG is transported from the vessels to the RPE toward the outer retina. It stains mast cells and large choroidal nerves. These observations could help the analysis of ICGA images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Mejlachowicz
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases: Therapeutic Innovations, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Lassiaz
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases: Therapeutic Innovations, Paris, France
| | - Marta Zola
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases: Therapeutic Innovations, Paris, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hopital Foch, Suresnes, France
| | - Bastien Leclercq
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases: Therapeutic Innovations, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Gélizé
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases: Therapeutic Innovations, Paris, France
| | - Seiki Achiedo
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases: Therapeutic Innovations, Paris, France
| | - Min Zhao
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases: Therapeutic Innovations, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Rousseau
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bicêtre Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris-Saclay University, French Reference Center for hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (NNERF), French Reference Network for rare Ophthalmic diseases (OPHTARA), Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Physiopathology of Ocular Diseases: Therapeutic Innovations, Paris, France
- Ophthalmopole Cochin University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hopital Foch, Suresnes, France
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Jebari-Benslaiman S, Uribe KB, Benito-Vicente A, Galicia-Garcia U, Larrea-Sebal A, Santin I, Alloza I, Vandenbroeck K, Ostolaza H, Martín C. Boosting Cholesterol Efflux from Foam Cells by Sequential Administration of rHDL to Deliver MicroRNA and to Remove Cholesterol in a Triple-Cell 2D Atherosclerosis Model. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2105915. [PMID: 35156292 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of mortality worldwide, is primarily caused by atherosclerosis, which is characterized by lipid and inflammatory cell accumulation in blood vessels and carotid intima thickening. Although disease management has improved significantly, new therapeutic strategies focused on accelerating atherosclerosis regression must be developed. Atherosclerosis models mimicking in vivo-like conditions provide essential information for research and new advances toward clinical application. New nanotechnology-based therapeutic opportunities have emerged with apoA-I nanoparticles (recombinant/reconstituted high-density lipoproteins, rHDL) as ideal carriers to deliver molecules and the discovery that microRNAs participate in atherosclerosis establishment and progression. Here, a therapeutic strategy to improve cholesterol efflux is developed based on a two-step administration of rHDL consisting of a first dose of antagomiR-33a-loaded rHDLs to induce adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporters A1 overexpression, followed by a second dose of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine rHDLs, which efficiently remove cholesterol from foam cells. A triple-cell 2D-atheroma plaque model reflecting the cellular complexity of atherosclerosis is used to improve efficiency of the nanoparticles in promoting cholesterol efflux. The results show that sequential administration of rHDL potentiates cholesterol efflux indicating that this approach may be used in vivo to more efficiently target atherosclerotic lesions and improve prognosis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifa Jebari-Benslaiman
- Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Kepa B Uribe
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Asier Benito-Vicente
- Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Unai Galicia-Garcia
- Fundación Biofisika Bizkaia and Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Asier Larrea-Sebal
- Fundación Biofisika Bizkaia and Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Izortze Santin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular biology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, 48903, Spain
- CIBER (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red) de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Iraide Alloza
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, 48903, Spain
| | - Koen Vandenbroeck
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, 48903, Spain
| | - Helena Ostolaza
- Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - César Martín
- Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain
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Understanding Myeloperoxidase-Induced Damage to HDL Structure and Function in the Vessel Wall: Implications for HDL-Based Therapies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030556. [PMID: 35326206 PMCID: PMC8944857 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a disease of increased oxidative stress characterized by protein and lipid modifications in the vessel wall. One important oxidative pathway involves reactive intermediates generated by myeloperoxidase (MPO), an enzyme present mainly in neutrophils and monocytes. Tandem MS analysis identified MPO as a component of lesion derived high-density lipoprotein (HDL), showing that the two interact in the arterial wall. MPO modifies apolipoprotein A1 (apoA-I), paraoxonase 1 and certain HDL-associated phospholipids in human atheroma. HDL isolated from atherosclerotic plaques depicts extensive MPO mediated posttranslational modifications, including oxidation of tryptophan, tyrosine and methionine residues, and carbamylation of lysine residues. In addition, HDL associated plasmalogens are targeted by MPO, generating 2-chlorohexadecanal, a pro-inflammatory and endothelial barrier disrupting lipid that suppresses endothelial nitric oxide formation. Lesion derived HDL is predominantly lipid-depleted and cross-linked and exhibits a nearly 90% reduction in lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity and cholesterol efflux capacity. Here we provide a current update of the pathophysiological consequences of MPO-induced changes in the structure and function of HDL and discuss possible therapeutic implications and options. Preclinical studies with a fully functional apoA-I variant with pronounced resistance to oxidative inactivation by MPO-generated oxidants are currently ongoing. Understanding the relationships between pathophysiological processes that affect the molecular composition and function of HDL and associated diseases is central to the future use of HDL in diagnostics, therapy, and ultimately disease management.
