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Saito M, Watanabe H, Sasaki M, Ookubo M, Yarita T, Shiraiwa M, Asayama M. Coproduction of lipids and carotenoids by the novel green alga Coelastrella sp. depending on cultivation conditions. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 37:e00769. [PMID: 36660172 PMCID: PMC9843265 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2022.e00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel green alga Coelastrella sp. D3-1 was isolated, and its unique and significant lipid and carotenoid coproduction capability was characterised depending on cultivation conditions. The main component of produced lipids was triacylglycerol under nutrient depletion conditions, in which fatty-methyl-esters made up 20-44% of the dry cell weight (DCW) and consisted of abundant C16:0 and C18:1 fatty acids. The red (orange)-stage cells also produced a large portion of carotenoids (38.5% of the DCW) involving echinenone, canthaxanthin, and astaxanthin as major components accumulated over only 5-6 days under optimal conditions. Stress tests revealed resistance of the cells to pH 2-11, high temperatures (40-60 °C), ultraviolet irradiation, drought, and H2O2 treatment, thereby showing a robust nature. Both green- and red (orange)-stage cell extracts also showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory abilities, implying that they have significant functions as useful biorefinery materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Saito
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Ami, Ibaraki 300-0332, Japan
| | - Haruka Watanabe
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Ami, Ibaraki 300-0332, Japan
| | - Mitsuki Sasaki
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Ami, Ibaraki 300-0332, Japan
| | - Madoka Ookubo
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Ami, Ibaraki 300-0332, Japan
| | - Takashi Yarita
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Ami, Ibaraki 300-0332, Japan,United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Masakazu Shiraiwa
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Ami, Ibaraki 300-0332, Japan,United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Munehiko Asayama
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Ami, Ibaraki 300-0332, Japan,United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan,Corresponding author at: College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Ami, Ibaraki 300-0332, Japan.
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Perlikowski D, Lechowicz K, Skirycz A, Michaelis Ä, Pawłowicz I, Kosmala A. The Role of Triacylglycerol in the Protection of Cells against Lipotoxicity under Drought in Lolium multiflorum/Festucaarundinacea Introgression Forms. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:353-368. [PMID: 34994787 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol is a key lipid compound involved in maintaining homeostasis of both membrane lipids and free fatty acids (FFA) in plant cells under adverse environmental conditions. However, its role in the process of lipid remodeling has not been fully recognized, especially in monocots, including grass species. For our study, two closely related introgression forms of Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) and Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue), distinct in their level of drought tolerance, were selected as plant models to study rearrangements in plant lipidome under water deficit and further re-watering. The low drought tolerant (LDT) form revealed an elevated level of cellular membrane damage accompanied by an increased content of polyunsaturated FFA and triacylglycerol under water deficit, compared with the high drought tolerant (HDT) form. However, the LDT introgression form demonstrated also the ability to regenerate its membranes after stress cessation. The obtained results clearly indicated that accumulation of triacylglycerol under advanced drought in the LDT form could serve as a cellular protective mechanism against overaccumulation of toxic polyunsaturated FFA and other lipid intermediates. Furthermore, accumulation of triacylglycerol under drought conditions could serve also as storage of substrates required for further regeneration of membranes after stress cessation. The rearrangements in triacylglycerol metabolism were supported by the upregulation of several genes, involved in a biosynthesis of triacylglycerol. With respect to this process, diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase DGAT2 seems to play the most important role in the analyzed grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Perlikowski
- Department of Environmental Stress Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, Poznań 60-479, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Lechowicz
- Department of Environmental Stress Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, Poznań 60-479, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Skirycz
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Rd., Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Änna Michaelis
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Izabela Pawłowicz
- Department of Environmental Stress Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, Poznań 60-479, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Kosmala
- Department of Environmental Stress Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, Poznań 60-479, Poland