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Velagapudi S, Rohrer L, Poti F, Feuerborn R, Perisa D, Wang D, Panteloglou G, Potapenko A, Yalcinkaya M, Hülsmeier AJ, Hesse B, Lukasz A, Liu M, Parks JS, Christoffersen C, Stoffel M, Simoni M, Nofer JR, von Eckardstein A. Apolipoprotein M and Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor 1 Promote the Transendothelial Transport of High-Density Lipoprotein. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:e468-e479. [PMID: 34407633 PMCID: PMC8458249 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.316725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective: ApoM enriches S1P (sphingosine-1-phosphate) within HDL (high-density lipoproteins) and facilitates the activation of the S1P1 (S1P receptor type 1) by S1P, thereby preserving endothelial barrier function. Many protective functions exerted by HDL in extravascular tissues raise the question of how S1P regulates transendothelial HDL transport. Approach and Results: HDL were isolated from plasma of wild-type mice, Apom knockout mice, human apoM transgenic mice or humans and radioiodinated to trace its binding, association, and transport by bovine or human aortic endothelial cells. We also compared the transport of fluorescently-labeled HDL or Evans Blue, which labels albumin, from the tail vein into the peritoneal cavity of apoE-haploinsufficient mice with (apoE-haploinsufficient mice with endothelium-specific knockin of S1P1) or without (control mice, ie, apoE-haploinsufficient mice without endothelium-specific knockin of S1P1) endothelium-specific knockin of S1P1. The binding, association, and transport of HDL from Apom knockout mice and human apoM-depleted HDL by bovine aortic endothelial cells was significantly lower than that of HDL from wild-type mice and human apoM-containing HDL, respectively. The binding, uptake, and transport of 125I-HDL by human aortic endothelial cells was increased by an S1P1 agonist but decreased by an S1P1 inhibitor. Silencing of SR-BI (scavenger receptor BI) abrogated the stimulation of 125I-HDL transport by the S1P1 agonist. Compared with control mice, that is, apoE-haploinsufficient mice without endothelium-specific knockin of S1P1, apoE-haploinsufficient mice with endothelium-specific knockin of S1P1 showed decreased transport of Evans Blue but increased transport of HDL from blood into the peritoneal cavity and SR-BI expression in the aortal endothelium. Conclusions: ApoM and S1P1 promote transendothelial HDL transport. Their opposite effect on transendothelial transport of albumin and HDL indicates that HDL passes endothelial barriers by specific mechanisms rather than passive filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srividya Velagapudi
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., L.R., D.P., D.W., G.P., A.P., M.Y., A.J.H., A.v.E.)
| | - Lucia Rohrer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., L.R., D.P., D.W., G.P., A.P., M.Y., A.J.H., A.v.E.)
| | - Francesco Poti
- Unit of Neurosciences, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy (F.P.)
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy (F.P., M. Simoni, J.-R.N.)
| | - Renate Feuerborn
- Central Laboratory Facility, University Hospital of Münster, Germany (R.F., J.-R.N.)
| | - Damir Perisa
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., L.R., D.P., D.W., G.P., A.P., M.Y., A.J.H., A.v.E.)
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., L.R., D.P., D.W., G.P., A.P., M.Y., A.J.H., A.v.E.)
| | - Grigorios Panteloglou
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., L.R., D.P., D.W., G.P., A.P., M.Y., A.J.H., A.v.E.)
| | - Anton Potapenko
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., L.R., D.P., D.W., G.P., A.P., M.Y., A.J.H., A.v.E.)
| | - Mustafa Yalcinkaya
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., L.R., D.P., D.W., G.P., A.P., M.Y., A.J.H., A.v.E.)
| | - Andreas J Hülsmeier
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., L.R., D.P., D.W., G.P., A.P., M.Y., A.J.H., A.v.E.)
| | - Bettina Hesse
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Germany (B.H., A.L.)
| | - Alexander Lukasz
- Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, Germany (B.H., A.L.)
| | - Mingxia Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine/Section of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (M.L., J.S.P.)
| | - John S Parks
- Department of Internal Medicine/Section of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (M.L., J.S.P.)
| | - Christina Christoffersen
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (C.C.)
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (C.C.)
| | - Markus Stoffel
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland (M. Stoffel)
| | - Manuela Simoni
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy (F.P., M. Simoni, J.-R.N.)
| | - Jerzy-Roch Nofer
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy (F.P., M. Simoni, J.-R.N.)
- Central Laboratory Facility, University Hospital of Münster, Germany (R.F., J.-R.N.)
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (J.-R.N.)
| | - Arnold von Eckardstein
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., L.R., D.P., D.W., G.P., A.P., M.Y., A.J.H., A.v.E.)
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5
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Kjeldsen EW, Thomassen JQ, Juul Rasmussen I, Nordestgaard BG, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Frikke-Schmidt R. Plasma HDL cholesterol and risk of dementia - observational and genetic studies. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:1330-1343. [PMID: 33964140 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The association of plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol with risk of dementia is unclear. We therefore tested the hypothesis that high levels of plasma HDL cholesterol are associated with increased risk of dementia and whether a potential association is of a causal nature. METHODS AND RESULTS In two prospective population-based studies, the Copenhagen General Population Study and the Copenhagen City Heart Study (N = 111,984 individuals), we first tested whether high plasma HDL cholesterol is associated with increased risk of any dementia and its subtypes. These analyses in men and women separately were adjusted multifactorially for other risk factors including apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype. Second, taking advantage of two-sample Mendelian randomization, we tested whether genetically elevated HDL cholesterol was causally associated with Alzheimer's disease using publicly available consortia data on 643,836 individuals. Observationally, multifactorially adjusted Cox regression restricted cubic spline models showed that both men and women with extreme high HDL cholesterol concentrations had increased risk of any dementia and of Alzheimer's disease. Men in the 96th-99th and 100th versus the 41st-60th percentiles of HDL cholesterol had multifactorially including APOE genotype adjusted hazard ratios of 1.66 (95% confidence interval 1.30-2.11) and 2.00 (1.35-2.98) for any dementia and 1.59 (1.16-2.20) and 1.87 (1.11-3.16) for Alzheimer's disease. Corresponding estimates for women were 0.94 (0.74-1.18) and 1.45 (1.03-2.05) for any dementia and 0.94 (0.70-1.26) and 1.69 (1.13-2.53) for Alzheimer's disease. Genetically, the two-sample Mendelian randomization odds ratio for Alzheimer's disease per 1 standard deviation increase in HDL cholesterol was 0.92 (0.74-1.10) in the IGAP2019 consortium and 0.98 (0.95-1.00) in the ADSP/IGAP/PGC-ALZ/UKB consortium. Similar estimates were observed in sex stratified analyses. CONCLUSION High plasma HDL cholesterol was observationally associated with increased risk of any dementia and Alzheimer's disease, suggesting that HDL cholesterol can be used as an easily accessible plasma biomarker for individual risk assessment. TRANSLATIONAL PERSPECTIVE The present study identifies very high plasma HDL cholesterol levels as an independent risk factor for any dementia and Alzheimer's disease in both men and women of the general population. Two-sample Mendelian randomization studies do not support that this association is of a causal nature, indicating HDL cholesterol as a non-causal risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Our findings suggest that very high HDL cholesterol can be used as an easily accessible plasma biomarker to evaluate increased risk of dementia and potential identification of high-risk individuals for early targeted prevention - an area highly recommended to direct attention towards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie W Kjeldsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jesper Q Thomassen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ida Juul Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.,The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Anne Tybjærg-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.,The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ruth Frikke-Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Robert J, Osto E, von Eckardstein A. The Endothelium Is Both a Target and a Barrier of HDL's Protective Functions. Cells 2021; 10:1041. [PMID: 33924941 PMCID: PMC8146309 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium serves as a barrier between the intravascular and extravascular compartments. High-density lipoproteins (HDL) have two kinds of interactions with this barrier. First, bloodborne HDL must pass the endothelium to access extravascular tissues, for example the arterial wall or the brain, to mediate cholesterol efflux from macrophages and other cells or exert other functions. To complete reverse cholesterol transport, HDL must even pass the endothelium a second time to re-enter circulation via the lymphatics. Transendothelial HDL transport is a regulated process involving scavenger receptor SR-BI, endothelial lipase, and ATP binding cassette transporters A1 and G1. Second, HDL helps to maintain the integrity of the endothelial barrier by (i) promoting junction closure as well as (ii) repair by stimulating the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells and their progenitor cells, and by preventing (iii) loss of glycocalix, (iv) apoptosis, as well as (v) transmigration of inflammatory cells. Additional vasoprotective functions of HDL include (vi) the induction of nitric oxide (NO) production and (vii) the inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. These vasoprotective functions are exerted by the interactions of HDL particles with SR-BI as well as specific agonists carried by HDL, notably sphingosine-1-phophate (S1P), with their specific cellular counterparts, e.g., S1P receptors. Various diseases modify the protein and lipid composition and thereby the endothelial functionality of HDL. Thorough understanding of the structure-function relationships underlying the multiple interactions of HDL with endothelial cells is expected to elucidate new targets and strategies for the treatment or prevention of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arnold von Eckardstein
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (J.R.); (E.O.)