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Kato Y, Inabe K, Hidese R, Kondo A, Hasunuma T. Metabolomics-based engineering for biofuel and bio-based chemical production in microalgae and cyanobacteria: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126196. [PMID: 34710610 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics, an essential tool in modern synthetic biology based on the design-build-test-learn platform, is useful for obtaining a detailed understanding of cellular metabolic mechanisms through comprehensive analyses of the metabolite pool size and its dynamic changes. Metabolomics is critical to the design of a rational metabolic engineering strategy by determining the rate-limiting reaction and assimilated carbon distribution in a biosynthetic pathway of interest. Microalgae and cyanobacteria are promising photosynthetic producers of biofuels and bio-based chemicals, with high potential for developing a bioeconomic society through bio-based carbon neutral manufacturing. Metabolomics technologies optimized for photosynthetic organisms have been developed and utilized in various microalgal and cyanobacterial species. This review provides a concise overview of recent achievements in photosynthetic metabolomics, emphasizing the importance of microalgal and cyanobacterial cell factories that satisfy industrial requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Kato
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kosuke Inabe
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ryota Hidese
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; Graduate School of Science, Innovation and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; Graduate School of Science, Innovation and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; Graduate School of Science, Innovation and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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Xu C, Fan J, Shanklin J. Metabolic and functional connections between cytoplasmic and chloroplast triacylglycerol storage. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 80:101069. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Xu F, Pan J. Potassium channel KCN11 is required for maintaining cellular osmolarity during nitrogen starvation to control proper cell physiology and TAG accumulation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:129. [PMID: 32699552 PMCID: PMC7372795 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01769-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrogen (N) starvation in algae induces a variety of structural and metabolic changes including accumulation of triacylglycerol (TAG). Given the promising prospect of using algae as feedstock for biofuel production, accumulation of TAG upon N starvation becomes an ideal system to study TAG biosynthesis. Under nitrogen-depleted conditions, algae also accumulate compatible solutes such as sugar and certain amino acids, which is expected to elevate osmolarity in the cytoplasm. However, how osmoregulation is maintained and how it impacts on carbon metabolism, especially TAG accumulation under N starvation, are not well understood. RESULTS We show here that potassium channel KCN11 localized in the contractile vacuole (CV) mediates osmoregulation during N starvation and loss of KCN11 profoundly affects cell physiology and TAG biosynthesis. KCN11 level is increased and the CV pulsation is accelerated. Loss of KCN11 induces aberrant CV cycle, inhibition of cell growth, increase of cell size, inhibition of chlorophyll loss and TAG accumulation. These effects are rescued by addition of sucrose to raise osmolarity in the culture medium, indicating that osmoregulation is required for cell adaptation to N starvation. Metabolomic analysis shows reduction of acetyl-CoA and accumulation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in kcn11 mutant relative to the control under N starvation, indicating that defects in acetyl-CoA biosynthesis and some metabolic steps from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to TAG contribute to the decreased TAG accumulation due to loss of osmoregulation. CONCLUSIONS This work provides novel insight of osmoregulation during N starvation in the control of cell physiology and metabolism especially TAG accumulation. According to these findings, we propose that osmolarity should be carefully monitored during the industrial production of biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi China
| | - Junmin Pan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong China
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Mathieu-Rivet E, Mati-Baouche N, Walet-Balieu ML, Lerouge P, Bardor M. N- and O-Glycosylation Pathways in the Microalgae Polyphyletic Group. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:609993. [PMID: 33391324 PMCID: PMC7773692 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.609993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The term microalga refers to various unicellular and photosynthetic organisms representing a polyphyletic group. It gathers numerous species, which can be found in cyanobacteria (i.e., Arthrospira) as well as in distinct eukaryotic groups, such as Chlorophytes (i.e., Chlamydomonas or Chlorella) and Heterokonts (i.e., diatoms). This phylogenetic diversity results in an extraordinary variety of metabolic pathways, offering large possibilities for the production of natural compounds like pigments or lipids that can explain the ever-growing interest of industrials for these organisms since the middle of the last century. More recently, several species have received particular attention as biofactories for the production of recombinant proteins. Indeed, microalgae are easy to grow, safe and cheap making them attractive alternatives as heterologous expression systems. In this last scope of applications, the glycosylation capacity of these organisms must be considered as this post-translational modification of proteins impacts their structural and biological features. Although these mechanisms are well known in various Eukaryotes like mammals, plants or insects, only a few studies have been undertaken for the investigation of the protein glycosylation in microalgae. Recently, significant progresses have been made especially regarding protein N-glycosylation, while O-glycosylation remain poorly known. This review aims at summarizing the recent data in order to assess the state-of-the art knowledge in glycosylation processing in microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Patrice Lerouge
- UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA4358, Normandie Université, Rouen, France
| | - Muriel Bardor
- UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA4358, Normandie Université, Rouen, France
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF), UMR 8576, CNRS, Université de Lille, Lille, France
- *Correspondence: Muriel Bardor,
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Sasaki M, Takagi A, Ota S, Kawano S, Sasaki D, Asayama M. Coproduction of lipids and extracellular polysaccharides from the novel green alga Parachlorella sp. BX1.5 depending on cultivation conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 25:e00392. [PMID: 31871922 PMCID: PMC6909058 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel strain of microalga Parachlorella sp. BX1.5 was isolated and its unique properties of producing lipids and extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) characterized. The cells could extracellularly produce a large amount of acidic EPS, when cultured in nitrogen-deficient BG110 medium (BG11–N) with 2 % CO2-air supply. The main component of intracellularly accumulated lipids was triacylglycerol (TAG), depending on the different cultivation conditions of BG11, BG11–N, BG11–P (phosphate depleted), and BG11–N–P (nitrogen and phosphate depleted). Fatty-methyl-esters (FAMEs), methyl-esterification of total lipids, consisted of abundant saturated C16 and unsaturated C18 fatty acids under the culture conditions. Cell spot assays on BG11 plates revealed the resistance of cells to pH 2–11, high temperatures of 50–70 °C, ultraviolet irradiation, and drought, under different culture conditions, thereby suggesting the biological significance of lipid and EPS accumulation. The prospects of BX1.5 as a dual producer has also been discussed for biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuki Sasaki
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Akari Takagi
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Shuhei Ota
- Department of Integrated Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Kawano
- Department of Integrated Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
- Future Center Initiative, The University of Tokyo, 178-4-4 Wakashiba, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0871, Japan
| | - Daisaku Sasaki
- BioX Chemical Industries Co. Ltd., 2-20-11 Inokuchidai, Nishi-ku, Hiroshima 733-0844, Japan
| | - Munehiko Asayama
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- Corresponding author at: College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan.
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Liu YC, Nakamura Y. Triacylglycerol Production in the Snow Algae Chlamydomonas nivalis under Different Nutrient Conditions. Lipids 2019; 54:255-262. [PMID: 31025716 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic microalgae have been known for high competency in the accumulation of triacylglycerol (TAG), a representative class of storage lipid. The snow algal species, Chlamydomonas nivalis, is a unique green eukaryotic microalga that can grow and survive in a wide range of temperatures. Although a few metabolomic studies of C. nivalis were conducted, no study has reported on TAG accumulation in C. nivalis. Herein, the present work aimed to investigate TAG production in C. nivalis under nutrient-starved conditions at 22 °C. Compared to phosphorus starvation, C. nivalis under nitrogen starvation showed a less severe growth defect, greater capacity for TAG production, and simple acyl composition in TAG enriched with 18:1. These features suggest that C. nivalis may be a significant model species to investigate glycerolipid metabolism for basic and applied research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chi Liu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 sec.2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 sec.2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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Membrane Lipid Remodeling in Response to Salinity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174264. [PMID: 31480391 PMCID: PMC6747501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity is one of the most decisive environmental factors threatening the productivity of crop plants. Understanding the mechanisms of plant salt tolerance is critical to be able to maintain or improve crop yield under these adverse environmental conditions. Plant membranes act as biological barriers, protecting the contents of cells and organelles from biotic and abiotic stress, including salt stress. Alterations in membrane lipids in response to salinity have been observed in a number of plant species including both halophytes and glycophytes. Changes in membrane lipids can directly affect the properties of membrane proteins and activity of signaling molecules, adjusting the fluidity and permeability of membranes, and activating signal transduction pathways. In this review, we compile evidence on the salt stress responses of the major membrane lipids from different plant tissues, varieties, and species. The role of membrane lipids as signaling molecules in response to salinity is also discussed. Advances in mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques have largely expanded our knowledge of salt-induced changes in lipids, however only a handful studies have investigated the underlying mechanisms of membrane lipidome regulation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent works that have been carried out on lipid remodeling of plant membranes under salt treatment. Challenges and future perspectives in understanding the mechanisms of salt-induced changes to lipid metabolisms are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent Chapman
- Center for Plant Lipid Research and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, United States
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.; Department of Plant Biochemistry, International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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