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Jang E, Robert J, Rohrer L, von Eckardstein A, Lee WL. Transendothelial transport of lipoproteins. Atherosclerosis 2020; 315:111-125. [PMID: 33032832 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) in the arterial wall plays a pivotal role in the initiation and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Conversely, the removal of cholesterol from the intima by cholesterol efflux to high density lipoproteins (HDL) and subsequent reverse cholesterol transport shall confer protection against atherosclerosis. To reach the subendothelial space, both LDL and HDL must cross the intact endothelium. Traditionally, this transit is explained by passive filtration. This dogma has been challenged by the identification of several rate-limiting factors namely scavenger receptor SR-BI, activin like kinase 1, and caveolin-1 for LDL as well as SR-BI, ATP binding cassette transporter G1, and endothelial lipase for HDL. In addition, estradiol, vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukins 6 and 17, purinergic signals, and sphingosine-1-phosphate were found to regulate transendothelial transport of either LDL or HDL. Thorough understanding of transendothelial lipoprotein transport is expected to elucidate new therapeutic targets for the treatment or prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and the development of strategies for the local delivery of drugs or diagnostic tracers into diseased tissues including atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Jang
- Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Jerome Robert
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Rohrer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arnold von Eckardstein
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Warren L Lee
- Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Canada; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Canada.
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8
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Microencapsulated Pomegranate Modifies the Composition and Function of High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL) in New Zealand Rabbits. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143297. [PMID: 32708063 PMCID: PMC7397439 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that pomegranate, which is a source of several bioactive molecules, induces modifications of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) lipid composition and functionality. However, it remains unclear whether the beneficial effects of pomegranate are related to improvement in the lipid components of HDL. Therefore, in this placebo-controlled study, we characterized the size and lipid composition of HDL subclasses and assessed the functionality of these lipoproteins after 30 days of supplementation with a pomegranate microencapsulated (MiPo) in New Zealand white rabbits. We observed a significant decrease in plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and non-HDL sphingomyelin, as well as increases in HDL cholesterol and HDL phospholipids after supplementation with MiPo. Concomitantly, the triglycerides of the five HDL subclasses isolated by electrophoresis significantly decreased, whereas phospholipids, cholesterol, and sphingomyelin of HDL subclasses, as well as the HDL size distribution remained unchanged. Of particular interest, the triglycerides content of HDL, estimated by the triglycerides-to-phospholipids ratio, decreased significantly after MiPo supplementation. The modification on the lipid content after the supplementation was associated with an increased resistance of HDL to oxidation as determined by the conjugated dienes formation catalyzed by Cu2+. Accordingly, paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activity determined with phenylacetate as substrate increased after MiPo. The effect of HDL on endothelial function was analyzed by the response to increasing doses of acetylcholine of aorta rings co-incubated with the lipoproteins in an isolated organ bath. The HDL from rabbits that received placebo partially inhibited the endothelium-dependent vasodilation. In contrast, the negative effect of HDL on endothelial function was reverted by MiPo supplementation. These results show that the beneficial effects of pomegranate are mediated at least in part by improving the functionality of HDL, probably via the reduction of the content of triglycerides in these lipoproteins.
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Raz BD, Dimitry C, Andrea SS. The uptake mechanism and intracellular fate of Paraoxonase-1 in endothelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 153:26-33. [PMID: 32244050 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is a high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated lactonase that plays a significant role in the anti-atherosclerotic activity of HDL. However, several studies have shown that PON1 localizes in cells, where it operates independently of HDL. Previously, we showed that PON1 localizes in endothelial cells (ECs), and impairs vasodilation mediated by the endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) 5,6-δ-DHTL. However, the internalization pathway of PON1 into ECs, and the intracellular fate of PON1 are unknown. Therefore, the present study aimed to elucidate the uptake mechanism, intracellular trafficking and the function of PON1 in ECs. We conducted a series of inhibition experiments of fluorescently labeled recombinant PON1 (rePON1) in ECs, followed by FACS analyses. We found that rePON1 binds the EC membrane via specific binding sites located in lipid-rafts/caveolae microdomains that are shared with HDL, and internalized through dynamin-dependent endocytosis. Qualitative assessments of the intracellular trafficking of rePON1, using confocal z-stack images, showed colocalization of the labeled rePON1 with early and late endosome/lysosome markers. Accordingly, a "pulse-chase" incubation of rePON1, followed by lactonase activity measurement in EC lysate, revealed that rePON1 retains its lactonase activity after binding to the cells. However, this activity decreases over time. Finally, induction of endothelial dysfunction with high glucose, angiotensin II, or palmitic acid increased rePON1 uptake by ECs. In conclusion, these results indicate that free PON1 interacts with ECs via binding sites located in lipid-rafts/caveolae, where it is enzymatically active and regulates endothelial functions. However, once internalized, PON1 is degraded. Additionally, alteration in endothelial function affects PON1 uptake by ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-David Raz
- Laboratory of Vascular Signaling Research, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Ltd., Kiryat Shmona, Israel; Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | | | - Szuchman-Sapir Andrea
- Laboratory of Vascular Signaling Research, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Ltd., Kiryat Shmona, Israel; Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel.
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10
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Abstract
Metabolism and Function of High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL) Abstract. HDL has long been considered as 'good cholesterol', beneficial to the whole body and in particular to cardio-vascular health. However, HDL is a complex particle that undergoes dynamic remodeling through interactions with various enzymes and tissue types throughout its life cycle. In this review, we explore the novel understanding of HDL as a multifaceted class of lipoprotein, with multiple subclasses of different size, molecular composition, receptor interactions, and functionality, in health and disease. Further, we report on emergent HDL based therapeutics tested in small and larger scale clinical trials and their mixed successes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Jomard
- 1 Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), Labor für Translationale Ernährungsbiologie, Zürich
| | - Elena Osto
- 1 Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), Labor für Translationale Ernährungsbiologie, Zürich
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11
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Muñoz-Vega M, Massó F, Páez A, Vargas-Alarcón G, Coral-Vázquez R, Mas-Oliva J, Carreón-Torres E, Pérez-Méndez Ó. HDL-Mediated Lipid Influx to Endothelial Cells Contributes to Regulating Intercellular Adhesion Molecule (ICAM)-1 Expression and eNOS Phosphorylation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113394. [PMID: 30380707 PMCID: PMC6274843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is considered as the most important antiatherogenic role of high-density lipoproteins (HDL), but interventions based on RCT have failed to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. In contrast to RCT, important evidence suggests that HDL deliver lipids to peripheral cells. Therefore, in this paper, we investigated whether HDL could improve endothelial function by delivering lipids to the cells. Internalization kinetics using cholesterol and apolipoprotein (apo) AI fluorescent double-labeled reconstituted HDL (rHDL), and human dermal microvascular endothelial cells-1 (HMEC-1) showed a fast cholesterol influx (10 min) and a slower HDL protein internalization as determined by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Sphingomyelin kinetics overlapped that of apo AI, indicating that only cholesterol became dissociated from rHDL during internalization. rHDL apo AI internalization was scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI)-dependent, whereas HDL cholesterol influx was independent of SR-BI and was not completely inhibited by the presence of low-density lipoproteins (LDL). HDL sphingomyelin was fundamental for intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) downregulation in HMEC-1. However, vascular cell adhesion protein-1 (VCAM-1) was not inhibited by rHDL, suggesting that components such as apolipoproteins other than apo AI participate in HDL's regulation of this adhesion molecule. rHDL also induced endothelial nitric oxide synthase eNOS S1177 phosphorylation in HMEC-1 but only when the particle contained sphingomyelin. In conclusion, the internalization of HDL implies the dissociation of lipoprotein components and a SR-BI-independent fast delivery of cholesterol to endothelial cells. HDL internalization had functional implications that were mainly dependent on sphingomyelin. These results suggest a new role of HDL as lipid vectors to the cells, which could be congruent with the antiatherogenic properties of these lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Muñoz-Vega
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Felipe Massó
- Physiology Departments, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Araceli Páez
- Physiology Departments, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Gilberto Vargas-Alarcón
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Ramón Coral-Vázquez
- Graduate School and Research Division, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340 México City, Mexico.
- Sub-Directorate of Research and Education, Centro Médico Nacional "20 de Noviembre", Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, 03100 México City, Mexico.
| | - Jaime Mas-Oliva
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Elizabeth Carreón-Torres
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Óscar Pérez-Méndez
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.
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12
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Zhang X, Sessa WC, Fernández-Hernando C. Endothelial Transcytosis of Lipoproteins in Atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:130. [PMID: 30320124 PMCID: PMC6167422 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Seminal studies from Nikolai Anichckov identified the accumulation of cholesterol in the arteries as the initial event that lead to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Further studies by Gofman and colleagues demonstrated that high levels of circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was responsible for the accelerated atherosclerosis observed in humans. These findings were confirmed by numerous epidemiological studies which identified elevated LDL-C levels as a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. LDL infiltrates in the arterial wall and interacts with the proteoglycan matrix promoting the retention and modification of LDL to a toxic form, which results in endothelial cell (EC) activation and vascular inflammation. Despite the relevance of LDL transport across the endothelium during atherogenesis, the molecular mechanism that control this process is still not fully understood. A number of studies have recently demonstrated that low density lipoprotein (LDL) transcytosis across the endothelium is dependent on the function of caveolae, scavenger receptor B1 (SR-B1), activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1), and LDL receptor (LDLR), whereas high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and its major protein component apolipoprotein AI transcytose ECs through SR-B1, ATP-Binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and ABCG1. In this review article, we briefly summarize the function of the EC barrier in regulating lipoprotein transport, and its relevance during the progression of atherosclerosis. A better understanding of the mechanisms that mediate lipoprotein transcytosis across ECs will help to develop therapies targeting the early events of atherosclerosis and thus exert potential benefits for treating atherosclerotic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbo Zhang
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Department of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - William C Sessa
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Carlos Fernández-Hernando
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Department of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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13
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Zanoni P, Velagapudi S, Yalcinkaya M, Rohrer L, von Eckardstein A. Endocytosis of lipoproteins. Atherosclerosis 2018; 275:273-295. [PMID: 29980055 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.06.881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During their metabolism, all lipoproteins undergo endocytosis, either to be degraded intracellularly, for example in hepatocytes or macrophages, or to be re-secreted, for example in the course of transcytosis by endothelial cells. Moreover, there are several examples of internalized lipoproteins sequestered intracellularly, possibly to exert intracellular functions, for example the cytolysis of trypanosoma. Endocytosis and the subsequent intracellular itinerary of lipoproteins hence are key areas for understanding the regulation of plasma lipid levels as well as the biological functions of lipoproteins. Indeed, the identification of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-receptor and the unraveling of its transcriptional regulation led to the elucidation of familial hypercholesterolemia as well as to the development of statins, the most successful therapeutics for lowering of cholesterol levels and risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Novel limiting factors of intracellular trafficking of LDL and the LDL receptor continue to be discovered and to provide drug targets such as PCSK9. Surprisingly, the receptors mediating endocytosis of high-density lipoproteins or lipoprotein(a) are still a matter of controversy or even new discovery. Finally, the receptors and mechanisms, which mediate the uptake of lipoproteins into non-degrading intracellular itineraries for re-secretion (transcytosis, retroendocytosis), storage, or execution of intracellular functions, are largely unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Zanoni
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Srividya Velagapudi
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mustafa Yalcinkaya
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Rohrer
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arnold von Eckardstein
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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14
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Muñoz-Vega M, Massó F, Páez A, Carreón-Torres E, Cabrera-Fuentes HA, Fragoso JM, Pérez-Hernández N, Martinez LO, Najib S, Vargas-Alarcón G, Pérez-Méndez Ó. Characterization of immortalized human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) for the study of HDL functionality. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:44. [PMID: 29523150 PMCID: PMC5845210 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0695-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary cultures endothelial cells have been used as models of endothelial related diseases such atherosclerosis. Biological behavior of primary cultures is donor-dependent and data could not be easily reproducible; endothelial cell lines are emerging options, particularly, human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1), that should be validated to substitute primary cultures for the study of HDL functions. METHODS Morphology, size and granularity of cells were assessed by phase contrast microscopy and flow cytometry of HMEC-1. The adhesion molecules, ICAM-1and VCAM-1 after TNF-α stimulation, and endothelial markers CD105 endoglin, as well as HDL receptor SR-BI were determined by flow cytometry. Internalization of HDL protein was demonstrated by confocal microscopy using HDL labeled with Alexa Fluor 488. HUVECs were used as reference to compared the characteristics with HMEC-1. RESULTS HMEC-1 and HUVEC had similar morphologies, size and granularity. HMEC-1 expressed endothelial markers as HUVECs, as well as functional SR-B1 receptor since the cell line was able to internalize HDL particles. HMEC-1 effectively increased ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression after TNF-α stimulation. HUVECs showed more sensibility to TNF-α stimulus but the range of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression was less homogeneous than in HMEC-1, probably due to biological variation of the former. Finally, the expression of adhesion molecules in HMEC-1 was attenuated by co-incubation with HDL. CONCLUSION HMEC-1 possess characteristics of endothelial cells, similar to HUVECs, being a cell line suitable to evaluate the functionality of HDL vis-à-vis the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Muñoz-Vega
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Felipe Massó
- Physiology Departments, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Araceli Páez
- Physiology Departments, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Carreón-Torres
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hector A Cabrera-Fuentes
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
- National Heart Centre Singapore, National Heart Research Institute Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - José Manuel Fragoso
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nonanzit Pérez-Hernández
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laurent O Martinez
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, I2MC, Inserm, UMR, 1048, Toulouse, France
| | - Souad Najib
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, I2MC, Inserm, UMR, 1048, Toulouse, France
| | - Gilberto Vargas-Alarcón
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Óscar Pérez-Méndez
- Molecular Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico.
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15
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Novel mechanism of regulation of the 5-lipoxygenase/leukotriene B 4 pathway by high-density lipoprotein in macrophages. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12989. [PMID: 29021582 PMCID: PMC5636875 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) interacts with various cells, particularly macrophages, in functional cell-HDL interactions. Here, we found that HDL protein quality and lipid quality play critical roles in HDL functions. HDL fractions from healthy volunteers (HDLHealthy) and patients with recurrent coronary atherosclerotic disease (HDLCAD) were prepared. To analyse functional HDL-macrophage interactions, macrophages were co-incubated with each HDL, and lipid mediator production was assessed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-based metabololipidomics. HDLHealthy treatment attenuated the pro-inflammatory lipid mediator production, particularly that of leukotriene (LT) B4, and this treatment enhanced lipoxin (LX) B4 and resolvin (Rv) E2 production. HDLHealthy treatment enhanced the proteasome-mediated degradation of the LTB4-producing enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (LO) in activated macrophages; however, HDLCAD did not show these anti-inflammatory effects. HDLHealthy was engulfed by macrophages via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, which was a critical step in 5-LO/LTB4 regulation. We also found that HDLCAD showed higher levels of the LTB4-producing enzymes and thus promoted LTB4 production from HDLCAD. In addition, LTB4 attenuated HDL endocytosis, HDL-mediated 5-LO degradation in macrophages, and HDL-derived augmentation of macrophage phagocytosis. These results indicated that local LTB4 produced de novo from HDLCAD regulates HDL-macrophage functional interactions and plays critical roles in dysfunctional, inflammatory HDL characteristics.
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16
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Velagapudi S, Yalcinkaya M, Piemontese A, Meier R, Nørrelykke SF, Perisa D, Rzepiela A, Stebler M, Stoma S, Zanoni P, Rohrer L, von Eckardstein A. VEGF-A Regulates Cellular Localization of SR-BI as Well as Transendothelial Transport of HDL but Not LDL. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:794-803. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Low- and high-density lipoproteins (LDL and HDL) must pass the endothelial layer to exert pro- and antiatherogenic activities, respectively, within the vascular wall. However, the rate-limiting factors that mediate transendothelial transport of lipoproteins are yet little known. Therefore, we performed a high-throughput screen with kinase drug inhibitors to identify modulators of transendothelial LDL and HDL transport.
Approach and Results—
Microscopy-based high-content screening was performed by incubating human aortic endothelial cells with 141 kinase-inhibiting drugs and fluorescent-labeled LDL or HDL. Inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors (VEGFR) significantly decreased the uptake of HDL but not LDL. Silencing of VEGF receptor 2 significantly decreased cellular binding, association, and transendothelial transport of
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I-HDL but not
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I-LDL. RNA interference with VEGF receptor 1 or VEGF receptor 3 had no effect. Binding, uptake, and transport of HDL but not LDL were strongly reduced in the absence of VEGF-A from the cell culture medium and were restored by the addition of VEGF-A. The restoring effect of VEGF-A on endothelial binding, uptake, and transport of HDL was abrogated by pharmacological inhibition of phosphatidyl-inositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B or p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, as well as silencing of scavenger receptor BI. Moreover, the presence of VEGF-A was found to be a prerequisite for the localization of scavenger receptor BI in the plasma membrane of endothelial cells.
Conclusions—
The identification of VEGF as a regulatory factor of transendothelial transport of HDL but not LDL supports the concept that the endothelium is a specific and, hence, druggable barrier for the entry of lipoproteins into the vascular wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srividya Velagapudi
- From the Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., A.P., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Competence Center for Integrated Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Italy (A.P.); and Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zurich, Switzerland (R.M., S.F.N., A.R., M.S., S.S.)
| | - Mustafa Yalcinkaya
- From the Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., A.P., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Competence Center for Integrated Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Italy (A.P.); and Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zurich, Switzerland (R.M., S.F.N., A.R., M.S., S.S.)
| | - Antonio Piemontese
- From the Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., A.P., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Competence Center for Integrated Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Italy (A.P.); and Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zurich, Switzerland (R.M., S.F.N., A.R., M.S., S.S.)
| | - Roger Meier
- From the Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., A.P., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Competence Center for Integrated Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Italy (A.P.); and Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zurich, Switzerland (R.M., S.F.N., A.R., M.S., S.S.)
| | - Simon Flyvbjerg Nørrelykke
- From the Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., A.P., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Competence Center for Integrated Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Italy (A.P.); and Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zurich, Switzerland (R.M., S.F.N., A.R., M.S., S.S.)
| | - Damir Perisa
- From the Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., A.P., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Competence Center for Integrated Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Italy (A.P.); and Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zurich, Switzerland (R.M., S.F.N., A.R., M.S., S.S.)
| | - Andrzej Rzepiela
- From the Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., A.P., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Competence Center for Integrated Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Italy (A.P.); and Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zurich, Switzerland (R.M., S.F.N., A.R., M.S., S.S.)
| | - Michael Stebler
- From the Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., A.P., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Competence Center for Integrated Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Italy (A.P.); and Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zurich, Switzerland (R.M., S.F.N., A.R., M.S., S.S.)
| | - Szymon Stoma
- From the Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., A.P., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Competence Center for Integrated Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Italy (A.P.); and Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zurich, Switzerland (R.M., S.F.N., A.R., M.S., S.S.)
| | - Paolo Zanoni
- From the Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., A.P., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Competence Center for Integrated Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Italy (A.P.); and Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zurich, Switzerland (R.M., S.F.N., A.R., M.S., S.S.)
| | - Lucia Rohrer
- From the Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., A.P., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Competence Center for Integrated Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Italy (A.P.); and Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zurich, Switzerland (R.M., S.F.N., A.R., M.S., S.S.)
| | - Arnold von Eckardstein
- From the Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., A.P., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Competence Center for Integrated Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland (S.V., M.Y., D.P., P.Z., L.R., A.v.E.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Italy (A.P.); and Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zurich, Switzerland (R.M., S.F.N., A.R., M.S., S.S.)
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The clinical utility of HDLs has been scrutinized upon the publication of Mendelian randomization studies showing no effect of HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) modifying variants on cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcome. The failures of randomized controlled HDL-C-directed intervention trials have further fueled this skepticism. This general criticism originates from oversimplification that has equated 'HDL-C' with 'HDL' and misconceived both as the 'good cholesterol'. RECENT FINDINGS HDL particles are heterogeneous and carry hundreds of different lipids, proteins, and microRNAs. Many of them but not cholesterol, that is, HDL-C, contributes to the multiple protective functions of HDLs that probably evolved to manage potentially life-threatening crises. Inflammatory processes modify the composition of HDL particles as well as their individual protein and lipid components, and, as a consequence, also their functionality. Gain of dominant-negative functions makes dysfunctional HDL a part rather than a solution of the endangering situation. Quantification of HDL particle numbers, distinct proteins or lipids, and modifications thereof as well as bioassays of HDL functionality are currently explored toward their diagnostic performance in risk prediction and monitoring of treatment response. SUMMARY Any successful clinical exploitation of HDLs will depend on the identification of the most relevant (dys)functions and their structural correlates. Stringent or prioritized structure-(dys)function relationships may provide biomarkers for better risk assessment and monitoring of treatment response. The most relevant agonists carried by either functional or dysfunctional HDLs as well as their cellular responders are interesting targets for drug development.
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